51.
Comparative Efficacy Of Single And Booster Foot And Mouth Disease Vaccination In Buffaloes
by Amir, M | Dr. Atta-ur-Rehman Rizvi Chairman | Dr. Mohammad Amin Sheikh Nember | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 1991Dissertation note: The present study was conducted to determine the duration of immunity conferred in buffalo-calves by locally prepared cell culture (BHK-21 cell line) FMD vaccine both in response to single dose vaccination as well as to booster dose vaccination. The cell culture bivalent FMD vaccine, having 0 and Asia-I serotypes, was prepared on BHK-21 cell line and inactivated with forma-line. The virus was adsorbed on aluminium hydroxide gel. The virus culture having the titre not less than io6 TCID50 per ml was used for preparing the vaccine. Safety, sterility and potency of the vaccine was thoroughly checked before its use in the trial.
Eighteen buffalo-calves, aged 1-2 years, were used in the experiment. Their freeness from FMD and susceptibility were tested by performing the serum neutralization test in cell culture, which indicated the absence of neutralizing antibodies in their sera against the vaccine virus types. Their faecal examination was negative for any internal parasite after deworming twice. Twelve buffalo-calves were vaccinated subcutaneously with the field dose i.e. 5 ml and 6 animals were re-vaccinated on 28th day of primary vaccination while other 6 buffalo-calves were left as unvaccinated control. The vaccinated animals showed slightly rise in temperature 'and developed a walnut size swellings at the sites of injection otherwise they looked to be healthy.
Serum samples were collected at 0 day to 26th week from once vaccinated animals and upto 36th week from the booster vaccinated and control animals. Almost all the vaccinated animals developed antibodies against FMD on 1st week, but all the vaccinated animals developed protective levels of neutralizing antibodies against FMD on 2nd week of primary vaccination. The single dose vaccinated buffalo-calves maintained the protective level of antibodies upto 16 weeks while booster vaccinated animals remained protective for 24 weeks against both the vaccine virus types (0 and Asia-I), to which booster vaccination was done on 28th day of primary vaccination.
It was concluded from this study that the buffalo-calves of this age group should be re-vaccinated after 18 weeks of primary vaccination to protect them for further 24 weeks against F'MD i.e. booster vaccination is must for scheduling at least the biannual vaccination. Subsequent re-vaccination will increase the time span for repeating the vaccination.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0355,T] (1).
52.
Studies On Contribution Of Sheep & Goats In The Epidemiology Of Haemorrhagic Septicaemia
by Masood Anjum | Dr. Muhammad Amin Sheikh | Dr. Haji Ahmad | Dr. Muhammad Naeem | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 1994Dissertation note: A total of 500 animals (sheep 250, goat 250), of both sexes and different age groups were examined for harbouring Pasteurella multocida in their respiratory tracts. The samples from live animals were collected by sterile cotton swabs, gently passed in their nasal cavity. The slaughtered animal's laryngotracheal region were directly approached for collection of samples. Lungs showing pathological lesions were collected from fifty animals each of both species. Tryptic soya broth was used for primary isolation of organism.
Only one goat yielded Pasteurella multocida which proved highly virulent both for rabbits and mice. The isolate fermented glucose, fructose, mannose, mannitol, sorbitol and saccharose producing acid only. A negative reaction was observed for arabinose, dulcitol, maltose, lactose, raffinose and salacin. The organism was positive for catalase, oxidase, indole production, nitrate reduction and hydrogen sulphide production tests. It gave a negative reaction for methyl red, voges proskauer, urease activity and gelatin liquefaction tests. The organism was found non-motile in hanging drop preparation.
The organism was highly sensitive to ampiclox, cefazolin and velosef, moderately sensitive to cephalexin, slightly sensitive to tobramycin, cloxacillin and resistant to lincocin, erythrocin, amoxydillin, doxycillin and sulpha-methaxazol trimethoprim.
Amongst the various disinfectants tested, the organism showed maximum susceptibility to sanitizer and poulphene, moderate sensitivity to saniguard and sanitec and resistance to phenyl, sanitol and phenol.
The organism in infected faecal matter maintained its viability for 9 days in shady place, sunlight and at room temperature. At a controlled temperature of 32°C. with 75-80% humidity, the organism remained alive for 10 days.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0373,T] (1).
53.
Serosurveilance Of A Disease Complex In Commercial Broilers
by Hassan Rizvi, Syed | Dr. Muhammad Naeem | Dr. Muhammad | Dr. Muhammad Sheikh Amin | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Literary form:
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Publisher: 1994Dissertation note: In this study 400 samples of blood obtained from different farms situated around Jaranwala, an important broiler raising area of Punjab, were examined serologically. The Newcastle disease virus titer in most cases were low and non protective against exposure to field strain. The birds had antibodies against pathogens such as Infectious bronchitis virus and Infectious bursal disease virus to which they had not received vaccine indicating the presence of field strain of these viruses in the area. Some of the birds at these farms had antibodies against Hycoplasma galliseplicum, Mycoplasnia svnoviae and Salmonella gallinarum. Poor hygienic conditions coupled with poor ventilation may lead to the rapid dissemination of these pathogens within a community of birds and cause severe economic problems.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0382,T] (1).
54.
Comparative Efficacy Of Infectious Bursal Disease Vaccines In Broiler Chickens
by Tahir Waheed Khan | Dr. Muhammad Amin Sheikh | Dr. Khushi Muhammad | Dr. Muhammad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 1995Dissertation note: The present study was carried out to know the comparative efficacy of different IBD vaccines including Rhone Merleux, Solvay, TAD and CVS in broiler chickens. The evaluation was based on the immune response developed against the vaccine concerned and its assessment through agar gel precipitation test (AGPT) and indirect haemagglutination (IHA) test.
All the birds prior to their vaccination were examined for the presence of passive immunity, both through AGPT and IHA. AGPT could only detect 60-80% birds for maternal immunity, whereas IHA showed the presence of this immunity in all the experimental birds.
All the vaccinated groups were examined for their immune response on 7th, 14th and 21st day post-vaccination. Both AGPT and H-IA showed the decline in immunity on 7th day post-vaccination and then a gradual increase in titres occurred at 14th day of vaccination. The titres attained their peak on 21st day post-vaccination.
With AGPT on 21st day post-vaccination the birds for various vaccines gave precipitin lines respectively as 76, 89, 93 and 100 per cent, for Rhone Merieux, Solvay,TAD and CVS vaccines.
With IHA the highest titres obtained on 21st day post- vaccination was 1:128 for each vaccine, however, the number of birds giving this titre varied being only one bird for Rhone Merleux, Solvay , TAD and 3 birds from CVS. Nevertheless, the next best titre obtained was 1:64 and the number of birds giving this titre was 2, Nil, 2 and 8 birds from Rhone Merieux, Solvay, TAD and CVS. The predominant number of birds, vaccinated against each vaccine developed a titre of 1:16 observed at 14th day and 21st day post- vaccination.
The challenge infection results showed that birds with lilA titres of upto 1:4 developed severe lesions on their bursae, and other parts of the body, alongwith giving less BBR values. In this way the better IHA titre gave protection to the birds against a challenge infection.
All the four vaccines gave identical results for their efficacy against the IBDV infection, however, CVS vaccinated birds developed highest titres in greater number.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0419,T] (1).
55.
Phagocytic Potential Of Chicken Peritoneal Macrophages To Pasteurella Multocida
by Saima Dil | Dr. Muhammad Amin Sheikh | Dr. Khushi Muhammad | Dr. Shakil | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 1995Dissertation note: In this study phagocytic potential/activity of chicken peritoneal macrophages to P. multocida was determined. Macrophages were collected by injecting Sephadex G 75 Sintraperitoneally. Peritoneal exudate cells were collected on 24, 48 and 72 hours post Sephadex G-75 injection. By differential counting macrophages were found to be 70- 80% while the remaining 20-30% cells comprised lymphocytes and heterophils. There was no difference in percentage of macrophages on 24 hours, by single and double dose of Sephadex G-75 but on 72 hours post Sephadexc G-75 injection, percentage of macrophages was a little high by double dose.
Both capsulated and non-capsulated forms of P. multocida were chosen for examining phagocytic activity of the chicken peritoneal macrophages and the opsonizing role of the inactivated, normal and hyper immune sera. The capsulated P. multocida was phagocytosed less efficiently in the presence of hyperimmune and : normal sera then the non capsulated organisms. However, as against the latter, the former did not at all respond to the phagocytosing attempts of the macrophages, in the presence of the inactivated serum.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0449,T] (1).
56.
Immune Response Of Broilers Treated With Amprolium And Chloramphenicol
by Rakhshanda Perveen Cheema | Dr. Muhammad Akram Muneer | Dr. Haji Ahmad | Dr. Muhammad Naeem | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 1994Dissertation note: The birds that received arnprolium at recommended dosage levels had higher mean body weight than the chioramphenicol medicated, cyclophosphamide treated or untreated control birds.
Arnprolium treatment did not adversely affect the weight of bursa of Fabricius, spleen, thymus and liver of birds. Chioramphenicol treatment slightly depressed the weight of bursa of Fabricius and thymus. Cyclophosphamide treatment of birds in early life resulted in bursal atrophy and slight depression of splenic weight.
As compared to Cyclophosphamide treated and non-rnedicated control birds, the sera of NDV vaccinated birds fed Amprolium had higher antibody titres on day 42. The sera of chioramphenicol treated NDV vaccinated birds had lower antibody titres as compared to non-medicated control birds on day 42. The post-challenge sera of NDV vaccinated birds fed Amprolium also had higher antibody titre as compared to NDV vaccinated cyclophosphamide and chioramphenicol treated birds. The NDV vaccinated chioramphenicol treated and NDV vaccinated cyclophosphamide treated had high post NDV challenge mortality and the NDV vaccinated birds on amproliurn medicated rations and those on non-medicated rations did not have any significant post NDV challenge mortality.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0460,T] (1).
57.
Effects Of Live Mycoplasma Gallisepticum Vaccine On Broiler Chicks
by Mumtaz Baig, M | Dr. Muhammad Akram Munir | Dr. Muhammad Naeem | Dr. Shakeel | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 1995Dissertation note: This study indicated that live Mycoplasma gallisepticurn vaccine when administered to the chickens vaccinated with Newcastle vaccination had immunosuppressive effects.
Live Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine partially interfered with the development of serum antibodies against NDV in vaccinated chickens. However, when live MG vaccine is done alone in the chickens it gives good serum antibody titres. rube injection to baby chicks on first 4 consecutive post hatching days with cyclophosphaniide resulted in lower body weights, poor FCR, destruction of the bursa of fabricius, poor antibody response of birds to vaccinations against MG and ND.
