Ihsan Ullah (2006-VA-245)
Serodiagnosis And Chemotherapy Of Trypanasomiasis In Camels In Balochistan - 2015 - 140p.;
Trypanosomiasis (Surra or Rotten disease) is a disease of animals such as cattle, buffalo,
horses and camels caused by protozoan parasite of mammalian blood. In camels, the clinical
manifestations of trypanosomiasis by T. evansi can be acute or chronic. The rypanosomiasis
symptoms include fever, emaciation, anemia, weight loss, edema, lymphadenomegaly,
conjunctivitis and occasionally sudden death of animal. However, the diagnosis of disease
always remains a challenge for veterinarians and animal healthcare professionals, since the
parasitemia is often very low in a majority of infections.
Keeping in view the importance of Trypanosomiasis, the present study was designed to
evaluate the present status of Trypanosomiasis in Province Balochistan of Pakistan. The two
districts Musa Khail and Jhal Magsi with thick populations of camels and have different climate
and geographical distribution were selected. The questionnaire was developed for survey of
Camel farmers and information regarding the age of respondent, experience, type of
community, feeding/watering pattern of camels, prevailing camel diseases in the area, treatment
facilities, traditional remedies used by them against various diseases in camels and economic
losses were collected. A total of one thousands and forty (n=1040) camel owners/respondents
from three groups viz settled, transhumants and nomads were interviewed in Districts, Musa
khail and Jhal Magsi during the year 2011.
In first experiment, a total of 1600 blood samples were randomly collected from camel
population of both districts i.e. 800 camels from each districts. Camels were sub-grouped
according to sex (male and female) and age (upto 2 years, 2-3 years and above 4 years). Blood
samples were collected from each animal and processed for blood smears examination and PCR
for confirmation of Trypanosomiasis. The blood samples were also processed for hematological
94
Summary
studies to evaluate the effect of Trypanosomiasis on different blood parameters. The blood smear
examination showed prevalence of 11.87 percent (95 out of 800 samples) in District Musa Khail
and 17.12 percent (137 out of 800 samples) in district Jhal Magsi, indicating higher prevalence in
hot climate when compared with cold climate. However, the higher prevalence in females,
animals aged above 4 years and during summer season in both districts.
In second experiment, the prevalence of trypanosomiasis was recorded through PCR
amplification in 200 samples (100 from each Districts Musa Khail and Jhal Magsi). The
prevalence was found to be 25 percent in District Musa Khail and 39 percent in District Jhal
Magsi. PCR test proved to be most sensitive and specific technique for diagnosis and
confirmation of Trypanosomiasis. The hematological tests including hemogram, lecucogram,
serum protein, and serum electrolyte and serum enzyme showed fluctuation from its normal
ranges. Moreover, hemogram (RBC, PCV and Hb) showed significant decrease than the normal
values while in Leucogram showed significant increase than normal values.
In third experiment chemotherapy trials on 25 camels divided in 5 groups A, B, C, D and E were
conducted. Single dose of anti-trypanosome drug (Samorin) Isometamidium chloride @ dose
0.5mg/kg deep I/M to group A. Dried leaves of Azadirachtaindica (Neem) @ 60 gm/animal, to
group B. Dried and grind fruits of CitrilisColocynthis (L) Schard @ 50gm/animal, to group C.
Group D was control diseased and Group E was control healthy group. Blood samples were
collected post-treatment at 2nd, 7th and 12th day and the changes in blood picture were analyzed.
The efficacy of drug and plant extract was tested after 72 hours of treatment. Blood samples
were collected from group A, B and C and processed for amplification of PCR. Results of
allopathic showed 100 percent efficacy while result of plant Azadirachta indica (Neem) showed
60 percent t efficacy by amplification of PCR. In group C plant Citrullus Collocynthis showed no
efficacy.
In third experiment, the direct as well as indirect economic losses due to camel Trypanosomiasis
95
Summary
based on the prevalence of Trypanosomiasis, mortality rate, abortion and perceptions of the
respondents were recorded. The camel dies due to Trypanosomiasis in direct visible losses and
invisible losses include reduced fertility, meat loss, low quality of hide, loss of draught power
and traction force and change in herd. While, indirect losses include additional costs of drugs,
veterinarian fee, preventive medicine and quarantine.
The respondents were grouped according to type of communities as Nomads spend
summer in Afghanistan (uplands) and back to Pakistan (lowland) in winter. Hence, their camels
harbor Trypanosomiasis from one border to another border and present trans-boundary impact of
the disease. The present study demonstrates that the respondents above the age of 50 years were
more experienced in disease diagnosis and use of traditional veterinary practices. The settled and
transhumants communities had easy access to government hospitals and private veterinary
clinics while nomads mostly rely on the use of traditional veterinary practices. The most
common prevailing diseases of camel according to respondents were pneumonia, indigestion,
parasitic infestation, mange, lameness, Trypanosomiasis, vector fly and nervous disorders. The
most common clinical signs of camel Trypanosomiasis hyperthermia, anemia, depression,
dullness, emaciation, edema (in dependent parts of body), abortion, nervous signs, circling
movements, trembling, unusual aggressiveness and aimless running were recorded.
