1.
Survey Of Sheep Trematodes In Lahore Abattoirs
by Majid, A | Altaf Hussain | Asif Rabbani | Muhammed Tufail khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1980Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0028,T] (1).
2.
Studies On The Blood Protozoan Parasites Of Poultry In Lahore
by Iqbal Qureshi, M | Altaf Hussain | M.T Khan | Z.D Mian | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1977Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0031,T] (1).
3.
Chemotherapy Of Coccidiosis In Naturally Infected Sheep
by Ashraf, M | Mubasher Saeed | Altaf Hussain Sheikh | Haji Ahmed | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1984Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0033,T] (1).
4.
Identification And Pathology Of Lungworms Of Sheep
by Tahir Basra, M | Mubashir Saleem Mian | Asif Rabani | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1991Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0085,T] (1).
5.
Effects Of Natural Haemonchosis On Various Blood Parameters In Sheep
by Sher Muhammad | Mubashar Saeed Mian | Muhammed Afzal | Tufail | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1986Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0097,T] (1).
6.
Effects Of Natural Dicrocoeliasis On Different Blood Parameters & Serum Bilirubin Level In Sheep
by Alia Bano | Mubasher saeed Mian | Asif Rabbani | Manzoor Ahmed Basra | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1991Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0235,T] (1).
7.
A Study Of The Taxonomy & Bionomics Of Genus Haemaphysalis In Domestic Animals
by Haroon, Durrani | MubasherSaeed Mian | Asif Rabbani | Muhammed sarwer Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 1992Dissertation note: Ticks transmit diseases like piroplasmosis, theileria3is and anaplasmosis in livestock. They are responsible for great economic losses in terms of general unthriftiness, loss of condition and also damage to hides and skins. Pakistan being a tropical country provides optimal conditions for growth and multiplication of ticks. Despite this abundance in prevalence little systematic work was done to investigate the prevalence, taxonony and bionomics of species of genus Haemaplxysalis.
During this study numerous ticks from sheep, goat, cattle and buffaloes each were collected from Lahore and Sheikhupura districts. One species of genus Haemaphysalis i.e. Haemaphysalis brunati was recorded. Other species of same genus did not occur in these districts. This species was recorded from Lahore only. The percent incidence was 5.87%.
During the bionomical study various aspects like seasonal and regional abundance, life cycle, effect of temperature and humidity were studied. It was concluded that in one year three generations of Haemaphysalis bnmati occured in Lahore district . The ticks appeared on livestock in Narch and gradually increased during following months and reached its peak level in June. Then the population graph fell, until in last week of September when a minor peak was recorded. Subsequently the infestation receded considerably amongs livestock during October and was lowest in the end of November. No incidences were recorded from early December through late February.
During the morphological studies of Haemapltysalis brunati measurements of various parts of body were recorded and it was noticed that the measuremeni vary slightly in the species occuring in Lahore
The breeding habits and life cycle of Haemaphysalis brunati were studied under natural conditions and it was observed that the ticks mostly started depositing egg 19 days after dropping in spring, 18 days after dropping in summer and 7 days after dropping in autumn.
The oviposition period under natural conditions was found to be 12 days in spring, 11 days in summer and 11 days in autumn.
The average number of eggs laid by a single female tick in different seasons was not constant. In spring season average number of eggs deposited by single female tick was 3819 in summer 2786 and in autumn 2514. The eggs were oval in shape and measured 0.470 x 0.420 mm in size and weighed 0.041 mg on average. The incubation period of ova was found to vary in different seasons. In spring it was 20 days, 16 days in summer and 15 days in autumn.
The larvae survived without food and water for 56 days in spring. The larvae fully engorged in 9 days during spring, 7 days in summer and 6 days in autumn. The weight of unfed larvae was found to be 0.375 mg. and engorged larvae from 0.166 nlg. The total amount of blood sucked was estimated to be 0.129 mg. The fully engorged larvae moulted in 16 days during spring, II days during summer and 10 days during autumn. The newly moulted unfed txymph lived for 65 days in spring. The nymph engorged in 7 days during spring, in 6 days during summer and autumn. The weight of unfed nymph was found to be 0.114 mg and that of. engorged nymph was found to be 1.094 mg. The nymph moulted in 17 days during spring and in 9 days during summer and autumn.
The newly moulted female engorged within 9 days in spring, 8 days in summer and 4 days in autumn. The weight of unfed female was 1.695 mg and of engorged female 210.0 mg. The amount of blood sucked by a single female tick was estimated to be 208.36 mg. Amount of blood sucked by a single female during her entire life span was found to be 221.549 mg.
Influence of temperature and humidity on rate of development of Haemapbysalis brunati on preoviposition period, oviposition period, number of eggs laid, incubation period and peientage of hatchability were studied and it was observed that constant temperature and varying humidities had no significant effect on the said parameters whereas constant humidity and varying temperatures had a significant effect on the rate of development, preoviposition period, oviposition period, number of eggs laid, incubation period and percentage of hatchahility.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0245,T] (1).
8.
Study On Incidence And Chemotherapy Of Gestode Infection In Dogs At Lahore
by Faizan Baig, Mirza | Mubashir Saeed Khan | Asif Rabbani | Tufail Muhammed | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1985Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0263,T] (1).
9.
Epidemiological Studies On Trematodes Infestation In Buffaloes In District Gujrat
by Irshad Hussain Bhatti, Ch | Khalid Saeed | Mubasher Saeed Mian | Muhammed | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1991Dissertation note: The study was designed to find out the prevalence and intensity of treinatodes infestation in Buffaloes in Distt. Gujrat. For this purpose twenty villages out of 1516 were randomly selected. The study period was from January to May, 1991. The data were based on:
1. Informations obtained from nine Veterinary Hospitals regarding trematodal treated buffaloes.
2. Information obtained from buffaloes owners by interogations regarding trematodes infestations in buffaloes in the selected area.
3. Findings of five hundred buffaloes faecal samples from twenty villages.
4. In order to record the actual trematodal infestations, two hundred stomach and livers alongwith their bile-ducts were inspected in three abattoirs in District Gujrat.
Data collected from Veterinary Hospitals indicated that 1252 (19.39%) out of 6554 buffaloes were positive for treinatode infection.
Informations collected from owners of the buffaloes of twenty villages showed that 133 (17.52%) out of 746 young buffaloes and 689 (21.92%) out of 3143 adult buffaloes were effected with trematodes.
Five hundred faecal samples were tested by fresh smear and sedimentation method from twenty villages and found that 144 (28.8%) buffaloes were suffering from trematodes in District Gujrat.
In order to determine the intensity of fluke disease in the infected animals, quantitative faecal examination was done and it ranged from 30 - 87.6 epg indicating that the disease is likely to be pathogenic.
Overall incidence of trematodes recorded in slaughtered buffaloes was 76.5%.
It was concluded from the findings of the study that treinatodal infestation in buffaloes in District Gujrat are quite prevalent necessitating to adopt appropriate measures to control these infestations.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0340,T] (1).
10.
Taxonomic And Therapeutic Studies Of Natural And Experimental Coccidiosis In Commercial Quails
by Azhar Iqbal | Asif Rabbani | Muhammed | Muhammed Afzal | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 1991Dissertation note: Taxonomic arid therapeutic studies of natural and experimental coccidiosis in commercial quails were undertaken. Total 500 gut samples were examined microscopically to study the incidence of cocoidiosis, which was recorded as 69%. By making taxonoinical study based on size, morphological characteristics, sporulfttion, time and post-mortem lesions it was concluded that the causal coocidia was L bateri. Average size of the oocyst recorded was 21.42 u x 14.28 u while sporulation time recorded was 24 hours at 27°C. The cocysts were double walled and 1.2 u in thickness. Oocysts production per grain of faeces in natural infection ranged between 31-350 oocysts. While average number of oocysts per gram of faeces recorded was 220.
To study effects of ESB3 and Darvisul AK plus on experimental infection one hundred and sixty day old quail chicks were reared upto 3 weeks of age in coccidia free environment. They were then randomly divided into four groups A, B, C and D. Comprising of 40 birds each these groups were sub-divided into four replicates each comprising of 10 birds. Birds of group B, C and D were infected with ml of coccidial inoculum having 50,000 sporulated oocysts given directly into crop. On fourth day post infection birds of' all infected groups showed disease symptoms and at that time groups C and 0 were treated with darvisul AK plus and ESB3 respectively while group B was kept as infected and un-medicated group. At the end of experimental period in 6th week maximum weight was gained by group "A" and minimum by group "B" Group 0 which was treated with ESB3 gained less weight than group C which was treated with Darvisul AK plus.
Best feed conversion ratio was seen in group A and among the medicated groups group 0 revealed better feed conversion ratio than group C, while group B showed the worst feed conversion ratio.
Highest mortality of 40% was recorded in group B, 10% in group C and least in group D i.e. 2.5%.
From the findings of the study it was concluded that our commercial quail is suffering from coccidiosis caused by E. bateri and ESB3 is an affective remedy for this disease. However it is suggested that more work to elucidate the effects of ESB3 with additional vitamins A and K be carried out.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0343,T] (1).
11.
Serodiagnosis Of Ovine Hydatidosis
by Javaid, M | Dr. Asif Rabbani | Dr. Mubasher Saeed Mian | Dr. Muhammad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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not fiction
Publisher: 1993Dissertation note: A study was under taken to find out the incidence of hydatidosis and to evaluate the efficacy of indirect haemagglutination (IHA) test for the confirmation of natural hydatidosis in sheep slaughtered at Lahore municipal abattoir.
Blood samples from 200 sheep (50 each from hydatidosis affected and free sheep on the basis of postmortem findings and 100 blood samples Elected randomly without considering postmortem finding). The serum from each sample was separated, properly labelled and stored at -20°C.
For the preparation of antigen, crude cyst fluid was aspirated aseptically from hydatid cysts. Blood from healthy sheep was collected in 3.8% sodium citrate solution and red blood cells were separated by centrifugation. A 2.5% red cell suspension was prepared in Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS). The sheep erythrocytes were sensitized by Hydatid fluid antigen. Optimal dilution of antigen 1:16 was used in Phosphate Buffered Saline (p11 6.4) for sensitizing the sheep erythrocytes. All the sera were inactivated at 56°C for half an hour and serial two f1d serum dilutions were prepared by micropipettes in microtitre U plates and sensitized erythrocytes were added to the plates and incubated at room temperature in a humid chamber for 3 hours. A titre of 1:32 and above was considered as positive. In positive reactions, the cells agglutinated like a carpet at the bottom of the wells where as in negative cases the cells settled as a compact mass in the centre of the wells. By the indirect haemagglutination test Ninety-two percent sheep were found positive for hydatidosis. (Table-4.2). Out of 50 serum samples (Group A2), 46 (92%) were confirmed positive on postmortem while 3 out of 50 (6%) hydatid free samples (Group A3), gave false positive results with IHA test.
It was concluded that indirect haemagglutination test is an accurate, reliable and sensitive test (92%) for the diagnosis of hydatidosis in sheep.
The blood cell counts (TLC, DLC) and blood chemistry (Total protein, A/G ratio) of the samples under investigation were also carried out. From the results it was evident that the hydatid cysts did not affect the blood values of the host significantly. However, only 28% of hydatid positive animals showed eosinophilia ranging from 7 to 23% which was non pathognomonic.
It was thus inferred that blood cell counts and blood c1vmistry of the hydatid cyst patients was of no diagnostic value.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0359,T] (1).
12.
The Host Reaction To Experimentally Induced Eimeria Infections In Broilers Chicks
by Ata ur Rehman Awan | Dr. Haji Ahmad Hashmi | Dr. Mohammad | Dr. Mubasher Saeed Mian | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1994Dissertation note: The experiment was designed to study the host reaction to the experimentally induced Eimeria species in broiler chicks. For this purpose two hundred and twenty, one-day-old chicks were reared. At the age of day 3, they were divided randomly in four groups each comprising of 55 birds. They were named as A, B, C and D. The group A was kept as un-infected control, while group B, C and D, at the age of day 3, received a primary dose of 1000 virulent sporulated oocysts, through oral, intraperitoneal and subcutaneous routes respectively. The challenge doses of 50,000 virulent sporulated oocysts each were adminigtered to the members of each group B, C and D on days 13, 28 and 43 of age.
