401.
Determination Of Various Physiological Indices In Dogs Induced By Antipiroplasm Drug
by Tanzila Bashir | Dr. Imtiaz Rabbani | Prof. Dr | Prof. Dr. Ijaz Ahmad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1644,T] (1).
402.
Assessment Of Parasitological Contamination Of Fresh Ad Dry Fruits In Lahore
by Muhammad Anis Khan | Dr. Nisar Ahmad | Dr. Muhammad | Prof. Dr. Azar Maqbool.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Fruits are important part of human diet. Eating unwashed fruits is common in
many parts of the world including Pakistan, but these can be a major source of parasites.
A parasitic survey on fruits collected from major markets in Lahore was conducted for
the discovery of human and animal parasites. Ten species of fruits: Guava, Apple,
Sapodilla, Sweetsop, Strawberry and dry fruits: Apricot, Date, Persimmon, Fig and
Raisins were evaluated in this study. Fifty samples of each fruit and a total of 500
samples were taken for the study.
Hundred gram of each fruit was washed with a cationic solution of Hyamin
detergent containing glass particles for the elution of eggs. Concentration of eggs/cysts
was achieved by centrifugal sedimentation technique at 5000 rpm for 5 minutes.
Sediment was examined under microscope for the presence of parasite eggs, cysts and
larvae.
Examination of fruits revealed nine genera of parasites. All fruits were highly
contaminated with parasites with an overall prevalence of 35.2%. Of parasites studied,
Ascaris found to be the highest (36%), followed by Trichuris (14.3%) and
Trichostrongyloides sp.(11.9%), while the least common parasite was Fasciola (2.9%).
Fruits are the source of parasitic infestation. The most contaminated fresh fruit
was strawberry (54%) followed by guava (48%). Whereas the least contaminated fresh fruits was sweetsop (22%). The most contaminated dry fruits was fig (46%) followed by
date (38%). whereas the least contaminated dry fruits was (20%).
The results indicate that one of the important routes of parasitic infection is due to
consumption of unwashed fruits.
Conclusions:
Strong efforts should be made to prevent contamination of fruits and vegetables
during production, transport, processing and handling, much improvement is still needed
in our country if hygienic production of fruits and vegetables is to be ensured. This study
provides an overview of the hazards associated with eating contaminated fruits. Parasitic
infections like Cryptosporidiosis can be acquired by people if orchards or water sources
near cow pastures become contaminated from infected cows and people consume the fruit
without proper washing. The study needs to be carried out in other areas of Pakistan and
more fresh and dry fruits should be included in the study. Information regarding the
contamination of the fruits should be published in the national newspapers because
awareness of the public is very important for the control of these contaminations.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1645,T] (1).
403.
Effect of Equine Chorionic Gonadotropin (eCG) on the Follicular Dynamics, Estrus Eepression, Ovulation and Pregnancy Rate in Control Internal Drug Release (CIDR) Based Estrus Synchronization Protocol in NIli-Ravi Buffalo.
by Muhammad Ilyas Naveed | Prof. Dr. Nasim Ahmad | Dr. Amjad Riaz | Prof. Dr. Muhammad.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Buffalo is unique to livestock and dairy industry in Pakistan as its share is major (65%) in milk production major. Reproduction is crucial for profitable production in dairy sector. Buffalo reproduction is hampered due to small size ovaries, poor ovarian reserves, and less pronounced estrus intensity, ultimately leading to substandard fertility. Synchronization technology including CIDR based protocols are well established in cows and gaining popularity in buffaloes. However, this needs modifications based on estrous cycle physiology in buffaloes. It is hypothesized that addition of eCG at the time inducing luteolysis in CIDR based synchronization protocol will promote follicular growth, ovulation and pregnancy rates. The objective of this study is to determine the effect of addition of eCG to a CIDR based synchronization protocol on ovarian follicular dynamics, estrus rate, ovulation, and pregnancy rates in Nili-Ravi buffalo. Lactating multiparous suckled Nili-Ravi buffalo (n=63) milked twice daily were assigned in a CIDR (1.38 g progesterone Pfizer Co, USA) synchronization regimen. Animals were divided randomly to receive either saline (n=31) or 1000 IU eCG i.m. (n=32) (Chronogest PMSG, Intervet, Holland) concurrent with PGF2á (Dalmazine, cloprostenol, Fatro, Italy) treatment of the CIDR protocol (Day 6). Fixed time, two inseminations were performed at 48 and 60 hours after CIDR removal (Day 7). Number of follicles of variable size recruited at CIDR removal, dominant follicle size, its growth rate and ovulation time did not differ significantly between the groups. The estrus response was not higher significantly (P>0.14) in eCG group than control group but estrus intensity was significantly higher (P>0.001) in eCG group. Ovulation rate and 26 pregnancy per AI was higher (P>0.05 & 0.004) in buffaloes in eCG group. Therefore, It is concluded that eCG is helpful to improve estrus expression, ovulation rate and pregnancy per AI in FTAI program in Nili-Ravi buffaloes.
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404.
Oxidative Stabilization Of Butter Oil (Enriched With Iron) By Natural Nanti-Oxidant
by Ikramullah | dr. Imran Javed | Mr. Ishtiaque Ahmad | Prof. Dr.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: The chief purpose of this study was developed to check the natural antioxidant prospective of sesame oil against oxidation of iron fortified butter oil during storage period by using different concentrations and to investigate oxidative stability. Sesame oil and turmeric powder was used as natural antioxidants and was augmented in butter oil at 3 different levels i.e. 5%, 10% and 15% of sesame oil and 0.10%, 0.15%, 0.20% of turmeric powder in T1, T2 and T3 respectively.
These three treatments were matched with control T0 which did not contain any antioxidant. Butter oil was procured having 0.27% moisture. Then the antioxidants were augmented and mixed thoroughly and stored at 40 0C in an incubation lab up to 90 days. After that all the four treatments were analyzed to check the oxidative stability by using chemical parameters like POV, FFA, TBA, Shaal oven test and rancidity at zero day and after every 1 month of storage period up to 3 months.
The oxidation of iron fortified butter oil reduces their shelf life. These natural antioxidants are effective against oxidation. Due to this reason, a number of legislations of the world are emphasizing on the use of these natural antioxidants. Also at the international level there is emphasis on the use of natural sources of antioxidants to reduce the oxidation problems in food fat.
The Sesame oil was incorporated in the iron (Iron sulfate) fortified butter oil. To check oxidation, peroxide value, TBA value and FFA etc. were used as a tool to determine the oxidative stability. During the storage period, prepared samples were also evaluated to check their sensory attributes. The data collected was analyzed using two way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) techniques.
In Pakistan, a very little work has been done to check the potential of natural sources of anti-oxidants for the oxidative stabilization of fat based dairy products. This study will be highly helpful to explore the potential of natural plant source antioxidants against oxidative stabilization of butter oil. Fortified butter oil can also be further used to develop value added dairy products. In addition, we are able to generate an inventory for the replacement of health hazardous synthetic anti-oxidants by natural sources of plant anti-oxidants. That was a very positive exploitation of indigenous sources which can even be used as a reference in future to control the oxidation of fat based dairy products.
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405.
Evaluation Of Comparatrive Effect Of Zinc Bacitracin, Mannan Oligosaccharides And Lactobacillus On Broiler Performance, Gross Measurements of Major Organs an Intestinal Histomorphometry
by Rabia Tamkeen | Dr. Saima Masood | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Prof. Dr. Ijaz Ahmad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1673,T] (1).
406.
Comparative Study Of Different Closure Methods And Suture Materials For The Closure Of Jejunal Enterotomy In Dogs
by Farooq Ahmad Ch | Prof. Dr. Muahmmad Arif Khan | Dr. Aneela | Dr. Shehla Gul Bukhari.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1682,T] (1).
407.
Isolation And Characterization Of Phytase Producing Microrganism From Soil
by Ghazal Aziz | Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum | Prof. Dr | Prof. Dr. Tahir Yaqub.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Phytase is an enzyme of great importance because it is added as a biofertilizer to soil and added in animal feed to increase the uptake of inorganic phosphorous. Phytase production is the property of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) that harbor in rhizosphere part of the soil. These phytase producing bacteria can be utilized as biofertilizers as and can increase the soil fertility and crop production.
Soil samples were collected and screened for the production of phytase (an extracellular) enzyme on phytase screening media (PSM). Six bacterial isolates (PHY02, PHY03, PHY06, PHY07, PHY12, and PHY30) showed distinguished clear zones (> 6mm) on PSM. Isolates were identified as Lactobacillus casei PHY02, Enterobactor intermedius PHY03, Bacillus badius PHY06, Escherichia coli PHY07, Shigella sonnei PHY12, and Klebsiella pneumonia PHY30.
Effect of physical parameters (temperatures, pH and osmotic pressure) on growth and enzyme production by selected isolates was determined. Optimum growth and production of phytae by PHY02, PHY03, PHY06, PHY07, PHY12, and PHY30 (27, 9, 19, 40, 32, and 19 IU, respectively) was at 37°C. PHY07 showed highest enzyme production, followed by PHY30 and PHY02. Isolate PHY06 showed similar growth and enzyme activity at 37°C and 42°C but it was significantly reduced at low temperature. Effect of pH on phytase production on selected isolates indicates that all isolates produces maximum amount of phytase at pH 6.5. At pH 6.5 enzyme units released by PHY02, PHY03, PHY06, PHY07,
PHY12, and PHY30, were 26, 15, 19, 41, 19, and 32 IU, respectively. Production of enzyme decreased with the increase in osmotic pressure. PHY02, PHY03, PHY06, PHY07, PHY12, and PHY30 showed optimum enzyme production (27, 15, 17, 41, 18, and 32 IU, respectively) at 1 % NaCl in PSM (Figure 1C).
Effects of carbon source on both growth and phytase production of isolates showed that PHY03, PHY06, PHY07, PHY12 had significantly higher (P<0.05) cell densities and enzyme production in glucose, while PHY02 and PHY30 had higher enzyme activity at 0.3% lactose.
