Haq Aman Ullah (2005-VA-180)
Comparative Efficacy Of Mycotoxin Binders And Effects Of Aflatoxin B1 On Health Status Of Lactating Beetal Goats - 2017. - 99p.;
Aflatoxins are the secondary metabolites produced by moulds particularly by certain strains of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. The most toxic is the aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and is considered as Hepatocarcinogenic. In present study aflatoxin B1 contamination status of different concentrate feeds (cotton seed cake, wanda, wheat bran and homemade concentrate mixture) of dairy goats was investigated in district Lahore of Pakistan. Twenty goat farms were randomly selected and 40 feed samples (two from each farm) were collected. The samples were analysed for the estimation of AFB1 using reverse phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) in Quality Operations Laboratory, UVAS, Lahore. AFB1 was detected in 33 feed samples out of 40 thus with a percent contamination rate of 83%. The quantity of aflatoxin B1 ranged from 0-225.736 ppb (μg/kg). The maximum level of AFB1 was detected in cotton seed cake (mean level 137.059 ± 22.293 ppb) and minimum level was detected in wheat bran (mean level 5.676 ± 1.047 ppb). Amongst the positive concentrate feed samples, 28 samples (85% of the positive) were having the concentration of AFB1 higher than the permissible level recommended by European Communities which is 5 ppb for concentrates. Thus the milk from goats consuming AFB1 contaminated concentrate feed can be a potential hazard for public health. This part of the study fulfills the first objective of the research project, which is to determine the aflatoxin B1 contamination status of concentrate feeds of dairy goats in District Lahore.
Beetal is the best dairy goats’ breed of Pakistan. In second part of the study, lactating beetal goats were used. In this experiment, effects of dietary AFB1 on health status of lactating beetal goats and its transfer from feed into milk as metabolite aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) were investigated. Thirty two lactating beetal goats of 3-4yr old, 6-8 wks. lactation period and weighing 40.91 ± 0.285 Kg, were selected from Small Ruminant Farm, Pattoki, University of veterinary and Animal
97
Sciences Lahore, and were randomly divided into four groups A, B, C and D, each having 8 animals. Group A was kept as negative control, while groups B, C and D were fed with aflatoxin B1 through naturally contaminated cotton seed cake. The cotton seed cake was having high level of AFB1 which was 150 μg/kg. After 7 days of adaptation period, each animal of groups B, C and D was individually fed with 30μg, 40μg and 50μg of aflatoxin B1 per day respectively through naturally contaminated cotton seed cake for a 10 days period., thus each animal of groups B, C, and D was fed with 200 g, 266.66 g, and 333.33 g of cotton seed cake per day respectively, to provide the required amount of AFB1 to each experimental animal. Milk samples were collected 24hr before the first AFB1 feeding and on 3rd, 7th and 10th day post aflatoxin B1 feeding. The samples were tested for AFM1 through HPLC, somatic cell count (SCC) and total viable count (TVC). Blood samples were analyzed for aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels before and after aflatoxin B1 administration. AFM1 was detected in all milk samples of the Groups B, C and D, with concentration beyond permissible level which is 0.05ppb (European communities).The amount of AFM1 excreted in milk was positively correlated with the amount of aflatoxin B1 ingested. The AFB1 was excreted in the milk as AFM1 at 1.35-1.59%. The mean SCC of groups A, B, C and D was 1.44×106 ± 1.75×105, 4.13×106 ± 4.09×105, 3.63×106 ± 4.60×105, 1.38×106 ± 1.56×105 cells/ml respectively. TVC obtained was 2.4×104 ± 1.9×103, 4.3×104 ± 1.6×103, 4.8×104 ± 3.3×103, 3.6×104 ± 3.3×103 cfu/ml of milk for group A, B, C and D respectively. The mean ALP levels were 62 ± 7, 223 ± 22, 147 ± 14, 175 ± 16 U/L for group A, B, C and D respectively. Mean levels of AST of group A, B, C and D were 79 ± 2.214, 110 ± 5.386, 104 ± 2.015, 126 ± 9.456 respectively. Mean levels of ALT of group A, B, C and D were 14 ± 0.326, 20 ± 1.118, 21 ± 1.106, 28 ± 1.250 U/L respectively. The ingestion of AFB1 even at low dose of 30μg in goats resulted in excretion
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of AFM1 in milk beyond the permissible level. SCC, TVC, AST and ALT levels increased with ingestion of dietary AFB1. This part of the study fulfills the 2nd objective of the research project which is to investigate the effects of dietary aflatoxin B1 on health status of lactating beetal goats and its transfer from feed into milk as AFB1.