The OPG counts in group A remained nil throughout the experiment the maximum OPG counts 65,500 were recorded in group B by the day 21. On the same day OPG counts of group C and D were also on the peak found to be 40,500 and 54,500 respectively. Three mortalities occurred in group B, 4 in C and 6 in group D. Similarly the maximum weight was attained by the members of group A (Control) i.e. 1750 gm, secondly by group B (oral) i.e. 1530 gm, thirdly group D (S/C) i.e. 1410 gm and fourthly group C (I/P) i.e. 1280gm. The difference in B was of 220gm, in C 470 gm, and in D 340 gm lesser as compared to group A.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0404,T] (1).
13.
A Comparative Study Of Helminth And Haemoparasites Of Domestic And Wild Pigeons
by Asma Hussain | Dr. Mubashir Saeed Mian | Dr. Asif Rabbani | Dr. Muhammad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1995Dissertation note: There is an increasing interest in pigeons and other game and ornamental birds. These birds are generally kept either free roaming or confined in outdoor pens and hence are vulnerable to various parasitic infectious, which greatly effects the productivity of these birds.
The meat production of the pigeons can be improved by controlling disease problems particularly helrninths and blood protozoan infections, so that in near future they may contribute towards narrowing down the animal protein supply gap by substituting poultry meat with squabs.
The present work was planned for the comparative study of helminths and heemoparasites of domestic and wild pigeons. For this purpose 300 each of guts and blood smears were studied. The overall incidence of gastrointestinal helminths and blood protozoans was 77.33% and 31.99% respectively, while 36% of birds had mixed infection. The incidence of gastro-intestinal helminths and blood protozoa in wild pigeons was 89.33 and 20.66 percent respectively and in domestic pigeons it was 65.33% and 11.33% respectively. Whereas mixed infections were 22% and 14% respectively.
The following species of helmitiths and blood protozoa were recorded and identified.
1. Raillietina tetragona
2. Raillietiiia cesticillus
3. Choanolaenia infundibulum
4. Ascaridia colurnbae and
5. Cap illaria obgnata
The two species of blood protozoa recovered were:
1. Aegypanella pullorum and
2. Haeiçotuscumbae
Among the helrninths recorded, cestodes were found predominating as compared with nernatodes in both wild and domestic pigeons. Raillietina cesticillus was the most common cestode species in both Wild and domestic pigeons i.e. 51 and 33 percent respectively while Asci colurnbae predominated the nernatode species i.e. 18 and 15 percent respectively. The Incidence was higher in wild pigeons.
Aegyptianella pullorum was more common blood protozoan i.e. 22 and 11 percent respectively in wild and domestic pigeons. The incidence of Haemoproteus clumbae was 9 and 11 percent respectively.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0410,T] (1).
14.
The Effects Of Piroplasmosis On Hematology In Equines
by Salva | Dr. Mubasher Saeed Mian | Dr. Asif Rabbani | Dr. Shakeel | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1996Dissertation note: Piroplasmosis is a serious disease of the domestic animals including horses. It is caused by species of the genus Babesia i.e. . egui and B. caballi resulting in death due to excessive loss of blood. The present study was conducted to find out the effect of natural Piroplasmosis on various blood parameters, viz, total erythrocytes count (TEC), hemoglobin estimation (Jib), packed cell volume (PCV), total leukocytes count (TLC) and differential leukocytes count (DLC) in horses.
A total of forty horses (Group A including 20 uninfected horses and Group B included 20 horses showing clinical symptoms of the disease and confirmed positive for piroplasmosis through blood examination were used in the study and found to cause the infection although . caballi infection was more predominant.
Heamatological examination revealed a significant decrease (P<0.05) in the erythrocyte count, hemoglobin level and packed cell volume of the infected horses.
Normocytic and hypochromic type of anemia was observed. Total leukocyte count was also decreased. A decrease in the number of rieutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes and lymphocytes was also observed in the infected horses.
Out of the 20 infected horses, 4 had B. equi and sixteen had B. caballi infection indicating that . caballi was more prevalent.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0432,T] (1).
15.
A Study On The Epidemiological Aspects Of Fascioliasis In Buffaloes In Lahore District
by Rabbia Sahar | Dr. Asif Rabbani | Dr. Haji Ahmed Hashmi | Dr. Muhammad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1996Dissertation note: The study was designed to find the prevalence and intensity of liver fluke infection in buffaloes in Lahore District. The study period was from April 1995 to July 1995. The data was based on:
Data collected from four Veterinary Hospitals in Lahore District namely, Herbenspura, R.A. Bazar, Shamkey Bhattian and Rukh Chandra indicated that during the study period from 1 April, 1995 to 31 July, 1995, a total of 2184 buffaloes were treated for different diseases in these hospitals. Based on history, clinical symptoms and response to treatment 229 (10.48%) buffaloes were positive for fascioliasis.
Information collected from Municipal Corporation, Lahore abattoirs regarding economical losses revealed that one hundred eight million rupees were lost annually due to damage and condemnation of liver fluke infected livers.
Two hundred faecal samples collected directly from the rectum of buffaloes from various localities at Lahore were examined microscopically by fresh smear and sedimentation methods, which revealed that 75 (37.5%) buffaloes were suffering from fascioliasis.
In order to determine the intensity of Fascioliasis in infected animals, quantitative faecal examination was done (and it ranged from 32.6 to 45.6 EPG indicating that the disease is likely to be pathogenic).
Overall liver fluke infection was recorded by examining forty livers along with their bile ducts collected from slaughtered buffaloes and it was found that 16 (40%) had liver fluke infection.
Identification of live flukes from the infected flukes revealed that 8 (50%) had mixed infection of Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica, 5 (31.25%) had only Fasciola gigantica infection while 3 (18.75%) had only Fasciola hepatica infection.
It was concluded from the above studies that Fascioliasis in buffaloes in Lahore district is quite prevalent, and it needs to adopt appropriate measures to control the infection.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0485,T] (1).
16.
Taxonomy & Chemotherapeutic Control Of Prevalent Helminth Species In Indigenous Poultry
by Abid Farid | Dr.Kamran Ashraf | Dr. Asif Rabbani | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: The present study was conducted to identify the helminth infestations, compare the drug efficacy percentage of I vermectin and Albandazole, effect of chemotherapy on haematology in indigenous poultry.
For this purpose, one hundred and sixty (160) positive birds were purchased from market and backyard farms, divided in four groups A, il, C, and D, kept in experimental rooms of College of Veterinary Sciences, Lahore.
Eggs per gram (EPG) of faeces of all the four groups was done at zero day of the experiment which were, 2307, 2000, 2050, 2325, in groups A , B, C, D, respectively. Groups A, Band C, were treated with Ivermectin and Albandazole (using 1% Ivomec Injection and Farbenda 10% solution).
After medication EPG was carried out of all four groups (A, D, C, D) at different days of experiment. The results were as, the EPG at 7th day 825, 667, 700, 2750, at 14th day 100, 250, 325, 3000, on
21st day. It was 70, 155, 237, 3500, and at 28th day the EPG. recorded was 45, 120, 185, 3600 respectively.
At end of the experiment, the drug efficacies were recorded, for group A, "it was 98%. In group B,94%, and for group C, it was 90% while group D, was untreated control.
The taxonomy of the slaughtered birds of group D, was done at the end of the experiment. By collecting GIT, and trachea of all the forty birds of the group D. Identifications were made after making permanent mounts of recovered helminths. Four species of nematodes were recovered from indigenous poul try. Ascaridia galli was the most common species of nematodes recovered from small intestine, while Heterikis gallinae and Subulura brumpti were isolated from the caeca of the birds. Syngamus trachea was the only respiratory tract nematode species which was recovered from trachea of the fowls. The incidence of Ascaridia gglli, Heterikis lZallinae, Subulura brumpti, Syngamus trachea were 57.5, 40, 20 and 2.5 percent respectively.
Six species of Cestode parasites were isolated from the small intesliine of Desi fowl, Raillictina tetragona, Raillictinna costcillus, Raillietina echinobothrida, Cotugnia dignopora, Choanotaenia infundibulum, Amoebotaenia sphenoides and the incidence recorded, 5235, 37.5, 20, 27.5, 22.5 and 2.5 percent, respectively
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0638,T] (1).
17.
Studies On The Babesia Canis And Ticks Of Dogs
by Abdul Haseeb Khan | Haji Ahmad Hashmi | Dr.Khalid Pervez | Dr.Khalid Saeed | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2001Dissertation note: The present study was conducted from September to November, 2000 to find out the prevalence and taxonomy of ticks and Babesia canis of dogs. In addition, their effect on haematological parameters was also studied. To find out the prevalence, 759 dogs were included in the study. The samples were collected from the dogs brought to Dog Hospital, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lahore, Private Veterinary clinics and from different Private Kennels present in and around Lahore.
Out of the total 759 dogs, 205 (27 %) dogs were found positive for single species of ticks i.e. Rhipicephalus sanguineous and 179 (23.5%) dogs were found positive for Babesia canis. Seventy four (9.7%) dogs were infested with only ticks and 48 (6.3%) dogs were found positive for only Babesia canis. Out of total 205 ticks infested dogs, 131 (63.3%) were found positive for Babesia canis.
For haematological study from the total examined dogs 80 (60 infected, 20 healthy) were selected and divided in to four groups A (mixed infection of ticks and Babesia), B (ticks only), C (Babesia only) and D (non-infected). Each group comprising of 20 animals.
The total erythrocytic count were 2.5x106±0.28/,il, 3.2x106±0.21/iil, 3.6x106±0.13/id and 4.9x106±0.18/j.d of group A, B, C and ID respectively. There was significant difference amongst group A, B, and C as compared to the control group-D. A significant difference amongst A-B, A-C was also noted. But no significant difference between group B and C could be recorded.
Hemoglobin estimation in group A was 7.1±0.33 g %, in B was 9.2±0.30 g % and in group C was 9.8±0.30 g %. It was revealed that there was significant decrease in hemoglobin contents as compared to group 'D' which showed 12.01±0.6 g %. There was significant difference between group A-B and A-C, but no significant difference between group B-C (P<0.05) was noted.
The animals belonging to group A, B, C and D had ESR as 40.15±3 mm/hour, 32.25±0.17 mm/hour, 25.2±1.1 mm/hour, and 16.3±1.3 mm/hour respectively. There was significant difference amongst the groups A, B, C as compared to group D. There were also significant difference amongst groups A-B, A-C and B-C (P<0.05). The RBC of the groups A, B, and C were found crenated and macrocytic hypochromic.
The overall results showed that effects of mixed infection of ticks and Babesia on haematology were more adverse as compared to the single infections of ticks or Babesia.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0712,T] (1).
18.
Biocontrol Of Caecal Coccidiosis In Broilers
by Nadeem Afzal, M | Dr.Haji Ahmad Hashmi | Dr.Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Dr.Nisar Ahmad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2001Dissertation note: The present study was designed to estimate the efficacy of two types of monovalent . tenella vaccines i.e. Formalin treated . tenella oocysts for 48 (FEV-48) and/or 96 (FEV-96) hours and irradiated . tenella vaccine. For estimation of the efficacy of the said vaccines, OPG counts weight gain, FCR and mortality records were compared amongst the control and test groups.
A total of 105 day-old broilers were equally divided into 5 different groups namely; A, B, C, D and E on day 3, each group comprising of 21 chicks. NDV vaccine was administered on day land 21 of age of chicks of all the groups. Group A acted as non-infected control, B as infected control, C was vaccinated with FEV-48, D was vaccinated with FEV-96 and E was vaccinated with 1EV on day 3 and 10 of age. Spread of contaminated faeces over the bedding with . tenella oocysts was commenced on day 12 upto day 17 of age of chicks. The OPG counts were conducted on each 4th day from day 18th to 52.
The results indicated that the first observation of OPG counts (day-18) showed heavy infection in all the control (infected) and test groups. In group B, 222200 oocysts were observed on day 18 which gradually reduced to 5300 on day 50 followed by zero on day 52. Group C (FEV-48) showed 131400 OPG counts, which sharply declined on each observation and showed 100 OPG on day 38 followed by '0' afterwards and showing significant differences from the control (P < 0.05). Group D showed gradual decline like infected control upto day 34, but ironically on days 38 and 42, 196.3% and 376.4% increase was noted, respectively as compared to group B, which again declined by day 50 with significant difference. In group E the first observation showed 119460. OPG counts which abruptly declined to 75 on day 38 followed by '0' on day 42. Groups C and E showed comparable results.