Nitrogen source in growing media also effects the growth and production of enzyme. PHY02 and PHY12 had better growth and production at 0.1% peptone, while PHY07 and PHY30 had significantly higher phytase level in media modified with peptone but at higher concentration (0.3%). Addition of tryptone in growth medium significantly enhanced the growth and enzyme production by PHY03, and PHY06.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1685,T] (1).
408.
Toxinotyping And Antimicrobial Susceptibility Of Enterotoxigenic Clostridium Perfringens Isolates From Muttion, Beef and Poultry Meat
by Madiha Khan | Dr. Jawad Nazir | Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum | Prof. Dr.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: A total of 300 meat samples including chicken, mutton, and beef (100 each) collected from local butcher shops as well as large meat outlets and grocery stores situated in various localities of Lahore were analyzed to determine the level of C. perfringens contamination. The samples were enriched in Fluid Thioglycollate Medium (FTM), purified on Tryptose Sulfite Cycloserine (TSC) agar that is highly selective media for C. perfringens and were identified by their culture characters, morphology and biochemical profile. C. perfringens was successfully isolated from 12 out of 300 samples with an overall positivity ratio of 4 %. A relatively higher percent prevalence of the C. perfringens was found in meat from local butcher shops (6.66 %) in comparison to the ones collected from the larger meat outlets (1.33 %) where meat is supplied under cold chain management system. Within each meat type a total of 6, 5, and 1 of the samples from chicken, mutton, and beef meat, respectively were found positive for the presence of C. perfringens.
Toxinotyping of the positive isolates was performed using commercially available alpha, beta, and epsilon toxins detection ELISA kits. Out of 12 confirmed isolates of C. perfringens only six were found positive for the production of various toxins. Three of the isolates produced alpha toxin and were grouped as type A, one of the isolate produced alpha, beta and epsilon toxin therefore confirmed as type B, one of the isolates produced alpha and beta toxin so belong to type C whereas one of the isolate produced alpha and epsilon toxin so it was grouped as type D while six of the isolates did not produce any toxin.
The toxin producing isolates were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing against 13 antibiotics commonly employed to treat the foodborne infections. It was observed that most of the antibiotics were effective against C. perfringens exhibiting a wider zone of inhibition around the antibiotic discs. All the six isolates were susceptible to the chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, metronidazole, and ceftriaxone. Five out of six isolates were susceptible whereas one of the isolate was classified as intermediate against tetracycline, lincomycin, and cefotaxime. Five isolates were sensitive and one was resistant to erythromycin. Four isolates were susceptible to penicillin and one each was intermediate and resistant to the antibiotic. All of the other drugs were relatively less effective with a least activity of amoxicillin against the isolates.
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409.
Isolation And Characterization Of Multidrug Resistant E. Coli From Urinary Tract Infections In A Tertiary Care
by Sumera Sabir | Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum | Dr | Dr. Muhammad Asad Ali.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Bacterial etiology of urinary tract infections (UTIs) admitted in or visiting a tertiary care hospital in Lahore, Pakistan was determined by conventional biochemical profile. Multiple drug resistance (MDR) of Escherichia coli, the most prevalent bacteria, was checked. Overall bacterial prevalence recorded was 80.4 percent, being highest in patients of intensive care unit (93%) followed by urology ward (87%), north surgical ward (85%), east medical ward (70%) and OPD (67%). Infection rate was higher in female (87.5%) than male (71.3%) and almost same in pregnant (86%)/non-pregnant (88%) female patients. Highest percent UTIs observed were in patients of 51-75 years of age. Percent infection recorded in catheterized patients (70.8%) was lower than non-catheterized (83%) and little higher in Diabetics (82%).
Out of biochemically identified bacterial isolates (n=402), highest number was of E. coli 321 (80%) followed by Staphylococcus aureus 38 (9.4%), Proteus species 22 (5.4%) and Pseudomonas species 21 (5.2%). Almost same pattern of isolation was observed among patients of different wards. On statistical analysis significantly higher number of E. coli was observed among isolates from patients of five wards included in study plan. Out of bacterial isolates from male (n=157) and female (n=245) patients highest prevalence was of E. coli (79% and 80%). Out of total bacterial isolates from female patients (n=245), number of was E. coli at the highest rank 90 (79.6%), in pregnant.
Among different age groups highest prevalence was of E. coli and lowest of Pseudomonas species. Out of 120 tested urine samples collected from catheterized patients bacterial growth was observed in 85. On bacterial identification by conventional biochemical characterization highest prevalence was of E. coli (56.4%). Out of pure bacterial cultures (n=70) from Diabetic patients highest number identified was of E. coli 54 (77.1%) followed by Staphylococcus aureus 8 (11.4%), Proteus 2 (2.8%) and 6 (8.57%) were Pseudomonas species.
According to Antibiotic sensitivity testing results E. coli showed highest resistance to penicillin/amoxicillin (100%) followed by cefotaxime (89.7%), ceftazidime (73.8%), Cephradin (73.8%), tetracycline (69.4%), doxycycline (66.6%), augmentin (62.6%), gentamycin (59.8%), cefuroxime (58.2%), ciprofloxacin (54.2%), Cefaclor (50%), Aztreonam (44.8%), ceftriaxone (43.3%), imipenem (43.3%), streptomycin (30%), kanamycin (19.9%), Tazocin (14%), Amikacin (12.7%) and lowest to norfloxacin (11.2%). Out of 321 E. coli 261 (81%) were declared MDR being resistant to three or more antibiotic classes. Most of the urinary tract infections in human beings are caused by E. coli which show resistance to multiple antibiotics.
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410.
Effect of Timing of Artificial Insemination and Ovulation in Relation to Onset of Standing Heat on Pregnancy Rate in Nili-Ravi Buffaloes
by Umair Riaz | Prof. Dr. Nasim Ahmad | Dr. Mian Abdul Sattar | Prof. Dr.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Artificial insemination (AI) is one of the first and most influential biotechnologies of animal agriculture. To be beneficial artificial insemination must be done properly. There are many factors involved in quality of AI performance, including insemination technique, technician, semen quality, cleanliness, etc. However, the single most important factor in achieving high conception rate in buffalo is the timing of AI relative to the timing of ovulation. Application of AI is difficult because of poor estrus expression by buffaloes and poor estrus detection by owners, a highly variable duration of estrus and the difficulty to predict time of ovulation. The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of A.I at different time intervals (0, 12, 24 hours after the onset of standing heat) in relation to time of ovulation on pregnancy rate in buffalo. For this purpose, buffaloes with average body condition 2.5 ± 0.5 at Livestock Experimental Station Bhuneki, Buffalo Research Institute, Pattoki District Kasur during breeding season (September to December) were exposed to teaser bull two times in a day at 12 hours interval (6:00 am in morning and 6:00 pm in evening) to determine the standing heat (0h). Buffaloes, allocated randomly, at different time intervals i.e., either 0, 12 or 24 hours after the onset of standing heat were bred artificially using frozen thawed semen. Trans-rectal ultrasonography (HS 1500V; Honda; Japan, with 7.5 MHz transducer) was used to determine ovarian follicular development and ovulation, from onset of standing heat till ovulation after every 12 hours. Pregnancy status was determined by ultrasonography, 30 to 40 days post AI. Results revealed that the overall time of ovulation from onset of standing heat averaged 35.33 ± 0.21 h. Pregnancy rates were 26% (8/30) at 0 h, 37% (10/27) at 12 h and 53% (15/28) at 24 h after the onset of standing heat. It is concluded that timing of ovulation is about 35 h and 24
maximum pregnancy rate are achieved when bred after 24 hours after the onset of heat in buffaloes.
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411.
Effect Of Control Internal Drug Release & Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Administration On Day 7 After Fixed Time
by Ali Husnain | Prof. Dr. Nasim Ahmad | Dr Mian Abdul sattar | Prof. Dr.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1697,T] (1).
412.
Factor Analysis Of Biometric Traits Of Dhanni Cattle
by Khuram Shahzad | Dr. Nisar Ahmad | Dr. Muhammad Younas Gondal | Prof.Dr.khalid.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1702,T] (1).
413.
Role Of Cyprinus Carpio In Innutrient Dynamics Of Fish Ponds Under Polyculture System
by Muhammad Ahmad | Dr. Sumaira Abbas | Prof. Dr. muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: The present project was planned to study gradual replacement of Cirrhinus mrigala with Cyprinus carpio and its impact on pond ecosystem. 900 fish individuals belonging to six species viz. Catla catla, Labeo rohita, Cirrhinus mrigala, Ctenopharyngodon idella, Hypophythylmichthys molitrix and Cyprinus carpio were stocked in four earthen ponds. The dimensions of each pond were 220 X 198 X 7 feet length, breadth and depth. The stocking density in pond 1 (T1) was C. catla 150, L. rohita 200, C. mrigala 200, C. idella 150, H. molitrix 150 and C. carpio 50. The stocking density of C. mrigala and C. carpio in pond 2 (T2) was 150 and 100, in pond 3 (T3), 100 and 150 and in pond 4 (T4) it was 50 and 200, respectively while the stocking density of all the other four fish species remained constant in all the four ponds. All the fish were fed with a diet of 25.16% crude protein @ 2% body weight. C. idella and C. mrigala showed maximum growth in T1, C. catla and H. molitrix in T2, L. rohita and C. carpio in T3. Maximum growth was observed in T3 followed by T4, T1 and T2. Among fish species C. idella and C. carpio showed higher growth rates than the rest of fish species. Our results reveal that in polyculture system stocking density of C. mrigala and C. carpio in a ratio of 1: 1.5 gives better results.
In treatment 1 pond higher SGR 0.552% was observed in H. molitrix and lower 0.238 in C. carpio. Similarly, in T2 pond maximum SGR 0.703% was observed in H. molitrix and minimum 0.260% in C. idella. Maximum SGR 0.409 % was observed in H. molitrix in on T3 pond while it was minimum 0.153 in C. mrigala. In T4 pond maximum SGR 0.322% was observed in L. rohita while it was minimum 0.139 in C. idella.