The weight gain and FCR studies. indicated that the birds which were vaccinated either against live MG or NDV had significantly higher body weights and FCR values than those vaccinated both against MG and NDV.
These studies further indicate that the birds vaccinated against live MG and ND had significantly lower serum antibody titres on day 48 than the birds which were vaccinated against either live MG or NDV.
From the results of this study it was concluded that F-strain MG vaccination effective the growth performance and feed conversion efficacy of broiler chicks. The live MG vaccination also interfered in the development of immune response (antibody titers) against Newcastle disease virus.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0464,T] (1).
58.
Immunomodulatory Effects Of Amprolium 20% And Sulphaquinoxaline In Broilers Chickens
by Nighat Yasmeen | Dr. Muhammad Akram Muneer | Dr. Mohammad | Sh. Muhammad Amin | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Literary form:
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Publisher: 1994Dissertation note: This study indicated that Amprolium 20% (Amidiostat) when used at recommended dosage levels (0.5 Kg/ton of feed did not interfere with the body weight gains of birds; did not have adverse effects on weights of lymphoid organs such as bursa of Fabricius, spleen, thymus, liver; did not interfere with the development of serum antibody in vaccinated or non-vaccinated and challenged birds; Amprolium 20% medication in feed had beneficial effects on serum antibody development; did not result in higher post-challenge mortality of vaccinated birds as compared to the non-medicated vaccinated control birds. however Sulphaquinoxaline when used at recommended dosage level (125 gm/ton of feed) did partially interfere with the weight of lymphoid organs such as bursa of Fabricius, spleen, thymus, liver and also interfere with the development of serum antibody in vaccinated or non vaccinated and challenged birds. The injection to baby chicks on first 4 consecutive post- hatching days with cyclophosphamide resulted in lower body weights, destruction of the bursa of Fabricius, poor antibody response of birds to vaccination against ND, and very high post-challenge mortality, UOfl challenge with virulent NDV.
The weight gain studies indicated that vaccinated and non-vaccinated birds on Amprolium 20% and suiphaquinoxaline medicated feeds had non- significantly higher body weights than those on non-medicated ration at 42 days of age. Amproliurn 20%, at recommended dosage level, had more beneficial effects on the body weights than the suiphaquinoxaline. These studies further indicated that vaccinated birds kept on Amprolium 20% medicated feed had significantly higher serum antibody titres on (lay 42 than the vaccinated non-medicated control birds. The serum antibody titres of vaccinated birds on Amprolium 20% medicated feed were significantly higher thai-i those fed sulphaquinoxaline at recommended dosage levels. From the results of this study it is concluded that long term use of Suiphaquinoxaline at recommended dosage levels moderately suppress the immune system of the birds. It is also observed that Amprolium 20% (Amidiostat) is not immunosuppressive drug when used at recommended dosage levels. It has rather beneficial effects on growth performance and immune response of birds. However there is a need for further investigations.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0466,T] (1).
59.
Epidemiological Studies N Mastitis In Buffaloes & Cattle In And Around Lahore
by Khurram Nawaz Qazi | Dr. Syed A.R. Rizvi | Dr. M. Amin Sheikh | Dr. Shakeel A | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Literary form:
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Publisher: 1996Dissertation note: Research studies were conducted to investigate some epidemiological aspects of bovine mastitis in and around Lahore.
A total of 45 small livestock units/herds were surveyed and epidemiological data was collected from 4000 bovine population on prescribed proforina. Bacteriological examination was aiso performed on 1000 milk samples after presumptive screening with modified california mastitis test (C.M.T.).
Analysis of the data showed, the herd incidence rate of 88.88 per cent and the disease incidence rate of 8.33 per cent (lactating animals) during this project. CMT on 1000 quarter milk samples showed 14.3% incidence of subclinical mastitis and 10.6% animals were positive bacteriologically. Relative incidence of acute, subacute and chronic forms of disease was 38.33, 43.90 and 13.37 per cent, respectively. Quarter infection rate was 33.40 per cent in affected buffaloes and 10.36 per cent in infected cattle. It was significantly higher in hind than in fore quarters in buffaloes.
All the breeds of buffaloes and cattle maintained in the area were reported to be affected occasionally during the lactation. Age and lactation wise distribution of rnastitis cases varied in different age and lactation groups; being highest in 6-8 years of age group 42.93% and 4-6 lactation (39.45%). Number of cases were higher (53.63%) during early stage of lactation than in middle (21.97%) and (24.4%) late stages. High milk yielding group 12-14 litres daily was more prone to the disease. Disease was reported to cause 30.26 per cent decrease in milk production of affected animals. Udders/teats of 4.0 per cent animals had history of surgical manipulation. Housing on pakka floor (48.9%) incidence was observed to have some association with the disease.
Of the 1000 milk samples 143 were found positive by C.M.T.and 106 samples yielded 171 isolates of different species; 86 Staphylococcus aureus, 9 Staphylococcus epiderinides, 30 Streptococcus agalactiae, 17 Streptococcus dysagalactiae, 11 Bacillus cereus, 10 Escherichia co/i, 5 Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antobiotic sensitivity of the isolates showed that they were sensitive in descending order to Gentamycin, Chlortetracyline, Sul;fonamide (Tribrissin), Chloramphanicol, Ampicilline, Tylosine. Penicilline & Tetracycline.
Out of 86 isolates of Staphylococcus aureus 60 were penicillin resistant of which 23 produced penicillinase. In order to reduce the huge economic losses in terms of milk reduction (30.26% ), the findings of this project are hoped to guide for the control of disease at subclinical stage on a large scale. However, additional studies are suggested for the epidemiology of this disease.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0467,T] (1).
60.
Role Of Maternally Derived Antibodies In Protection Against Infectious Bursal Disease Virus.
by Sameera Akhtar | Dr. Muhammad Akram Muneer | Dr. Haji Ahmed | Dr. Muhammad Naeem | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 1996Dissertation note: This project was designed to study the role of maternally derived antibody in protection against IBD and efficacy of immunization with live and killed IBDV vaccines. A total of 250 day old chicks were divided into five groups i.e. groups A, B, C, D and E, each group having equal number of chicks. Group A was non-treated control for the study of the decay rate of maternal antibodies. The chickens of groups, B, C and D were vaccinated with live, killed and combination of live and killed IBDV vaccines. All the chicks were vaccinated with NDV vaccines except group E which was kept as negative control. There was no interference in the IBDV and NDV in the development of immunity.
The birds showed the presence of passive immunity, both through AGPT and IHA tests. Maternal antibody was detectable only through AGPT. The IHA indicated the presence of immunity in all the birds upto day 14th.
It was further observed that the birds having maternal Ab titres against IBDV (upto a titre of 5.27) also resisted the experimental challenged with the CVS-6).
All the vaccinated groups indicated the immune responses post vaccination. Both the AGP and IHA tests detected decline in immunity on 7th day post-vaccination and then a gradual increase in titres at 14th day. The titres were at the peak after day 28 post booster vaccination.
The results of challenge indicated that the birds having antibody titre (GMT=68.39) against IBDV resisted the IBDV challenge. Typical clinical signs of IBD were noted. The bursa was odematous and double in size. The spleen and thymus were slightly enlarged. Statistical analysis of lymphoid organ body weight ratio's of spleen, bursa and thymus indicated a significant differences in the vaccinated and control chickens.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0480,T] (1).
61.
Studies On Efficacy Of Alum Precipitated Haemorrhagic Septicaemia Vaccine (Bacterin)
by Saeed ul Hassan Khan | Dr. muhammed Amin Sheikh | Dr. Muhammed Khushi Muhammed | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Literary form:
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Publisher: 1996Dissertation note: The research project undertaken concerned efficacy of alum precipitated HS vaccine (bacterin). conducted on buffaloes maintained at Livestock Production Research Institute (LPRJ) Bahadurnagar, Okara. Primarily the study was aimed at examining the efficacy of three different dosage levels of the vaccine comprising 1 mg, 1.5 mg and 2mg dry weights of the bacteria, tried on animals of different body weights. In addition, the immunopotentiating effects of levamisole, on HS vaccine, were also studied on one of the groups of experimental animals. The best results were those given by 2mg dry weight of the organism, observed in animals weighing 600 kg or above, with a GMT value of 48.5 observed on day 42nd post-vaccination. The second best result was of the dose carrying 1.5 mg dry weight of the organism. Unfortunately the young animals having a body weight of 60-80kg did not give a response worthy of some concrete conclusion against all three aforesaid doses of the vaccine which was thought to be due to some sort of ill effects of their substandard health status on the immune response.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0487,T] (1).
62.
Physicochemical Factors Effecting The Survival Of Egg Drop Syndrome Virus
by Akif Masood | Atta-ur-Rehman Rizvi | Dr. Muhammed Shakeel akhtar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Literary form:
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Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: About 417 duck eggs were collected from a duck farm. These eggs were incubated at 37oC in automatic incubator for 10 days. At the 11th day the eggs were candled to confirm the fertility of eggs, either they are embryonated or not. Fertile eggs were then be inoculated with the physically and chemically treated EDS-76 virus which have already been treated and stored in plastic vials at -20oC. About 0.1 ml of the sample was inoculated per egg. Four eggs were set for each of the factor i.e physical and chemical.
The physical factors were temperature, pH and U.V light. The current project was conducted to study the survival of EDS virus when it was subject to various physical and chemical factor. As far as the physical factors were concerned it was observed that at different temperatures i,e -2oC, +4C°, 331::0 and 37C°. The virus survived at each temperature far 35 days and the same virus survived at 56C° for 90 minutes. AS far as the pH was concerned it was examined that EDS virus remained viable at pH 1,47,10,13 for 24 hours. Following exposure of virus to WY light it was observed that EDS virus servived for 45 minutes.
Similairly, the results of chemical factors showed that formalin of 0.067. could not inactivate the virus but 0.12% and o.24x formalin solution killed the virus in time from 6 to 24 hours.
Losan with 0.5%., 1.0%. and 1.5%. killed the EDS virus in 15, 30 and 45 minutes respectively.
The results of this endeavor show that the formalin and Losan in other words chemical like these should be one of the options for farmers to disinfect their sheds to prevent the occurrence of infection from EDS virus.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0500,T] (1).
63.
