1.
Biometry Of Femake Reproductive Tract Of Nili- Ravi Buffalo
by Atta-ur-Rehman | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Prof. Dr | Prof. Dr. Ijaz Ahmad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Knowledge of biometry of female reproductive tract of Nili Ravi buffalo is very
important for artificial insemination, pregnancy diagnosis, estrus detection and to deal
with infertility problems. Animals were divided into four groups based on age and
cyclicity, which were non cyclic heifer, cyclic heifer, non cyclic adult and cyclic adult.
Each group contained ten reproductive tracts collected from government slaughter house
at Lahore. Anatomical parameters of normal female reproductive tract (ovary, oviduct,
uterine horn, intercornualligament, uterine body and cervix) were recorded.
Mostly the shape of the ovary was almond in Nili Ravi buffalo except one animal where
the shape of the ovary was oval. Length, diameter, circumference, weight, thickness, and
ovarian bursa diameter of left and right of cyclic adult were significantly higher than that
of non cyclic adult and non cyclic heifer. Mesovarien length of left and right ovary of
cyclic adult, non cyclic adult and cyclic heifer was significantly higher than that of non
cyclic heifer. There was no significant difference in mean number of follicles, outer
diameter, total diameter and total length on both ovaries among different groups. There
was no significant difference in number of regressed, developed and hemorrhagic CL on
both ovaries in all groups. Length and thickness of left and right oviduct of cyclic adult
were significantly higher than those of non cyclic adult and non cyclic heifer while, in
case of oviduct weight there was no significant difference among different groups. Outer
length, bifurcation lepgth, total length, diameter, weight, circumference and uterine artery diameter of left and right uterine horn of cyclic adult were significantly higher than those of non cyclic adult, non cyclic heifer and cyclic heifer. In the same way that of cyclic heifer was significantly higher than that of non cyclic heifer. Thickness of left uterine horn wall of cyclic adult was significantly higher than that of non cyclic heifer and non cyclic adult but in case of right uterine horn there was no significant difference in thickness among different groups. Mean number of caruncles of left and right uterine
horn as well as length of dorsal and ventral intercornual ligament of cyclic adult and non cyclic adult
was significantly higher than that of non cyclic heifer and cyclic heifer. Mean length, diameter,
circumference, thickness and weight of uterine body and cervix of cyclic adult were significantly higher
than those of non cyclic adult and non cyclic heifer. Mean length, diameter, weight, diameter and
circumference of uterine body and cervix of non cyclic adult and cyclic heifer were significantly higher
than those of non cyclic heifer. There was no significant difference in mean number of cervical rings
among different groups of Nili Ravi buffalo while shape of the cervix was cylindrical in all groups.
Length of cervix protrusion in vagina of cyclic adult and non cyclic adult was significantly higher than
that of non cyclic heifer and cyclic heifer and that of cyclic heifer was significantly higher than that of
non cyclic heifer. There was no significant difference between left and right parts of female
reproductive tract except ovarian lengt, ovarian diameter, ovarian bursa d iameter and number of
caruncles.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1349,T] (1).
2.
Biometrical And Histological Studies Of Testes In Different Age Groups Of Azikheli Buffalo Bulls
by Salahuddin | Dr. Saima Masood | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Dr. Muhammad Shahbaz Yousaf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1797,T] (1).
3.
Comparative Volume Assessment Of Nili Ravi Buffalo Hoof Being Reared On Different Flooring Systems
by Ihsan Ali | Dr.Hafsa Zaneb | Dr.Muhammad Aslam | Prof.Dr.ijaz.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: The bovine hoof volume can be affected by various factors like age, breed, season, nutrition, and type of flooring. Concrete and abrasive floors increase the wear and tear of horn tissues while rubber mat lowers growth rate and wear and tear. The growth rate of claw horn is faster in yearling and young as compared to mature cattle. Keeping in view the above mentioned effects of age and flooring system on hoof morphology, present study was designed to