During present study major water quality parameters remained in the favorable range for fish culture, average value of temperature remained in the range 27.08 to 28.66 oC, salinity 0.86 to 0.99 ppt, DO 5.15 to 5.91 mg/L, EC ranges from 2.23 to 2.32 Ms/cm and pH ranges from 8.04 to 8.23 were observed within the optimum range throughout the experiment. Statistically significant variations in nitrate content of water were observed in T1 and T4 ponds while non-significant differences for nitrates were recorded in T2 and T3 ponds. Similarly, phosphates in water showed significant differences in T1 as compared to T3 and T4 ponds while T2, T3 and T4 showed non-significant differences for phosphates. Light penetration varied significantly between T1, T2 and T4 ponds and its values varied from minimum 18.17±0.946 cm in T4 to maximum 25.50±1.057 cm in T1 ponds
The phytoplankton density was similar in ponds during the given period except the start month of study the low plankton values in April due to the ponds being filled with fresh water and immediately stocked with fish. The density of zooplankton components was higher under T3 where silver carp gained more weight. A total of 11 species of Bacillariophyceae, 10 species of Cyanophyceae, 30 species of Chlorophyceae, 2 species of Euglenophyceae, 3 species of Cladocera, 4 species of Copepoda, 9 species of Myxophyceae, 9 species of Crustacea, 11 species of Rotatoria and 1 species of Olygochaeta were identified. The number of identified species was relatively small, consisting of eurytopic species only, possibly as a result of the heavy activity these ponds suffered. Microcrustaceans, being valuable food organism for many fish species, were represented by genera Daphnia, Cyclops, Bosmina, Moina and Scapholeberis.
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414.
Seroprevalence Of Toxoplasmosis In Goats And Their Attendants In Dort Minro (D.G.Khan), Punjab (Pakistan)
by Shams-ur-Rehman | Prof. Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad | Dr. Muhammad Hassan Mushtaq.
Material type: ; Format:
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drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Toxoplasmosis is a protozoan disease of cats, however all warm blooded animals comprising mammals, birds and human beings can be infected with it. The disease is manifested by abortion, resorption, neonatal loses, birth of weak kids, birth defects and mummification of fetuses in pregnant animals. Global seroprevalence of Toxoplasmosis is continuously evolving in animals and human beings. Keeping in view the zoonotic importance of Toxoplasmosis, the present study was conducted, in Fort Minro, to determine the seroprevalence and potential risk factors of Toxoplasmosis in goats and their attendants.
A total of 52 pastoral goat herds with herd size of "?20 - ?40" animals per herd were selected by convenient sampling technique. Out of these 52 pastoral herds, 237 goats were selected by systematic sampling method i.e each 5th unit was selected for sampling. The goats were sampled if the age of goats was ?6 months. Most common breeds of these herds were, Pahari and Hairy goat breed. A total of 92 herd attendants were also selected to determine the zoonotic potential of Toxoplasmosis in Farm workers / attendants.
All serum samples were screened by LAT. For this purpose, the commercial Latex agglutination kit (Wiener Laboratorios S.A.I.C. Riobamba 2944, 2000 Rosario Argentina) was used for detection of specific antibodies of T.gondii in serum of goats and their attendants. A herd was considered as a positive, if at least one goat was found to be positive in that specific herd. Out of total 52 goat herds, 36 herds presented at least one or more than one seropositive animal. The number of positive animals in each herd, ranged from 1-10 animals. Out of 237 goats, 64 goats were positive for Toxoplasma gondii antibodies. Thus overall seroprevalence of Toxoplasmosis in goats was 27%. The seroprevalence was significantly high in female goats (21.5%) as compared to males (5.5%). Kajli/Pahari goat breed was more positive (14.8%) as compared to Hairy goats (12.2%). An increase trend of seropositivity was observed in goats with increase in age. Age group of "?3 years" of goats had highest share of percentage prevalence to overall prevalence of Toxoplasmosis, followed by age group "?1-<3 years", while age group "?6 m-<1Year" had lowest share of percentage prevalence to overall prevalence. Prevalence in males had 5.5% share in overall prevalence (27%) while prevalence in females had 21.5% share in overall prevalence. Data analysis of various risk factors determined that natural reservoirs of water, pastoral grazing and presence of cats and dogs were major risk factor of Toxoplasmosis in goat herds. Access of cats to drinking water and food resources and eating medium cooked meat were major risk factors for goat attendants.
High prevalence of Toxoplasmosis in goats and Farm workers, suggests that Toxoplasmosis is endemic in the study area and further epidemiological studies should be focused on goat meat, milk and milk products. It is concluded that Toxoplasmosis can be reduce in human beings and animals by reducing risk factors and maintaining proper hygienic measures.
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415.
Studies On Risk Factors Associated With Transmission Of Escherichia Coli O157: H7 In Abattoir Environment
by Samiullah Khan | Prof. Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad | Dr. Muhammad Hassan Mushtaq.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1711,T] (1).
416.
Association Of Antimicrobial Resistant Campylobacter With Poultry Meat At Retailer Shops In Lahore Through Cross-Sectional Study
by Abdul Moeed | Prof. Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad | Dr. Muhammad Hassan Mushtaq.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: 6.1 Background
Antimicrobial resistance is an under-appreciated threat to public health in nations around the globe. With globalization booming, it is important to understand international patterns of resistance. Thermotolerant Campylobacter spp. are considered to be the most frequent cause of human acute bacterial enteritis worldwide, furthermore, numerous transmission vehicles are known, but raw milk, untreated surface water and especially poultry meat are major sources of human infections. In Pakistan studies reveal that among meat samples, the highest prevalence (48%) of Campylobacter was recorded in raw chicken. Therefore, the increasing level of resistance to the antibiotics among Campylobacter spp. is recognized as emerging public health problem.
6.2 Hypothesis
" Campylobacter spp. was present in the poultry meat at retailer shops.
" Unhygienic measures concerning to meat handling had a considerable effect on the prevalence of antimicrobial resistant Campylobacter.
6.3 Methodology
A cross sectional study of 3 months duration was carried out in the Lahore city of Punjab, Pakistan. Using the standard microbiological techniques and statistical analysis, the prevalence of Campylobacter and its pattern of antibiotic resistance were evaluated. Furthermore, through premeditated questionnaires, public awareness regarding meat-borne diseases, food safety and inappropriate usage of antibiotics were assessed as well.
6.4 Statistical design
Data will be analyzed by using SPSS version 20.0. Quantitative variable were presented by using mean ± S.D. Qualitative variable were presented with help of frequency tables, pie charts and bar charts. Chi-square test was applied to see the association among different variables. P value <0.05 was be taken as significant.
6.5 Outcome
Through this cross-sectional study, the prevalence and pattern of the antibiotic resistant campylobacter was assessed; moreover public awareness with special reference to food safety, knowledge of meat borne diseases and usage of antibiotics wereevaluated. Furthermore, one could play an influential role in public health by dissemination of awareness among the masses about the proper usage of antibiotics and food safety measures.
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417.
Nosocomial Infections At Intensive Care Unit In A Tertiary Care Hospital In Lahore City
by Ajmal Iqbal | Prof. Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad | Dr. Muhammad Hassan Mushtaq.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1729,T] (1).
418.
Antibody Response Of Buffalo Calves To Oil Based Multivalent (Pasteurella Multocida, Clostridium Chauvoei And FMD Virus "O' "A" and "Asia1") Vaccine
by Muhammad Farooq | Prof. Dr. Khushi Muhammad | Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum | Prof. Dr.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Microbial diseases are one of the constraints for further development of dairy industry as a profitable enterprise. The diseases are causing heavy economic losses to the industry. The diseases such as Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD), Hemorrhagic Septicemia (HS), Black Quarter (BQ),etc., are endemic in Pakistan and perpetuate among the dairy animals. These diseases can be effectively controlled by vaccination.
FMD virus "O", "A" and "Asia 1" were grown on BHK-21 and were inactivated with BEI. Culture of P. multocida and Cl. chauvoeiwere grown on CSY and RCM media, respectively and inactivated with formalin. The vaccine containing 0.2 x 107 units of TCID50of each serotype of FMD virus ("O", "A" and "Asia1"), 2 mg of Pasteurella multocida and 250 Hemolytic units of Clostridium chauvoei per dose were prepared. Oil adjuvanted vaccines of HS, HS + BQ, HS + FMD ("O", "A" and "Asia 1"), BQ, BQ+ FMD ("O", "A" and "Asia 1"), FMD ("O", "A" and "Asia 1") and HS + BQ + FMD ("O", "A" and "Asia 1") were prepared and injected into the buffalo calves in 7 group of 3(n=3) animals each separately at Living Dairies, Chunian. 8th group of three animals was kept as negative control. Antibody response against FMD virus, Cl. chauvoei and P. multocida were measured by CFT, Anti hemolytic Assay and IHA, respectively at day 0, 30, 60 and 90 post vaccinations. Two groups (n=3) of calves vaccinated with whole culture FMD vaccine and NSP free FMD vaccine. Data was analyzed by one way ANOVA procedure and significance was determined by Duncan Multiple Range Test through SPSS version 13.
The vaccine when injected in buffalo calves induced Log22.00±1.00units of anti FMD "O" CFT antibody titer, Log22.22±1.00 units of anti FMD "A" CFT antibody titer, Log22.22±0.84 units of anti FMD "Asia 1" CFT antibody titer; Log22.99±0.58 units of Indirect Haemagglutinating (IHA) units of antibody against Pasteurella multocida and Log25.44±1.02, Anti Hemolytic Units (AHU) of the antibodies against hemolytic toxins of Clostridium chauvoei. There was no significant difference among the titers of FMDV "O", "A" and "Asia 1"; Pasteurella multocida and Clostridium chauvoei whether used in monovalent or in multivalent.In present study anti-NSP-FMD virus ELISA antibodies in the animals vaccinated with FMD (whole culture) vaccine were undetectable on 15 days post priming while detectable on 30 and 45 days post priming. However anti-NSP-FMD virus ELISA antibodies in the animals vaccinated with FMD (NSP free) vaccine were undetectable on 15, 30 and 45 days post priming. Moreover these antibodies were detectable in FMD carrier animals on 15 days post recovery.Cellular pellet of Pasteurella multocida, Clostridium chauvoei can be used to further minimizing the volume of culture required and further Brucella abortis vaccine can be added in it in conjunction with FMD. This will revolutionize the field of vaccination in Pakistan.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1732,T] (1).