Clinical Medicine
Phd. Theses
2400-T
Serodiagnosis And Chemotherapy Of Trypanasomiasis In Camels In Balochistan - 2015 - 140p.;
Trypanosomiasis (Surra or Rotten disease) is a disease of animals such as cattle, buffalo,
horses and camels caused by protozoan parasite of mammalian blood. In camels, the clinical
manifestations of trypanosomiasis by T. evansi can be acute or chronic. The rypanosomiasis
symptoms include fever, emaciation, anemia, weight loss, edema, lymphadenomegaly,
conjunctivitis and occasionally sudden death of animal. However, the diagnosis of disease
always remains a challenge for veterinarians and animal healthcare professionals, since the
parasitemia is often very low in a majority of infections.
Keeping in view the importance of Trypanosomiasis, the present study was designed to
evaluate the present status of Trypanosomiasis in Province Balochistan of Pakistan. The two
districts Musa Khail and Jhal Magsi with thick populations of camels and have different climate
and geographical distribution were selected. The questionnaire was developed for survey of
Camel farmers and information regarding the age of respondent, experience, type of
community, feeding/watering pattern of camels, prevailing camel diseases in the area, treatment
facilities, traditional remedies used by them against various diseases in camels and economic
losses were collected. A total of one thousands and forty (n=1040) camel owners/respondents
from three groups viz settled, transhumants and nomads were interviewed in Districts, Musa
khail and Jhal Magsi during the year 2011.
In first experiment, a total of 1600 blood samples were randomly collected from camel
population of both districts i.e. 800 camels from each districts. Camels were sub-grouped
according to sex (male and female) and age (upto 2 years, 2-3 years and above 4 years). Blood
samples were collected from each animal and processed for blood smears examination and PCR
for confirmation of Trypanosomiasis. The blood samples were also processed for hematological
94
Summary
studies to evaluate the effect of Trypanosomiasis on different blood parameters. The blood smear
examination showed prevalence of 11.87 percent (95 out of 800 samples) in District Musa Khail
and 17.12 percent (137 out of 800 samples) in district Jhal Magsi, indicating higher prevalence in
hot climate when compared with cold climate. However, the higher prevalence in females,
animals aged above 4 years and during summer season in both districts.
In second experiment, the prevalence of trypanosomiasis was recorded through PCR
amplification in 200 samples (100 from each Districts Musa Khail and Jhal Magsi). The
prevalence was found to be 25 percent in District Musa Khail and 39 percent in District Jhal
Magsi. PCR test proved to be most sensitive and specific technique for diagnosis and
confirmation of Trypanosomiasis. The hematological tests including hemogram, lecucogram,
serum protein, and serum electrolyte and serum enzyme showed fluctuation from its normal
ranges. Moreover, hemogram (RBC, PCV and Hb) showed significant decrease than the normal
values while in Leucogram showed significant increase than normal values.
In third experiment chemotherapy trials on 25 camels divided in 5 groups A, B, C, D and E were
conducted. Single dose of anti-trypanosome drug (Samorin) Isometamidium chloride @ dose
0.5mg/kg deep I/M to group A. Dried leaves of Azadirachtaindica (Neem) @ 60 gm/animal, to
group B. Dried and grind fruits of CitrilisColocynthis (L) Schard @ 50gm/animal, to group C.
Group D was control diseased and Group E was control healthy group. Blood samples were
collected post-treatment at 2nd, 7th and 12th day and the changes in blood picture were analyzed.
The efficacy of drug and plant extract was tested after 72 hours of treatment. Blood samples
were collected from group A, B and C and processed for amplification of PCR. Results of
allopathic showed 100 percent efficacy while result of plant Azadirachta indica (Neem) showed
60 percent t efficacy by amplification of PCR. In group C plant Citrullus Collocynthis showed no
efficacy.
In third experiment, the direct as well as indirect economic losses due to camel Trypanosomiasis
95
Summary
based on the prevalence of Trypanosomiasis, mortality rate, abortion and perceptions of the
respondents were recorded. The camel dies due to Trypanosomiasis in direct visible losses and
invisible losses include reduced fertility, meat loss, low quality of hide, loss of draught power
and traction force and change in herd. While, indirect losses include additional costs of drugs,
veterinarian fee, preventive medicine and quarantine.
The respondents were grouped according to type of communities as Nomads spend
summer in Afghanistan (uplands) and back to Pakistan (lowland) in winter. Hence, their camels
harbor Trypanosomiasis from one border to another border and present trans-boundary impact of
the disease. The present study demonstrates that the respondents above the age of 50 years were
more experienced in disease diagnosis and use of traditional veterinary practices. The settled and
transhumants communities had easy access to government hospitals and private veterinary
clinics while nomads mostly rely on the use of traditional veterinary practices. The most
common prevailing diseases of camel according to respondents were pneumonia, indigestion,
parasitic infestation, mange, lameness, Trypanosomiasis, vector fly and nervous disorders. The
most common clinical signs of camel Trypanosomiasis hyperthermia, anemia, depression,
dullness, emaciation, edema (in dependent parts of body), abortion, nervous signs, circling
movements, trembling, unusual aggressiveness and aimless running were recorded.
Clinical Medicine
Phd. Theses
2400-T