Normal view MARC view ISBD view

A Clinical Study On The Sonographic Characterization Of Acute And Chronic Hepatitis In Pet Dogs In Lahore

By: Imran hussain (2012-VA-591) | Dr. Shehla Gull Bokhari.
Contributor(s): Dr. Muhammad Avais | Dr. Sadaf Imran.
Material type: materialTypeLabelBookPublisher: 2014Description: 71p.Subject(s): Department of Clinical Medicine & SurgeryDDC classification: 2187,T Dissertation note: Dogs are amicably kept as a pet all over the world. Diversity in cultural trends in Pakistan is paving way towards increasing awareness of the society with regards to a promising humananimal bond. Hence, the tendency of people in metropolitan cities, such as Lahore, in keeping dogs and cats as pets, has increased dramatically over the years. Not only do people keep pets, rather also seek expert professional care in treatment of their animals. Liver is a major organ of body located in the cranial abdomen below diaphragm. It produces major plasma proteins, clotting factors and metabolizes carbohydrates, proteins and lipid molecules. Besides, it also detoxifies many toxic metabolites into soluble and extractable products. It also acts as storage for iron, glycogen and some other compounds. It also plays role in eliminating and excretion of worn-out blood cells in the form of bile. Due to its major functions it is much prone to damage and its mutual sickness is reported (Adam, 2003). Hemostatic anomalies in liver diseases are mostly found in dogs and increased prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT). In hepatic disease 93% dogs had one of the abnormal results of PT and APTT (Badylak et al. 1983). Conditions as well as low or incomplete blood supply or shock damage, blockage of bile, long-lasting liver sickness, portovascular variances, toxin produce inside the bacteria wall, and resistant dysfunction altogether add toward hepatic defenselessness to infectivity also change the role of the reticuloendothelial structure (Center et al.2006). In the United Kingdom (UK), chronic hepatitis (CH) twelve percent was found during postmortem of the dog (Watson et al. 2010). Acute hepatitis (AH) and CH can cause toward lethal liver dysfunction that can lead to inadequate otherwise weakened liver restoration. Restoration take place through double ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Introduction 2 resources, specifically reproduction of developed hepatocytes and in the case of held back hepatocytic replication, by production of the native stem cell precursor cell population in liver diseases (Roskams et al. 2004; Santoni-Rugiu et al. 2005; Katoonizadeh et al. 2006). Liver play major role in the majority of metabolism, so liver infections can affect the purpose of further tissues. Most common effect stands going on the brain and excretory system (Wettstein et al. 2003; Hilgard and Gerken, 2004). Hyperfibrinolysis can be seen in cases of later hepatic liver infection and cirrhosis because of reduced thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) (Van Thiel et al. 2001; Colucci et al. 2003). The major reasons of sickness and death in dogs are cirrhosis and long-lasting liver problem (Klein et al. 2010). The liver size is measured by a simple method through the ultrasonography. The measurements were taken in both planes transverse and longitudinal scanned. There was good relation in both measurements. Through this study it was concluded that liver size has no relationship in breed or size of the dog. This study also showed that liver size easily measure through ultrasonography (Barr, 2008). Infectious canine hepatitis (ICH) is a universal viral disease caused by canine adenovirus-1 (CAd V-1) (Decaro et al. 2007). Young dogs under the age of 2 years have more mortality rate (Akerstedt et al., 2010; Thompson et al. 2010). ICH has three clinical forms that