419.
Immunohistochemical Identification Of Adenovirus Type 4 In Liver, Heart, Kidney, And Pancreas Of Broiler Chicken
by Muhammad Tanzil-ur-Rehman | Dr. Muti-ur-Rehman Khan | Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum | Dr. Yasin Tipu.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1736,T] (1).
420.
Seasonal Variations In The Testicular And Seminal Characteristics Of Cholistani Bulls
by Umer Farooq | Prof. Dr. Ijaz Ahmad | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Prof. Dr. Habib Rehman | Faculty of Biosciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
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not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: All the indigenous cattle of Pakistan belong to Zebu (one-humped) cattle (Bos indicus). There are 15 recognized indigenous breeds of cattle which constitute 43% of the total cattle population in the country. Hefty work has been documented on many aspects of Sahiwal and Red Sindhi breeds of cattle in their respective local climates which have rightly gained them an international fame as being the vital tropical milk breeds of Pakistan. However, scanty work has so far been reported on reproductive indices of other indigenous cattle breeds of Pakistan such as Dajal, Cholistani etc under their local climatic conditions, and their potential still remains unearthed. Hence, it is the dire need of time to comprehend the urgency of protection and propagation of the indigenous cattle breeds of Pakistan at every front.
Following the global lead, an effort has been made through the present study to highlight a formerly neglected indigenous cattle breed of Pakistan- Cholistani- being reared by the nomadic herders of the Cholistan desert, Pakistan. The study was executed with a specific objective to assess baseline data, seasonal variations and correlations between various non invasive, readily measurable reproductive [age, body weight (BW) and orchidometric parameters viz. scrotal circumference (SC), scrotal skin fold thickness (SSFT), average testicular length (Avg L), average testicular width (Avg W) and paired testicular volume (PTV)], seminal (fresh semen and seminal plasma) and haematobiochemical attributes of Cholistani AI bulls (n=06). Keeping in view the prevailing climatic conditions of the study area, 4 seasons of 2 months duration each were defined as i) stress free autumn (October-November), ii) stressful winter (December-January), stressful dry summer (May-June) and iv) stressful wet summer (July-August).
The overall mean values (± SEM) for age, BW, SC, SSFT and PTV in the present study were 92.83±2.63months, 527.55±4.5kg, 35.39±0.28cm, 1.03±0.02cm and 851.84±16.34cm3, respectively. The BW was recorded to be significantly lower (P<0.05) during the stress free autumn (507.08±8.26kg), however no significant difference was found in the remaining stressful seasons of winter, dry and wet summer. The SSFT was significantly higher (P<0.05) in stress free autumn (1.07±0.04cm) and winter (1.13±0.05cm) being followed by that in wet summer (0.97±0.02cm) and dry summer (0.94±0.03cm). SC and PTV were found to be constant during all the study seasons with no significant variation. Significantly positive correlations (P<0.01) were noticed between various traits.
The overall mean values (± SEM) for ejaculatory volume, number of ejaculates per bull, mass motility, individual sperm motility, number of dozes frozen per bull, sperm concentration, live sperm, morphologically normal sperm and those with acrosome integrity in the present study were 4.92±0.14mL, 1.89±0.02, 2.26±0.06, 63.51±1.03%, 208.26±8.42, 989.73±27.4million/mL, 86.74±0.55%, 86.34±0.51% and 86.64±0.48%, respectively. In general, all the seminal attributes revealed significantly (P<0.05) better results in stressful seasons as compared to stress free season, with the exception of number of ejaculates per bull which was not affected significantly by seasons.
In terms of semen production, a total of 39778 doses of 0.5 mL straws were frozen during the study period. Significantly higher number of doses per bull (P<0.05) was frozen during dry (245.37±17.84) and wet summer (250.37±17.75) as compared to autumn (191.4±14.22) and winter (143.92±11.25); the difference between the latter two seasons was also significant, while it was non significant between the former two seasons
Regarding the subjective analysis of spermatozoa, higher (P<0.05) mean values were recorded for all three parameters (live, morphologiclly normal and acrosome intact sperm) during stressful winter and dry summer as compared to wet summer and autumn, the difference between the former two seasons was, however, non significant. Moreover, mean values for these attributes were significantly higher during wet summer as compared to autumn. Amongst the physical attributes of semen, only mass motility revealed a significantly positive (P<0.01) correlation with individual sperm motility (r 0.619). However, regarding the subjective analyses, live sperm had a positive correlation with normal (r 0.848) and with acrosome integral sperm (r 0.790).
In seminal plasma chemistry, the overall mean values (± SEM) for Na+, K+, cholesterol and glucose recorded in the present study were 236.41±4.2, 142.95±3.81, 152.02±3.17 and 127.22±3.65 mg%, respectively. Amongst these, Na+ was significantly higher (P<0.05) during dry summer (270.35±8.89mg%) whereas K+ was higher in dry summer (169.1±5.54mg%) and winter (154.80±6.29mg%). Cholesterol and glucose were found to be significantly elevated (P<0.05) during dry summer season being 173.7±4.24 and 147.95±7.74mg%, respectively. Na+ had a significantly positive (P<0.05) correlation with glucose (r 0.232). Similarly, positive (P<0.01) correlations were seen for K+ with Na+ (r 0.341) and cholesterol (r 0.390).
The overall mean values (± SEM) for Hb, TEC, PCV, MCV, MCH and MCHC recorded for the Cholistani AI bulls in the present study were 12.24±0.15mg/dL, 6.28±0.82×106/µL, 37.3±0.4%, 59.77±0.61fL, 19.58±0.2pg and 32.89±0.33g/dL, respectively. Regarding the white blood cell values, the overall means (± SEM) for TLC, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes and eosinophils were 7.58±0.17×103/µL, 40.45±1.05%, 53.2±0.85%, 4.05±0.47% and 2.3±0.26%, respectively. DLC, in the present study, revealed that the lymphocytes were the predominant leukocytes followed by neutrophils. No significant effect (P<0.05) of season was noticed on any of the red blood cell values studied. However, TLC amongst the white blood cell values was found to be significantly higher in dry summer (8.16±0.28×103/µL).
The overall mean values (± SEM) for blood serum NA+, K+, cholesterol and glucose recorded for the present study were 130.73±0.91, 7.37±0.11, 82.8±1.52 and 75.22±2.04mg%, respectively. Correlation analysis revealed significant positive correlations between mass and individual sperm motility, morphologically normal and live sperm and sperm acrosome integrity and live sperm (P<0.01). Among biochemical attributes of seminal plasma, Na+ and K+, cholesterol and K+ and glucose and Na+ were correlated (P<0.01). Only seminal plasma cholesterol was positively correlated with ejaculatory volume (P<0.01).
An overall mean value of 5.81±0.32ng/mL was recorded in the present study for testosterone being non significantly effected by seasons. All its correlations with all attributes studied were found to be non significant.
In conclusion, various physical and biochemical attributes of Cholistani bull semen were better in stressful seasons as compared to stress free season. The acceptable quality of semen of Cholistani bulls recorded during wet/dry summer in the present study is an indicative of the fact that this breed has an innate ability of being well adapted to the harsh, hot desert climate. Furthermore, the present study revealed that the Cholistani breeding bulls have an amazing tendency to maintain most of their haematobiochemical parameters at a near constant level without showing much variation during stress free or stressful times.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1739,T] (1).
421.
Response Of Cryopreserved Cholistani Bull Semen To Butylated Hydroxytoluene Inclusion In Semen
by Abaid-ur-Rehman Cheema | Prof. Dr. Ijaz Ahmad | Dr. Dawar | Dr. Imtiaz Rabbani.
Material type: ; Format:
print
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not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1745,T] (1).
422.
Effect Of Butylated Hydroxytoluene (Bht) As Antioxidant On Semen Quality Of Naked Neck Chicken
by Waseem Abbass | Dr. Amjad Riaz | Prof. Dr | Prof. Dr. Nasim Ahmad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1746,T] (1).
423.
Effect Of Dietary Supplementation Of Different Lutein Sources On Production Performance, Egg Quality And Its Bio-Availability in Eggs of Commercial Layers Categorized in THree Body Weights
by Ahmad Ali Sajjad | Dr. Athar Mahmud | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Akram.