Weight gains were almost equal in all the test and control groups by day 14. The difference appeared on third observation between infected control and other groups. At the end of the experiment members of groups A, C, D and E gained 31%, 14%, 11.83% and 10.92% greater weights than group B. The FCR in ranked order was shown as A, C, E, D and B, showing the efficacy of FEV-48. Mortalities occurred in groups B, C, D and E as 4 (19%), 2 (9.5%), 1 (4.76%) and 3 (14.28%), respectively.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0719,T] (1).
19.
Taxonomy And Prevalence Of Intestinal Parasites Of Sparrows (Passer Domesticus)
by Anjum Mahmood | Dr.Kamran Ashraf | Dr.Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Dr.Nisar Ahmad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: The study was undertaken to assess the prevalence and taxonomy of the gastro-intestinal tract helminths in 200 sparrows that were naturally parasitized. In addition, the blood examination was carried out to record the effect of worm infestation on different blood parameters namely Haemoglobin (Hb) estimation, Total leukocyte count (TLC), Packed cell volume (PCV) and Differential leukocyte count (DLC) and these values were compared with the normal values.
Two hundred sparrows purchased from the market were kept in cages in Parasitology Section, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lahore. The birds were slaughtered at due intervals. Blood was collected and gastro-intestinal tract was searched for the collection and identification of the helminthic species.
The results revealed that out of 200 sparrows, 120 had the worm infestation, showing an overall incidence as 60%. The worms collected were subjected to the taxonomical study which was carried out in the laboratory of PaLrasitology Section.
Two species namely Ascaridia galli (36%) and Heterakis gallinarum (24%) were found inhabiting the small intestine and caeca of the infested birds, respectively. No trematodes and cestodal species were recorded from the GIT of these experimental sparrows. Blood examination revealed slight increase in TLC and Heterophils, while basophils and monocytes were not affected. However, Hb levels, PCV and lymphocytes showed decrease resulting into anaemia and retarded growth of the affected birds versus non-infected ones.
The eggs per gram (EPG) ranged between 200-1000 in case of Ascaridia galli and 400-1000 in Heterakis gallinarum infestation in naturally parasitized sparrows. The main EPG count recorded was 516.666 and 660.41 in case of Ascardia galli and Heterakis gallinarum infestation, respectively.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0721,T] (1).
20.
Oocyst Production Potential In Experimentally Infected Broiler With Eimeria Tenella
by Khalid Younas, M | Dr.Kamran Ashraf | Dr.Haji Ahmad Hashmi | Dr.Muhammad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2001Dissertation note: The present study was designed to observe the periodicity of oocyst shedding, the ratio of administered oocysts with the oocysts found in the faeces or intestinal contents of infected birds and effect of artificially induced coccidiosis at different ages on weight gain, FCR, OPG count, mortality and lesion scores. For this purpose 84 day-old chicks were purchased from the market and vaccinated against NDV on day 1 and 21 (Mukteswar strain). The birds were divided into 4 groups i.e. A, B, C and D comprising oC 21 birds each. Group A was kept as non-infected control. Virulent Elmeria en at a dose rate of 50,000 sporulated oocysts/bird was given to group B, C and D on day 15, 25 and 35 of age, respectively.
There was no oocyst excretion in faeces of birds in group A. OPG of faeces in group B was higher than in groups C and 1). rFIe OPO of faeces reached the peak on 6th day post-infection in infected groups, but group D again obtained the peak on 17th day postinfection. The highest caecal oocyst counts were observed in group B than C and 1) groups. It was observed that the recovery of the number of oocysts in purified isolates was 58.74%, 50.05% and 26.87% in B, C and D, respectively as compared to OPG counts. It was also noted that the caecal output of oocyst counts was always lower than the total OPG counts per chick during the period of infection in different groups.
Group A showed the highest weight gain (2155 gms) than the infected groups B (1985 grns), C (1930 gms) and D (1978 grns). Feed conversion ratio in groups A, B, C and D was significantly different showing the values as 1.62, 2.26, 1.89 and 1.82, respectively. Group A being uninfected gave the best FCR followed by the birds in groups D and C. While birds in group B gave the poorest values, it was observed that the weight of faeces per chick was almost equal in groups C (163 gms) and D (166.5 gms), but was significantly lower in B (123.5 gms). However, the highest OPG counts occured in group B and the number of oocysts acquired were the best in this group.
The highest mortality was observed in group B (28%) followed by group D (14%) and group C (10%), while no mortality was recorded in group A.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0734,T] (1).
21.
Comparative Effecacy Of Different Prophylactic Measures Against Cocidiosis In Broilers
by Faisal Masood | Dr. kamran Ashraf | Dr. Haji Ahmad Hashmi | Dr. Muhamad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: The study was designed to look into the comparative efficacy of different prophylactic measure against coccidiosis in broilers. One hundred and fifty, day old broiler chickens were reared under controlled conditions. They were equally divided into five groups, on day 1, i.e. A, B, C, D and E. Group 'A' was kept as uninfected, unmedicated control whereas all other test groups B, C, D and E were infected with 30,000 sporulated virulent oocysts. Group 'B' acted as infected and unmedicated control at day 20 and 30 of age. Group 'C' acted as infected and treated with Diasul-S at the rate of 1/2 gm/lit of drinking water for 3 days and group 'D' was treated with coxicure A-K at the rate of 1/4 gm/lit drinking water for 3days. The birds of group E received locally prepared Eimeria tenella vaccine (ETV) on day 3 and 10 of age of birds.
No coccidiosis in the birds of group A and E was noted through out the experiment. The oocysts per gram (OPG) of faeces in group A and E was nil Members of group 'B' showed the highest counts than any other group. The birds of group 'C' and 'D' showed the moderate counts but towards the completion of experiment, the OPG counts gradually reduced in both groups.
Weekly average weight gain record showed that average weight gain by the birds of group 'A' were the highest as compared with all other groups. The average weight gain of group E showed the second highest weight gains. The members of group 'B' showed the lowest weight gains while the members of groups 'C' and 'D' were ranked as 3rd and 4th in weight gains. The weight gains observed in groups A, C, D and E as compared with groups B were significantly higher (PO.O5) N. P.. In groups 'A', 'C' and 'E' the morbidity was nil. While in groups 'B' 30% morbidity was observed. Group 'D' showed low morbidity and one bird died due to coccidiosis.
The best feed conversion ratio (FCR) was observed in groups 'A' and followed by groups 'E', 'C' and 'D'. The feed conversion ratio in groups 'C' and 'D' was equally good. Worst feed conversion ratio was observed in group 'B'.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0740,T] (1).
22.
Imunization Of Rabbits Against Boophilus Microplus Using Midgut And Salivary Glands
by Mohammad Asif | Dr. Khalid Saeed | Dr. H. A. Hashmi | Dr. Khushi | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2002Dissertation note: The current research was conducted as a simulation model in rabbits for the development of vaccines against cattle ticks Boophilus micro/us using tick salivary glands & midgut as the sources of antigens. The comparative efficacy of these vaccines was evaluated on the basis of antibody titres and tick rejection on the host in terms of mortality, decrease in egg laying and decrease in hatchability of eggs. It was found that the vaccine prepared from the midgut of B. microplus gave better results than the vaccine prepared from salivary glands. The highest percentage of dead ticks was observed in animals which were given midgut vaccine (21.82%). This vaccine also caused a significant decrease in the egg laying capacity of the ticks (35.83%). However, none of the vaccines had any significant effect on the hatchability of eggs laid by the ticks. The highest antibody titers were observed in rabbits injected with midgut vaccine (GMT=5.50), which was 45.28% higher than rabbits given salivary gland vaccine. The overall success rate for midgut vaccine, in terms of tick mortality on host, decrease in egg laying capacity and antibody titer,. was 37.06% for midgut vaccine while only 16.51% for salivary gland vaccine. The results are very encouraging and it is hoped that with the original host i.e. cattle, more satisfactory results can be achieved.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0771,T] (1).
23.
Study On Naturtal Quine Strongylosis And Its Control
by Zahida Qadir | Dr.Khalid Saeed | Dr.H.A.Hashmi | Dr.Shakil Akhtar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2001Dissertation note: Two hundred equines of different age, sex and breed were subjected to coprological examination. A total of 65.51% sample were found to be infected with various helminths. Strongyles were the most common parasites and were detected in 58.5% of total faecal samples. The other species identified in this study included P. jprum (2%), Dictyocalus arnifeldi (1.5%), Gafitrodisus aegvuticus (1.5%), Anaplocepha species (1.5%), Strongvloides westeri (1.5%) and Strongyles + Ascaris (1.5%).
The higher infection rate of helminth parasites were observed in spring (78%) and in summer (82%) as compare with autumn (40%) and winter (56%). Highest average EPG of 530 was recorded in summer and lowest EPG of 161 in winter season. Age related susceptibilities indicated a high prevalence of strongylosis in equines of under 10 years of age as compared with horses of more than 10 years of age. A higher egg per gram of the faeces were also recorded in horses of 1-3 years of age (512) as compared with older horses. Males have higher prevalence of helminths (76%) as compared with female (49%). There was no difference in average egg shedding by male (304) and fema1 horses (296).
The anthelmintics efficacy of oxafax, ivomec and farbencja were also evaluated. Forty horses found positive for natural strongyle infection were randomly divided into four equal groups. Group A, B and C were dosed with Oxafax, Ivomec and Farbenda respectively as recommended by manufacturers. Group D acted as non-medicated infected control group. Percent egg reduction test indicated an efficacy of 96%, 98% and 81% for Oxafax, Ivomec and Farbenda, respectively on day 14 (post-medication). An efficacy of 100%, 96% and 86% were observed for Oxafax, Ivomec and Farbenda respectively on day 28, Statistically there was a non-significant difference in the efficacy of Oxafax, Ivomec and Farbendazole on days 14 and 28 post medication (P>O.05). However, these drugs showed a significant reduction in average EPG as compared with control group (P >0.05) on both sampling days.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0809,T] (1).
24.
Prevalence And Treatment Of Faciolosis In Buffaloes Under Farm Conditions
by Sarfraz Ahmed | Dr.H.A.Hashmi | Dr.Kamran Ashraf | Dr.Muhammad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2002Dissertation note: The present study was designed to investigate the prevalence of fasciolosis in buffaloes under farm conditions, efficacy of recently introduced Homeopathic (Trematox) with Allopathic (Zanil, ICI) drug and economic losses in terms of liver damage and decrease in milk production. For this purpose, 500 faecal samples were examined for the presence of liver fluke. The prevalence was observed 15% in buffaloes under farm conditions located in Okara district. For therapeutic purpose, sixty naturally infected and 20 healthy buffaloes were selected and divided into four equal groups i.e. A, B, C and D containing 20 animals each. Anirnals of group-A (healthy animals) were given no medication. Animals of group-B were infected control group. Animals of group-C were treated with Zanil (Oxyclozanide), while animals of group-D were treated with Trematox (A horneopathetic drug).
The therapeutic efficacy of Zanil and Trematox was compared on the basis of pre- and post-medication egg counts. The animals used for this study were naturally infected buffaloes (confirmed by faecal examination). Sixty positive and 20 negative cases were selected for tlie study. rfhe faecal samples were collected directly from the rectum of the animals.
Eggs per gram of faeces (EPG) and clinical performance were monitored. Faecal samples were examined at zero, 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th, 10th and 18th day post-treatment. Animals which remained positive on 18th day were given a second dose of the respective drug on the same day and their faecal samples were further examined on 21st and 28th day.In buffaloes treated with Trematox the efflcacy recorded was 20.45% on 3rd day, 29.54% on 5th day, 40.90% on 7th day, 47.72% on 10th day, 50% on 14th day, 54.54% on 18th dày, 56.81% on 21st day and 61.36% on 28th day.
Buffaloes treated with Zanil showed better results than Trernatox. Decrease in the faecal egg counts was 39.13% on 3rd day, 56.52% on 5th clay, 69.56% on 7th day, 78.26% on 10th day, 82% on14th day, 86.95% on 18th day, 93.47% on 21st day and 95.65% on
28th day as compared to that of zero day.
The economic losses due to liver damage recorded were 21.6 million (Rs.) annually in 600 animals. Wheras economic loss in terms of decrease in milk production in infected animals was recorded as Rs.10,800 annually per animals
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0810,T] (1).