1. Estimate hoof volume as an indication of' hoof size in buffalo under different flooring systems.
2. Compare hoof volume of adult and immature buffaloes.
3. Compare hoof volume with body weight.
The study was carried out on two different flooring systems (concrete and soft) and consisted of 30 mature (11 years) and 30 immature (2 years) animals. Fifteen adult and fifteen immature animals were selected from Buffalo Research Institute (BR1) Pathoki, district Kasur and. the remaining 15 adult and 1 5 immature were selected from backyard farms in rural areas of Punjab (Sheikhupura). The age and weight of the animals were determined by dental formula and tape measurement method respectively. For assessment of hoof volume three measurements, (coronary band, base, and abaxial) were taken from medial (left and right) and lateral (left and right) claws of fore and hind
lim.b in centimeters. The measurements of lateral and medial claws of same hoof were added and the values were put in the following tbrmula:
Claw volume (cm3) = (17.192 x Base) + (7.467 AbaxGr) + 45.270 x (CorBand) --
798.5.
The data obtained was statistically analyzed using one way Anova and independent t-test. Significant differences of mean were obtained between right fore and right hind, left fore and left hind hooves of both adult and immature animals, Significant differences of mean were also recorded between hoof volume of animals reared on concrete floor at BRI and soft floor at backyard farm. The results were also significant with respect to weight bearing capacity between fore and hind hooves. No significant difference of mean was observed when volume of right and left fore hoof and right and left hind hoof was compared.
The results of our study showed that hoof volume is affected by flooring systems. The smaller hoof volume was obtained from animals reared on concrete floor as compared to soft floor.
When hoof volume reduces, risk of lameness increases because of decreased weight bearing capacity. Flooring systems greatly affect the hoof volume. The concrete flooring system decreases the hoof volume because of friction. While on the other hand soft flooring system of backyard farms allow less friction and sustain hoof volume up to much extent. Greater hoof volume results in increased weight bearing capacity which is a protective factor in reference to lameness.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1234,T] (1).
4.
Relationship Of Gender And Body Condition Score On Histomrphometric And Physical Characteristics Of Selected Selected Skeletal Muscles in Kundi Buffalo
by Muhammad Usman Saleem | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Saima Masood.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Introduction: Present study was conducted to study the effect of gender and BCS on selected skeletal muscle properties in Kundi buffaloes. Tenderness, juiciness and water holding capacity are the attributes of meat quality and are related with the muscle fiber number and diameter. Normal pH of the meat is 5.2-5.4 and any deviation from these values show that the animal was under stress before slaughter.
Materials and Methods: Four groups of 10 animals each were taken. The first group was of 10 male animals having BCS 1-4 and the second group was of 10 male animals having BCS more than 4. The third and fourth groups were of 10 female animals each having BCS 1-4 and more than 4 respectively. Samples of muscles trapezius cervices longissimus dorsi and semitendinosus were taken from each animal 24 hours post mortem. pH of the meat was measured with the help of pH meter 24 hours post mortem. Water holding capacity of the meat sample was measured 24 hours post mortem using Honikels gravimetric bag method. Samples were processed for light microscopy and stained by using Eosin and Hematoxylin staining technique. Tissue sections were observed for counting muscle fiber number and measuring the diameter of muscle fiber using a morphometry program.
Statistical Analysis: Statistical analysis was made using independent sample t- tests for the comparison based on gender or BCS between groups, and analysis with in a group was made using one way ANOVA.
Results: It was observed that the pH, WHC and muscle fiber number was higher in males as compared to those of females. Muscle fiber diameter was greater in females as compared to those of males. Animals with BCS 1-4 had a lower pH, greater WHC, larger muscle fiber diameter and higher muscle fiber number than those animals having BCS > 4. pH of trapezius cervicalis is higher than longissimus lumborum and semitendinosus but its WHC is lower than semitendinosus and longissimus lumborum. Longissimus lumborum has least muscle fiber diameter however trapezius has got the largest muscle fiber diameter. Number of muscle fibers in semitendinosus muscle is highest.
Conclusion: Through this research we determined that gender and BCS affect meat quality parameters.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1451,T] (1).
5.