In the third part of the study, the efficacy of two different mycotoxin binders Toxfin® and Elitox® was determined, in terms of reduction in milk AFM1 excretion, improvement in milk quality and liver health. Groups A and B were kept negative and positive controls respectively. Experimental animals, cotton seed cake and number of groups remained the same as used in part 2 of the experiment. After initial 10 days of the experiment, each animal of groups B, C and D was daily fed with 266.66 g of cotton seed cake to provide 40 μg of AFB1 per day to each animal, for next 7 days. In the meantime, group C was fed with mycotoxin binder Toxfin® (Kemin industries, Inc. USA), at a dose rate of 3 g per Kg of cotton seed cake, while group D was fed with mycotoxin binder Elitox® (Impextraco Belgium ) at a dose rate of 1 g per Kg of cotton seed cake. Toxfin® and Elitox® both significantly decreased the excretion of AFM1 in goats’ milk, detected through high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Toxfin® and Elitox® reduced the excretion of AFM1 in milk by 56 % and 48 % respectively, thus the detoxifying ability of Toxfin® in feed was significantly higher than Elitox®. The SCC and TVC remained statistically unchanged after the administration of mycotoxin binders. The enzyme activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were not significantly affected by the mycotoxin binders. The alkaline phosphatase (ALP) level significantly increased in animals receiving either Toxfin® or Elitox®. The mycotoxin binders used in this study were not able to significantly improve milk quality and liver’s health in AFB1 treated goats, during the experimental period. This part of the study fulfills the 3rd objective of the research project, which was to determine the comparative efficacy of two different mycotoxin binders in lactating goats fed with mold contaminated diet.
Clinical Medicine
Clinical Medicine and Surgery--CMS
Phd. Thesis
2860-T
Comparative Efficacy Of Mycotoxin Binders And Effects Of Aflatoxin B1 On Health Status Of Lactating Beetal Goats - 2017. - 99p.;
Aflatoxins are the secondary metabolites produced by moulds particularly by certain strains of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. The most toxic is the aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and is considered as Hepatocarcinogenic. In present study aflatoxin B1 contamination status of different concentrate feeds (cotton seed cake, wanda, wheat bran and homemade concentrate mixture) of dairy goats was investigated in district Lahore of Pakistan. Twenty goat farms were randomly selected and 40 feed samples (two from each farm) were collected. The samples were analysed for the estimation of AFB1 using reverse phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) in Quality Operations Laboratory, UVAS, Lahore. AFB1 was detected in 33 feed samples out of 40 thus with a percent contamination rate of 83%. The quantity of aflatoxin B1 ranged from 0-225.736 ppb (μg/kg). The maximum level of AFB1 was detected in cotton seed cake (mean level 137.059 ± 22.293 ppb) and minimum level was detected in wheat bran (mean level 5.676 ± 1.047 ppb). Amongst the positive concentrate feed samples, 28 samples (85% of the positive) were having the concentration of AFB1 higher than the permissible level recommended by European Communities which is 5 ppb for concentrates. Thus the milk from goats consuming AFB1 contaminated concentrate feed can be a potential hazard for public health. This part of the study fulfills the first objective of the research project, which is to determine the aflatoxin B1 contamination status of concentrate feeds of dairy goats in District Lahore.