25.
Prevalence Of Parasites Of Zoonotic Importance In Public Parks Of Lahore
by Mahmood Ahmad Tahir | Dr.H.A.Hashmi | Dr.Khalid Saeed | Dr.Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2003Dissertation note: To find out the prevalence of parasitic larvae/eggs of zoonotic importance at VaI1OLIS public places, 600 samples (200 canine faeces, 200 lierbage and 200 soil samples) were collected and processed according to the techniques mentioned in the text. Five samples for each material were collected fortnightly from and around five different public parks namely: "lqbal Park, Nasir Bagh, Bagh-e-Jinnah, Gulshan-e-Iqbal and Race Course Park" during the period from 1st September to 31st December, 2002. The impact of meteorological conditions on the prevalence of various parasitic eggs/larvae was studied. Forty nine (24.5%) out of 200 faecal samples were sound to he positive amongst which 11(22.45%) were positive for T. canis. and 34 (69.39%) were positive for A. caninum whereas 4 samples (8.1 %) were found positive for other parasites namely: D. canium, Trichuris vulpis, Teania spp. and Strongyloides sp. Out of 200 soil samples 29 (14.5%) were found positive for parasites amongst which 8 (27.59%) and 19 (65.5%) were positive for T canis and A. Caninum respectively, whereas only 2 (6.90%) were positive for other parasites. Out of 200 herbage samples 69 (34.5%) were positive for parasite eggs/larvae amongst which 22 (31.88%), 42 (60.86%) and 5 (7.26%) were positive for T. canis, A. can/null and other parasites respectively.
Overall contamination of parks including all types of samples was recorded as 24.5%. It was observed that during the period of study (1st September to 31st December, 2002), the contamination of parks was the highest between 1st October to 30th November, 2002 when environmental temperature became optimal (27-30°C) and humidity being 75-76%. Inspite of the fact, rainfall did not occur during the highest prevalence of contamination.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0811,T] (1).
26.
Prevalence And Schedding Intensity Of Giardia Duodenalis Cysts In Buffaloes
by Khurrum Goraya | Dr. Khalid Saeed | Dr. Haji Ahmad Hashmi | Dr. M. Sarwar | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2003Dissertation note: A total of 300 faecal samples from buffaloes were collected to determine the prevalence and shedding intensity of G. duodenalis. Information about age, sex, breed and faecal consistency were also recorded.
The overall prevalence of G. duodenalis was 33.0 per cent (99/300). Prevalence of Giardia was higher (43.0 %) in buffaloes of Group I (<1 year of age) followed by 28.7 and 27.5 per cent in Group 2 (1-3 years of age) and Group 3 (< 3 years of age), respectively. The prevalence of Giardia in buffaloes with normal faeces was 23.3 % (28/120) and in abnormal faeces was 39.4 % (71/180). The prevalence of G. duodenalis in male animals was 25.5 % (15/60) and 35.0 % (84/240) in females
The cysts counted in the faccal samples of buffaloes of Group I (<1 year of age) were 45383 per gram of faeces. Whereas, the cysts counted in the faecal samples of buiThiocs of Group 2 (1-3 years of age) were 28652. Group 3 (<3 years of age) showed 17273 cysts per gram of faeces. Mean shedding intensity of Giardia cysts per gram of normal faeces was 2705 and 43729 in abnormal faeces.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0896,T] (1).
27.
Comparison Of Different Diagnostic Techniques Against Fasciolosis In Buffaloes
by Muhammad Mutee-us-Salam | Prof. Dr. H. A. Hashmi | Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Prof. Dr. Zafar | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 2005Dissertation note: The present study as conducted to find out the most reliable technique for the diagnosis of fasciolosis in buffaloes and to calculate economic losses due to fasciolosis. A total 0 F 1 00 faecal samples were examined by Director Smear, Zinc-sulfate flotation and Sedimentation techniques. Prevalence was 2, 4 and 5 percent respectively. Although they are very cheap and simple techniques but detection of the disease in early stages is not possible. Where as Agar Gel Precipitation technique gave positive results as 8% is laborious technique. But the diagnosis during the early stages is possible. Prevalence of Fasciolosis in Young animals (below 2 years) was found 0% Direct Smear Method. 3.33% by Zinc sulfate Flotation Technique. 6.67° by Sedimentation Technique and 6.67% by using Agar Gel Precipitation technique. In Adult (above 2 years) the Prevalence was found 2.85% by Direct Smear Method, 4.28% by Zinc sulfate Flotation Technique. 4.28% by Sedimentation technique and 8.57% by using Agar Gel Precipitation Technique. In Males the Prevalence was found 0% by Direct Smear Method. 0% by Zinc sulfate Flotation Technique, 6.26% by Sedimentation Technique and 6.26% by using Agar Gel Precipitation Technique. In Females the Prevalence was Found 2.38% by Direct Smear Method. 4.76% by Zinc sulfate Flotation Technique. 4.76% , by Sedimentation Technique and 8.33% by using Agar ( el Precipitation Technique. In Neeli Ravi the Prevalence was found 2.35% by direct Smear Method. 4.76°/o by Zinc sulfate Flotation Technique. 4.76°/o by Sedimentation technique and 8.23% by using Agar Gel Precipitation Technique. In Kundi the Prevalence was found 0% by direct Smear Method. 0° b Zinc sulfate Flotation Technique. 6.66% by Sedimentation Technique and 6.66% by using Agar Gel Precipitation Technique. From the results ii appears that AGPT Sedimentation technique, Zinc-sulfate flotation and Direct Smear Method can be ranked as No. I. 2. 3. and 4 respectively in terms of their efficacy. Total economic losses due to fasciolosis during three months (Oct.-Dec.2004) were very high i.e. Rs.1016400.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0898,T] (1).
28.
Seroprevalence Of Ftoxoplasma Gondii Infection In Sheep And Goats
by Sher Hayat Khan | Prf.Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Dr. Muhammad | Prof. Dr. Haji Ahmad Hashmi | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2005Dissertation note: Keeping in view the zoonotic importance of Toxoplasmosis the present study was carried out to determine the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in sheep and goats using commercially available kit "Toxopalasmosis Latex" based on the principal of Latex agglutination. . For this purpose 100 blood samples (50 sheep & 50 goats) were collected randomly from slaughter house of Lahore and local sheep & goat forms, the serum was separated and analyzed for anti Toxoplasma antibodies. The animals were divided in three groups, Group I included animals below one year, Group II 1-4 years and Group III included animals aged 4 years and above. The overall 8% and 6% seroprevalence were recorded in sheep and goats respectively. Age titer relationship in sheep showed that Group III had (12.5%), Group 11(7.6 %) and Group I had no positive cases in sheep examined. In goats Group III had (10 %), Group II (5.7%) and no seropositive cases in Group I could be recorded. These results indicate that the infection was higher in older animal than young ones, Breed wise seroprevalence indicated that, Kchhi sheep 14.28%, Desi (non descript) 8.33% and no seropositive case in Lohi and Thali breeds was recorded. In goats Teddy breed had 11.11%, Desi (non descript) 5.55% while no seropositive case in Beetal goats could be recorded.
From the data analyzed it is concluded that although the seroprevalence of T gondii infection in sheep and goats is relatively low in this area as compared to the other parts of the world. Yet adequate management might be useful and essential to further minimize the infection in sheep and goats herds. Consequently, preventive measures could further reduce the exposure of toxoplasmosis in the human population.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0899,T] (1).
29.
Application Of Different Control Measures Against Argas Persicus
by Qaiser Siddique | Dr. Kamran Ashraf | Dr. Asim Aslam | Prof. Dr. H.A. Hashmi | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2006Dissertation note: To final out the comparative efficacy of different control measures against Argas persicus, In-Vitro and In-Vivo studies were carried out for the in-Vitro studies three thousand soft ticks Argas Persicus at different stages of their development were used in the experiment. The ticks were divided in to 5 groups A, B, C, D and E having 600 ticks in each group. The ticks of each group (600) were further divided in to three replicates having 200 ticks in each. The ticks were maintained in small plastic boxes containing tick rearing medium at a controlled temperature of 25 Co and 60% relative humidity. The 5 treatments are applied with a small (1 liter) hand held sprayer at the rate of 20ml per box 345 cm2 surface area. The first application was made after 24 hours and repeated twice at 48 hours intervals. On day 0,3,5,7 and 10, the ticks were separated from the manure by immersing the manure in water and retrieved the ticks with the help of sieve. The ticks relating to each group were counted and the counts of each group were compared. The reduction in the counts in test groups as compared to control group A indicated the efficacy of the treatment. It was noticed by the comparative mortality of the ticks in the replicates of different groups that in mortality of ticks in Group A occurred as 6.17% in B as 67.67% in C as 70.67% , in D as 100% and in E as 71.83%. The findings of the In Vitro experiment showed that the efficacy of Tiekide was 100% and in ranking order was placed at No. 1 amongst the test groups and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05) as compared to B, C and E groups. However the findings of Groups B, C and E were not significant amongst each other (P>0.05). For the In-Vivo studies, the experiment was conducted on a layer farm infested with Argus persicus. A total of 100 layers infested with Argas persicus were reared under experimental conditions on particular farm. One hundred infested birds were divided into 5 groups i.e A,B,C,D and E, each group consisting of 20 birds. The ticks of all members of the groups were counted on day 0,3,5,7 and 10. Group A acted as infested and non treated, B was treated by application of EM1 under the infested wings, C was applied EM5, D was applied Tiekide (Homoeopathic formula) under the wings the medicine was also orally administered @ 2 drops in 1 ml water and members of Group E were applied 1% solution of Ivomec (Ivermectin). The results indicated that the reduction in the mean tick counts was 95.74% in Group D which was placed at No. I, in descending order the mean tick counts reduced by 70.97% in Group E, 68.59% in Group C, 67.63% in Group B and only 1.93% in control Group A. The Tiekide was claimed to be a drug of choice.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0932,T] (1).
30.
A Study On The Occurrence Of Enteric Protozoa Of Pet Dogs
by Dr. Khalid Qasir | Dr. Kamran Ashraf | Dr. Asim Khalid | Prof. Dr. H.A. Hashmi | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2004Dissertation note: This study was designed to record the occurrence of enteric protozoan parasites of pet dogs. A total of 150 faecal samples of pet dogs of different age, breed and sex were collected. These dogs were equally divided into three age groups i.e. group A (< 6 months of age), group B (> 6 months and < 1 year of age) and group C (> 1 year of age). These faecal samples were examined by direct smear method, Sheather's sugar flotation technique and zinc sulfate flotation technique. Information regarding the clinical status of animals, age, breed and faecal consistency were also recorded. The overall prevalence of enteric protozoan parasites was 35.3 percent. Prevalence of various species belonging to Genera Giardia, Isospora, Cryptosporidium Entamoeba and Balantidium was 18.66, 14.66, 5.33, 1.33 and 1.33 percent. Prevalence of enteric protozoan was higher (44%) in pet dogs of group A, followed by 36.0 and 26.0 percent in group B and group C, respectively. The prevalence of gastro-intestinal protozoan in domestic dogs passing normal faeces was 33.65% and passing abnormal faeces was 39.13%.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0935,T] (1).
31.
Sarcoptic Manage In Dogs And Its Chamotherapy With Herbal And Allopathic Drugs
by Zeeshan Habib | Prf.Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Dr. Syed | Dr. Wasim Shahzad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2006Dissertation note: It is an established fact that parasitic diseases are one of the principal obstacles in the health of animals. Some of these parasites survive at the expense of the blood of animals, thus causing irritation, anemia and consequently leading to weakness and debility. Some of the parasites are zoonotic in nature and may be a cause of contagious disease like Scabies to human beings by direct contact (Dominguez et al., 1978).
Canine scabies is an extremely pruritic and contagious skin condition caused by epidermal mite, Sarcoptes scabies var canis (Prescott, 1970). The disease spreads from dog to dog by direct contact., Clinical signs include intense pruritis, erythema, papular eruptions, accumulation of keratotic tissue and alopecia of the affected areas. Severely affected dogs may have open lesions caused by scratching. Scabies lesions are mostly seen in the muzzle, chest, elbow, around the eyes and in the ears and then spread to back and abdomen.