Comparison Of Histological Alterations In Intestinal Mucosa And Morphometery Of Different Organs In Two Strains Of Broiler Under Selected Dietary Conditions
by Hafiz Yasir Ahmad | Dr. Saima Masood | Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Hafsa Zaned.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Organic acid are well known for their positive influence on the histomorphology of different organs of broiler birds. Present study aims to evaluate the effect of organic acid (formic acid and propionic acid) on histomorphology of two strains of broiler used in Pakistan. One hundred and twenty day old broiler chicks were divided into 4 groups (n=30). Out of 120 day old broiler chicks, 60 birds of Hubbord strain divided in two groups and remaining 60 birds comprising of Cobb strain and also divided in two groups. These Hubbord and Cobb strains further divided into Hubbord organic acid supplemented group (HOAS), Hubbord non-supplemented (HNS), Cobb organic acid supplemented group (COAS) and Cobb non-supplemented group (CNS).
All non-supplemented groups were fed a corn-soya based basal diet and supplemented groups were fed same diet with addition of organic acid (formic acid 70%and propionic acid 30%) in the ratio of 1gm per Kg of diet. At 21 day, fifteen birds of each group were slaughtered and measurements, weight of heart, liver, gizzard, proventriculus, small intestine and large intestine and also length of small and large intestine, were taken. Samples from all three segments of small intestine of all groups were processed for measurements of villus height by H&E staining. Same procedure was repeated after 42 days for remaining birds. Results showed that the organs of organic acid supplemented birds gained more weight than non-supplemented groups and supplemented birds gained more villus height than the non-supplemented groups. There was no significant difference of results showed between two strains of broiler except in case of villus length of duodenum and jejunum. All the results were same for both age groups (21 & 42 days).
It could be concluded from the results that organic acid has beneficial effect on the growth of different organs of broiler birds and supplementation with organic acid can positively influence the height of villus of small intestine but there is no significant difference between two strains of broiler in case of organic acid supplemented birds as well as non-supplemented group in case of villus length of duodenum and jejunum where hubbard strain of broiler perform significantly better than cobb strain of broiler. Hence organic acid improved the histomorphology of different organs of broiler birds which resulted in more absorption and utilization of nutrients which further led to improved growth performance of broiler birds.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1543,T] (1).
6.
Morphometric Evaluation Of Corpus Luteam And Ovary During Estrous In Nili-Ravi Buffalo Through Ultrasonography in spring and Dry Hot Seasons
by Abdur Rehman Ansari | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Dr. Aneela | Dr. Saima Masood.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Introduction: The current investigation was carried out to study the effect of season on
the morphometric values of corpus luteum and ovary in spring (February-April) and dry
hot (May-June) seasons in the same animals and to characterize the biometry of corpus
luteum and ovary during estrous through ultrasonography in Nili-Ravi buffalo. The
correlation between the plasma Progesterone concentrations and ultrasonographic
biometry of corpus luteum was also studied during estrous in spring and dry hot seasons.
Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on ten female Nili-Ravi buffaloes in
both the seasons (spring versus dry hot). The ultrasonographic measurements and
echogenicity of ovaries and corpus luteum were performed by using linear rectal probe
(Agro-scan AL) of 5.0 MHZ on alternate days during the entire length of estrous cycle.
The plasma progesterone level was determined by taking 10 ml blood samples by
coccygeal vein puncture on the examination day from each animal in test tubes,
containing EDTA. The collected blood was centrifuged at 4000 rpm for about 20 minutes
and then the plasma was harvested, labeled and stored at freezing temperature (-20 °C)
until progesterone (P4) evaluation through ELISA technique.
Statistical Analysis: The data obtained by the ultrasonographic examinations was
analyzed with the help of paired t-test and the correlations regarding plasma progesterone
(P4) concentration and the morphometric values of corpus luteum were determined by
Pearson correlation by using computer software SPSS statistics version 17.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1556,T] (1).
7.
Morphometric And Histological Modulation Of Broiler Gut Under Chronic Heat Stress With And Without Dietary Yeast Supplementation.
by Ghulam Abbas | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Dr. Saima Masood | Prof. Dr. Ijaz.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1620,T] (1).
8.