Material type: ; Format:
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not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: The term Designer egg has gained popularity all over the world. Egg which gives some health benefits with the provision of basic nutrients is called designer egg. Lutein a xanthophyll pigment is good for the prevention of age related macular degeneration (AMD).Egg is considered good vehicle for lutein transport as bio-availability of lutein is high through egg. The present study was aimed to produce lutein enriched eggs (designer eggs). Different sources of lutein were used and their effect on production performance and egg quality characteristics was measured. A total number of 432 Hy-line layers categorized into 3 body sizes (Heavy, Medium, Light) were offered 4 different supplementations of lutein (0, free, esterified, free + esterified) replicated 6 times having 6 layers each. Parameters regarding production performance, egg geometry and egg quality were observed.Data were analyzed according to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) technique through Completely Randomized Design (CRD) using factorial arrangement. Means were compared through Duncan Multiple Range Test (Duncan, 1955) with the help of SAS 9.3. Results of the present study showed significantly higher Haugh unit score (87.17±0.39) in light birds during 3rd week whereas, within lutein sources significantly higher Haugh unit score was observed in layers fed with control diets (85.52±0.48). Significantly (p<0.05) higher yolk pH was observed in layers fed with esterified source of lutein whereas significantly higher (8.26±0.06) albumen pH was observed in birds fed with free source of lutein however, different body sizes could not show their effect on yolk and albumen pH. Significantly higher (62.97±0.22) albumen % was observed during 1st week of study in birds fed with esterified source of lutein whereas body weight categories did not affect the albumen% whereas,
yolk % was affected by different body sizes and lutein sources during 1st week of study. Significantly higher mean value (27.48±0.27) of yolk % was recorded in birds fed with combination of free and esters of lutein whereas higher value of yolk % (27.20±0.23) was observed in medium birds. Shell percentage significantly (p<0.05) affected by different body sizes (10.96±0.13) and lutein sources (11.14±0.18) during 1st week of study whereas shell thickness was significantly (p<0.05) affected by lutein sources (0.35±0.004) during 1st week of study. Means of different sources of lutein had significant (p<0.05) effect on yolk color and the highest mean value (11.63±0.15) was observed in birds fed with free source of lutein. Yolk index was significantly (0.36±0.005) affected by different lutein sources however, body sizes did not affect yolk index. As far as egg geometry was concerned egg surface area and egg volume were found to be significantly highest for heavy birds whereas non-significant differences for egg volume and shape index were observed. However, different lutein sources had no effect on egg geometry parameters. Significantly highest egg weight (62.74±0.23) was observed in heavy layers followed by medium (61.56±0.17) and light (60.63±0.17). However, different body weights (narrow ranges) and lutein sources had non-significant effect on production (%), FCR per dozen, egg mass and FCR per kg egg mass.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1747,T] (1).
424.
The Development Of Tea Whitener By Partial Replacement Of Palm Oil With Canola Oil
by Junaid Kabir | Dr. Muhammad Nasir | Dr. Aftab Ahmad anjum | Dr. Saima.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Tea whitener is now become a popular trend in Pakistan with 01 billion tons consumption annually according to my personal information and its consumption is increasing day by day. The replacement of hydrogenated palm oil used traditionally is necessary as they contains 49.3% saturated fatty acids, the majority of which are palmitic acid, myristic acid and lauric acid which are proved to be most injurious for human health, raises the total and LDL cholesterol (Bonanome et. Al, 1998). Canola oil is known for its low level of saturated fatty acids, a relatively high level of monounsaturated fatty acids, and a very good amount of the n-3 fatty acid a-linolenic acid. Canola oil consists of an appreciable amount of a-linolenic acid which amounts for almost 10 percent which is a fairly good quantity. In addition, 1:2 is the ratio balance between linolenicacid and linoleic acid which is favorable and well balanced. Canola oil is a relatively rich source of tocopherols,60-70 mg/100g, contains high level of phytosterols (892 mg/100 g. Keeping in mind the above mentioned nutritional aspects, canola oil based tea whitener is developed.
The research was conducted in two phases. During 1stphase the HLB requirement of the canola oil and partially hydrogenated palm oil was determined which are determined as 08 and 06 respectively. Then the emulsifier's percentages are calculated according to their standard HLB values and the doses of the emulsifiers "DATEM" and "GMS" are adjusted according to the ratios of hydrogenated palm oil and canola oil in all the formulations. During second phase the proximate, chemical, physical and sensory analysis are done for all the emulsions so as to determine their resemblance with the control formulation S1.
Different graph analysis regarding proximate analysis of canola oil based tea whitener showed that the results for moisture percentage are (85.69 ± 0.089), for crude protein the values are (1.66±0.22), for dry matter its (14.32±0.04) for crude fat the result shows (7.01±0.03). The variation in all the emulsions were negligible, as the ingredients except fat source is almost the same in all the formulations.
The results for acidity of tea whitener emulsions on the 2nd day which is 0.09± 0.02 which shows the acceptable range, while on the 6th day the mean value of the acidity is also in the acceptable range which is 0.14± 0.01 which means acidity increases to some extent on the 6th day of storage. The mean of the acidity on the 8th day is 0.16± 0.01. The trend shows the acidity increases from 0.09±0.02 to 0.16±0.01 in 08 days. The variation was observed in all the emulsions with the passage of time, but there is not a very significant difference among all the emulsions as compared to control S1.
Mean values for pH on the 2nd day is 6.79±0.03 while the control sample S1 has the pH value of 6.82 on the 2nd day and the treatment which has the lowest pH values on day 2nd is S6 with pH 6.75. The observations on 6th days are shown in pH chart which shows slight decrease in pH in the 6th day with the mean value 6.71±0.02. The mean value of pH on the 8th day is 6.61±0.02. The results showed that pH of tea whitener emulsionsdecreases as storage progressed. A very interesting point raised during study that the pH values of the standard emulsion S1 is higher among all the emulsions on the 2nd day, but as the days proceeds, the pH of the emulsions with different rations of canola oil retains their pH and the pH becomes almost the same as standard on the 8th day. This may concludes that the emulsions containing canola oil retains their ph more as compared to palm oil based emulsion.
The mean value of density of the tea whitener emulsions 1.12±0.02. So overall the results variation is not significant. The little difference may be due to the fact that palm oil has density of 0.89 L/kg at 25 C while the density if canola oil is 0.91 L/kg on the same temperature. The density of all the formulations are comparable with the control emulsion S1.
The results depicted that 'L" value was decreaseswith increase in the ratio of canola oil. Mean comparison for color "L" parameter showed that highest value for S1 which is 90.45 and least value for S8 which is 89.29. The variation is very slight but the palm oil based emulsions are slight whiter in the appearance.The mean value of a* is -0.285 ± 0.095 which shows a very little variation. The level of greenness decreases slightly as the ratio of the canola oil increases from S1 to S8. The degree of yellowness in the emulsion increases as the ratio of canola oil in increases in the emulsions. The mean value of b* is 2.94±0.27 which shows a slight variation as we go from S1 to S8.
The sensory attributes scores obtained from sensory evaluation by trained panelists varies a lot. Addition of canola oil in place of palm oil significantly alters the flavor, After taste and over all acceptability of the tea made with tea whitener emulsions from S1 to S8, the scores are almost the same up to S4 as compared to control formulation S1 for all the attributes mentioned above. Score decreases from S5 to S8 which is definitely due to the addition of canola oil in the formulations. The sensory attributes like fat separation and color get the same scored almost for all the formulations.
Flavor scores are almost the same up to S5 but the scores decreases significantly from S6 to S8, for the sensory attribute of "after taste" the formulations from S1 (standard) to S4 get good scores means the after taste if the S2, S3 and S4 are comparable to the control emulsion S1 while S5 to S8 get lower scores, For "overall acceptability" S2, S3 and S4 are nearly equivalent and good scores as compared to control formulation with 100 percent palm oil formulation with the mean value of 90±02 which gives a green signal that we can partially replace hydrogenated palm oil with canola oil. The formulation S5 get a little lower score as compared to control one. The formulations from S6 to S8 get lower scores in overall acceptability.
Finally it is concluded that the formulation S4 is the one which can be replaced with the control emulsion S1 for making of tea which means 42.5 percent of the total fat in tea whitener can be replaced successfully with canola oil without compromising the physical, chemical and sensory properties of the tea.
Recommendations
The main aim of this project was to make a tea whitener which is based on healthier and heart friendly oil (canola oil) instead of palm oil. Canola oil has been used as a cooking oil and also in nutritional products like "Ensure Plus" and "Glucerna" due to its health friendly composition. The idea is drawn from the nutritional products compositions whose fat part is mostly consists of canola oil.
In Pakistan, keeping in mind a very huge consumption of tea whitener of 01 billion annually according to my personal information. The production may be much higher as my information may be limited. Keeping in mind the annual production or consumption of liquid tea whitener in Pakistan, the delivery of more healthy oil to the consumers by incorporating it in the liquid tea whitener product seems to be a pretty good idea. It is not only the matter of incorporation of healthy canola oil but also the matter of replacement of saturated fatty acids rich palm oil. Keeping in mind the chemical, physical and sensory properties of tea whitener emulsions S4 with 42 percent canola oil of the oil phase gives similar physical, chemical and sensory properties when compared to control formulation tea whitener S1 with 100 percent palm oil as oil phase. Keeping in mind the composition of the canola oil, if tea whitener is made with 07 percent fat level, in case of S4 (The formulation with resemblance to control up to maximum canola oil extent) canola oil percentage if the total fat is 42.5 percent of the total fat, it will give 0.7 grams of omega-3 as ALA per 250 ml of the tea whitener which means that it will provide 2.8 grams of omega-3 per liter of tea whiteners which can help us to meet up to some extent the ADA recommendations which is 1.3 to 2.9 grams based on 2000 Kcal diet (ADA, 2007)
The real challenge in the making of tea whitener formulations with different ratios of canola oil and palm oil is to make a successful emulsions without fat separation, thanks to HLB system for successful making of emulsions. Another challenge is to mask the after taste of the canola oil which can be prominent in the tea whitener, the after taste of canola oil is masked by milk flavor due to which the successful replacement of palm oil with canola oil up to 42 percent becomes possible. The purpose of the product development of making it a source of omega-3 was successfully met as the results shows the partial replacement of palm oil with canola oil is possible.
From the present study it can be concluded that canola oil can be incorporated in liquid tea whitener up to the percentage of 42.5 percent of the total fat without any persistent change in chemical, physical and sensory properties of the tea whitener. The concluded value of omega-3 which it gives per 250 ml is 0.7 grams according to fatty acid profile given by ADA reports (ADA, 2007). They do not affect the taste or texture of the product. My study showed that the replacement of palm oil with canola oil up to 42.5 percent in tea whitener formulation was acceptable among consumers and also the tea whitener retained its quality and sensory properties after storage for 08 days at 04 C. The tea prepared from S4 has the same sensory properties as the tea made with the control formulation. It is recommended that canola oil based tea whitener should be a introduced in the market for creating awareness among the general population about the role of omega-3 n human health and threats of consuming saturated fatty acids. There are need of studies forefficacy of developed tea whitener whether it beneficially transmit the omega-3 to human body or not and what are the health benefits among the subjects. More research work is required to testify the product under UHT treatment to find out what are the changes in physical and chemical properties of the product up to 03 months, it's emulsion stability and it's sensory properties during and after 03 months of shelf life in tetra packaging.
