1.
Seroprevalence Of Brucellosis In Pregnant And Aborted Women Of Rural And Urban Areas In Three Selected Districts Of Punjab Pakistan
by Shakeela Anjum (2006-VA-172) | Dr. Iahtasham khan | Prof. Dr. Abdul shakoor | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Younus.
Material type: Book; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Brucellosis is an important zoonotic disease of animals and human. According to OIE
(Office International des Epizooties), it is the second most important zoonotic disease in the
world after rabies Brucellosis is more common in countries with Poorly standardized animal
and public health programme. Human Brucellosis caused by B. abortus, B. abortus are small,
non-motile, aerobic, facultative intracellular, Gram-negative cocobacilli.
The symptoms of human brucellosis are undulant fever, headache, weakness, body
pain, and sometimes endocarditis, orchitis, or arthritis may develop. Prolonged use of
combination of antibiotics and human vaccine is main control measure strategies for human
brucellosis. This disease is under investigated and hence people are ignorant of this insidious
problem. Serological surveillance is a good and cheap tool to diagnose this problem. There is
also need to know that which diagnostic antigen (Pakistani or French) is more sensitive and
specific from disease eradication and control point of view. Unfortunately annual incidence
of brucellosis in whole Pakistan is unknown but they are expected above 2 per 100,000
people. The hypothesis of present study was that brucellosis is considered to be endemic in
Pakistan but there is no data available about seroprevalence of brucellosis in pregnant,
aborted, rural and urban women with different risk factors in Pakistan.
In present study sero-screening of total 199 serum samples of pregnant and women
presenting with abortions from district Jhang, district Chinoit and district Faisalabad. Test
was performed on 199 samples which showed 40 (20%) positives by RBPT (Pakistan) and 42
(21%) positives by RBPT (France) (Table 4.4). While the indirect modified ELISA showing
5 (2.5%) positive samples. All sera tested positives (5) with modified i-ELIA were also tested
positives with another specific and highly expensive ELISA (Verion Serion) at OIE reference
Summary
41
Laboratory for brucellosis, Germany. Prevalence data was analyzed by chi square test
using SPSS version 20 Software (Apache License, USA) to find out correlation between risk
factors and brucellosis prevalence.
Risk factors such as consumption of raw milk, contact with animals, and symptoms
were significant. In our opinion, indirect modified ELISA is more sensitive than RBPT
(Pakistan) and RBPT (French). RBPT, (Pakistan) can be used for primary screening of
brucellosis cases because of cross reactivity present in RBPT antigen and confirmation must
be made with a more specific and sensitive serological test, such as B. abortus-specific
indirect modified ELISA. The results of present study showed that RBPT, Pakistan antigen
showed almost same sensitivity and specificity as that of RBPT (Pourquier, France) antigen.
Indirect modified ELISA is more specific as compared to RBPT (Pakistan) and RBPT
(French). It is highly suggestive to combine serodiagnostics test with molecular detection
including PCR and Real time PCR to increase the detection rate of brucellosis. Human
ELISA kit is extremely expensive that cannot be afforded in developing countries like
Pakistan to screen the human. PCR technique is highly reliable and less time consuming. It is
highly suggestive to conduct the study on human brucellosis on other districts of south
Punjab as it is believed that brucellosis is endemic due to lack of awareness and vaccination
in these areas. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2359-T] (1).
2.
Seroprevalence Of Camel Brucellosis In Three Selected Districts Of Punjab, Pakistan
by Sana Fatima (2007-VA-455) | Dr. Iahtasham Khan | Dr. Amar Nasir | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Younus.
Material type: Book; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: This is a representative study from Pakistan conducted in three districts of Punjab i.e.,
Jhang, Chiniot and Bhakkar which are rich in livestock population. There is a lot of research
work on livestock and dairy animals but camels are neglected and under-investigated animals.