Physicochemical Factors Effecting The Survival Of Newcastle Disease Virus
by Rizwan Qayyum | Dr. Muhammad Naeem | Dr. asif Rabbani | Prof. Dr. S.A.R. Rizvi | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Literary form:
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Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: For this research project, about 305 fresh fertile hen eggs were obtained from Veterinary Research Institute, Lahore. These eggs after cleaning were incubated at 37°C in automatic incubator for 11 days. At the 11th day, candling was done to confirm the fertility of eggs, either they are embryonated or not,. Eggs found dead at the time of candling were discarded. Fertile eggs 305 in number were inoculated with physically and chemically treated mesogenic strain of Newcastle disease virus which had already been treated and stored in plastic vials at -20°C. Each egg was inoculated with about 0.lnil of the treated viral sample. Four eggs were set for each of the factor for each time period. Four eggs were kept control in each factor in which viral suspension without physical or chemical treatment was inoculated.
The project was designed to study the effect of physical and chemical factors on the survival of Newcastle disease virus. The physical factors were temperature, p11 and UV light and chemical factors included five disinfectants like Formaline, Iosan, Phenol Aldekol and Bromosept (QAC). It was noted that at 56°C temperature virus lost its haemagglutinating activity after 45 minutes, but survived this temperature at 15 and 30 minutes exposure. It was observed that virus survived at pH 4 and 9 for 6, 12, 18 and 24 hrs but was killed at pH 1 and 13 for all the said time periods. After exposing virus to UV light, it was examined that Newcastle disease virus survived at UV light exposure for 45 minutes.
As far as the chemical factors were concerned, the results showed that 0.48% concentration of formalin inactivated virus in 30 minutes but not in 15 minutes. Other two concentrations i.e. 0.12% and 0.24% could not inactivate the virus. Phenol and Bromosept showed good antiviral activity against ND virus. 0.4% and 0.6% concentrations of Phenol inactivated the virus within 15 minutes but virus retained its HA activity at 0.2% phenol concentrations for 15, 30 and 45 minutes. The virus survived at 0.1% Bromosept concentration for 45 minutes and at 0.5% concentration for 15 minutes time but its haemagglutinating property was lost at 0.5% concentration in 30 minutes and at 1% concentration, the virus was killed within 15 minutes time. 0.1% concentration of Aldekol could not inactivate the virus in 15, 30 or 45 minutes. At its 0.5% concentration virus was inactivated after 45 minutes exposure but not at 15 and 30 minutes. However 1% Aldekol inactivated virus after 30 minutes but not within 15 minutes time. losan with 0.5% and 1.0% concentrations killed the mesogenic strain of Newcastle disease virus in 15, 30 and 45 minutes respectively. So the results of this study show that losan shows excellent antiviral activity against ND virus and is the best for disinfection of this virus at the farm. Bromosept (QAC) and Phenol should be the other two options for farmers to disinfect their sheds and hatcheries to minimize the chances of infection from Newcastle disease virus.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0519,T] (1).
64.
Standardisation Of Indirect Haemagglutination Test For Monitoring Infectious Bursal Disease Virus
by Sajid Mahmood | Dr. Muhammad Akram Muneer | Dr. Hajid | Dr. Khushi Muhammad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: Indirect haemagglutination (IHA) test was standardized and evaluated to moniter antibodies against infectious bursal disease (IBD). It was observed that oil based vaccine prepared from bursae of fäbricius of infected birds, induced a high level of antibody which were detected by agar gel precipitation test (AGPT). It was recorded Chat tannic acid, glutaraldehyde and chromium chloride had 0.0000781, 0.003906 and 0.0001562 per cent subagglutinating dilutions in normal saline solution (pH 7.2) respectively while 0.000001220, 0.0156 and 0.0025 subagglutinating dilution of the coupling agents were found in phasphate buffered saline (pH 7.2), respectively.
Indirect. haemagglutination test is sensitive and specific serological technique to study infectious bursal disease. However, antigen dilution to sensitize erythrocytes, source of erythrocytes, chemical nature of diluent, interaction temperature and time, nature and concentration of coupling agent coated erythrocytes and antiserum against IBD, had influenced the sensitivity of IHA test.
Ten percent antigen for sensitizing sheep erythrocytes, incubation temperature of 37°C for 10 minutes for antigen, tannic acid (0.005%) and erythroéyte interaction, freshly prepared sensitized erythrocytes and normal saline solution (pH 7.2) as diluent were found suitable for detecting maximum titre of anti-IBD antibodies through the IHA. Moreover it was observed that the standardized IHA proportionally showed reduction in the titre on dilution of serum. The antibody titre in the IHA was the well having serum dilution, showing resistance to bleed (flow) on tilting the plate for 5 seconds. The final results of antibody titre were achieved within 120 minutes post processing of the samples.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0529,T] (1).
65.
Preparation And Evalution Of Oil Based Egg Drop Syndrome Virus Vaccine
by Ghulam Nabi | Dr. Khushi Muhammad | Dr. Muhammad Akram Munieer | Dr. Shakil | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Literary form:
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Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: The egg drop syndrome virus (Pak-CVS-EDSV: collected from Mirobiology Setion, CVS, Lahore) was culturally characterised by inoculating in embryonated duck eggs, and by haemagglutination (HA) potential of only avian RBC and virus neutralization test. The virus was found antigenically related with the imported vaccinal strain of EDS virus. The virus grew well in the embryonated duck eggs. The HA titer of Allanto-Amniotic fluid (AAF) was more than log 211, while its E1D50 was determined to be 10-10.37 per ml.
An oil-based EDSV vaccine was prepared by mixing one part of the AAF with 4 parts of the oil-base. The oil base contained 4% emulsifier (Span-80). The vaccine thus prepared from the local isolate was antigenically comparable with the imported vaccine. The cost of the vaccine production using local strain of the EDS virus was Rs.463/bottle (1000 doses) compared to Rs.1650/bottle of the imported vaccine. The price of the one ml diagnostic antigen was calculated at Rs.20/- compared to Rs.600 per one ml of imported antigen (Market price is Rs.2200/ml of the antigen).
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0541,T] (1).
66.
Immunomodulatory Effects Of Chloramphenicol In Broiler Chicks
by Zubair Ulass | Dr. M. Akram Munir | Dr. M. Naeem | Dr. M. Sarwar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 1998Dissertation note: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate effects of chioramphenicol on the inimune response of broiler chickens. The immuno-modulatory effects of chioramphenicol in chicks was evaluated using the following parameters:
a) Morphometric effects of chioramphenicol on immune organs such as Li ursa of Fabricius, Tliymus and Spleen.
b) Effects of cliloramphenicol on the development of antibody titres against Newcastle virus vaccine.
c) Potential of chioramphenicol treated and NDV vaccinated birds to resist virulent NDV challenge.
d) Comparison of body weight gains of chioramphenicol a iid treated and untreated birds.
The untreated control birds had higher mean body weight than chioramphenicol and cyclophosphamide treated birds.
Chioramphenicol treatment adversely affect the weight of bursa of Fabricius , spleen and thymus of birds. The normal dose of chioramphenicol slightly depressed the weight of immune organ than double dosage of chioramphenicol. Cycloposphamide treatment of birds in early life resulted in bursal atrophy and slight depression of splenic weight. The sera of untreated control vaccinated birds had higher antibody titres than chioramphenicol and cyclophospliatnide treated birds. The sera of chioramphenicol treated NDV vaccinated birds had lower antibdoy titres as compared to untreated control birds. The NDV vaccinated choramphenicol treated and NDV vaccinated cyelophosphamide treated birds had high post Nl)V challenge mortality than untreated control NDV vaccinated birds.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0556,T] (1).
67.
Assessment Of Microbicidal Efficacy Of Finvirus Uriach
by Shakil Akhtar | Dr.Muhammad Akram Muneer | Dr.Haji Ahmad | Dr.Khushi Muhammad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 1998Dissertation note: A total of 84 fresh fertile hen eggs were obtained from the poultry farm near College of Veterinary Sciences (CVS), Lahore and 32 duck fertile eggs were obtained from the villages in the vicinity of Lahore. These eggs were incubated at 37°C in an automatic incubator for 11 days for the embryonic development. At the day 11 post incubation, the eggs were candled to confirm the presence of embryos. Eggs with dead embryos were discarded. The NDV, AIV and EDSV were obtained from Microbiology Section, C.V.S., Lahore and inoculated to the 11 day old embryonated eggs via allantoic sac route. After 72 hours allantoic fluid was collected and 4HA units of NDV, AIV and EDSV were calculated. Toxicity of a newly marketed disinfectant, Finvirus for developing chicken/duck embryos was determined and the efficacy of Finvirus uriach against NDV, AIV and EDSV was evaluated. In addition, phenol coefficient of "Finvirus" was calculated using Staphylococcus aureus. It was established that 0.5% dilution of Finvirus was not toxic to the embryo. From the findings of this investigation it was concluded that Finvirus uriach can inactivate NDV and AIV and EDS virus in minimum duration of 5 minutes at a concentration of 0.5%.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0580,T] (1).
68.
Studies On The Immunosuppresive Role Of Unsatisfactory Managemental Factors In Broilers
by Atta Bukhari | Dr.Muhammah Amin Sheikh | Dr.Haji Ahmad | Dr.Muhammad Akram Muneer | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 1998Dissertation note: The project concerning "Studies on the immuno-suppressive role of unsatisfactory managemental factors in broilers" was primarily planned to know, on scientific basis, the detrimental effects of unfavourable managemental conditions on health and performance of broiler birds. The birds were exposed to the stress of irregular feed and water supply and their maintenance on wet litter. rphe influence of various stress factors was assessed through determining HI tirs of specific antibodies against ND virus, weight gain of body and of lymphoid organs.
Prior to inducing stress, the birds of all the three treatment groups showed GMT of specific antibodies determined on 15th day of their age as 128.0 (Group A, irregular feed), 130.3 (Group B, irregular water), 129.3 (Group C, wet litter), which was quite similar to that of control group D, showing GMT of 128.6. At this stage the immune response of birds in various groups including control was almost uniform. The stress treatment was commenced on day 15 and the GMT values of all the treatment groups became inferior to control group on all the subsequent observation periods that is 22nd day (Group A, GMT 48.5, Group B 36.8, Group C 26.0, Group D 97.0), 38th day (Group A 13.6, Group B 8.0, Group C 5.3, Group D 48.5), 53rd day (Group A 9.2, Group B 5.3, Group C 4.6, Group D 18.4) of the age of birds. Amongst various stresses, wet litter exerted comparatively more harmful effects on immune competence of birds. Among the other two groups which were maintained at irregular water supply and irregular feed supply, the former had greater adverse influence on immune performance of the birds.