Dogs are kept as pet by quite a number of people in Pakistan.People became infected in about 50% of canine cases. however, the dermatosis in people usually dissipates spontaneously 2-4 weeks after the animal is treated (Folz et at., 1984) In the present study a total 620 dogs of various breeds and of both sex were examined for the presence of Sarcoptes scabiei var canis.OF these seventy five (12.9%) were found positive,of these dogs 50 were selected for therapeutic trials.these were randomly divided into five groups i.e.A, B, C, D & E having ten dogs in each group.these dogs were treated with Ivermectin,Cypermethrin,Nicotiana tobaccum & Azadirachta indica. Efficacy of the drug was calculated on the basis of disappearance of signs,negative skin scraping and subsidence of the skin surface..the result showed that Ivermectin was 100%on 28th day of treatment,followed by Cypermethrin 90%, Nicotiana tobaccum70% ,where as the lowest efficacy showed by Azadirachta indica i.e.60
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0940,T] (1).
32.
Food Borne Parasitic Zoonosis With Special Reference To Metacercarial Infection In Fishes
by Saleem Marcus | Prf.Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Dr. Kamran | Dr. Nusrat Jehan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2006Dissertation note: Food borne trematode infections have been recently identified as an important public health problem having considerable economic impact in terms of morbidity, loss of productivity and health care costs. Fish serve as second intermediate host of food borne trematode infections and serve as direct source of infection in humans. In the present study four different species of fish i.e. Labeo rohita (rohu), Cirrhnuh mrigala (mori thela), Catla catla (thela) and Hypophteamicty thyesmolitris (silver carp) serving as intermediate hosts of food borne trematodes were identified and also recorded the prevalence and intensity of infection due to metacercariae of food borne trematodes in common food fishes of Pakistan. For this purpose 222 different samples of fish were collected from numerous water bodies i.e. Rawal Dam, Islamabad and Mangla Dam, and local fish markets and detection of infection metacercariae of opisthorchis/clonorchis and heterophyids by pepsin digestion technique. Overall infection rate was 28.37 percent species wise prevalence indicated that catla catla and Labeo rohita were more frequently affected than other so whereas the lowest (23.5%) prevalence was reported in Hypophteamicty thyesmolitris. As the people of Pakistan are not consuming raw or undercooked fishes so prevalence of zoonotic diseases transmitted from fish are not recorded in Pakistan. However, experiment conducted on mice indicated that when metacercarial infection was given to mice, adult worms were isolated from the mice.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0953,T] (1).
33.
Different Control Measures Againts Musca Domestica Associated With Poultry Farms
by Muhammad Shoaib | Dr. Kamran Ashraf | Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Prof. Dr | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2007Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0959,T] (1).
34.
Seropervalance Of Toxoplasma Gondii Infection In Indigenous Poultry And Their Dressers
by Kashif Shahzad Hashmi | Prf.Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Dr. Kamran Ashraf (Assistant | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2007Dissertation note: In present study a total of 100 serum samples from indigenous poultry and the dressers were analysed for determination of Toxoplasma specific anti-bodies. Under aseptic measures 1-2m1 of blood was withdrawn by veinpuncture and serum was separated. All the serum samples were analyzed for specific IgG anti Toxoplasma ant-bodies using Latex Agglutination Test (LAT). Positive reaction was visualized by the naked eyes or magnifying hand lens.
Commercially available Toxoplasma Latex test kit was used to determine the serum antibodies. Results were interpretated, data obtained was analyzed statistically by calculating the percent sero-positivity of Toxoplasma gondii in indigenous poultry.
Toxoplasma is one of the most common zoonosis worldwide.It is caused by toxoplasma gondii, an obligatory intracellular parasite that attacks warm blooded animals,birds including humanbiengs.Felines are the definite hosts where the parasite carries out its sexual cycle resulting in oocysts that are taken to the environment by the feces.Man birds and animals acquire the infection by ingesting oocysts that contaminate water,foodstuff, and pasture in that environment.
In the present study the overall seroprevalance of toxoplasma gondii infection in indigenous poultry and dressers are 12% respectively by using Latex agglutination test.
In indigenous poultry seroprevalance of toxoplasma gondii was 10% out of 100 hens examined, (3) were seropositive at screening dilution of 1:256 suggesting possible recent contact.
(2) were seropositive at 1:128 which was due to acquired or evolving immunity, while (1) were seropositive at screening dilution at 1:16 indicating residual or non specific immunity.
Toxoplasma gondii infection is increased with age because of constant exposure to contaminated environment and increased contact with cats.
In dressers (butchers) seroprevalance was 12% out of 50.Two were seropositive at screening dilution of 1:256 suggesting possible recent contacting.Two were seropositive at 1:128 which was due to acquired or evolving immunity,whike two were seropositve at screening dilution at 1:16 indicating residual or non specific immunity.
Due to increase prevalence of toxoplasmosis in humans,birds and animals daby day it is very necessary that public should be aware about the zoonotic importance of this disease and preventive measures to be adopted.
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35.
A Study On Amoebic Dysentery In Dogs And Their Owners
by Sallah Umair | Prf.Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Dr | Dr.Kamran Ashraf | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2007Dissertation note: Amoebic dysentery (amoebiasis) is an infection of the intestine (gut) caused by a unicellular organism called Entamoeba histolytica, which, among other things, can cause colic, intestinal ulcers and abscess on vital organs of body. Amoebae are parasites that are found in contaminated food or drink. They enter the body through the mouth when the contaminated food or drink is swallowed. The amoebae are then able to move through the digestive system and take up residence in the intestine and cause an infection. They can also move to other organs of body like liver, lungs etc by extra luminal penetration. They make cysts in the intestine as well as on the effected body organs. These cysts are passed along with feces. In the course of research, a total 100 fecal and 100 blood samples of dogs and their owners were collected from two hospitals i.e. Pet Centre and Lahore Animal Hospital for detection of Entamoeba histolytica. These causative organism was examined in the feces by direct fecal method as well as by flotation method while in case of extra luminal invasion their antibody level were checked by the latex agglutination test both in dogs as well as in their owners.
In the present study the overall prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica in dogs and their owners was 13% and 10% respectively by using Latex agglutination method for serum samples and direct and flotation method for fecal samples. Due to its high prevalence of amoebiasis in humans and pets it is the need of hour that general awareness comping towards zoonotic diseases for public must be provided to cope with amoebiasis and other zoonotic diseases.
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36.
Prevalence Of Soil Borne Helmithiasis Of Zoonotic Importance In Dogs
by Muhammad Tayyab Farooqi | Prf.Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Dr.Irshad | Dr.Kamran Ashraf | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2008Dissertation note: To record the prevalence of soil borne helminthiasis of zoonotic importance in dogs' one hundred faecal samples were obtained from pet dogs, fifty from pups of age less than six months and fifty from adult dogs. Four hundred soil samples along with grass were also be collected from different dog kennels, parks and playgrounds, backyards and streets of Lahore city, where soil and grass is contaminated with the faeces of stray dogs. After collection, the faecal samples were preserved in polythene bags and kept in refrigerator or preserved in 10 % formalin to avoid any other contamination of the samples. Then the samples were brought to the Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Parasitology University of Veterinary & Animals Sciences, Lahore. Microscopic examination was performed by using different parasitological techniques like Direct Smear Method, Floatation Method and Sedimentation Method for the detection of the parasite ova. Grass Samples were examined through Sedimentation-Flotation Method. The results were analyzed by using chi2 test to check the significance difference of the ova in soil samples of different areas. the result showed that out of 400 soil and grass samples 33 were positive for Ancylostoma caninum, 37 were positive for Toxocara canis, 29 were positive for Dipylidium caninum and 19 were positive for Echinococcus granulosis and out of 100 faecal samples taken from pups and adult dogs, 10 were positive for Ancylo stoma caninum, 13 were positive for Toxocara canis, 8 were positive for Diplyidium caninum and 6 were positive for Echinococcus granulosis. The results suggested that better deworming stragies shold be adopted so that the health of the dogs can be improved and this will also reduce the reisk of zoonotic infectin in humans, entry of the stray dogs in public areas should be restricted to avoid the risk of zoonotic diseases.
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37.
Detection Of Cryptosporidiosis By Pcr In Calves
by Abbas Haider Syed | Prf.Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Dr | Miss Sabiqa Masood | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2008Dissertation note: Ciyptosporidiosis is caused by oocysts present in water or faeces. It is a serious problem for both Public health and livestock economy. Ciyptosporidium has four species i.e., C. parvum, C. muris, C. wrairi, and C. felis in which Cryptosporidium parvum is most important as it is the more prevalent species.
Out of 300 animals examined only 90 animals were showing diarrhoea. For the detection of Ciyptosporidiosis the faecal samples were examined by ZN staining under light microscope. Out of three hundred calves samples only sixty were found positive for Cryptosporidium oocysts while rest of two hundred and forty were found negative.
Four thousand oocysts per gram of faeces detected by ZN staining are considered positive of ciyptosporidiosis. In this study only forty six samples showed threshold number of oocysts per gram of faeces while eleven were positive but their count was less than four thousand per gram. There were three such samples which show very few numbers of oocysts per gram of faeces.
Samples from female calves showed more positive results as compared to samples from male calves. There was also an interesting fact that the age group ranging from, day eleven to day twenty one, were showing more positive samples as compared to the age group ranging from, day one to tenth day. The overall percentage of positive samples was twenty percent.
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38.
Seroprevalence Of Toxoplasma Gondii Infection In Camels In And Around Bahalwalpur
by Umer Naveed Ch | Dr.Kamran Ashraf | Dr.Azhar Maqbool | Prof.Dr.M.Sarwa | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2008Dissertation note: Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular parasite, which infects humans and animals by ingestion of tissue cyst, raw or undercooked meat or oocysts from soil, vegetables, fruits, water, soil and food contaminated by cat faeces or by transmission through the placenta, milk and blood transfusion. Although toxoplasmosis found throughout the world. Seropositivity levels vary widely among different regions of the globe and according to sociocultural habits, geographic factors; climate and transmission routes and typically rise with age.
In present study, the overall prevalence of T gondil infection in camels at Bahwawlpur recorded as 10% by using Toxoplasma Latex Agglutination kit (LAT). 2 camels were found seropositive at 1:16 dilution showing residual or non specific immunity, 5 camels were found seropositive at 1:128 showing acquired or evolving immunity, whereas 3 camels were positive at antibody titer of 1:256 giving an evidence of present infection.
It was also noted that seropositivity of T gondii in camels was higher in age group from 6- 10 years, infection was higher in female camels having abortion history than male.
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39.
Molecular Detection And Speciation Of The Canme Piropiasm
by Isma Nazli Bashir | Prof. Dr.Zrafar Iqbal Ch | Dr.Peter J.Irwin | Prof. Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2008Dissertation note: An epidemiological study of babesiosis in dogs was conducted at Pet center, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, for one year and information on age, sex and breed was gathered. It was found that from a total number of 6204, dogs up to two years of age were more susceptible than other age groups (2-4, 4-6 and above 6 years).The data regarding genders revealed that males were more prone to the disease than female dogs. As far as the breeds were concerned, crossbred dogs were more susceptible followed by Pointers, Alsatians, German shepherds and Bull terriors.Hot and humid months (June to September) have greater impact on the occurrence of disease. The study regarding identification of ticks revealed that Rhiphicephalus sanguinus is the predominant vector of the disease in Pakistan.
Molecular studies were conducted to characterize and identify the species responsible for canine babesiosis in Pakistan. In this regard, a nested polymerase chain reaction-Restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique was employed on different specimens (Blood, Body tissues and Ticks). For this purpose blood samples were collected from twenty four chronically infected dogs and applied on the Flinders Technologies Associates (FTA) cards for transportation to Australia. Different body tissues (Liver, Spleen, Kidney, Intestine, Bone marrow and Pancreas) were procured after euthanizing the two dogs and DNA was extracted, for further studies. Similarly, the eighty eight ticks were also collected from the infested dogs in the 70% ethanol for transportation to Australia. A nested PCR-RFLP assay was used for the detection and differentiation of Piroplasm species on the basis of the 1 8S ribosomal RNA gene. The assay potentially amplified and identified Babesia gibsoni as the main canine piroplasm. Similar assays on the DNA extracted from body tissues and ticks revealed Babesia gibsoni as the main piroplasm. The PCR was found to have a high detection limit (equivalent to i0 dilution), when using the DNA extracted from blood applied to FTA cards, body tissues and ticks. A new technique was developed for extraction of DNA from FTA cards and tick, in this technique, instead of using the FTA specified punching machine, we used scalpel blades, and so the rest of the chemicals used are'generally and easily available. The same protocol was used for extraction of DNA from ticks, only chemicals used in different quantities with different spinning times. Both of which, resulted in cost reduction, less effort and speedy DNA extraction. The technique reported here has the potential to be standardized for routine DNA extractions from FTA cards and ticks.