are Mild, acute and per acute (Stalker and Hayes, 2007). Canine adenovirus-1 has resemblance for vascular endothelium, mesothelium and hepatic parenchyma and the main pathological characters of ICH are edema, hemorrhages and focal necrosis (Chouinard et al. 1998). There is variation in the incubation period of hepatitis. The incubation period of infectious canine hepatitis is 4-7 days. Infectious canine hepatitis can increase temperature, despair, loss of starvation, sneezing, edema, excretory problem. But in severe cases animal has pale mucous membrane increase liver size and vomiting. Severe cases ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Introduction 3 will develop bleeding disorders, which can cause hematomas to form in the mouth (Sanchez- Cordon et al., 2002; Greene, 2006). Clinical diagnosis may be based on the clinical and pathological findings, which may include moderate to severe leukopenia, neutropenia, lymphopenia and thrombocytopenia. Serum alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase activities may be increased. Coagulation parameters, PT and PTT are variably affected. Proteinuria (albuminuria) as a reflection of the renal damage caused by the virus can usually be detected (Sellon, 2005; Greene, 2006). Clinical signs in pets vary from ill to asymptomatic. These may include anorexia, vomiting, weakness, depression and poor hair coat. Production of albumin in the body takes place only in liver, so liver problems cause low albumin production in body. It leads to hypoalbuminemia (Bunch, 2003). During chronic liver disease liver enzymes value may be normal or decrease. For example in cirrhosis the hepatocytes start to die and cannot make liver enzyme. The liver has capacity up to 30 times the usual level for the processing of bilirubin. At two to three times normal total bilirubin levels Jaundice can be noted. At 0.6 to 1.0 mg/dl icteric serum and bilirubinuria can be identified (Richter, 2004). In chronic hepatitis the liver enzymes ALT/AST with change ALP/GGT rises. With progressing disease bilirubin rises and albumin levels will drop. Chronic hepatitis causes the serum bile acids abnormal level. In this study dogs with chronic hepatitis all cases assessed had atypical bile acid concentrations. Acquired shunting or advanced liver insufficiency leads to increased blood ammonia concentrations (Strombeck, 1988). In study it was confirmed that coagulation anomalies are more common in dogs in case of chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis that indicated significantly lesser platelet counts (Prins et al.2010). In a study radiograph and ultrasonography was performed that reveal increase the liver size parenchymal heterogeneity hyperechoic parenchyma. Renal parenchyma looked normal in ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Introduction 4 both radiograph and ultrasonography (Langlois et al. 2013). Sonographic finding in acute hepatitis liver size was increased and parenchymal echogenicity was decrease. Liver margin were rounded due to hepatomegaly (Resende et al.2011; Hughes et al. 1995; Barr F. 1992; Lamb et al. 1995). Sonographic finding in chronic hepatitis seen that increased hepatic parenchyma echogenicity and liver size decreased. Gall bladder size was increased and irregular contour also seen. In chronic hepatitis portal liver margin less distinct and reduced distal visualization (Stowater et al. 1990; Diaz Espineira et al 1999; Hill et al. 2000; Partington et al.1995; Yeager 1991; Johnson 1987).
Tags from this library: No tags from this library for this title. Add tag(s)
Log in to add tags.
    average rating: 0.0 (0 votes)
Item type Current location Collection Call number Status Date due Barcode Item holds
Thesis Thesis UVAS Library
Thesis Section
Veterinary Science 2187,T (Browse shelf) Available 2187,T
Total holds: 0