Morphological Modifications Induced By Mannan Oligosaccharide Concentrations In Small Intestine Of Rock Pigeon (Columba livia domestica)
by Muhammad Tahir Amjad | Dr. Hafsa Zaned | Dr. Muhammad | Dr. Saima Masood.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1625,T] (1).
9.
Evaluation Of Comparatrive Effect Of Zinc Bacitracin, Mannan Oligosaccharides And Lactobacillus On Broiler Performance, Gross Measurements of Major Organs an Intestinal Histomorphometry
by Rabia Tamkeen | Dr. Saima Masood | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Prof. Dr. Ijaz Ahmad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1673,T] (1).
10.
Effect Of Dietary Supplementation Of Catharanthus Roseus On Gross And Micro-Structures Of Selected Internal Organs of Broilers
by Saba Anwar | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Dr. Saima Masood | Prof. Dr. Ijaz.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1737,T] (1).
11.
Evaluation Of Comparative Effects Of Zinc Bacitracin, Lactobacillus And Mannan Oligosaccharide On Morphometric Characteristics of Tibia Bone in Broilers
by Muhammad Arshad Javid | Dr. Saima Masood | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Prof. Dr. Habib-ur-Rehma.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Background
Bone is metabolically self-motivated organ and it undertakes continuous remodeling. Skeleton provides structural support to the birds and serves as an important source of minerals like phosphorus and calcium. Bone strength and hardness is due to organic and inorganic sources. Bone mineralization is directly related to the bone density. Bone weakness is an important skeletal problem which causes economic losses in poultry industry. Leg bone deformities adversely affect the bird's performance. Antibiotics and its alternatives like probiotics and prebiotics in the feed have beneficial effect on bone health and bone quality in broilers. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the comparative effects of antibiotic, probiotic and prebiotic on morphometric characteristics of tibia bone in broilers.
Materials and Methods
160 one day old broiler chicks were reared under environmentally controlled conditions. The chicks were randomly divided into four groups with four replicates. Group I was served as control and fed only basal diet. Group II was given BD + 0.04% Zn bacitracin, group III was given BD + 0.1% lactobacillus based probiotic andgroup IV was given BD + 0.1% mannan oligosaccharide. On day 35, two birds from each replicate were slaughtered. Blood samples were collected for determination ofserum ALP level. Right and left tibia of each bird was separated and immersed in boiling water (1000C) for 10 minutes. Specimens were cooled at room temperature. Flesh was removed from each bone. After this, bone weight and bone length was
Summary
measured. Diaphysis diameter and medullary canal diameter was measured with digital caliper. Dry tibia bones were burnt in a muffle furnace at 5600C for 24 hours to calculate the %age bone ash.
Results
The results revealed that tibia bone weight, length, thickness of medial wall and lateral wall, %bone ash and tibiotarsal index of broilers supplemented with zinc bacitracin, lactobacillus based probiotic and mannan oligosaccharide presented the significant values (P<0.05) as compared to the control group. However, weight/length of bone index of broilers supplemented with lactobacillus based probiotic and mannan oligosaccharide presented the higher values (P<0.05) than the control and zinc bacitracin supplemented groups. Medullary canal diameter of control group was higher (P<0.05) than all the supplemented groups. Diaphysis diameter and robusticity index presented the no significant difference between the control group and all supplemented groups. Between different supplemented groups, tibia bone weight and weight/length index of broilers supplemented with lactobacillus based probiotic were significantly higher (P<0.05) than the zinc bacitracin supplemented group. Serum alkaline phosphatase level of all supplemented groups was lower than the control group.
Conclusion
It is concluded that antibiotics, probiotics and prebiotics improve the bone morphometric characteristics, bone density and bone quality in broilers.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1786,T] (1).
12.
Effect Of Supplemental Bacterial And Fungal Phytase At Diffrent Dietary Level Of Phosphorus On Tibial Bone
by Saqib Saleem Abdullah | Dr. Saima Masood | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Dr. Shela Gul Bokhari.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: The most organized sector of the agriculture is the poultry sector which has a contribution of 1.2 in GDP of Pakistan. It also generates jobs to approximately 1.5 million people associated with this sector. Nutrition plays a vital role in the growth of Poultry birds. Besides major nutrients and vitamins, many other elements play a key role in the development. Minerals are the nutrients that exist in the body and are quite important for the development. The skeletal system plays different roles in body like locomotion, support and it also provides a proper shape to the body. A continuous process of repair and regeneration occurs in bone throughout the life time. Bone related problems in broiler are the result of low production. Phytase enzymes help in digestion of phytate phosphorous which eventually have better effects on bone health.