The body weight gain determined on periods prior to induction of stress showed negligible variation amongst various groups of birds. However, after induction of stress, there was variation in weight gain in between control group and each treatment group. The wet litter displayed highest .adverse influence on weight gain as compared to other two treatments. Similarly, irregular water supply was more harmful as compared to irregular feed supply. With regard to the influence on weight of lymphoici organs, the birds in all the three treatment groups had lesser values for the mean weights of bursa of Fabricius, thymus and spleen as compared to control group D, as determined on 56th day of their age. The difference was statistically significant. The mean liver weights of all the three treatment groups were lesser than the control group D. The variation was statistically significant.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0588,T] (1).
69.
Observations On Causative Agent(S) Of Hydropericardium Syndrome (Angara Disease) In Chickens
by Masood Rabbani | Dr. M. Akram Muneer | Dr. Ata-ur-Rehman Rizvi | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: Hydropericardium syndrome (HPS) an avian adenovirus infection has been identified in poultry flocks all over Pakistan. This project was designed to study various aspects of HPS in terms of its aetiology (virus isolation, purification, and propagation in vitro), route of transmission, clinical picture, and pathology. In addition, identity of the contagium was confirmed through immunofluorescence, electron microscopy, biological titration, serotyping and molecular characterization. Attempts were also made to develop improved vaccines against the FIPS virus.
Investigation on purified HPS agent indicated that this isolate was a new avian adenovirus (AAV) pathotype belonging to serotype-4 of group-I. This isolate was named after Pakistan Agricultural Research Council-I as PARC-I isolates. The results of one-way virus neutralization test with reference AAV antisera (1-1 1) confirmed that the isolate designated as PARC-I isolate belonged to serotype-4. The AAV serotype-4 isolate has the potential to produce the immunoprecipitating and virus neutralizing antibodies.
It was observed that this isolate is capable of causing 1-IPS in broiler chicks. The lesions caused by this virus were identical to those of HPS observed under the field outbreaks. In embryonated chicken eggs, the isolate causes mortality, generalized mu scular congestion, hepatitis and stunted embryonic growth. This virus also causes typical cytopathic effects: rounding, moderate swelling and grape-like clustering upon inoculation onto chicken embryo liver (CEL) cells. The biological characterization indicated that the isolate PARC-I possessed standard properties of other known serotypes of AAV. Although, the new isolate is biologically and serologically identical to serotype-4 of AAV, it is more virulent than the previously known strains of serotype-4. The present work has further indicated that isolates obtained from different TIPS outbreaks over the last 10 years have identical in vitro and in vivo characteristics.
The polypeptide analysis using SDS-PAGE confirmed the identity of i-IPS virus as AAV. The protein pattern of prototype strain of serotype-4 is quite comparable with those of the new isolate. The protein Profile of the isolate PARC-i and eleven other AAV serotypes were also compared. The results indicated that there were seven dense identifiable protein bands on the gel. These virus polypeptides were designated as II, Ill, lIla, IV, IVa, V and VI with molecular weights of 120 Kd, 86 Kd, 65 Kd, 55 Kd, 48 Kd, 42 Kd and 24 Kd, respectively.
Western blotting was also performed to identify common immunogenic antigen (s) amongst the PARC-I isolate and other AAV serotypes of group- I. A total of 7 common bands of the same MW as seen in the gel were detectable in the lane of PARC-i isolate and the lanes of serotypes 1-1 1. In PARC-i lanes, one band above 120 Kd was seen reacting to the hyperimmune serum whereas, 2-3 such bands were detectable in other 1-I I serotypes ol' avian adenoviruses. The western blot studies indicated that at least five of the major proteins are conserved in the eleven AAV serotypes and PARC-i isolate. Although minor antigenic variations among different avian adenovirus serotypes existed no significant differences in the immunogenic proteins, among the eleven adenovirus serotypes, were observed except serotype-9, where 24 Kd band was uniquely present. The sharing of common antigens in various serotypes especially between serotype-9 and PARC-i isolate indicated that this serotype might be useful for developing heterotypic vaccine against HPS, as many field reports indicate failure of currently used vaccines to confer effective resistance in chickens especially 3-4 wks post FIPSV vaccination. One of the reasons of the persistence of HPS might be due to the absence of maternal immunity in broilers, as the breeders are neither properly immunized nor hyperimmunized against HPS.
All the four experimental vaccines provoked almost similar level of protection in the inoculated broiler chicks as they resisted virulent HPSV challenge on 25th day postvaccination. A decrease in protection levels from days 32 postchallenge onwards was evidenced by decrease in the corresponding antibody titre in the vaccinated chicks.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0594,T] (1).
70.
Post Vaccinal, Observation In Lymphoidal, Organs (Bursa, Spleen, Thymus) Of Broiler Chicks Inoculated
by Shajeela Irum | Dr.Sameera Akhtar | Dr.Muhammad Amin Sheikh | Dr.Shakil | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1999Dissertation note: Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is a viral infection of chickens, causing degeneration of bursa of Fabricius and producing suppression in humoral immune response. Different vaccines are available in the market for mass scale immunization of chickens. Some contain more virulent and invasive strains than the others. Since the primary site of infection and inducement of lesions by IBDV is the hursa of Fabricius, the effect on the immune system may be significantly suppressive. This study compared two intermediate (228-E and BUR 706) and a mild (Gumborol CT) vaccinal strains of IBDV in terms of their ability to induce an antibody response and to cause damage to different lymphoid organs in chickens.
A total of 250 chicks (divided into 4 groups) were vaccinated with different strains of IBDV and the antibody levels were monitored using indirect haemagglutination (IHA) test every week post-vaccination upto 5 weeks. IHA revealed that the vaccinated with 228-E or BUR-706 had significantly higher antibody titers (GMT 8.0, 7.7, respectively) as compared to Gumborol CT vaccinated birds (GMT 3.0) on 35 days post-inoculation, On day 25 post-vaccination, some birds from each group were challenged with a fully virulent field strain of IBDV, to study whether the antibody levels were protective than the unvaccinated ones. Furthermore intermediate strains were found to be more damaging to the bursae and spleens than the milder one since lower bursal and splenic body weight ratios were recorded in them.
The study suggested the use of intermediate strains a vaccine since they induced high antibody titers as compared to that of the milder strain. However, more invasive and pathogenic intermediate strains used in this study caused more damage to the lymphoid organs harbouring B cells. So the need exists for an effective infectious bursal disease vaccine, low in virulence, which could be applied by a mass vaccination in chickens conferring excellent protection against the disease with minimum immunosuppressive effects.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0606,T] (1).
71.
Determination Of Protective Level Of Specific Antibodies Against Pasteurella Multocida In Vaccinated Cattle
by Shahid Nasir | Dr.Muhammad Aamin Sheikh | Dr.Kamran | Dr.Sameera Akhtar | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: The study was conducted on cattle to determine the protective level of specific antibodies against Pasteurella multocida. In this experiment a total of 50 animals were used, maintained at Livestock Production Research Institute (LPRI), Bahadarnagar, 0 kara. Fifty animals were vaccinated with alum precipitated formalized broth culture bacterin vaccine procured from Veterinary Research Institute (VRI), Lahore with a dose rate of 5 ml subcutaneously per animal.
rrhirty of fifty animals randomly were bled for collection of their serum sample on day 0 i.e. before vaccination and thereafter every two weeks post-vaccination till 16 weeks of vaccination are covered. The serum were processed for knowing the specific antibodies against Pasteurella multocida at various stages post- vaccination by IHA test.
The protective level of the specific antibodies against a challenge inoculum of virulent strain of P. multocida Robert's type-I was determined by passive mouse protection (PMP) test. The sera representing each titre of specific antibodies against P.multocida were used for passive immunization of 30 mice prior to their challenge.
GMT value on day 0 i.e. before vaccination was 22.6. The maximum 104 GMT registered on 42' day post-vaccination. Thereafter a decline in titre commenced and titres recorded for 8th 10th, 12th 14th and 16th week post-vaccination included 97, 64, 32,
21.1 and 14.9, respectively.
The sera with indirect haemagglutination (IHA) titre of 1:16 and above protected 100% of the challenged mice and with IHA titre 1:8, 80% protection and sera with IHA titre of 1:4 and below could not survive and 100% mortality was observed and all control mice died in response to challenge.
The maximum individual titre developed was found to be 1:256 and minimum individual titre was found to be 1:4 . The result of this study indicated a great relationship in IHA and PMP tests.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0631,T] (1).
72.
Standardization Of Indirect Haemagglutination Test For Surveillance Of Antibodies To Mycoplasma Capri
by Shaukat Ali | Dr.Muhammad Amin Sheikh | Dr.Asif Rabbani | Dr.Khushi Muhammad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1999Dissertation note: The present study was carried out to standardize indirect haemagglutination test for surveillance of antibodies against Mycoplasma capri. The Mvconlasma mvcoides sub species capri strain PG3, procured from Veterinary Research Institute, Quetta was used as antigen in the test. The strain was processed for its optimal growth in brain heart infusion broth and subsequently developed into an oil based vaccine for raising hyperimmune serum in the rabbit. The titre of the latter was made a base for knowing influence of various factors to be studied.
The factors examined included the antigen dilution to sensitize erythrocytes, nature and concentration of coupling agent (Tannic acid, glutaraldehyde), source of erythrocytes, interaction time and temperature.
One percent sheep and human group 'O' erythrocytes sensitized with antigeh through tannic acid concentration of 0.5% in phosphate buffer saline at 37oC for 10 minutes gave a titre respectively of 1:64 and 1:16.
None of the tannic acid concerntrations used (0.5, 0.05, 0.005%) sensitized poultry erythrocytes with antigen at either time interaction.
All the various glutaradehyde concentrations used (0.1, 0.2, 0.25, 0.5%) were unable to sensitize erythrocytes, with antigen, irrespective of the source concerned i.e. sheep, human or poultry sources.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0637,T] (1).
73.
Preparation And Evaluation Of Inactivated Infectious Bronchitis Virus Vaccine
by Tajammal Hussain | Dr.Muhammad Akram Munir | Dr.Khushi Muhammad | Dr.Shakil | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: The Live attenuated infectious bronchitis H-120 vaccinal strain virus (Biotech) was purchased and processed in the Microbiology Laboratory, college of Veterinary Sciences Lahore, for vaccine preparation. For this purpose harvesting of virus, ETD5O, inactivation of fluid. Safety and Sterility testing was done. The virus grow in embryonated chicken eggs with E1D50 was 10 5.16/mi. An oil-based lB vaccine was prepared by mixing one part of the AAF with 4 part of the oil-base. The oil base contained 4 percent emulsifier (Span 80). The vaccine thus prepared from the virus which commonly present in Pakistan in layers and broilers. The cost of the vaccine production was Rs.463/bottle (1000 doses) compared to Rs.2000/bottle of imported vaccine.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0651,T] (1).