Nomads mainly depend upon camels for milk, meat, milk byproducts and their earnings. Indeed,
it is a precious animal for them and therefore, to ensure the good health of their animals it is
essential that owners maintain healthy husbandry conditions. Brucellosis is one of the major and
unreported problems amongst the camels of our country. It results in losses to the economics of
the farmers/owners in terms of poor health, abortions, long calving interval, production of weak
offspring’s and poor quality of milk and meat. This disease is under-investigated and hence
people are ignorant of this insidious problem. Serological surveillance is a good and cheaper tool
to diagnose this problem. Determination of the seroprevalence is important to know the load of
disease and pockets of infections in the areas of central Punjab, Pakistan. There is also a need to
know which diagnostic antigen is more sensitive and specific from disease eradication and
control point of view.
A total of 200 camel serum samples were collected from three districts of the Punjab
province and tested by conventional screening test i.e., Rose Bengal Plate Agglutination Test
(RBPT) by using two antigens of different countries origin i.e. RBPT (IDEXX, Pourquier,
France) and RBPT (VRI, Pakistan) and then tested with confirmatory competitive Enzymelinked
Immunosorbent assay (cELISA). The data thus obtained regarding seroprevalence was
analyzed by using Chi-square and logistic regression IBM SPSS Statistics 20 (Apache software
license,USA).
Summary
44
Of the total 200 camels (50 male and 150 female), 5% (10 of 200), 4% (8 of 200) were
seropositive for anti-Brucella antibodies. Different risk factors were also included in study like
origin (nomadic and organized), area, age, gender, season, type of herd, abortion history and
orchitis in male. All of these risk factors were statistically analyzed to reveal the truth about
camel brucellosis. Of the various risk factors studied, the risk factors including camels (cows)
positive history of abortion (45.5%), orchitis (camel bulls) (33.3%), rearing with other ruminants
(9.4%), winter season (11.5%), nomadic production system (2.67-6.67%), and area Jhang (6-
12%) and Chiniot (2-8%) were statistically significant which could be potential source of threat
for humans and other animals. The testing was performed using conventional methods as well as
using cELISA. It is concluded that cELISA is more specific than conventional screening tests but
molecular diagnosis is highly suggestive for future studies. ELISA performed in Pakistan
(cELISA, Svanovir) and the ELISA (iELISA, ID VET Kit, France) performed in OIE reference
lab for brucellosis in Germany showed perfect agreement between them (both tested four camel
sera positive). The current study will help to minimize and eradicate the low prevalence of camel
brucellosis by creating awareness amongst the farmers and through vaccination and herd
immunization of all camel calves at age of 4-8 months. Adopting the policy of testing and culling
of positive reactors will be pivotal to achieve the objectives. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2361-T] (1).
3.
Seroprevalence Of Brucellosis In Ruminants At Sale And Purchase Markets And Abattoirs In Three Selected Districts Of Punjab, Pakistan
by Muhammad Tahir (2008-VA-301) | Dr. Iahtasham Khan | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Younus | Dr. Syed Ehtisham-ul-Haque.
Material type: Book; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: This is a representative study from Pakistan accompanied in three districts of
Punjab i.e. Jhang, Layyah and Toba Tek Singh which are rich in livestock population.
There is a lot of research work on livestock farms but the sale and purchase markets and
abattoirs are neglected. Pakistan is an agricultural country and livestock contribute a major
share to agriculture in Pakistan GDP and its economy. Sheep, goats, cattle and buffaloes
contribute in the economy of Pakistani people by milk and meat production on majority
basis. Livestock contribution to the agriculture value added is 56.3%, while it contributes
11.9% to the national GDP during 2014-15. More than 8.0 million rural families of the
country are involved in raising livestock. But productivity of livestock is questioned by a
lot of factors. Infectious zoonotic diseases are among these.
Brucellosis is one of the major and unreported problem amongst livestock markets
and abattoirs of our country. It results in losses to the economics of the farmers or owners
in terms of poor health, abortions, long calving interval, production of weak offsprings and
deprived quality of milk and meat. This disease is under investigated and hence people are
unaware of this deceptive problem. Serological surveillance is a good and cheaper tool to
diagnose this problem. Determination of the seroprevalence is important to know the load
of disease and pockets of infections in the area of Punjab, Pakistan. There is also a need to
know which diagnostic antigen is more sensitive and specific from disease eradication and
control point of view.