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40.
Prevalence And Chemotherapy Of Argas Persicus In Rural Poultry At Lahore District
by Nazish Munawar | Prf.Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Dr.Aftab | Dr.Kamran Ashraf | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: External parasites like ticks causes great economic losses in poultry in term of low productivity, anemia, and secondary bacterial infection. Keeping in view economical importance of this problem the project was designed to record the prevalence of Argas persicus in poultry and to treat the birds with different drugs. For this purpose indigenous poultry at Lahore was visited for the collection. Overall prevalence of tick infestation and
identification of ticks was on the basis of their taxonomic characteristics. During the study period 5207 ticks were collected from five hundred birds. Three species of Argas were identified, 3316 were belonging to Argas Persicus (65.02%), 935 Argas reflexus (17.95%), (18.32%), 957 were Argas vespertilionis. Antigen was prepared from the mouth parts of ticks. Five hundred blood samples were taken from birds found positive. Sera were centerifuged and subjected to AGID test. Overall 19.4% prevalence of Argas persicus was recorded. Age -wise 8.19% and 25.8% prevalence was observed in chicks and adults respectively. The highest prevalence during spring was (26.8%) due to high humidity reason. One hundred layers were selected for therapeutic trials. These were randomly divided into 5 groups i.e., A, B, C, D and E. Birds in group A, B, C, D was treated with Cypermethrin, Ivermectin, Permethrin, and Dormectin respectively. Where as birds in group E was served as untreated control. Efficacy of drugs was calculated on the basis of reduction of ticks on the body of poultry. The efficacy of drug trial was noted in poultry subunits for a period of 15 days. The maximum control was achieved by Cypermethrin (90.7%), Ivermectin (90.35%), Dormectin (89.3%) and Permethrin (88.9%).
The data were analyzed statistically by using NPar test, kruskal-Wallis test and Median test (Steel and Torrie 1989).
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41.
Genotyping Of Hydatid Cyst And Itd Prevalence In Cattle,Buffalo And Human Beings
by Muhammad Nauman Zahid | Prf.Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Dr.Aftab | Dr.kamran Ashraf | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 2008Dissertation note: ACystic echinococcosis (CE) is the larval cystic stage (called echinococcal cysts) of a small taeniid-type tapeworm (Echinococcus granulosus) that may cause illness in intermediate hosts, generally herbivorous animals and people who are infected accidentally. Echinococcus granulosus has number of genetically distinct strains which are known to differ morphologically and epiderniologically. Out of 150 cattle and 150 buffalo examined only 42 Samples of hydatid cysts were collected from different organs i.e. livers, kidneys, lungs and hearts from Lahore abbatoir. From 42 positive samples, 25 cysts were found in cattle and 17 cysts were tound in buffalo. Prevalence of hydatidosis in cattle was recoreded as 16.66% and 11.33% in buffalo. Fertility and viability of the cysts was observed microscopically. Out of 25 cysts of cattle. nine were fertile and out of 17 cysts of buffalo, only five were fertile.
Seroprevalence of hydatidosis in 150 butchers working in abattoir was also determined by the use of Latex agglutination test (LAT) kit for detection of hydatidosis.
The prevalence of Echinococcus is 24% which was derived from serum analysis of butchers.
DNA from hydatid cyst was extracted. Polymerase Chain Reaction was run on extracted DNA samples. Amplicon was run on 1% agarose for confirmation of size and specificity of product. Size of PCR product was approximately l300bp.
Genotyping of Echinococcus granulosus was performed through Polymerase Chain Reaction- Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). The PCR-RFLP analysis of CO I gene of Echinococus was performed to confirm the strain of Echinococcus in cattle .The data obtained was analysed and it was concluded that the G5 strain of echinococus is prevalent in Cattle in Punjab area.
It is hoped that the findings of the present study will be helpful for further planning about the control of the disease and correlating the prevalence in cattles,buffalos and butchers from the zoonotic point of view.
According to the results, the PCR-RFLP analysis of samples of patients suspected for Echinococejis is a promising diagnostic method and also confirms the type of Echinococcits prevalent in that area and also enables an early direct detection of parasite DNA. This effort is a step to minimize the losses produced by this disease.
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42.
Epidemiology, Molecular Diagnosis And Chemotherapy Of Giardiasis In Bovine
by Sultan Ayaz | Prf.Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Prof. Dr. Zafar Iqbal Chaudhary | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2009Dissertation note: Giardia is a protozoan parasite of the small intestine that causes extensive morbidity worldwide. Dairy calves can excrete high numbers of the cysts of Giardia and the disease in cattle is clinically important and can reduce the growth performance of the ruminants. Giardia is the cause of non-viral diarrhoea in humans and is responsible for epidemics in the developed and developing countries. The cyst is the infectious form, is ingested in contaminated water or food or directly from faecal-oral contact. Giardia duodenal is the only species, which is found in both humans and animals including dogs, cats, bovines, pigs, sheep and equine.
The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence in bovines at Military dairy farm, Gawala dairy colonies, the Government dairy farm and Household dairies in Lahore. The effect of season, sex, and age on infection rate and shedding of the cysts were also noted, and association of the Giardia infection with normal and abnormal stools was also studied.
Overall 2160 bovine faecal samples (720 buffaloes, 720 cattle and 720 calves) were examined during the study period from August 2007 to July 2008, amongst calves 362/720 (50.27%) were found to be positive. The highest prevalence was recorded in the Government. Dairy farm (68.33%) followed by Gawala colonies (55%), then the Military dairy farm (44.33%) and the lowest (34.44%) was recorded in Household dairies. Overall, highest (61.6%) seasonal prevalence was recorded during autumn, followed by spring (60.83%), then summer (53.4%) and the lowest
(34.1%) was recorded during winter. The highest (65%) prevalence was reported during August and the lowest (3 0%) during December.
Females were found to be more susceptible (56.74%) than males (35.1%). The prevalence was significantly higher (71.52%) in younger calves than the adults
(36.11%) (P<0.05).
Overall prevalence in cattle was 28.05%. The highest (41.67%) prevalence was recorded at the Government dairy farm, followed by Gawala colonies (32.72%), then the Military dairy farm (22.72%) and the lowest (15%) was recorded in Household dairies. The highest (35%) prevalence was found during August and the lowest (21%) during January. A significant difference (P<0.05) was noted. Females were found to be more susceptible (29.21%) than males (18.75%). The young calves had significantly higher (3 8.88%) prevalence as compared to the adults (24.44%).
Similarly, the overall prevalence in buffaloes was found to be 20.11% percent. The highest (40.55 %), prevalence was recorded at the Government Dairy Farm, followed by Gawala colonies (30%) then Military Dairy Farm (21.11%) and the lowest prevalence i.e. 12.77% was reported in Household Dairies. A non significant difference was recorded P>0.05). The highest (46.66 %) prevalence was recorded during August, while, the lowest (6.66%) during November and December. Females were found to be more susceptible than males. Where as the prevalence in a younger buffalo was significantly higher as compared to the adults.
Comparison of direct microscopic examination and PCR based methods was made at the Government dairy Farm, Gawala colonies; Military Dairy Farm and
Household Dairies. By direct Microscopic examination prevalence was found to be 28.05% (202/720) in cattle whereas by PCR it was 31.11%. Statistically analysis showed that the prevalence by PCR was significantly (P<0.05) higher than the microscopic examination.
It was observed that the highest prevalence of Giardiasis in bovines (Calves, Cattle and buffalo) was noted during August when the average temperature was 31.48°C. However the maximum and minimum temperatures were 35.37°C and
27.6°C, relative humidity 7 1.28% and rainfall was 3.2mm. The results of therapeutic trials by using albendazole, metronidazole, and mebendazole in cattle were calculated on the basis of reduction in the cysts count in the faeces after treatment.
Efficacy of albendazole at three dose levels i.e. 1 Omg/kg.b.wt, 1 5mg/kg.b.wt, 2Omg/kg.b.wt was 86.33%, 98.5% and 100% respectively, on day 27 after treatment. Efficacy of the metronidazole at 5Omg/kg.b.wt, 1 OOmg/kg.b.wt, and 1 5Omg/kg.b.wt. Was 85.42%, 87.8% and 94.02% respectively on day 27. Efficacy of mebendazole at three dosage level i.e. 7.5rng/kg.b.wt, lOmg/kg.b.wt and 2Omg/kg.b.wt was 81.15 %, 87.32%, and 90.4% on day 27 after treatment. Among these drugs, albendazole at
1 5mg/kg.body.weight was found to be most effective drug in the elimination Giardia infection. The significant (P<0.05) decrease in the CPG count after treatment in all the three groups and dose levels was noted. A significant difference (P<0.05) was observed in the level of leukocytes and of eosinophisl of infected cattle at day 06 and day 13 post inoculation. The leukocytes/lymphocytes count of Giardia infected cattle was 58.09%. Whereas, eosinophils constituted of leukocytes 9.69%. The total proteins of the sample were studied by sodium doedocyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel ELECTROPHORESIS (SDS PAGE). The result indicated that 8 diffeent molecular weight peptide badns were identified with size ranges from 20 to 70 KDa and common bands reported at 20, 24 and 35 K Da
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43.
Studies On Rats And Mice As A Reservoir Of Zoonotic Parasites
by Muhammad Sarfaraz Ahmad | Prf.Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Dr. Muhammad Mustaq-ul-Hassan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2009Dissertation note: A total of 3600 rats and mice were examined for the prevalence of various zoonotic parasitic infections. Species of various parasites were identified. The order of ifection rate was as Hymenolepis nana (59.9%), Toxoplasma gondii in rats and mice 52.0%), Hymenolepis diminula (35.4%), Cryptosporidium parvum (16.5%), Taenia taenieformis (11.7%), Toxoplasma gondii in humans (11.3%), Capillaria hepatica 7.0%), Babesia spp. (2.3%), Trypanosomu spp. (2.3%) and Leishmania spp. (1.2%).
The highest (78.0%) month-wise prevalence of FL nana was found during August whereas the lowest (43.0%) during February. The highest (70.8%) season-wise prevalence was noted during summer followed by autumn (62.9%) then spring whiles the lowest (46.8%) during winter. Infection was higher in males (78.0%) than females 45.9%). Adult rats and mice were more commonly affected than younger. Infection was higher in rats (65.1%) than mice (16.3%).
The highest (48.0%) month-wise prevalence of H diminuta was found during August whereas the lowest (28.0%) during January. The highest (45.4%) season-wise prevalence was noted during summer followed by spring (35.1%) while the lowest (29.3%) during winter. Infection was higher in males (43.8%) than females (29.3%). Adult rats and mice were more commonly affected than younger. Infection was higher in rats (37.3%) than mice (20.2%).
The highest (23.0%) month-wise prevalence of C. parvum was found during July whereas the lowest (10.0%) during December. The highest (22.4%) season-wise valence was noted during summer followed by spring (16.9%) then autumn (15.3%) le the lowest (11.3%) during winter. Infection was higher in females (19.9%) than es (12.0%). Adult rats and mice were more commonly affected than younger, infection was higher in rats (17.7%) than mice (7.6%).
The highest (20.0%) month-wise prevalence of T raenieformis was found during y and August whereas the lowest (6.0%) during December. The highest (18.4%) son-wise prevalence was noted during summer followed by autumn (10.8%) then ring (10.6%) whereas lowest (7.0%) during winter. Infection was higher in females 15.6%) than males (6.5%). Adult rats and mice were more commonly infected than younger. Infection was higher in rats (12.4%) than mice (6.0%).
The highest (12.7%) month-wise prevalence of C. hepatica was found during August whereas the lowest (4.0%) during November. The highest (10.8%) season-wise prevalence was noted during summer followed by autumn (6.0%) then spring (6.2%) hues the lowest (4.9%) during winter. Infection was higher in females (8.4%) than males (5.0%). Adult rats and mice were more commonly affected than younger. Infection higher in rats (7.3%) than mice (4.6%).