74.
Passive Immuniation Of Newcastle Disease Virus Infected Birds
by Raheel Arshad | Dr . Khushi Muhammad | Dr . Khalid | Dr . Sa meera Akhtar | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: Present study was designed to determine the contribution of maternal immunity against the Newcastle disease (ND). In the study two hundred and ten white leghorn cockerels were used. A velogenic ND virus field isolate was used for the challenge. Lethal Dose 50 (LD5O) of the velogenic strain of ND virus was calculated which was 10.727. Maternal antibody levels of the chicks were determined on weekly basis by using the haemaggldtination inhibition (HI) test. The maternal geometric mean HI titre recorded at 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of the age of birds were 147, 157.6, 22.6, 13 and 2.6 respectively. The protection offered by maternal immunity in chicks challenged with 100 LD50 at 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of age was, 100, 100, 70, 10 and 0 percent respectively. It was concluded that birds having maternal hurnoral immunity more than 64 GMT showed 100% protection to challenge infection. The effect of immunized egg yolk to ND infected birds was also studied. The HI titre of immunized yolk was determined and then different HI units of the immunized yolk were prepared with normal saline. It was observed that egg yolk (1 ml, 64 HI units) injected to ND challenged birds showed 100% protection as compared to that of control group (given 1 ml of 0 HI units of the yolk). The cost of the production of immunized yolk was also determined that was Rs.0.35 / dose (1 ml : 64 HI units).
From the study, it was inferred that the hyper immunized yolk can be used as therapeutic agent to cure the ND infected birds.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0679,T] (1).
75.
Immuno Prophylaxis Of Entrerotoxaemia In Sheep And Goats
by Shahzad Jawed | Dr . Muhammad Naeem | Dr . Asif | Dr . Khushi Muhammad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 1999Dissertation note: The present project was designed to study the comparative efficacy of three different adjuvant (Potassium aluminium sulphate, Aluminium hydroxide gel and mineral oil) for enhancing the immune potential of enterotoxaemia (combined) vaccine. T)ifferent standard biological media alongwith the supplementation of amino acids, minerals, plants and animal extracts and special modified formulated media were used for the production of alam precipitated vaccine, aluminium hydroxide gel adsorbed vaccine and oil adjuvant vaccine.
It was concluded that addition of various ingredients, including yeast extracts, trace elements, amino acids, plants and animal extract, and cystine hydrochloride in proper concentration, increased the level of prototoxin and toxin in culture media due to the availability of essential required nutrients. Mouse model was chosen to study the safety and potency test of all the vaccines. The potency of all three vaccines was compared. In this experiment alam precipitated vaccine proved inferior to aluminium hydroxide gel adsorbed and oil adjuvant vaccine. In case of oil based vaccine especially in sheep the IHA antibody was significant in vaccine having potency of 750 HU/ml but on the other hand vaccine have potency 250 and 500 HU/ml were proved non significant, and the day 45 was proved significant in developing the antibody titre than that of 15 and 30 days. Same the picture was observed in case of goals that oil adjuvant vaccine was significant that of aluminized and toxoid adsorbed vaccine. It was observed that the protection afforded to goats by multivalent clostridial vaccine was higher than afforded to sheep.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0683,T] (1).
76.
Passive Immunization Of Infectious Bursal Disease Infected Broiler Chicks
by Fazli Rabbi | Dr . Khushi Muhammad | Dr . Khalid | Dr . Muhammad Akram Munir | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is a common problem in commercial unvaccinated birds and causing heavy economical losses to the poultry industry. Chicken layers when primed with oil based 113D vaccine at age of 13 weeks and boosted with the same vaccine at 15 weeks of age showed high titre of yolk agar gel precipitating (AGPT) antibodies against IBD virus when tested on 21 and 28 weeks of age. Storage temperature (+4°C and -20°C) had undetectable effects on the physical properties (color and smell) and AGPT titres of the hyperimmunized yolk contnining 0.5% forrnalin (v/v). r[he AGPT antibody titre of the hyperimmunized yolk had good correlation with the enzyme linked immunosorbant assay (ELTSA) titre of 113D virus antibodies (r: 0.92). The IBD infected broilers (28 days old) when passively immunized with the yolk (one ml: 64 AGPT units of IBD antibody titre) induced 80% recovery as compared to that of untreated (control) birds. It is anticipated that the hyperimmunized yolk may he used as a therapeutic agent to cure the IBD infected birds.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0687,T] (1).
77.
Preparation & Evaluation Of Alum Precipitated & Oil Based Haemorrhagic Septicaemia Vaccines
by Dr . Khushi Muhammad Zulfiqar Ali | Dr . Khushi Muhammad | Dr . Asif | Dr . Lrshad Hussain | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1998Dissertation note: Pasteurcila multocida was isolated and characterised on the basis of cultural biochemical serological and pathogenicitytests.The dense culture of the organism was achieved in a fermenter that was provided sterilized air during incubation. Two types of the formalin inactivated Pastcurclla multocida vaccines (oil-based and alum precipitated) were prepared and their efficacy was evaluated in bovine. It was observed that oil-based haemorrhagic septicacmia (HS) vaccine induced high level of indirect haemalutiiiating (IHA) antibodies in the vaccinated cattle which persisted for more than 6 months. In contrast, alum precipitated HS vaccine induced immunity breakdown in the cattle with high titres of IHA antibodies while induced mw level of IHA antibodies, which persisted for 4 months.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0694,T] (1).
78.
Preparation And Evaluation Of Newcastle Disease Virus (Mesogenic Strain) Oil Based Vaccine
by Shafi Ullah Chand | Dr . Khushi Muhammad | Dr . Sameera Akhtar | Dr . Shakil | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1998Dissertation note: The present work was proposed to prepare oil based Newcastle disease virus vaccine and to compare its efficacy with imported vaccines. An oil based ND vaccine was prepared using moderately virulent strain of NDV. The virus was cultured in chicken embryos. The allanto-amniotic fluid, chorioallantoic membrane and infected embryo (virus suspension) was subjected to titration. The HA titer of allanto-amniotic fluid (AAF), chorloallantoic membrane (CAM) and embryo was upto 512, 1024 and 2048, respectively. The MD50 was calculated to be 1088/0.1ml.
Effect of temperature on its keeping quality was determined by estimation of its HA potential at various intervals. The AAF was processed for inactivation, sterility and safety tests. Formalin at a rate of 0.12% inactivated the NDV in 48 hours at 37°C. Addition of antibiotic such as gentarnycin and nystatin inhibited common contaminants. An oil based NDV vaccine was prepared by mixing one part of processed AAF in 4 parts of oil base. The oil base contained 4% emulsifier span-80 and 1% tween-80. The vaccine thus prepared from moderately virulent strain was antigenically comparable with the imported ND vaccine. The cost of vaccine production using moderately virulent NDV was Rs.463/bottle (1000 doses) compared to RS.1250/- per bottle of imported vaccine. The price of one ml diagnostic antigen was calculated at Rs.2/ml.
The results of present project encourage to develop an economical and effective oil based ND vaccine and diagnostic HA NDV antigen.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0700,T] (1).
79.
Prevalence Of Bovine Tuberculosis In Cattle And Buffaloes
by Naveed Akhtar, M | Dr.Masood Rabbani | Dr.Hamid Jalil | Dr.Muhammad Akram Munir | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2002Dissertation note: Bovine tuberculosis is of great zonootic importance. The present project was designed to study the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis (TB) in cattle and buffaloes. Suspected population of live animals were screened out by intradermal tuberculin (IDT) test. Lungs suspected of tuberculosis were collected from the Lahore Slaughter House, for isolating the TB organism. Dogs brought to the Dog Hospital, C.V.S., Lahore were also checked for the presence of TB.
A total of 344 cattle and buffaloes were tested by IDT test. Twenty five (7%) animals were observed as positive to IDT test and seven (2%) animals were tested as doubtful. Milk and faecal samples were collected from the positive animals however none of the samples was positive for mycobacterium by microscopic or cultural examinations.
On microscopic examination of 20 lung samples only four (20%) lungs indicated the presences of acid-fast bacilli. While on culture examination 14 strains were detected. All the 14 strains were inoculated into rabbits intravenously to study the pathogenicity. Thirteen isolates were found to be pathogenic for rabbits. On postmortem examination there were typical tubercles on the lungs of rabbits.
Twenty five dogs were tested by IDT test. Two dogs i.e. 8% were found to be positive for tuberculosis. From the study it was concluded that tuberculosis is quite common in animals. Strong measures should be taken by Government and private authorities to eradicate disease from animals.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0724,T] (1).
80.
Studies On Comparative Efficacy Of Haemorrhagic Septicaemia Vaccines In Buffalo Calves
by Hassan, M | Dr.Sameera Akhtar | Dr.Masood Rabbani | Dr.Shakil | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: A total of eighty buffalo calves maintained at Livestock Production and Research Institute, Bahadurnagar, Okara were immunized againt HS vaccines. Alum precipitated HS vaccines were procured from Veterinary Research Institute (VRI), Lahore, Hira Pharmaceuticals (HPL), Lahore and Sindh Poultry Vaccine (SPy), Karachi. The oil based HS vaccine was procured from Nuclear Institute of Agriculture and Biology (NIAB), Faisalabad. The immune status of animals were studied using indirect haemaggluti nation test (lilA) and mouse protection test. The sera of the animals were examined for lilA titres on day zero (before vaccination) and thereafter on 15th, 30th, 45th, 60th, 75th and 90th day post vaccination.
All the test gave zero titre on day 0. A very poor immune response (GMT 2.1, 4.3, 2.8 and 2.1 for vaccines of NIAB, VRI, HPL and SPy, respectively) was observed on 15th day post vaccination. Maximum IHA geometric mean titres alutu precipitated vaccines of VRI, IIPL and SPV GMT 64, 64 and 52, respectively were recorded on 45th day post vaccination. Thereafter a decline in the titre commenced and titre recorded on 90th day for VRI, HPL and SPV were GMT 22.6, 22.6 and 14.9, respectively. The sera of animal vaccinated with oil based HS vaccine of NIAB showed high antibody titer than alum precipitated HS vaccines. The increase in antibody titre was gradual upto 90th day post vaccination. The IHA GMT was 73.3 on 45th day post-vaccination but titer was increased upto 90.5 on 90th day post vaccination. The sera having IHA titre of 1:16 and above protected 100% of challenged mice. The sera having titre 1:8 protected 80% challenged mice, but the scm with lilA titre 1:4 conferred no protection to the passively immunized mice. Furthermore, control animals lost their lives in response to challenge inoculum as 100% mortality was recorded. A strong relationship between IHA Litre and mouse protection test was found. The oil based HS vaccine gave better and long lasting immunity upto a period of 90 days. The alum precipitated vaccines gave a dismal picture and necessitates attempt for its improvement and switching over to other vaccines which may give long lasting immunity.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0725,T] (1).