Addition of Phytase enzyme in the diet results in better growth and development of the bones. Phytase enzyme breaks the antinutritional factor Phytic acid and releases the bound phosphorous that is than utilized by the birds. Keeping in view a 35 days research trial was conducted. A total of 140 birds were divided into 07 treatment groups with o4 replicates. Diet A was corn soybean meal with 0.45 %NPP NRC (1994).Diet B was 0.30% NPP + Fungal Phytase, Diet C was 0.30% NPP + Bacterial Phytase, Diet D was 0.15% NPP +Fungal Phytase, Diet E was 0.15% NPP + Bacterial Phytase, Diet F was 0.0% NPP + Fungal Phytase and Diet G was 0.0% NPP + Bacterial Phytase.
At the end of the trial, the data was analyzed by analysis of variance. The group differences will be compared by Duncan's multiple range test (Steel et al. 1997) using Statistical analysis was conducted with the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS for Windows version 20, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
Results show that there was a significant difference in weight gain (P<0.05) in groups supplemented with Phytase. The bone weight of the broilers with different treatments showed significant difference (p<0.05). It is evident that Group A (control); Group B, Group D and Group G are not significant. Group C showed significance difference when compared with all other groups and maximum bone weight is also attained by Group C. Bone length of the broilers with different treatments showed significant difference (p<0.05). Group C shows significant difference among all the groups and maximum tibial length is also attained by Group C. Diaphysis diameter tibial bone of the broilers with different treatments showed significant difference (p<0.05). Group C showed significance with all groups when compared with other treatment groups. Medullary Canal Diameter of the broilers with different treatments showed significant difference (p<0.05). Maximum Medullary Canal Diameter is of Group C.Weight/ Length Index of the broilers with different treatments showed significant difference (p<0.05). Highest Weight/ Length Index was attained by group C. The Tibiotarsal Index of broilers with different treatments did not show significant difference (p>0.05).Rubosticity Index of the broilers with different treatments showed significant difference (p<0.05). Lowest Rubosticity Index is attained by Group A (Control).Serum Alkaline Phosphatase and serum phosphorous level of the broilers with different treatments did not show significant difference (p>0.05). Whereas Serum calcium level was significant (P<0.05) in different treatment groups.
Conclusion
The results of the study conclude that addition of Phytase at low level of phosphorous results in increased weight gain and also increases bone density in broilers.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1798,T] (1).
13.
Effect Of Cigarette Smoke On Micro-Ardhitectur Of Respiratory Organs With And Without Dietary Probiotic
by Komal Khan | Dr. Hafsa Zanab | Dr. /muhammad | Dr. Sama Masood.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1847,T] (1).
14.
Alteration In Dimensions Of Different Mucosal Components Of Small Intestine Of Rock Pigeon (Columba Livia Domestica) Caused By Dietary Mannan Oligosaccharide
by Sahar ijaz | Dr. Hafsa zaneb | Dr. Muhammad | DR. Saima masood.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2013,T] (1).
15.
Effect Of Moringa Oleifera Leaf Powder Supplementation On Growth Performance And Gut Morphology In Broiler Chickens
by Imad Khan | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Dr, Muhammad | Dr. Saima Masood.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2139,T] (1).
16.
Evaluation Of Antidiabetic Effects Of Momordica Charantia On Microarchetecture Of Pancreas And Blood Biochemistey in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats
by Saad Khaliq | Dr. Saima Masood | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Dr. Muhammad Shahbaz Yousaf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2178,T] (1).
17.