Dogs are amicably kept as a pet all over the world. Diversity in cultural trends in Pakistan is
paving way towards increasing awareness of the society with regards to a promising humananimal
bond. Hence, the tendency of people in metropolitan cities, such as Lahore, in keeping
dogs and cats as pets, has increased dramatically over the years. Not only do people keep pets,
rather also seek expert professional care in treatment of their animals. Liver is a major organ of
body located in the cranial abdomen below diaphragm. It produces major plasma proteins,
clotting factors and metabolizes carbohydrates, proteins and lipid molecules. Besides, it also
detoxifies many toxic metabolites into soluble and extractable products. It also acts as storage for
iron, glycogen and some other compounds. It also plays role in eliminating and excretion of
worn-out blood cells in the form of bile. Due to its major functions it is much prone to damage
and its mutual sickness is reported (Adam, 2003). Hemostatic anomalies in liver diseases are
mostly found in dogs and increased prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin
time (APTT). In hepatic disease 93% dogs had one of the abnormal results of PT and APTT
(Badylak et al. 1983).
Conditions as well as low or incomplete blood supply or shock damage, blockage of bile,
long-lasting liver sickness, portovascular variances, toxin produce inside the bacteria wall, and
resistant dysfunction altogether add toward hepatic defenselessness to infectivity also change the
role of the reticuloendothelial structure (Center et al.2006). In the United Kingdom (UK),
chronic hepatitis (CH) twelve percent was found during postmortem of the dog (Watson et al.
2010). Acute hepatitis (AH) and CH can cause toward lethal liver dysfunction that can lead to
inadequate otherwise weakened liver restoration. Restoration take place through double
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Introduction
2
resources, specifically reproduction of developed hepatocytes and in the case of held back
hepatocytic replication, by production of the native stem cell precursor cell population in liver
diseases (Roskams et al. 2004; Santoni-Rugiu et al. 2005; Katoonizadeh et al. 2006). Liver play
major role in the majority of metabolism, so liver infections can affect the purpose of further
tissues. Most common effect stands going on the brain and excretory system (Wettstein et al.
2003; Hilgard and Gerken, 2004). Hyperfibrinolysis can be seen in cases of later hepatic liver
infection and cirrhosis because of reduced thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI)
(Van Thiel et al. 2001; Colucci et al. 2003).
The major reasons of sickness and death in dogs are cirrhosis and long-lasting liver
problem (Klein et al. 2010). The liver size is measured by a simple method through the
ultrasonography. The measurements were taken in both planes transverse and longitudinal
scanned. There was good relation in both measurements. Through this study it was concluded
that liver size has no relationship in breed or size of the dog. This study also showed that liver
size easily measure through ultrasonography (Barr, 2008). Infectious canine hepatitis (ICH) is a
universal viral disease caused by canine adenovirus-1 (CAd V-1) (Decaro et al. 2007). Young
dogs under the age of 2 years have more mortality rate (Akerstedt et al., 2010; Thompson et al.
2010). ICH has three clinical forms that are Mild, acute and per acute (Stalker and Hayes, 2007).
Canine adenovirus-1 has resemblance for vascular endothelium, mesothelium and hepatic
parenchyma and the main pathological characters of ICH are edema, hemorrhages and focal
necrosis (Chouinard et al. 1998). There is variation in the incubation period of hepatitis. The
incubation period of infectious canine hepatitis is 4-7 days. Infectious canine hepatitis can
increase temperature, despair, loss of starvation, sneezing, edema, excretory problem. But in
severe cases animal has pale mucous membrane increase liver size and vomiting. Severe cases
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Introduction
3
will develop bleeding disorders, which can cause hematomas to form in the mouth (Sanchez-
Cordon et al., 2002; Greene, 2006). Clinical diagnosis may be based on the clinical and
pathological findings, which may include moderate to severe leukopenia, neutropenia,
lymphopenia and thrombocytopenia. Serum alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase
activities may be increased. Coagulation parameters, PT and PTT are variably affected.
Proteinuria (albuminuria) as a reflection of the renal damage caused by the virus can usually be
detected (Sellon, 2005; Greene, 2006).
Clinical signs in pets vary from ill to asymptomatic. These may include anorexia,
vomiting, weakness, depression and poor hair coat. Production of albumin in the body takes
place only in liver, so liver problems cause low albumin production in body. It leads to
hypoalbuminemia (Bunch, 2003). During chronic liver disease liver enzymes value may be
normal or decrease. For example in cirrhosis the hepatocytes start to die and cannot make liver
enzyme. The liver has capacity up to 30 times the usual level for the processing of bilirubin. At
two to three times normal total bilirubin levels Jaundice can be noted. At 0.6 to 1.0 mg/dl icteric
serum and bilirubinuria can be identified (Richter, 2004). In chronic hepatitis the liver enzymes
ALT/AST with change ALP/GGT rises. With progressing disease bilirubin rises and albumin
levels will drop. Chronic hepatitis causes the serum bile acids abnormal level. In this study dogs
with chronic hepatitis all cases assessed had atypical bile acid concentrations. Acquired shunting
or advanced liver insufficiency leads to increased blood ammonia concentrations (Strombeck,
1988). In study it was confirmed that coagulation anomalies are more common in dogs in case of
chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis that indicated significantly lesser platelet counts (Prins et al.2010).
In a study radiograph and ultrasonography was performed that reveal increase the liver
size parenchymal heterogeneity hyperechoic parenchyma. Renal parenchyma looked normal in
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Introduction
4
both radiograph and ultrasonography (Langlois et al. 2013). Sonographic finding in acute
hepatitis liver size was increased and parenchymal echogenicity was decrease. Liver margin
were rounded due to hepatomegaly (Resende et al.2011; Hughes et al. 1995; Barr F. 1992; Lamb
et al. 1995). Sonographic finding in chronic hepatitis seen that increased hepatic parenchyma
echogenicity and liver size decreased. Gall bladder size was increased and irregular contour also
seen. In chronic hepatitis portal liver margin less distinct and reduced distal visualization
(Stowater et al. 1990; Diaz Espineira et al 1999; Hill et al. 2000; Partington et al.1995; Yeager
1991; Johnson 1987).

There are no comments for this item.

Log in to your account to post a comment.


Implemented and Maintained by UVAS Library.
For any Suggestions/Query Contact to library or Email:rehana.kousar@uvas.edu.pk Phone:+91 99239068
Website/OPAC best viewed in Mozilla Browser in 1366X768 Resolution.