81.
Passive Immunization Of Avian Influenza Virus Infected Broiler Chicks
by Muhamad Mahmood Mukhtar | Dr. Masood RAbbani | Dr. Khushi Muhammad | Dr. Shakil | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2002Dissertation note: Present study was conducted to determine the contribution of passive immunization against avian influenza disease. In this study, ten layer birds were vaccinated thrice at 21 days interval, using oil based avian influenza v irus (AIV: H7 type) vaccine. A high titer of anti-Al V-antibodies in blood serum and egg yolk of these birds was determined on 20(11 day post-boosting using haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. A virulent avian influenza virus (H7 type) with mean embryo infective dose (E1D50) of l0 was used for challenging the birds. The hyperimmune serum and hyperimmune egg yolk (1ml, 128 HI units) injected to avian influenza virus (H7 type) challenged broiler chicks showed 100% protection as compared to that of virus control group (given I ml of 0 HI units of serum and yolk). Moreover, it was found suitable to passively immunize the birds before exposure or simultaneously with the exposure of avian influenza virus. The cost of the production of hyperimmune egg yolk was calculated as Rs. 0.43 per dose (1ml: 128 HI units), which was quite economical as compared to other chemotherapies. It is concluded that the hyperimmune serum and hyperimmune yolk can therapeutically be used to cure the avian influenza virus (H7 type) infected birds.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0776,T] (1).
82.
Passive Immunization Against Hydropericardium Syndrome Infected Broilers
by Ghazanfar khalid | Dr. Khushi Muhamad | Dr. Masood Rabbani | Dr. Shakeel | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2002Dissertation note: In this project, passive immunization against hydropericardium syndrome virus (HPSV) infected broiler chicks was studied. The hyperimmune yolk and serum were raised in commercial layers by priming and boosting with formaldehyde inactivated HPSV vaccine. It was found that yolk and serum collected from the layers showed high titres of indirect haemagglutination (IHA) antibodies against HPS virus. Lethal dose 50 (LD50) of the HPS virus infected liver homogenate was calculated to be 1O-55/ml.
It was noted that the broiler chicks (26 days old) receiving yolk containing 256, 128, 64 and 32 units of IHA-anti-HPSV antibodies and virulent HPSV, simultaneously showed 100%, 100%, 100% and 60% protection. While the broiler chicks receiving serum containing 128, 64, 32 and 16 units of IHA anti-HPSV antibodies and virulent HPSV, simultaneously showed 100%, 100%, 40% and zero protection. The birds receiving yolk and serum of control group showed zero protection. It was observed that egg yolk (lml, 64 IHA-anti HPSV-antibodies) injected 24 hours before, at the same time and after 24 hours to HPSV challenged broilers showed 100% protection. While the clinically healthy birds 48 hours post challenge infection showed 60% protection and birds showing signs of the disease showed 20% protection.
The cost of the production of hyperimmune yolk was Rs. 0.50/dose (lml: 64 IHA units of anti-HPSV antibodies).
It was concluded that hyperimmune yolk could be used to cure the HPSV infected birds if administered immediately in the affected flocks.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0781,T] (1).
83.
Comparative Immunogenicity Of Different Hydropericardium Syndrome (Hps) Vaccines In Broiolers
by Arfan Ahmad | Dr. Sameera Akhtar | Dr. Khushi Muhammad | Dr. Shakeel | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2002Dissertation note: Formaldehyde inactivated hydro-pericardium syndrome (HPS) vaccine without any adjuvant (F-HPS), an oil based HPS vaccine (0- HPS) and alum precipitated HPS vaccine (A-HPS) were prepared and comparative immunogenicity was evaluated in broilers. These vaccines were injected to each bird of groupG1, 02 and G3 sub-cutaneously on 14t day of their age, respectively while the birds of group G4 were kept non-HPS vaccinated control. Each of the bird of each group was also vaccinated against Newcastle disease virus-NDV (LaSota strain: eye droppings) while birds of group G5 served as ND non vaccinated control.
Each of the vaccine induced detectable level of anti-HPS virus indirect haemagglutination (IHA) antibody titre. The 0-HPS vaccine induced higher titre ofthe anti-HPSV-IHA antibody titre that of F-HPS and A-HPS vaccines. All of the three vaccines induced resistance in the birds that showed 100% protection when were given challenge infection on 14 days post-vaccination while the birds of control group showed zero percent protection. At the time of challenge infection, anti- Newcastle disease virus haemagglutination inhibition (ND V-HI) antibody titres were same in the HPS vaccinated and un-vaccinated broilers.
It is concluded that all the vaccines induced effective immunity in the birds. The 0-HPS vaccine induced higher levels of anti-HPS virus IHA antibody titres than that of F-HPS and A-HPS vaccines. Moreover, non of the vaccine induced detectable level of immuno-modulatory effect on the anti-NDV-HI antibody titre of birds to NDV vaccine.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0787,T] (1).
84.
Bacteriological Examination Of Camel (Camelus Dromedarius) Milk With Particular Reference To Public Health
by Muhammad Ishaq | Dr. masood Rabbani | Dr. Muhammad | Prof. Dr. M. Akram Muneer | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2002Dissertation note: The present research was envisaged to study the bacteriological profile of raw camel's milk. A total of 50 milk samples were collected directly from the udders of healthy she-camels from various areas of Punjab and were examined for total viable counts (TVC), coliform counts (CC), effect of storage period on total viable counts and coliform counts, using milk ring test (MRT) for brucellosis and In-vitro antibiotic sensitivity tests for the isolates.
All the samples were found negative for milk ring test (MRT) and hence for Brucella abortus. Standard plate count was in the range of 1 .39x 10 to 2. 13x107 c.f.u./ml. The mean standard plate count remained 2. 1x106 C. f. u. /ml. The coliform count was in the range of 3 . 2x iO to 5 . 9x104 c . f.u.Iml. The overall mean for coliforms count remained 3 . 9x104 c . f.u . /ml.
The effect of storage period on standard plate count upto 12 hours was zero. At 24 hours, increase was not very high and it remained in the range of 0.008 % to 1.72% organisms per ml of milk. At 36 hours increase was in the range of 0.008% to 4.95%. Similarly the effect of storage period on coliform count was studied and it showed no increase in the number of organisms per ml upto 12 hours of storage. At 24 hours coliform count increase was in the range of 1.75% to 6.06% organisms/mi. At 36 hours, increase was in the range of 2.38 % to 9.09% organisms/mi. It showed that the storage period had no serious effect on the standard plate count and coliform count. Standard plate count (SPC) showed that 48 % samples gave between 1 .01x105 - 9.5x105 organisms per ml. which was not according to international standard of good quality raw milk. Of the total samples, 42 % gave the coliform count between 3 .2x103 - 6.2x103 organisms per ml which fulfilled the international standard of good quality raw milk.
Different types of colonies on milk agar, nutrient agar and MacConkey's agar were purified and identified. The species isolated from all the milk samples included; Staphylococcus aureus (14 strains), Staphylococcus epidermidis (8 strains), Escherichia coli (16 strains), Lactobacillusfermentum (4 strains) , Lactobacillus casei (12 strains), Bacillus cereus (10 strains), Bacillus subtilis (6 strains), Enterobacter aerogenes (4 strains) and Neisseria mucosa (4-strains).
In-vitro antibiotic sensitivity of different antibiotics with known concentrations was studied. Results showed that all of the isolated organisms were resistant to oxytetracycline, ampicillin and followed by penicillin while most of the organisms were sensitive to gentamycin, followed by chioramphenicol, kanamycin and streptomycin.
Escherichia coli was resistant to all the antibiotics used while gave intermediate results by gentamycin and penicillin.
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85.
Passive Immunistion Of Pasteurella Multocida Infected Rabbits
by Ali Ahmad | Dr. Masood Rabbani, Asso.Prof., CDL | Dr. Khushi Muhammad, Associate Prof | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2003Dissertation note: Haemorrhagic septicaemia (HS), an important bacterial disease of buffaloes and cattle, is caused by Pasteurella multocida. Improved management practices and regular vaccination programme have significantly contributed to lowering the incidence of the HS disease in our country. The outbreaks are mostly experienced in young animals, especially, calves (Sheikh et al., 1996). Present study was conducted to determine the contribution of passive immunization against HS in infected rabbits. In this study, 5 rabbits were vaccinated thrice at 21 days interval, using oil base haemorrhagic septicaemia vaccine (OBHSV). A high titre of anti-Pasteurella multocida-antibodies in blood serum was determined on 56th day post boosting using indirect haemagglutination (IHA) test. A virulent Pasteurella multocida with mean lethal dose (LD50) of 10-6.749 was used for challenging the rabbits. The hyperimmune serum (1 ml, 256 IHA units) injected intravenously to Pasteurella multocida challenged rabbit showed 100% protection as compared that of intramuscularly injected serum, which showed 66.66% protection. Similarly the antigen control group showed 0% protection. Moreover, it was found suitable to passively immunize the animals before exposure or simultaneously with the exposure of Pasteurella multocida. It is concluded that the hyperimmune serum can therapeutically be used to cure the Pasteurella multocida infected rabbits.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0816,T] (1).
86.
Passive Immunization Of Foot And Mouth Disease Virus Infected Bovines
by Sajjad Hussain | Dr.kushi Muhammad | Dr.Masood Rabbani | Dr.Zafar iqbal | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2003Dissertation note: In this study, passive immunization of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) virus infected bovines was studied. One-year-old buffalo calves were primed and boosted with an inactivated aluminized FMDV vaccine. It induced antiFMDV-serotype "0" and "Asia-1"-complement fixing (CF)-antibodies in their blood.