Effect Of Moringa Oleifera Leaf Powder Supplementation On Morphometric Characteristics Of Bone And Skeletal Muscle Of Broiler Chicken
by Hafiz Faseeh ur Rehman (2013-VA-437) | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Dr. Saima Masood | Dr. Muhammad Shahbaz Yousaf.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Herbal extracts are being used as alternatives to sub-therapeutic antibiotics. Their mechanism of action involves improving growth performance through modulation of immune status of birds and increasing absorption of nutrients through gastro-intestinal tract. Moringa oleifera is one such herb which not only has antibacterial, antifungal properties but also have a good quantity of essential vitamins and minerals.
This study was aimed to analyze the effect of Moringa oleifera leaf powder in different concentrations (0.6%, 0.9%, 1.2% and 1.5%) on commercially important muscle characteristics and morphometric parameters of tibia bone.
Day-old broilers (n = 100) were randomly divided into five groups (A, B, C, D & E), each group having 4 replicates (n=5). Group A (Control) was fed basal diet while group B, C, D & E were fed same diet with 0.6%, 0.9% ,1.2% and 1.5 % supplementation of Moringa oleifera leaf powder for 35 days. Birds were immunized against Newcastle disease, infectious bronchitis and infectious bursal disease.
On day 35 of the experiment, two birds from each replicate were randomly selected and slaughtered by exsanguination. Blood was collected in plan test tube and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 5 minutes to harvest serum and alkaline phosphatase activity was measured in serum. After slaughtering samples of breast muscle (pectoralis major) were taken for pH measurement and water holding capacity (WHC). For histological slide preparation breast muscle sample were processed by paraffin embedding technique and stained by Haematoxyline & Eosin. Histomorphometry was done by using software (ProgRes®2.1.1 Capture Prog Camera Control Software).
Summary
38
The right and left tibiae of each bird were collected for the morphometric measurements. One-way analysis of variance was used to analyze the data. Group differences were compared by the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test Difference between groups was considered significant at P < 0.05.
The results revealed that water holding capacity (WHC) was higher in 0.6% MOLP, 0.9% MOLP and 1.5% MOLP supplemented groups as compare to control group. pH values of breast meat in all MOLP supplemented groups were significantly higher at o hour, 12 hour and 24 hour after slaughtering.
The supplementation of MOLP did not significantly affect muscle fiber density in breast muscle, but muscle fibre diameter of breast muscle from groups supplemented with 1.2% and 1.5% MOLP were significantly higher (P<0.05) than control group and group supplemented with 0.6% MOLP. The muscle fibre diameter of breast muscle of 0.9% MOLP supplemented group did not vary significantly from control as well as all other MOLP supplemented groups.
In tibia, bone length, bone diameter, medullary canal diameter did not change significantly in supplemented and control group. The weight of tibia bone increased significantly in groups supplemented with 1.2% MOLP and 1.5% MOLP when compared to control group. In right tibia, all treated groups ash% was significantly (P<0.05) high when compared to control group but the left tibiae the ash% of left tibia was significantly (P<0.05) higher in 0.6% MOLP supplemented group when compare to all other groups. The ash% of control group, 0.9% and 1.2% MOLP supplemented groups were significantly high than 1.5% MOLP.
The serum ALP level and Tibio-Tarsal Index did not vary significantly in all experimental groups. The robusticity index of control group was higher for both left and right tibia bone when compared to 1.2% MOLP and 1.5% MOLP supplemented groups. The
Summary
39
Weight/Length Index of tibia bone was also significantly high in 1.2% MOLP and 1.5% MOLP supplemented groups as compared to control group.
One of the most important considerations which should be kept in mind at the time of sample collection for WHC measurements and for getting cross section of muscles on slides for microscopic morphometry is orientation of muscle fibre and muscle fascicle in a given muscle. The muscle fibres of breast muscle (pectoralis major) in birds are neither perpendicular nor parallel with keel bone’s long axis but running at an oblique angle where the higher end of muscle fibre is on the lateral edges of muscle and lower end of muscle fibre is towards the medial end, so for sampling one must first ascertain muscle fibre direction and then they should be cut perpendicular to their oblique angle.
Conclusion
Supplementation of Moringa oleifera leaf powder (1.2% and 1.5%) in diet of broilers improved commercially important traits of breast muscle along with improving the mineral contents and strength of tibia bone. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2461-T] (1).