A total of 300 animals serum samples were collected from three districts of the
Punjab province and tested by conventional screening test i.e. Rose Bengal Plate
Agglutination Test (RBPT) by using two antigens of different countries origin i.e. VRI
(Lahore, Pakistan), IDEXX (Pourquier, France) and ID.vet, France and then tested with
indirect Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (iELISA). The data thus obtained regarding
seroprevalence was analyzed using Chi-square SPSS version -19 (Nahar et al. 2009).
Of the total 300 animals (77 male and 223 female), 1.3% male and 35.66% female
were seropositive for anti-Brucella antibodies. Different risk factors were also included in
study like sex, area, age, gender, abortion, reproductive problems and also history of orchitis
in male. All of these risk factors were statistically analyzed to reveal the truth about ruminants
brucellosis. Among the various risk factors studied, the risk factors including history of
abortion (16.44%), orchitis (1.3%), retained placenta (26.47%), species cattle (35.55%) and in
Toba Tek Singh (47.36%) were statistically significant which could be potential source of
threat for humans and other animals. The testing was performed using conventional methods
as well as using iELISA. It is concluded that iELISA is more sensitive and specific than
conventional screening tests but molecular diagnosis is highly recommended for future
studies. The current study will help to minimize and eradicate the low prevalence of ruminants
brucellosis by creating awareness between the farmers and through vaccination and herd
immunization. By implementing the policy of testing and culling of positive reactors will be
pivotal to achieve the objectives.
For confirmatory diagnosis all the sera were further tested with iELISA. For this
purpose an exclusive commercially available iELISA Kit (ID.vet, France) was used which
would be able to differentiate anti-Brucella antibodies of B. abortus and B. melitensis and this
iELISA kit would be able to be used for multispecies including cattle, buffaloes, sheep and
goats. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2556-T] (1).
4.
Seroprevalence Of Brucellosis In Dairy Cattle In Three Selected Districts Of Punjab, Pakistan
by Ahmad Raza (2008-VA-271) | Dr. Iahtasham Khan | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Younus | Dr. Muhammad Faiz Qamar.
Material type: Book; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Brucellosis is an infectious disease of domestic and wild animals with serious
zoonotic implications in humans. The disease in animals causes tremendous economic losses.
Since brucellosis is primarily an animal disease, emphasis should be given to control the
disease in animal populations by adopting well organized control strategies to protect the
public from the risks of acquiring this zoonosis.
A total of 300 blood samples (N=300) were collected randomly from cattle species
with one hundred samples (n=100) from each district of Chiniot, Sargodha and Sahiwal.
Approximately 04 mL of blood was collected and transferred in a blood Vacutainer having
gel containing clot activating factor, stored immediately at 4 °C in an ice box and was
transported to laboratory. The serum samples were screened by RBPT which is screening test
for brucellosis and it was observed that 38 animals were seropositive by RBPT. Then serum
samples were further confirmed by the use of most specific and sensitive serological test
known as ELISA.
Out of 300 samples, 33 animals were confirmed as seropositive by Indirect ELISA.
The overall prevalence in each of this district by RBPT was found to be 12%, 12% and 14 %
in Chiniot, Sargodha and Sahiwal respectively. The overall prevalence in each of this district
by iELISA was found to be 10%, 11% and 12 %.
By RBPT, Seroprevalence in females was 13.57% based on gender, animals having
abortion history had high seroprevalence for brucellosis (30%) than the non-aborted animals
(10.83%) and the animals with history of retained placenta are 19.30%. Seroprevalence of
iELISA based on gender showed 11.79%, cattle having history of abortion 30% and animals having history of retained placenta in cattle (24.57%). The risk factors i.e. sex, abortion,
retained placenta and areas are highly significant. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2602-T] (1).