Antibodies against FMD virus serotype "0" (calculated-CF anti-body units) protected the FMD infected animals. It was observed that the animals receiving 1600, 800 and 400 CF-antibody units against FMD virus serotype "0" showed 100%, 100% and 25% protection in 24 hours respectively. The FMD infected animals (control group) receiving serum containing undetectable level of anti-FMDV-type "O"-CF-antibodies showed zero % protection. The serum samples of this group were found positive for antiFMDV-serotype "O"-CF-antibodies while negative for anti-FMDV-serotype "Asia-1"-CF-antibodies, conferring the outbreak of FMD virus serotype "0".
It was inferred from this study that the hyperimmune serum containing more than 800 units of anti-FMD V-type "O"-CF-anti-bodies can be used as therapeutic agent to cure the FMDV-type "0" infected animals.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0824,T] (1).
87.
Immunocherapy Of Fowl Pox Infected Commerical Layers
by Musarat Ishaq | Dr Kushi Muhammad | Dr.Khald saeed | Dr.Masood Rabbani | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2003Dissertation note: Present study was conducted to determine the contribution of immunotherapy against fowl pox disease. In this study 10 layer birds were vaccinated thrice at 21 days interval, using oil based fowl pox virus vaccine.
A high titer of anti- FPV- antibodies in egg yolk of these birds was determined on 20th day post2nd boosting using agar gel precipitin test (AGPT). A virulent fowl poxvirus with mean embryo infective dose (EIDso) of 10 8-7 was used for challenging the birds. The hyper immune egg yolk (lml,128 AGPT units) injected to fowl pox virus challenged layer chicks showed 90% protection as compared to that of virus control group (given imI of 0 AGPT units of yolk). Moreover, it was found suitable to passively immunize the bird before exposure or simultaneously with the exposure of fowl poxvirus. The cost of the production of hyper immune egg yolk was calculated as Rs. 0.33 per dose (lml: 128 AGPT units), which was quite economical as compared to other chemotherapies. It is concluded that the hyperimmune yolk can therapeutically be used to cure the fowl poxvirus infected birds.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0826,T] (1).
88.
Factors Effecting Activity Of Haemagglutinin Of Avian Influenza (H9 Type)Virus
by Asifa Rasool Bhatti | Dr.Sameera Akthar | Dr shakeel | Dr.Kushi Muhammad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2002Dissertation note: Avian influenza virus (AIV) was propagated in 09-day-old chicken embryonated eggs and after 72 hours post incubation the AAF and CAM were harvested and AIV was confirmed by spot agglutination test and agar gel precipitation test.
The AIV (H9 type) agglutinated red blood cells from chicken, dog, horse, parrot, pigeon, guinea pig, buffalo and human blood group O but it did not agglutinate the RBC's from sheep and rabbit. The
virus gave HA titer of 1:512 when RBC's from chicken, human blood group O÷ve and dog were used. Phosphate buffer saline, haemagglutination, inhibition buffer and 0.5% peptone water when used with chicken RBC's (0.5 and 1%) resulted in similar HA titer 1:512. However HA titer of the virus was low (1:256) when normal saline was used as a diluent.
AIV agglutinated 0.5% and 1% chicken RBC's in 35 and 25 minutes respectively and both concentrations of RBC's gave similar HA titer (1:512) in the presence of Phosphate buffer saline, haemagglutination, inhibition buffer and 0.5% peptone water. However AIV with normal saline and 0.5% and 1% chicken RBC's gave a lower HA titer of 1:256 in 35 and 25 minutes.
It was also found that RBC's concentration of 0.1% did not result in any agglutination by the virus, even after 60 minutes.
Storage of AIV at either 4°C or -20°C did not affect its hemaggitination activity in 6 months. However storage at 37°C resulted in loss of hemagglutination activity after 4 months. Storage at room temperature also resulted in loss of HA but at a lower pace as appended to 37°C temperature. However, vaccines prepared from the alliquotes stored at different temperature did not different in terms of antibody response (HI titer of GMT 137.2) indicating that the loss of hemagglutination activity did not corresponds with loss of immunogencity.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0831,T] (1).
89.
Passive Immunization Against Canine Parvovirus In Dogs
by Umer Ahmad | Dr. Masood Rabbani | Dr. Asim Khalid | Dr. Khushi Muhammad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2003Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0836,T] (1).
90.
Immune Response Of Broilers Against Newcastle Disease Vaccines
by Amoon Inayat | Dr.Khushi Muhammad | Dr.Khalid | Dr.Muhammad Akram Munir | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2003Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0838,T] (1).
91.
Studies On Teh Physicochemical Factors Affecting Keeping Quality Of Hyperimmune Yolk
by Jawad Nazir | Dr. Khushi Muhammad | Dr. Kamran | Dr. Masood Rabbani | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2003Dissertation note: Present study was conducted to investigate the production of immune yolk against multiple avian viruses and effect of physicochemical factors on its keeping quality. It was observed that peak antibody titers in the yolk of eggs laid by the birds vaccinated against avian viruses (Newcastle disease virus-NDV, infectious bursal disease virus-IBDV, avian influenza virus-AIV-H9 and hydro pericardium syndrome virus-HPSV) were attained on 4 weeks post-boosting which were maintained over subsequent 6 weeks and started declining thereafter. The immune yolk treated with chemicals (antibiotics, sodium azide and formaldehyde) was stored at room temperature, refrigerator and freezer. Any change in physical properties (color and odor) and antibody titer of the yolk was determined at day 0, 7, 14, 22 and 30 post-storage.
Antibiotics (penicillin, streptomycin and gentamycin) in the yolk during storage at room temperature inhibited the bacterial growth but permitted fungal growth that induced physico-chemical changes such as change in color, development of bad smell and reduction in antibody titer. Antibiotics / sodium azide treatment and freezing / refrigeration for more than 30 days showed undetectable change in antibody titer of the immune yolk. However, formaldehyde
in the yolk during storage at -20°C precipitated its proteins leaving clear fluid free from the antibodies.
Effect of chemically treated stored immune yolk was investigated on the recovery of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) infected layer cockerels (35 days old). Antibiotics and sodium azide treated fresh and stored immune yolk (at 4°C for 15 days) containing 64 units of anti-ND V-haemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibodies showed 100 percent protection in the birds. The immune yolk treated with the same chemicals and stored at -20°C for 30 days also showed 100 percent protection. However, antibiotics and sodium azide treated yolk (containing same titer of the antibodies) stored at 4°C for 30 days showed 70 percent and 90 percent protection, respectively. It is inferred that sodium azide in the immune yolk during storage at 4°C or -20°C might have preserved antibodies and hence such yolk may be used for passive immunization to treat the virus infected birds.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0840,T] (1).
92.
Standardizaion Of Indirect Elisa For Detection Of Antibodies Against Newcastle Disease Virus
by Muhammad Imran Najeeb | Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad | Dr. Azhar | Dr. Masood Rabbani | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2004Dissertation note: An Indirect ELISA was developed to detect Newcastle disease virus antibodies in chicken sera. Out of solid phases used flat bottom 96 well microtitration polystyrene plates proved best. Out of four types of antigens tested, crude antigen and alcohol precipitated antigen gave inconsistent results. An ultracentrifuged virus passed through sucrose gradient prepared from infectious allantoic-amniotic fluids (AAF) was proven best for ELISA antigen. However, an ammonium sulphate precipitated antigen prepared from AAF was also satisfactory. A comparison was made between the HI titers of chicken sera and the corresponding ELISA values. The ELISA is much more sensitive than the HI test.
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93.
Antibody Response Of Buffalo To Inactivated Foot And Mouth Disease (Aphtho) Virus Vaccine
by Nadeem Murtaza | Prof. Dr. Khushi Muhammad | Prof. Dr. Masood Rabbani | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2005Dissertation note: Buffaloes when vaccinated against Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) vaccine containing serotype "O" of the virus, showed detectable level of complement fixing (CF) antibodies. Buffaloes vaccinated with Aftovaxpur vaccine showed undetectable level of CF-antibodies when tested through complement fixation test using local vaccinal serotype "O" of FMD virus. However, buffaloes irrespective of age and sex when vaccinated with aluminum hydroxide adsorbed FMD vaccine containing serotype "O" of the FMD virus, showed detectable level of CF-antibodies, when tested through CFT using the local serotype "O" Of FMD virus. These antibodies disappeared fourth month post boosting. Buffalo calves immunized with oil based FMD vaccine showed high-level GMT titer (17.6) of the CF-antibodies. Rabbits immunized with the oil based FMD vaccine showed high level GMT (31.2) of the CF-antibodies. Low level of CF-antibodies might be sufficient to induce resistant to field exposure of the FMD virus serotype in the presence of blood complement. Sera of buffalo, cattle, sheep, goat and guinea pigs contained complement titer 35.2, 32.6, 19.2, 20.8, 614.4, respectively. Moreover, it was observed that complement activity remained stable when stored at -200C for 24 hours. The complement activity decreased from 1:512 to 192, 70.4, and 13.6 when stored at 40C, 250C and 370C, respectively. The complement activity was detectable when diluents containing Ca++and Mg++ ions were used.
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94.
Development Of Standard Protocols For Preparation And Evaluation Of Liver Homogenate Vaccines Against
by Sahidullah | prof. Dr. Masood Rabbani | Prof. Dr. Khushi Muhammad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2005Dissertation note: Twelve vaccines were prepared from HPS infected liver homogenate by using two different virus concentrations (1x102 &1x103 LD50) and two virus inactivants (1%formalin and 0.001%Binary ethyleneimine) with and with out different adjuvants. These vaccines were evaluated in 13 groups of day old broilers (105 chicks) for their comparative immunogenicity and protection. At day 14 of age, groups A1, B1, C1 & D1 were vaccinated with 4 oil base vaccines (OB-HPSV) with different virus concentration and different inactivants. Similarly groups A2, B2, C2 & D2 were vaccinated with aluminized vaccines (AH-HPSV) and groups A3, B3, C3 & D3 with non adjuvant vaccines (NA-HPSV). Groups E was kept as unvaccinated control group. All the vaccinated birds were found sero-positive 7 days post vaccination (PV). IHA GMT results indicated no difference for different virus concentrations and different virus inactivants but same adjuvant. The IHA GMT recorded weekly during 0-28 days post vaccination was the highest and more consistent (52-181) for OB-HPSV followed by AH-HPSV (52-147) and then NA-HPSV (73.3-104). All the birds vaccinated with OB-HPSV resisted the virus challenge 21 days PV (100% protection). While protection percentage recorded for AH-HPSV and NA-HPSV was 87.5 % & 62.5% respectively. It was concluded that 1x102 LD50 oil base vaccines inactivated with either formalin or binary amine may be recommended for commercial use being the best in experimental trails.
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95.