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425.
Study Of Canine Parvovirus In Dogs And Its Chemotherapy
by Saeed Ahmad | Prof. Dr. Mohammad Sarwar Khan | Dr. Asim Khalid Mahmood | Prof. Dr. Nasim.
Material type: ; Format:
print
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drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: There were one hundred cases of dogs showing the clinical signs of canine parvovirus infection like bloody diarrhea, vomiting and emaciationwhich were selected randomly. All the cases were confirmed by HA and HI test. Disease occurrence was found to be 55%. There were 55 samples found to be positive and 45 samples were found to be negative for canine parvovirus. The incidences of the disease in German shepherd was highest (38%) followed by other breeds Labrador, Rottweiler, Pointer, Cross, Russian and Local breeds which were 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4% and 3% respectively. Similarly, disease occurrence in non-vaccinated dogs was higher thanvaccinated.The disease was more prevalent in non-vaccinated dogs as compared to the vaccinated dogs. So, vaccination provides sufficient immunity against canine parvovirus. Male dogs were more affected by canine parvovirus than female dogs. Occurrence of the disease in the age of 1-3 months was the highest. Pups were more affected than the older dogs. Occurrence of canine parvovirus in the male and female were found to 60% and 43.5% respectively. Disease occurrence of canine parvovirus in September, October and November was found to be 55%, 52.5% and 56% respectively. Blood samples were collected at day 0(before the treatment) and on the day 5 (after the treatment) and analysis was done in UDL, Lahore. Four different kinds of treatment protocols were compared on the basis of hematological improvement, days of hospitalization and the cost of treatment. Of the four groups hyperimune serum when used with normal saline was found to be more effective. It was found that improvement in the leucocytes, neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocytes and platelets with P <0.05. SAFI syrup with supportive therapy was the second effective treatment with P >0.05. Supportive treatment alone was not effective for hematological recovery P > 0.05. It had also increased the cost of treatment, and duration of treatment for canine parvovirus infection. So, hyper immune serum and normal saline is the effective treatment for canine parvovirus infection.
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426.
Epidemiological Study Of Major Haalth Problems In Nomadic Herds Of Camel In Cistrict Bhawalanagar (Punjab)
by Tariq Azam | Dr. Muhammad Hassan Mushtaq | Prof.Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad.
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drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Pakistan is home to pastoralist since centuries. Present study was based on epidemiological survey of major health related problems in nomadic herds of camel in district Bhawalnagar. This district is one of camel rich districts of Punjab. Cross sectional survey on major health problems was conducted through a close ended questionnaire.
Twelve major health problems were selected that are common in herds of camel. Camels were categorized in three age groups: <4 years, 4-10 years and >10 years. Ranking of health problems gave following results: calf diarrhea 19.6%, tick infestation 17.2%, mange and gastrointestinal parasites 12.5%, trypanosomiasis 10% and pneumonia 8.8%. Further investigation presented following picture: calf diarrhea, mange and pneumonia were problems of <4 year age group. Trypanosomiasis and gastrointestinal parasites were problems of >10 year age group. Tick infestation was the problem of 4-10 year age group. Nasal bots and sudden deaths were problems of > 10 year age group. This ranking was based on age, sex, mortality and case fatality. P-values were also found out by correlating different parameters. These values were collected separately for the camels of Rangers. There was significant difference in the values of camels of Rangers and nomads. Rangers camels had less health problems due to better managemental practices.
One part of questionnaire was based on managemental practices in nomadic herds of camel. Investigation of managemental practices gave following results: 60% herds had herd size of 11-20 camels, 37.6% herds of camel were kept along livestock, 58.3% herds had Marrecha breed, 56.7% herds had nomadic production system, 92.9% herds had feeding pattern of grazing, 58.3% adopted seasonal migratory pattern, 91.3% herds did not adopt vaccination and quarantine practices, 91.3% adopted ethno-veterinary practices and 58.3% herds had no access to modern veterinary facilities. Correlations were found out between different parameters and p-values came to be significant.
Third part of study was on detection of gastrointestinal parasites. Direct sedimentation and centrifugal floatation techniques were used for this purpose. 166 fecal samples were tested for gastrointestinal parasites and 90 (54.2%) samples came to be positive. Five types of gastrointestinal parasites were detected with following ratio: Emeria sp. 18.1%, Fasciola sp. 8.4%, Trichuris sp. 8.4%, Capillaria sp. 4.2% and Marshallagia sp. 15.1%. Female adult group had the highest percentage of parasites 46.3% followed by male young group 33%. Chi-square was used to find out association between different variables and P-values were calculated.
Nomadic herders of study area are earning their living by rearing and selling camels. This area has great potential for camel farming due to its unique physiogeography. There is dire need to encourage the local nomads by facilitating them by provision of veterinary health cover, better marketing facilities, and training of manpower for breeding techniques. Government interventions for the welfare of this animal can be much fruitful in terms of camel research and systematic production. This action will not only help in improving the shortage of meat, milk but also will elevate the socio-economic conditions of local nomads.
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427.
Immunobiological And Molecular Characterization Of Pasteurella Multocida From Buffaloes
by Muhammad Kamran | Prof. Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad | Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum | Prof. Dr. Azhar.
Material type: ; Format:
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drama
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Hemorrhagic septicemia is an acute bacterial disease of buffaloes and cattle caused by Pasteurella multocida. In the present study, 400 samples (200 from carriers and 200 from sick animals) from Sargodha division were collected. Among four districts of the division, 15 samples were positive by API Kit, 13 by conventional biochemical tests and eleven were found positive for P. multocida through serological and molecular characterization. Biochemical profile index obtained with API kits had lesser accuracy than conventional and serological profiles for the identification of P. multocida. Passive mouse protection test and AGPT were used for serological confirmation. Different molecular techniques like SDS-PAGE, PCR and RFLP were used to investigate variation at the molecular level in field and vaccinal strains. There were no significant variation between field isolates and vaccinal strain in sick animals and carriers, or in isolates of different districts. Five major and three minor polypeptide bands were observed by SDS-PAGE. Genetic relatedness among the isolates was assessed by cluster analysis using Fingerprint Analysis of Missing Data (FAMD) of 12 isolates. The12 isolates clustered into 5 groups namely I, II, III, IV and V. Group I and II consisted of only one isolate in each (8.33%) of the total designated BKC-01 (S5) and KBO-01 (S1), respectively. Group III composed of 2 isolates (16.67%) namely KBC-02 (S4) and MNO-01 (S2). Group IV had the highest numbers of isolates (50%) designated as KBC-02 (S3), MNO-01 (S6), BKO-02 (S7), MNC-02 (S8), SGO-02 (S9) and V. Only two isolates were typed in group V (16.67%) named as SGO-01 (S10) and BKO-01 (S11).
The size of amplified gene was 460 bp. HindIII I endonuclease cleaved bacterial genome at four sites as compared to other four enzymes (DNase1, PstlI, EcorI and BamHI) change the writing of these enzymes which cleaved at two sites. The isolates were also subjected to ten routinely used antibiotics for sensitivity testing and found enrofloxacin as drug of choice with 90.91% sensitivity, followed by gentamycine, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacine and norfloxacine (72.73%), ampicillin and amoxycillin (45.45%), amikacin (36.36%) and lowest to sulfadiazine and erythromycine (18.18%).
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1767,T] (1).
428.
Isolation Of Local Strain Of Toxoplasma Gondii Through In-Vivo Cultivation In Mice
by Rahim Gul | Dr. Muhammad Imran Rashid | Dr. Aneela | Dr. Nisar Ahmad.
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Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate apicomplexan, intracellular, parasite that infects all warm-blooded vertebrates, including mammals and birds. Human beings can be infected by ingestion of oocysts from cat faeces or through the consumption of meat containing Toxoplasma gondii cysts. Thus, food animals can be the source of transmission of Toxoplasmosis in human population especially among people who consume undercooked meat in the forms of barbecues, beef steaks, kebabs, burgers and shawarmas. Oocysts of T. gondii from cat faeces were identified by using direct microscopy and flotation technique. The positive oocysts were confirmed by micrometry having diameter of 9-13 ìm. The oocysts were then sporulated in aerated condition. After sporulation oocyst were inoculated in Swiss albino mice for in-vivo culturing. After 56-70 days brain tissue was collected from infected mice and subjected to DNA extraction and PCR amplification. Similarly DNA was also extracted from sporulated oocyst for copro-PCR. Out of 200 faecal samples only three were found positive for Toxoplasma gondii through direct microscopic examination and flotation technique. From positive faecal sample and brain tissue DNA was extracted by QIAGEN mini stool kit and QIAGEN DNA mini kit. After DNA extraction the samples were examined through PCR by using specific Toxoplasma gondii B1 gene primer having 529 bp size. Two hundred faecal samples were examined for T. gondii using direct microscopy, flotation technique, bioassay and polymerase chain reaction. Out of 200 samples 3 (1.5%) were found infected through direct microscopy and flotation technique. Toxoplasmosis was more prevalent in adult cats (1.65%) as compared to young ones. Prevalence was also found high in females (2.08%) as compared to males. Similarly healthy cats have higher prevalence rate (1.30%) as compared to diseased ones. A further confirmation was done through polymerase chain reaction and brain tissue cyst Bioassay give 1 positive amplification while Copro-PCR gives 2 positive amplifications. Therefore it can be concluded that the copro-PCR is can be used for the confirmation of Toxoplasma oocysts from cat faeces and tissue cysts from bioassay in mice. Therefore, we propose that the copro-PCR can be used as the new gold standard for determining potential cat infectivity and tissue cysts from bioassayed mice or contaminated meat samples of livestock.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1778,T] (1).
429.