The highest (9.0%) month-wise prevalence of Babesia spp. was found during August whereas infection was absent during January, February, March, April, November and December. The highest (5.0%) season-wise prevalence was noted during summer followed by autumn (4.2%) then spring (0.1%) and was absent during winter. The infection was higher in males (2.7%) than females (2.0%).The infection was present only in adult rats and mice and no case was recorded in younger. Higher infection was noted -n (2.3%) and than mice (2.4%).
The highest (7.3%) month-wise prevalence of Trypanosoma spp. was found August whereas it was absent during January, February, November and December. The highest (5.7%) season-wise prevalence was noted during summer by spring (2.2%) then autumn (1.2%) and it was absent during winter. The infection was higher in females (2.5%) than males (2.0%). Adult rats and mice were more commonly affected than younger. Higher infection was noted in rats (2.5%) than mice
The highest (4.7%) month-wise prevalence of Leishmania spp was found during y and August whereas infection was absent during January, February, March, April, October, November and December. The highest (3.4%) season-wise prevalence was during Summer followed by autumn (1.1%) then spring (0.1%) and infection was during winter. The infection was higher in females (1 .4%) than males (0.9%). The infection was found only in adult rats and mice and no positive case was recorded in 1younger. The infection was (1.2%) in rats and mice.
The role of meteorological data i.e temperature, humidity and rainfall was also studied. It was noted that there was a positive co-relation of high temperature and humidity with the prevalence of various parasitic infections. As the infection were maximum during summer when the temperature and humidity was favorable for high prevalence of parasitic burden.
This study will he helpful to disseminate information regarding zoonotic potential parasitic infections via media i.e. newspapers. magazine, electronic media (T.V, I.T, Radio) through seminars, meetings and conferences with professionals doctors, paramedical staff and livestock farmers.
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44.
Epidemiology, Serodiagnosis, Therapy And Control Of Schistosomiasis In Buffloes
by Ghulam Murtaza Arshad | Prf.Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Pof. Dr. Haji Ahmad Hashmi | Prof.Dr.Muham | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2008Dissertation note: Schistosomiasis is one of the major diseases of public health and socio-economic importance in the developing countries of the world. Among human parasitic diseases, Schistosorniasis ranks second to malaria in tern-is of world wide public health risk. Keeping in view the importance of disease, the study was conducted to record the month wise and season wise prevalence of Schistosorniasis in buffaloes in four districts of the Punjab, province ie., Lahore, Sargodha, Kasur and Sheikhupura. The present study comprises of four parts.
Part I: deals with epidemiology of Schistosomiasis in buffaloes. Overall prevalence of Schistosomiasis in buffaloes, different farms of Punjab province indicated that infection was the highest (17%) at Kasur district followed by Sheikhupura (14.83), then Lahore (14.6%) and the lowest (13.66%) at Sargodha. The highest month wise prevalence was recorded during August (25.5%) followed by July where as the lowest during December and January.
Infection in buffaloes was higher in animals over two years of age (1 9%) than animals below two years of age (5%) in all the four districts of Punjab. The prevalence was higher in females (15.98%) than male (9.48%). There is variation in the prevalence as there is difference in the environmental and managemental condition of the area. For the serodiagnosis i.e. ELISA was used, the results indicated that the prevalence was lesser than the faecal examination because this was more specific and sensitive than the faecal examination.
Part 2: deals with the prevalence and ecology of snails. Various species of snails which act as the intermediate host of the Schistosomes were collected from the study area. The e of infection in the snails and role of cercariae in transmission of the disease was studied. A total of 10418 snails were collected of these 13.51 per cent were found to be infected. Among these 2350 were collected from Kasur district with infection rate of 14.51 percent followed, by Sheikhupura 2882 (13.6%) then Sargodha 2709 (13.40%) and the lowest at Lahore 2477 (12.51%). At Kasur district, genus wise prevalence of snails with infection rate indicated that Oncomelonia, indoplanorbis and Bullinus are the predominant genera with infection rate of 31.79, 17.10 and 14.46 percent respectively. However the highest number of the snails collected belonging to the genera Indoplanorbis. At Sheikhupura district, genus wide prevalence of snail indicated that Bullinus, Lymnaea, Indoplanorbis and Physa are the four prominent snails with infection rate of 24.74, 20.57, 14.66 and 13.84 percent respectively. At Sargodha district, genus wise prevalence of snails indicated that Lymnaea, Indoplanorbis, Bullinus and Physa are the four prominent snails with infection rate of 25.09, 14.29, 14.28 and 16.77 percent respectively. At Lahore district, genus wise prevalence of snails indicated that Bullinus Lymnaea, Physa and Indoplanorbis are the four prominent snails with infection rate of 23.37, 18.96, 13.97 and 12.70 percent respectively.While the prevalence at the snail level the Chi square value is 242.944 and the P-Value is 0.0000 1 which is highly significant.
Part 3: deals with the meteorological data ie, temperature, humidity, rainfall and pan evaporation with prevalence of snails and parasites. The temperature and rain fall play very important role in the spread of disease. The ideal temperature ranges form 22-25 °C where development within snail takes place in an efficient manner similarly humidity
f ranges from 55-70% is ideal for the development of the snail and the parasite. Rainfall is very important for the spread of the disease. There is a positive correlation of disease incidence to maximum and minimum temperature, humidity, and rainfall and pan evaporation. It was seen that during summer and autumn, optimum temperature, relative
humidity and rainfall play an important role for rapid propagation of the parasitic life
Part 4: deals with therapeutic trials against Schistosomiasis in buffaloes. A total of 150 animals (140 infected and 10 animals, normal) age ranged 5-9 years and of both sexes naturally infected with Schistosorniasis were used in thirteen controlled experiments. The efficacy of certain indigenous drugs, including Nigella sativa (Kalongi) , Caesalpinia
Crista (Karangwa), Lagenaria siceraria seeds (Kadoo ke Beej), Sausseria lappa (Qushte-e-Shreen) and Praziquanlel was compared with each other and control. Efficacy was quantified by determining the difference of egg per gram faeces (EPG) pre and post treatment. After the single dose of 50, 75 and 100 mg 1kg body weight of Nigella sativa (Kalongi) reduced EPG by 65.85, 68.29 and 71.79 per cent, respectively. After the second dose the respective reduction in EPG was 85.36, 92.68 and 94.87 percent. Caesalpenia crista at three dosage levels i.e.50, 75 and 100 mgI kg body weight caused 46.34, 53.65 and 59.52 percent reduction respectively while the reduction in EPO after second dose was 82.92, 90.24 and 92.85 percent respectively. Lagenaria siceraria Seed at three dosage levels i. e., 50, 100 and 150 mg/ kg body weight caused the reduction in EPG reduction 47.61, 52.63 and 64.10 percent respectively, while after second dose, counts as the reduction 80.95, 86.84 and 92.30 percent respectively. Sausseria lappa at three dosage levels i.e., 100, 150 and 200 mg/ kg body caused EPG reduction as under 50.00, 53.48 and 56.09 percent respectively, while after second dose the reduction in EPG count was 71.42, 81.39 and 85.36 percent respectively. Where as Praziquantel at the dose of 10 mg/body weight caused reduction in EPO 66.66% while after the second dose the reduction in EPG count was 97.43 percent. The efficacy order was Praziquantel, Nigella saliva, Caesalpinia crista, Lagenaria siceraria and Sausseria lappa. No side effects with any drug were noted. All animals showed clinical improvement after the treatment.
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45.
Serorrevalence Of Toxoplasmosis In Captive Birds
by Sadia ibrahim | Prf.Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Dr. Aftab | Dr. Muhmmad latif | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: Toxoplasmosis is caused by Toxoplasma gondii, an intracellular parasite which infects humans as well as wide variety of mammals and birds. Toxoplasmosis is found throughout the world and tends to be more prevalent in tropical climates. It is considered as one of the major public health disease. Risk of infection from turkeys, pigeons, ducks and quails to man is scarce, as they are intermediate hosts and are frequently infected by eating feed contaminated by cat faeces containing oocysts of T.gondii. The high seroprevalence in them could be related to large populations of homeless cats in the city and may suggests the significant role of urban pigeons in the epidemiology of toxoplasmosis.
A total of 200 serum samples were analyzed for anti-toxoplasma antibodies, of these 50 samples from ducks, 50 sampls from turkeys, 50 samples from pigeons and 50 samples from quails were collected at random. Under aseptic measures, 1-2 ml blood were withdrawn by venipuncture. All the serum samples wiere analyzed for specific IgG anti toxoplasma antibodies using Latex Agglutination Test (LAT). Positive reaction were visualized by naked eyes or magnifying hand lense.Commercially available Toxoplasma latex kit was used to determine the serum antibody. Results were interpretated. Data obtained was analyzed statistically by calculating the per cent sero-positivity of Toxoplasma gondii in ducks, turkeys, pigeons and quails.
In the present study the overall seroprevalence of T.gondii infection in pigeons, ducks, turkeys and quails is 8%, 12%, 16% and 4% respectively by using Latex Agglutination Test. In pigeons seroprevalence of T.gondii was 8% out of 50 pigeons examined one gave an antibody titer of 1:256, one was positive at 1:128, whereas two at 1:16 secreening dilution. In ducks seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii is 12% out of 50 ducks examined one gave an antibody titer of 1:256, two was positive at 1:128, whereas three at 1:16 secreening dilution. In turkeys seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii is 16% out of 50 turkeys examined three gave an antibody titer of 1:256, two was positive at 1:128, whereas three at 1:16 secreening dilution. In quails seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii is 12% out of 50 quails examined zero gave an antibody titer of 1:256, one was positive at 1:128, whereas one at 1:16 secreening dilution.
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46.
Detection Of Toxoplasma Gondii From Water And Matrices (Soil,Fruits &
by Adeela Ajmal | Prf.Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Dr. Kamran ashraf | Dr.Aftab ahmad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: Toxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii is a widely distributed protozoan disease capable of infecting a variety of animal species. Felids, both domestic and wild, are capable of serving as definitive hosts, shedding T.gondii oocysts in their faeces.
People acquire toxoplasmosis posnatally by ingesting T.gondii oocysts from contaminated environments or by consuming T.gondii tissue cysts in inadequately meat products, raw meat containing tissue cysts or by ingestion of resistant oocysts from environmental matrices (soil, water, fruits and vegetables).
However, the impact of oocysts in toxoplasmosis epidemiology needs to be specified because they are suspected to be associated with T.gondii seroprevalence in some emerging outbreaks of acute toxoplasmosis in humans from soil or water. They are probably responsible for a significant part of infections in animals that could be later consumed by humans.
Detection of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in environmental samples is great challenge as this coccidian parasite can be responsible for severe infections in humans and animals via ingestion of a single oocyst from contaminated water, soil, fruits or vegetables.
The present proposed study was designed to develop methods for the detection of oocysts
from Water, soil, food and parks environment.
The results of recovery test showed that it was possible to detect Tooplasma gondii parasite from water samples collected from various sources i e, drinking water from muncipility, lakes, pools, various reservoirs around farms and from tube wells. From the results ,The highest (13%) prevalence was reported from water around farms followed by lakes & pools (9%) then water reservoirs (7%) whereas the lowest from drinking water & tubewells i e 6 & 6 percent respectively.
A total of 250 samples of fruits and vegetables were collected for detection of T. gondii . From the results, it was noted that overall prevalence of T. gondii infection was higher in vegetables i e 5.6 % than fruits (4 %).
A total of 250 soil samples were collected from urban and rural areas. Of these 125 were from urban areas and 125 from rural areas. From the table-3 it was shown that the highest prevalence of T. gondii infection was noted in gardens and back yards of homes and gardens i e 20 & 20 % respectively. In these places cats often defecate and become a source of infection. Then followed by public enclosures where infection was 14.3%. The lowest i e 13.3% infection was noted at homes of urban areas.
T. gondii infection in rural areas indicated that It was highest (20% ) in home back yards followed by homes (16.7%) then public enclosure (14.5%) whereas the lowest (13.3%) at gardens of rural areas.
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47.
Preualence And Chemotherapy Of Nematodes In Pigeons At Lahore Zoo
by Sumaira Maitla | Prof.Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Dr.Muhammad Lateef | Prof.Dr.Muham.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2009Dissertation note: Pigeons came from South Asia where they have selected for their flight ability. During the last 150 years, they have periodically been released in several sites as potential game birds but without success since they migrate away from the release point (Williams, 2000).