Propagation Of Hydropericrdium Syndrome Virus In Laboratory Host Systems
by Basharat Mahmood | Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad | Dr. Azhar | Dr. Khushi Muhammad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2005Dissertation note: Hydropericardium syndrome primarily affects the broilers between the age of 2-7 weeks. A vaccine prepared from infected liver extract treated with formaldehyde is being used to protect the broilers from the disease. The current study was carried out to propagate the hydropericardium syndrome virus in various laboratory host systems i.e. embryonated hen eggs, primary chicken embryo liver (CEL) cells, chicken embryo kidney (CKC) cells, chicken embryo (CEF) fibroblasts and BHK 21 cell line. The protocol for cultivation of primary chicken embryo liver cells, chicken embryo fibroblasts, chicken embryo kidney cells were standardized under local conditions. Liver samples were collected from HPS affected birds were processed and propagated in embryonated hen eggs, chicken embryo liver cells, chicken embryo kidney cells, chicken embryo fibroblasts and BHK-21 cell line. The comparative sensitivity to hydropericardium syndrome virus was studied. Five field samples were recovered out of seven after reproducing the disease in susceptible healthy broilers. These five liver samples were propagated in all laboratory host systems. It was recorded that hydropericardium syndrome virus could be propagated in chicken embryo liver cells and chicken embryo kidney cells. Hydropericardium syndrome virus could not be detected in AAF of embryonated hen eggs inoculated through allantoic, chicken embryo fibroblasts and BHK-21 cell line. Microtitration technique was used to determine the titer of the propagated virus. The serological techniques used to confirm the presence of HPS virus in cell culture supernatant and the allento- amniotic fluid were AGP test and serum neutralisation. Polyclonal antisera was raised using formalized liver homogenate vaccine and oil- based cell culture propagated vaccine. Polyclonal antiserum against HPS virus using oil-based cell culture propagated vaccine was found to Specific against liver homogenate collected from HPS affected birds.
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96.
Immunomodulatory Effects Of Flumequine And Enrofloxacin On Newcastle Disease Virus Vaccinated
by Waseem Abbas | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Akram Muneer | Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2005Dissertation note: An experiment was conducted to determine whether Flumequine and Enrofloxacin supplementation has any immunomodulatory effects on broiler chicks. A total of 192 one day old broiler chicks were randomly divided into four groups, each consisting of 48 chicks. Each group was further divided into 2 subgroups of 24 chicks. The chicks in group 1st were administered Flumequine, those in group 2 were treated with, Enrofloxacin and those in group 3 were treated with cyclophosphamide. Chicks in group 4 were not given any treatment. The parameters of investigation included the effects of Flumequine and Enrofloxacin treatment on live weight gain, feed conversion ratio, effect on various lymphoid organs (bursa of Fabricius, thymus, spleen and liver) and immune response of treated chicks to NDV-vaccination, post field NDV challenge mortality. Data presented in this study indicated that the Flumequine treated chicks had higher mean body weights, better FCR, higher NDV HI antibody, lesser overall mortality, no NDV post challenge mortality and no detrimental effects on their lymphoid organs, compared to the cyclophosphamide treated, and untreated chicks. The overall findings of this study clearly demonstrate that the use of Flumequine has good effect on growth and performance of the treated chickens. (Key words: Flumequine, Enrofloxacin, Immunomodulation, Broiler)
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97.
Passive Immunization Against Canine Distermper Virus In Dogs
by Ali Ahmed Malik | Prof. Dr. Masood Babbani | Prof. Dr. Khushi Muhammad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2005Dissertation note: Canine distemper is an important, highly contagious disease of dogs, caused by morbillivirus of family paramyxoviridae. The disease occurs worldwide in variety of hosts. In the present study, data relative to breed, sex and age susceptibility in clinically suspected cases of canine distemper was collected and analyzed. The disease is mostly seen in young nonvaccinated dogs of 4 to 6 months of age when maternal anti-CDV antibodies are decreased. Immune serum was raised in experimental dogs with commercially available measles live virus vaccine. The level of antibodies in the immune serum was determined by agar gel precipitation test (AGPT) and an ELISA based assay. Immune serum containing 128 AGPT units of anti-CDV antibodies was effective to control the disease in infected dogs after natural exposure to canine distemper virus. Finally the effective time for passive immunization against canine distemper was determined in experimental dogs. It was noted that immune serum offered protection to canine distemper immediately after infection, during the incubation period of the disease , 48 hours after infection and early phase of the disease(at the appearance of clinical signs). Passive immunization is not rewarding in the terminal phase of the disease (when infected dogs show nervous signs of the disease).Thus it is very useful for the prevention of disease in dogs kept with infected dogs in kennels and pet shops.
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98.
An Epidemiological Study Of Nosocomial Infections At Mayo Hospital, Lahore
by Tayyaba Ijaz (Phd) | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Akram Muneer | Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2005Dissertation note: The present study was designed to investigate the Prevalence of Etiological Agents of Nosocomial Infections in Mayo Hospital, Lahore-Pakistan of the 32,620 patients studied during 1997-2001; a total of 4502 (13.80%) patients acquired various types of nosocomial infections during their stay at Hospital. Clinical samples collected from various types of patients consisted of 1040 samples of Pus & Wound Swabs, 109 samples of blood; 115 of Pleural Fluids, 286 of Ascetic Fluids, 37 of Cerebrospinal Fluid, 1398 of Urine, 988 of Sputum; 329 of Burn Swabs, 99 of Patient Body Devices and 101 of Fecal and Drainage Material. The routine techniques for isolation. Identification through Biochemical, Serological and Antibiotic Sensitivity Testing were used for studying the Bacteriology of the selected samples. The present findings revealed that from a total of 4502 samples, 1287 Strains of Staphylococci, 429 Strains of Streptococci, 328 Strains of Enterococci, 781 Strains of Pseudomonas, 349 Strains of Enterobacter, 41 Strains of Acinetobacter, 26 Strains of Klebsiella, 140 Strains of Proteus, 1031 Strains of Escherichia, 67 Strains of Serratia, 93 Strains of Haemophilus, 119 Strains of other types of Gram Positive Bacteria, 13 Strains of other types of Gram Negative Bacteria, and 189 Strains of Yeast and Fungi were found as Etiological Agent for Nosocomial Infections.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0912,T] (1).
99.
Preparation And Evaluation Of Cell Culture Vaccines Against Hydropericadium Syndrome Virus In Poultry
by Jamshid Akhter | Masood Rabbani | Prof. Dr. Khushi Muhammad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2005Dissertation note: In this study a total of 9 vaccines were prepared, 6 vaccines were prepared from cell culture passaged HPS virus having TCID50 i' and inactivated with formalin and binary ethyleneimine (BET ) with and with out different adjuvant combinations. While other 2 vaccines were prepared from more diluted virus suspension with PBS (10 and 100 times) and were inactivated by binary amine and adjuvant was oil base. The 9th vaccine was prepared from infected liver homogenate (aqua base) and inactivated with formalin. These vaccines were evaluated in 10 groups of day old broilers (100 chicks) for their comparative immunogenicity and protection. At day 14 of age, groups Al, B 1, Cl, and C were vaccinated with four oil base vaccines with different virus concentration and different inactivants. Similarly groups Dl & D were vaccinated with aluminized vaccines and groups A, B, and El with non adjuvant vaccines. Groups E was kept as unvaccinated control group. Serum samples were collected from all groups on 0, 14, 28 and 42 day of age and subjected to AGPT for seroconversion. AGPT GMT results indicated difference for different virus concentrations and no difference for different virus inactivants but same adjuvant. The AGPT GMT recorded 0 & 14 day of age pre vaccination indicated the maternal antibodies against HPS in chicks were not protective level. The chicks became protective against the disease in most susceptible age. The AGPT GMT recorded 14 and 28 days post vaccination indicated the highest and more consistent (149.2 and 182) for oil base vaccines with virus concentration having TCID50 104.1 but for vaccines of diluted virus suspension then GMT was variable. Similarly aluminized vaccines showed (149 and 94.4) and non adjuvant cell culture vaccines showed (116 and 2.7) while non adjuvant liver homogenate showed (80.5 and 2.3). On day 42 of age, all birds were challenged with virulent HPS virus and percentage mortality and percentage protection for each group were recorded. Lowest mortality (0%) and highest protection (100%) were recorded for groups vaccinated with oil base vaccine. There was zero mortality and 100 percent protection were recorded for group Dl (BET inactivated) while in group D (formalinized) there was 10 percent mortality and 88 percent protection in groups vaccinated with aluminized vaccines. While mortality and protection in groups vaccinated with non adjuvant cell culture vaccines were 25% and 71.5% while in group vaccinated with non adjuvant liver homogenate vaccine was 50% and 44%, respectively. Cell culture oil base vaccine against HPS virus, having io' TCID50 inactivated with BET was concluded the best in experimental trails and has been recommended for commercial production after field evaluation.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0918,T] (1).
100.
Isolation And Biological Characterization Of H7 Type Avian Influenza Virus
by Syed Abid Hussain | Dr. Muhammad Akram Muneer | Dr.Azhar | Dr.Masood Rabbani | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2006Dissertation note: The present study was undertaken with the objectives to isolate and characterize avian influenza virus responsible for high morbidity and mortality in layers flocks in Karachi area of Pakistan. AIV H7 type was isolated from the morbid tissue samples by inoculating their tissue homogenate in the 9-1 1 day old developing chicken embryos. This isolate later declared as AIV H7 type, induced death of chicken embryos within 36 to 48 hours post inoculation. The type and subtype of the isolate was confirmed using known nionospecific antisera against various haemagglutinating viruses. Infectivity potential of AIV was determined by inoculating it in 9-11 day old embryos of layer, duck, desi-bird and pigeons. The AF from experimentally infected embryos, haernagglutinated the chicken red blood cells. However, the haemagglutination titer of virus in AF from eggs of various avian species was variable. For evaluating the survival/resistance of the virus against various chemical disinfectants, it was inoculated in embryonated chicken eggs following treatment of various dilutions disinfectants like Beloran, Zeptin and Formalin. These disinfectants were effective in inactivating the avian influenza virus at various concentration levels. For monitoring pathogenic characteristics, isolated virus was inoculated in the developing chicken embryos. The mean death time was evaluated as 42 hrs post inoculation. This investigation indicated that AIV-H7 type was widely circulating iii poultry flocks, and was causing high morbidity and mortality in the susceptible populations. The use of disinfectants like Beloran, Zeptin and F'orrnalin is suggested for inactivating the virus present in-and-around poultry farm premises.
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