Toxicity Problems Associated With Declofenac In Avaian Species And Its Substitute
by Muhammad Ramzan | Dr. Haji Ahmad Hashmi | Dr. Zafar Iqbal Chaudhry | Prof. Dr. Talat.
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drama
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: A catastrophic decline in vulture populations was first observed in 1996-97 in Keoladeo National Park, Bharatpur, Rajasthan, India. Later, similar situations were reported in many south Asian countries including Pakistan, Nepal and Bangladesh. Now, the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has listed three vulture species i.e. Gyps bengalensis, Gyps indicus and Gyps tenuirostris as 'critically endangered'.
Vultures are natural scavengers and play a key role in keeping the environment clean by consuming carcasses of dead livestock and wildlife. The unconsumed animal carcasses pose a serious threat to both human and animal health because decaying animal carcasses may contaminate groundwater and become a potential source of diseases such as tuberculosis and anthrax for humans and other animals. Also, due to the declines in vulture populations, a rise in the numbers of other scavengers like dogs has been observed. Therefore, the risk of dog bite and transmission of dangerous diseases, including rabies, has also increased. Furthermore, vultures play a vital role in the disposal of human corpses of the followers of the Parsi religion because they place their dead bodies before vultures for disposal rather burial beneath the earth.
In the South Asian region, different communities have different attitudes toward the use of meat and its products. For example, Muslims do not use meat of dead animals, whereas Hindus abstain from cow's meat altogether because of religious bindings. For many centuries, the disposal of such meat has been done by vultures.
The vulture population decline issue was investigated by researchers with the support of various international organizations dedicated to bird conservation in collaboration with regional ornithological societies. Scientists looked into the problem from different angles and considered a variety of reasons of this decline. These included food shortages, losses of habitat, persecution, human disturbances, infectious agents, environmental contaminants, intentional poisoning, and accidental poisoning through food or water. Initially, the outbreak of some infectious disease and/or poisoning appeared to be the most plausible basis of this crisis. Recent studies have ruled out presence of a widespread infection and have focused on some form of poisoning. Now, it is believed that diclofenac, a veterinary drug, was responsible for the huge fatalities in vultures, in part because the onset of the crisis was coincident with the introduction of this drug in veterinary practice.
Diclofenac belongs to a class of drugs called, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Diclofenac served as an effective analgesic (pain killer), antipyretic (reduces fever), and anti-inflammatory (reduces swelling) drug. Initially, this drug was used in human beings for various indications such as arthritis. The use of diclofenac was started in domestic animals in the region a decade ago. It was reported that the presence of diclofenac in the bodies of dead animals that had been treated with this drug shortly before death was harming the vultures feeding on contaminated carcasses (Oaks et al., 2004; Shultz et al., 2004; Swan et al., 2005).
The Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, at the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, has been given the task to investigate this problem. A series of experiments was conducted to study the likely causes of this problem and, if possible, find its solution by developing safer and efficacious alternatives to diclofenac for the treatment of animals. For this purpose, a chicken experimental model was developed to study the toxicity of diclofenac and other NSAIDs. These studies have shown that diclofenac produced similar toxic effects and mortalities in broiler chickens as had been reported from studies of diclofenac-poisoned vultures. Later on, therapeutic efficacy studies of safer alternative NSAIDs of diclofenac were conducted in horses, buffaloes.
On the basis of these current studies, it was concluded that diclofenac was toxic to chickens and no significant difference was present in the death rates in bird groups treated with toxic doses of diclofenac via oral and intramuscular routes. Sodium and potassium salts of diclofenac caused comparable casualties in broiler chickens (unpublished study). A number of other NSAIDs were screened for their toxicity profile using the chicken model. This study showed that phenylbutazone, dipyrone, meloxicam, piroxicam and ketoprofen were comparatively safer than diclofenac. However, phenylbutazone and dipyrone may not be appropriate alternatives for diclofenac in food-producing animals because they are known to cause a condition called agranulocytosis in human and animals. Agranulocytosis involves marked reductions in numbers of white blood cells that are responsible for maintaining the body's immunity against various diseases.
To evaluate the efficacy of safer drugs, fever was induced in buffalo calves with Escherichia coli endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide), and the animals were then treated them with ketoprofen, meloxicam orpiroxicam. Although, all three drugs were effective in lowering body temperature, ketoprofen was the most efficient. In another experiment, these drugs were used in the treatment of lameness in horses, and it was concluded that meloxicam was more effective followed by piroxicam and ketoprofen for the treatment of this particular problem.
Based on these observations, it is concluded that ketoprofen, meloxicam and piroxicam may prove quite safe drugs for the scavenging birds and may be used as safe alternatives to diclofenac in veterinary practice. It has been observed during this study that ketoprofen, piroxicam, and meloxicam are less toxic for broiler chickens and may prove better alternates to be used in place of diclofenac in animals. The use of these NSAIDs may be less toxic for scavenger birds. The commercial preparations of ketoprofen and meloxicam for veterinary use are available at least in two south-east Asian countries i.e. Pakistan and India. The prices of these NSAIDs are comparable with those of the veterinary preparations of diclofenac which were previously available in the region. On the basis of results of this study it is concluded that ketoprofen, piroxicam, and meloxicam are effective NSAIDs in domestic animals, hence may replace diclofenac in veterinary practice.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1784,T] (1).
430.
Prevalence And Treatment Of Ovine Fascioliasis In And Around Rawalakot A.J.K
by Anisa Mushtaq | Dr. Nisar Ahmad | Dr. Aneela | Dr. Haroon Akbar.
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Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Fascioliasis is a wide spread parasitic disease of ruminants causing great economic losses in terms of decreased milk and meat yield and predisposing to many bacterial infections. Looking the importance and utilization of the small ruminants in our country and the substantial losses because of the Fascioliasis this study was designed to study the prevalence and treatment of Fascioliasis in and around Rawalakot Azad Kashmir.
For this purpose a total of 300 Ovine faecal samples were collected from different areas of Rawalakot. Faeces were collected from sheep of various age, breed and sex. Faeces of each sheep were examined by direct smear, sedimentation and flotation techniques. Positive animals were selected for therapeutic trials.
Out of 300 faecal samples 101 were found positive for Fascioliasis. Overall prevalence was 33.6%. Sex wise prevalence was also studied and it was found that out of 75 male sheep 23 were found positive while out of 225 female 78 was positive for Fascioliasis. Prevalence of Fascioliasis was 30.6% in male and 34.6% in female. The prevalence was also studied age wise and three groups were made. Sheep in first group were less than 1 year of age, out of 25 sheep 4 were found positive and prevalence was 16%. Sheep in second group were between 1-2 years of age, out of 156 sheep 39 of this age group were found positive having a prevalence of 25%. The sheep included in third group were greater than 2 year of age, out of total 119 sheep in this group 58 were found positive for Fascioliasis with prevalence of 48.7%.
For therapeutic trials 80 positive sheep were divided in to 4 groups A, B, C and D. Group A and B were further divided in to three sub groups A1, A2, A3 and B1, B2, B3. 10 animals were placed in each sub group and group C and group D. Animals in groups A and B were treated with herbal extracts. Fumaria parviflora was given to group A animals and Caselpinia crista to group B animals @ 60, 70, 80 mg /kg body weight. Animals in group C were treated with Oxyclozanide @ 10 mg/kg body weight, while animals in group D were kept as infected untreated control. The efficacy of single dose of Oxyclozanide was found 100 percent on 18 day post treatment where as the efficacy of single dose of Fumaria parviflora at 60, 70, and 80 mg/kg body weight was 51.6%, 54.6%, 59.4% on 18th day post treatment, While its efficacy at same dose level after second dose was 79.6%, 82.8%, 86.9% on 21st day post treatment and 83.8% 87.5%, 91.8% respectively on 28th day. The efficacy of single dose of Caselpinia crista at 60, 70, and 80 mg/kg body weight was 31%, 41.42%, 58.7% on 18th day post treatment, while its efficacy at same dose level after second dose was 47.36%, 58.85%, 82.55% on 21st day and 51.3%, 63.2%, 87.3% respectively on 28th day.
At the end of research data on prevalence was analyzed by chi square test P < 0.05 was considered as significant whereas data on therapeutic trials was analyzed by using ANOVA in this case p < 0.01 was considered as significant.
From this study it was concluded that Fascioliasis is significantly prevalent in sheep in and around Rawalakot. While Oxyclozanide is most effective drug against Ovine Fascioliasis. The outcome of this study will help the veterinarians and farmers in the field.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1789,T] (1).
431.
Comparing Diseases Severity And Other Health Problems In Major Dairy Animals Through Active Surveillance In Different Ecological Clusters in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province
by Amjad Khan | Dr. Muhammad Hassan Mushtaq | Prof. Dr. Mansoor-ud-Din Ahmad.
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drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: In spite of the significance of dairy animals to poor citizens relatively is the neglected area of research. Considering this an active surveillance based study was conducted to analyze the impact of climate change on the epidemiology of diseases in dairy animals in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) province, Pakistan. Ecologically and geographically two different clusters having four randomly selected districts each; furthermore randomly a single village from each district was selected. Data from 1252 (49.8%) cattle and 1260 (50.2%) buffaloes was collected on a predesigned questionnaire about the epidemiological parameters for the period of one year i.e. from July 2012 to June 2013. The results revealed a significant (p < 0.05) association of change in environmental temperature with the morbidity, mortality and case fatality rate of the diseases and major health problems. As the mean temperature at lower altitudes (below 500m) increases above 300C the rates of incidence of disease also increases. While at higher altitudes temperatures when increases above 300C the rate of incidence increases faster than in HCC. In CCC, the higher morbidity rate was due to ID in cattle and RB in Buffalo population and in HCC RB was higher morbidity causing health problem in both species. While in terms of mortality and case fatality HS was the leading cause in both clusters and species. The results also showed that the susceptibility of buffaloes and cattle to heat stress varied significantly according to specie, breeds, genetic potential and life stage. It was concluded that climate change do have an impact on occurrence, pattern and severity of health problems and infectious diseases at different altitudes. Further research work is needed to find out the best breeds in terms of production and reproduction that could well establish themselves in these climates.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1793,T] (1).