The present study was carried out at Lahore Zoo and University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore and postgraduate laboratory UVAS, Lahore. To record the prevalence of various nematodes of Pigeons, a total of 150 faecal samples were collected (75 reared at floor and 75 in cages) under different managemental conditions. Faecal samples were examined by three different techniques i.e. Direct smear, Flotation and Mc Master Egg counting technique. Out of 150 samples 33.5%) pigeonss were positive in cage system and (37.5%) were positive on floor system. Overall prevalence in both the systems of management was (35.5%).
Chemotherapeutic trails were conducted by using Albendazole and Mebendazole. For this purpose a total of 45 birds from the 105 positive birds were selected. These were randomly divided into three groups i.e. A, B and C having 15 birds in each group. l3irds in group A and B treated with Albendazole and Mebendazole. At their recommended dose rate respectively whereas birds in group C were not given any treatment. The efficacy of Albendazole and Mebendazole was 97.54% and 82.68% respectively.
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48.
Epidemiology And Controls Of Coccidiosis In Cattle
by Razia Sultana | Prof. Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Prof.Dr.MAnso | Prof.Dr.Zafar Iqbal Ch.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2009Dissertation note: Field study was conducted from September, 2007 to August, 2008 and a total of 2700 rectal faecal samples were collected from cattle farms of 3 categories i.e. Government Dairy Farm, Military Dairy Farm and Peri Urban Dairy Farms (Gawala Colonies) Lahore. Seventy five random samples were collected from each category of farms on monthly basis. The results of field study showed that overall prevalence of coccidiosis in cattle was 54.55%. Prevalence of coccidiosis in cattle at Military Dairy Farm Lahore was the highest (65.33%) during Autumn followed by summer (52.66%) then winter (47.66%) whereas the lowest (34.00%) during spring season. The highest (56.66%) prevalence was observed in animals between 6 & 12 month, whereas the lowest (46.33%) in animals under 6 months age. Prevalence of coccidiosis above 1 year of age was 50.66%. No coccidial oocysts was detected in calves less than 15 days old. In female animals prevalence was 51.22%.In the present study, the maximum oocyst per gram of feces (OPG) count was 65,000 whereas the minimum count was as 2000. The count was variable in different age groups and found to be decreasing in adult animals. The mean OPG in group A (under 6 month), group B (6 month to one year) and C (above one year) was 44000, 38000, and 22000, respectively. The four species of Eimeria were identified in all age groups i.e. E.bovis (29.28%) E.zuernii (26.03%) E. cylindrica (23.42%), E. ellipsoidalis (21.25%).
The results of field study showed that prevalence of coccidiosis at Government Dairy Farm, Lahore was the highest during autumn (49.33%), followed by summer (44.33%), then winter (38.33%) where as the lowest during spring (30.33%). The highest (62.66%) month wise prevalence of coccidiosis was noted during August whereas the lowest (28.00%) during April. The highest ( 45.33%) prevalence of coccidiosis was observed in animals aged between 6 to 12 months, followed by 41.35% in animals under 6 months of age whereas the lowest (36.00%) above I year. Female animals were more frequently affected (41.28%) than males (39.50%).In the present study, the maximum OPG count observed was 55,000 and the minimum count as 2500. The counts were variable in different age groups and found to be decreasing in adult animals. The mean OPG of group A, B, C was 42,000, 35,000 and 20,000 . In the present study five species of Eimeria were E.bovis. E. zuernii E. cylindrica, E. subspherica, E. ellipsoidalis.
The results of field study showed that prevalence of coccidiosis at Peri Urban Dairy Farms (Gawala colonies), Lahore was 71.55%. Month wise prevalence was the highest during August (90.66%) whereas the lowest (48%) during April. The seasonal prevalence indicated that it was the highest during autumn (84.00%), followed by summer (78.33 %), then winter (69.33%) whereas the lowest during spring (50.00%). The highest prevalence of coccidiosis (80.66%) was observed in animals under 6 months of age, whereas the lowest (62.33%) in animals above I year. Prevalence of coccidiosis in animals aged between 6months to 1 year was 71.66%. No coccidial oocysts were detected in calves less than 25 days old. Prevalence of coccidiosis was higher (74.61%) in females than in males (63.60%). In this study, the maximum OPG count observed was 65,000 and the minimum count as 2800. The counts were variable in different age groups and found to be decreasing in adult animals. The mean OPG of group A, B,C was 48,000, 38,000 and 23,000 respectively.
Age wise analysis of Eimeria species showed that above mentioned five species were found in all age groups and most predominant species was E.bovis (26.39%) followed by E. zuernii (19.87%), E. cylindrica (23.60%), E.ellipsoidalis (18.63%), whereas the lowest prevalence of E.subspherica (11.49%)was noted (Table 16). The counts were variable in different age groups and found to be decreasing in adult animals. There was inverse correlation of OPG and the age of animals.
The overall prevalence of coccidiosis was the highest during autumn (66.22%) followed by summer (59.66 %) then winter (51.77%) whereas the lowest in spring (38.22). The role of Meteorological data i.e. temperature, humidity and rain fall on the prevalence of disease was also studied. The bionomical showed that humidity and rain fall played a very important role in the causation and spread of disease and also help in the development of sporulated oocyst. Increased temperature showed higher prevalence of disease.
The results of histopatholgical studies showed that there was an increase cellular infiltration of leukocytes, cellular debris in most of intestinal portion.
Results of therapeutic trials by using toltrazuril, amprolium, sulphaquinoxaline, lasalocid are presented in table 17. The result of therapeutic trials showed that efficacy of toltrazuril was better than amprolium, sulphaquinoxaline and lasalocid. No clinical signs of disease were observed in treated animals while in diseased animals signs of disease were observed i.e. animals showed diarrhoea, loss of weight gain. From the results it was noted that efficacy of toltrazuril was better than other drugs . Statistically, there was no significant difference between efficacies of all four drugs. The efficacy of per oxygen based disinfectant was higher as compare to oocide while non- treated animals showed clinical signs of disease. Statistically, there was no significant difference between efficacies of both disinfectants
Result of chemo prophylactic products are presented in table 19. It was noted that sonicated vaccine showed high antibody titer as compare to non- sonicated vaccine.
Result of the challenge experiments revealed that the inactivated sonicated vaccines gave 100% protection to the challenge calves. Their faeces were normal and no clinical sign was recorded even 42 days post vaccination. Few remaining live oocysts were not able to produce the disease in calves.
The weight gain of treated animals was higher as compare to non-treated animals. The FCR value in treated animals was better than non treated animals
" Prevalence of coccidiosis was the highest during autumn followed by summer where as the lowest during spring. Farm wise prevalence of coccidiosis indicated that it was higher in Peri Urban Dairy Farms followed by Military Dairy farm where as the lowest at Government Dairy farm.
" Prevalence of coccidiosis was higher in calves below 9 months of age than above 9 months. All the animals examined for coccidian were naturally infected with coccidiosis. These animals were not experimental calves and prevelance of infection was based on random selection of animals. Overall Prevalence of coccidiosis was slightly higher in females than male. Species wise prevalence indicated that Eimeria bovis is more pathogenic than other species.
" Results of chemotherapeutic trials showed that among the four drugs used i.e. Toltrazuril, Amprolium, Sulfaquinoxaline and Lasalocid. Toltrazuril showed the highest efficacy followed by Amprolium, where as Lasalocid showed the lowest efficacy. No side effects of these drugs were noted when were given at their recommended dose rate and marked clinical improvement in animals was noted after treatment.
" Two disinfectants were tried. Per oxygen based disinfectant showed better results than. Oocide disinfectant.
" Histopathological studies showed inflammatory granulocytic infiltration of the mucosa and cellular debris in most of intestinal portions. There were necrosis of villi and degeneration of villi. Haemorrhages in mucosa and sub-mucosa were noted. Some of the glands in the sub-mucosa of intestine showed degeneration & necrosis.
" Indirect Haemagglutination (IHA) antibody titer was higher in calves vaccinated with inactivated sonicated vaccines as compared to the calves vaccinated with inactivated sporulated vaccine. Results of the challenge experiments revealed that the inactivated sonicated vaccines gave protection to the challenge calves. Their faeces were normal and no clinical sign of disease were observed even 42 days post vaccination.
" Weight in infected group was reduced. After treatment, high weight gain was reported in treated animals than control group.
Recommendations:
" Overcrowding should be avoided.
" Provide good hygienic and managemental conditions in farms.
" Proper drainage of rain.
" Feeders and wateres should be above the level of the ground.
" Regular use of coccidiostats is the need of the day.
" Diseased animals particularly with diarrhoea should be separated from healthy animals.
" Stocking density should be according to recommended of world Association of Parsitologists.
" Contaminated faeces should be properly disposed off.
" Grazing of animals during rainy season should be avoided.
" Animals should be provided well balanced nutritive food.
" Entry of visitors in the livestock farms should be restricted
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49.
Antigenic Relatedness Of Caecal Eimeria Species In Broilers By Sds-Page
by Muhammad Tayyub | Prof. Dr. Kamran Ashraf | Dr. Aftab | Dr. Nisar Ahmad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Coccidiosis is caused by various species of Eimeria. Avian coccidiosis is divided in two types (intestinal and caecal). Eimeria tenella and E. necatrix cause caecal eimeriosis.E.tenella is the most pathogenic species and its infection is causing huge economic losses to poultry industry world wide. In the present study, 400 caecal samples suspected for coccidiosis were collected from two districts (Kasur and Sheikhupura). Ten samples from twenty farms of each district were collected and examined for coccidiosis and species identication. The prevalence of coccidiosis was higher (65.25%) in both districts. Coccidiosis was found more prevalent in district Kasur (66.5%) as compared to Sheikhupura (63%). Eimeria species were identified by conventional methods like Direct Microscopy, Sedimentation technique, Floatation Technique and Sporulation.. The prevalence percentage of E.tenella and E,necatrix was found 67.5% and 12.25% respectively in 400 suspected caecal samples. E.tenella was more prevalent in district Kasur (67.5%) as compared to district Sheikhupura (63%). E.necatrix was also more prevalent in district Kasur (13%) than district Sheikhupura (11.5%). Protein profiling of all E. tenella strains was performed to check antigenic related ness between different isolates of E.tenella. More tan ninety percent isolates were antigenically identical which showed that E.tenella isolates in both districts were antigenically related.
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50.
Git Helminthiasis Indigenous And Commercial Layers In District Quetta.Balouchistan
by Rizwan ullah hashmi | Dr. Khalid saeed | Dr. kamran ashraf | Dr. muhammad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: The study was conducted to identify and compare the extent of gastrointestinal helminths in indigenous poultry and commercial layers. For this purpose, 200 gut samples (100 each from indigenous and commercial layers) were collected from different sources of Quetta district. All the material was brought to disease investigation lab, Quetta, for detailed postmortem and coprological examination.
The overall incidence of nematodes in indigenous chickens and commercial layers was 87% and 08% respectively. Three species of nematodes were recovered from both indigenous chickens and commercial layers. Ascaridia galli was the most common specie of nematodes recovered from small intestine while Heterakis gallinae and Subulura brumpti were isolated from the caeca of the sampled birds. The incidence of Ascaridia galli, Heterakis gallinae and Subulura brumpti was 75%, 25% and 16% in indigenous chickens and 06%, 04% and 03% in commercial layers respectively.
The overall incidence of cestodes was lower than those of the nematodes. It was found to be 78% in indigenous chickens and 05% in commercial layers respectively.
Five species of cestodes recorded from the gastrointestinal tract of indigenous chicken and were Raillietina tetragona (60%), Raillietina echinobothrida (21%), Raillietina cesticillus (14%), Cotugnia digonopora (29%) and Choanotaenia infundibulum (13%). On the other hand, following two species of cestodes were isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of commercial layers and included Raillietina tetragona (04%), and Choanotaenia infundibulum (02%).
Older birds have higher prevalence as compared with younger birds in indigenous and commercial layers. Slightly higher infection rates were recorded in females (51.7%) as compared with males (48.2%). On coprological examination, a greater proportion of birds were found infected with various helminthes and infection rate in indigenous birds was 66% as compared with commercial layers which was 3%.
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