Beetal is the best dairy goats’ breed of Pakistan. In second part of the study, lactating beetal goats were used. In this experiment, effects of dietary AFB1 on health status of lactating beetal goats and its transfer from feed into milk as metabolite aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) were investigated. Thirty two lactating beetal goats of 3-4yr old, 6-8 wks. lactation period and weighing 40.91 ± 0.285 Kg, were selected from Small Ruminant Farm, Pattoki, University of veterinary and Animal
97
Sciences Lahore, and were randomly divided into four groups A, B, C and D, each having 8 animals. Group A was kept as negative control, while groups B, C and D were fed with aflatoxin B1 through naturally contaminated cotton seed cake. The cotton seed cake was having high level of AFB1 which was 150 μg/kg. After 7 days of adaptation period, each animal of groups B, C and D was individually fed with 30μg, 40μg and 50μg of aflatoxin B1 per day respectively through naturally contaminated cotton seed cake for a 10 days period., thus each animal of groups B, C, and D was fed with 200 g, 266.66 g, and 333.33 g of cotton seed cake per day respectively, to provide the required amount of AFB1 to each experimental animal. Milk samples were collected 24hr before the first AFB1 feeding and on 3rd, 7th and 10th day post aflatoxin B1 feeding. The samples were tested for AFM1 through HPLC, somatic cell count (SCC) and total viable count (TVC). Blood samples were analyzed for aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels before and after aflatoxin B1 administration. AFM1 was detected in all milk samples of the Groups B, C and D, with concentration beyond permissible level which is 0.05ppb (European communities).The amount of AFM1 excreted in milk was positively correlated with the amount of aflatoxin B1 ingested. The AFB1 was excreted in the milk as AFM1 at 1.35-1.59%. The mean SCC of groups A, B, C and D was 1.44×106 ± 1.75×105, 4.13×106 ± 4.09×105, 3.63×106 ± 4.60×105, 1.38×106 ± 1.56×105 cells/ml respectively. TVC obtained was 2.4×104 ± 1.9×103, 4.3×104 ± 1.6×103, 4.8×104 ± 3.3×103, 3.6×104 ± 3.3×103 cfu/ml of milk for group A, B, C and D respectively. The mean ALP levels were 62 ± 7, 223 ± 22, 147 ± 14, 175 ± 16 U/L for group A, B, C and D respectively. Mean levels of AST of group A, B, C and D were 79 ± 2.214, 110 ± 5.386, 104 ± 2.015, 126 ± 9.456 respectively. Mean levels of ALT of group A, B, C and D were 14 ± 0.326, 20 ± 1.118, 21 ± 1.106, 28 ± 1.250 U/L respectively. The ingestion of AFB1 even at low dose of 30μg in goats resulted in excretion
98
of AFM1 in milk beyond the permissible level. SCC, TVC, AST and ALT levels increased with ingestion of dietary AFB1. This part of the study fulfills the 2nd objective of the research project which is to investigate the effects of dietary aflatoxin B1 on health status of lactating beetal goats and its transfer from feed into milk as AFB1.
In the third part of the study, the efficacy of two different mycotoxin binders Toxfin® and Elitox® was determined, in terms of reduction in milk AFM1 excretion, improvement in milk quality and liver health. Groups A and B were kept negative and positive controls respectively. Experimental animals, cotton seed cake and number of groups remained the same as used in part 2 of the experiment. After initial 10 days of the experiment, each animal of groups B, C and D was daily fed with 266.66 g of cotton seed cake to provide 40 μg of AFB1 per day to each animal, for next 7 days. In the meantime, group C was fed with mycotoxin binder Toxfin® (Kemin industries, Inc. USA), at a dose rate of 3 g per Kg of cotton seed cake, while group D was fed with mycotoxin binder Elitox® (Impextraco Belgium ) at a dose rate of 1 g per Kg of cotton seed cake. Toxfin® and Elitox® both significantly decreased the excretion of AFM1 in goats’ milk, detected through high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Toxfin® and Elitox® reduced the excretion of AFM1 in milk by 56 % and 48 % respectively, thus the detoxifying ability of Toxfin® in feed was significantly higher than Elitox®. The SCC and TVC remained statistically unchanged after the administration of mycotoxin binders. The enzyme activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were not significantly affected by the mycotoxin binders. The alkaline phosphatase (ALP) level significantly increased in animals receiving either Toxfin® or Elitox®. The mycotoxin binders used in this study were not able to significantly improve milk quality and liver’s health in AFB1 treated goats, during the experimental period. This part of the study fulfills the 3rd objective of the research project, which was to determine the comparative efficacy of two different mycotoxin binders in lactating goats fed with mold contaminated diet.
Clinical Medicine
Clinical Medicine and Surgery--CMS
Phd. Thesis
2860-T