432.
Assessment Of Optimal Level Of Butylated Hydroxytoluene For Short Term Storage Of Broiler Breeder Semen
by Sikander Abbas | Prof. Dr. Ijaz Ahmad | Dr. Ali Ahmad | Dr. Muhammad Shahbaz Yousaf.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Short term Preservation of broiler breeder semen is an unnatural method in which spermatozoa faces oxidative stress, osmotic and thermal shocks. This affects preserved semen quality resulting in low conception rates. In order to overcome oxidative stress, Butylated Hydroxytoluene was used as antioxidant in poultry semen during short term preservation at 4ºC for 48 hours.
Keeping in view the significance of BHT as a potent antioxidant, the present study was conducted to determine the significance of BHT inclusion in preserved Hubbard broiler breeder semen for reduction of oxidative stress. In the current study, semen from six (n=6) healthy broiler breeder was collected by abdominal massage and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) was added to the semen @ 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mM. One group was kept control and no BHT was added to that group. The routine quality evaluation of semen for motility and concentration was made, extender was added and then semen was stored at 4°C for 48 hours.
The parameters evaluated were percentage motility, plasma membrane integrity (HOST), viability (Live/Dead) and DNA integrity (Acridine orange assay). Seven samples were taken from each concentration of BHT and thawed individually in water bath at 37°C for 30 seconds and evaluated for quality parameters. In conclusion, the addition of 1 mM BHT to semen extender improved marginally the broiler breeder spermatozoa motility, viability, plasma membrane integroty and DNA integrirty at different period of time.
In controled group the quality of semen after preservation was poor due to oxidative stress which will effect the fertility rate. The Butylated Hydroxytoluene has antioxidant properties, so inclusion of BHT in preserved Hubbard broiler breeder semen was tested in our research.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1808,T] (1).
433.
Comparative Productive And Reproductive Performance Of Beetal Goats In Accelerated And Annual Kidding Systems
by Nisar Ahmad | Prof. Dr. Khalid Javed | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Abdullah.
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Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Three kiddings in two years or five kiddings in three years refers as accelerated kidding which is helpful to have more kids, helps to fetch higher market prices during off-season. This can also increase life time production in the form of meat, milk and fiber. High reproduction rate is the basiccondition to increase efficiency of production. Most of the goats do not follow seasonal breeding pattern and breed round the year resulting in management problems and high mortality during severe weather conditions. Accelerated kidding strategy is a viable option that affects the health and fertility of the flock. In the present investigation, three experiments were conducted at Small Ruminant Training and Research Centre (SRT&RC) Ravi Campus Pattoki, UVAS, Lahore. The experiment-I was about the initiation of estrus activity in anestrus Beetal goats during low breeding season. Twenty Beetal goats were selected from the existing flock, maintained at SRT&RC. These goats were divided randomly into 4 groups i.e. A, B, C and D having 5 animals in each group. Group A was treated as negative control by offering only green fodder, group B was provided flushing ration along with green fodder (control), group C was kept on green fodder along with hormone therapy of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) and prostagladin (PGF2?) while group D was provided with green fodder, flushing ration (600 gms/animal) and hormone therapy by providing GnRH and PGF2?. Hundred percent estrus induction was achieved in group B, C and D as compared to group A. The results revealed that fertility rate and kidding rate was high i.e. 80 and 60 percent among animals of B group while animals of control group had less fertility, kidding and gestation rate. The shortest gestation length was found in group B and C while triplet births were observed in goats of group D.
The experiment-II was regarding the initiation of estrus through buck effect in Beetal goats. This experiment was conducted in two phases. Phase 1 comprised two groups A and B for which estrus induction was done during pre-breeding (August) and normal breeding (September/October) season. Similarly, Phase 2 comprised two groups C and D in which estrus induction was done during post-breeding (December) and normal breeding (September/October) season. Different reproductive parameters like estrus, fertility percentage, were noted. The data regarding average birth weight (kg) and gestation length (days) were recorded. Estrus signs were maximum in group B while low in group C. However fertility rate was high in group A, instead of group B. Overall kidding percentage was higher in A group but the lowest in group D. The highest gestation length was observed in group D whereas the lowest value was found in group B. Average litter size was higher in group D as compared to A and B group, respectively.
The experiment-III was conducted to compare productive and reproductive performance of Beetal goats in accelerated and annual kidding systems. Total of 50 adult Beetal goats were divided into two groups viz. accelerated kidding and annual kidding having 25 animals each. The does were selected on the basis of their age, body size, weight and parity. Different breeding bucks were used for each group having similar size, weight and age. All the animals included in this study were fed according to national research council (NRC) nutrient requirements for goats (NRC, 1981). Flushing rations and estrus inducing hormones both were provided to the does of respective groups for preparation of breeding activity during out of season breeding. The annual kidding group was considered as the control group, while the does were bred every eight months for accelerated kidding. The offsprings produced by the pregnant does of 1st batch of both the groups were reared under similar managemental conditions up to maturity. Three crops were produced in accelerated kidding system as compared to two crops in annual kidding system. It was observed that more number of animals i.e. 17 out of 25 showed estrus signs as compared to annual kidding system where 15 animals showed estrus signs. There were non significant differences for number of services per conceptionin two crops under annual kidding groups. Higher percentage of estrus was observed in accelerated to annual kidding. Total number of kids produced in accelerated kidding system was 42 with an average 14 kids in three crops while 23 kids were produced in annual kidding system in two years. Average cost of concentrate was observed high in accelerated kidding system as compared to annual kidding system. Birth weight of kids produced in 3 different seasons i.e. March-April, October- November and June-July were found as 2.84, 2.91 and 2.98 kg. The overall results in term of reproductive efficiency, oestrus behavior and kidding percentage were better in accelerated group than annual kidding.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1812,T] (1).
434.
Effect Of Dietary Supplementation Of Different Lutein Sources On Production Performance, Egg Quality And Its Bio-Availability in Eggs of Commercial Layers Categorized in Three Body Weighta
by Ahmad Ali Sajjad | Dr. Athar Mahmud | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Akram.
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drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1813,T] (1).
435.
Comparision Of Synchronization Protocols On Estrus, Follicular Dynamics, Ovulation Time And Conception Rate in Sahiwal Cows
by Mubbashar Hassan | Prof. Dr. Nasim Ahmad | Dr. Aijaz Ali Channa | Dr. Aneela.
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Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Sahiwalcow is one of the established milch breed of zebu cattle (Bosindicus), known for heat tolerance and tick resistance in tropical and subtropical region which has its origin in Pakistan.Average milk yield is about 1500-2200 liters per lactation with 4.5% contents of fat (Shah, 1994).The population of Sahiwal cattle in Pakistan is decreasing over the past few decades due to change in agriculture system, indiscriminate crossbreeding and preference for buffalo. To minimize the cross breeding of Sahiwal cows, efforts have been made for its conservation, through management and genetic improvement. Significant genetic improvement, through artificial insemination(A.I) has been made. Fixed time artificial insemination (FTAI) has emerged in recent times which usually performed in association with a variety of estrus and ovulation synchronization protocols.Synchronization of estrus is actually the manipulation of estrous cycle or induction of estrus to bring large group of females in estrus at a programmed time. Three synchronization protocols were compared. In PG group, each animal was treated with luteolytic dose of PGF2? (d-Cloprostenol 0.150 mg; Dalmazine, Fatro®, Ozzano Emilia Italy; 2 ml; i.m) on random stage of the estrous cycle. In OVS group each cow received an intramuscular injection of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH; 50 mcg of a GnRH analogue, DalmarelinTMFatro®, Italy; 2 ml; i.m) on random stage of estrus cycle (day 0). On day 7 these cows were treated with PGF2? (d- cloprostenol 0.150 mg; Dalmazine, Fatro®, Ozzano Emilia Italy; 2 ml; i.m), followed by second injection of GnRH on day 9. In CIDR group, each animal received an intravaginal Controlled Internal Drug Releasing Device (CIDR™; 1.38 g progesterone Eazibreed™; InterAg, Hamilton, New Zealand) on random stage of estrus cycle that was considered as day 0 of treatment. CIDR was removed on day 7 and on day 6 cows were injected with luteolytic dose of PGF2? (d-cloprostenol 0.150 mg; Dalmazine, Fatro®, Ozzano Emilia Italy; 2 ml; i.m).Estrus response and estrus intensity are higher in CIDR group but ovulation rate is less in CIDR and high in PG and OVS group. Timing of ovulation is shortest in OVS group as compared to other groups. Pregnancy rate are also high in OVS group. Therefore it is concluded that Ovsynch protocol is helpful to improve ovulation and pregnancy rate in Sahiwal cows.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1827,T] (1).
436.
Evaluation Of Food Safety Of Common Salads And Antimicrobial Activity Of Natural Dressings
by Awais Fida | Dr. Arfan Ahmad | Dr. Ali Ahmad.
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drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Salad is a commonly consumed raw food which is equally favored by each group of the society. The consumption of these salads among common man has been increased in recent past. Several outbreaks have been reported throughout the world regarding to GIT tract infections and isolation of thermotolerent FC. Coliforms or especially Fecal coliforms are considered indicator organism whose absence ensures the lack of non pathogenic bacteria.
The objectives of the present study was to evaluate the sanitary condition followed by food practitioners in Lahore area and the effect of natural salad dressings with respect to varing concentrations of NSDs, at different temperature and interval of exposure.
A total of 60 samples were purchased from local market, 12 of the samples were collected from each selected area (i.e. Anarkali, Gawalmandi, Samanabad, Sanat Nagar and Shad Bagh) while the sample purchased from each area is from 4 different shops (3 from each) i.e. Burgar salad, Gravey Chana salad, Halwa Puri salad and Bar-B-Q salad shops.
The samples were transported to UDL, UVAS, Lahore under cooled chain and subjected for analysis to enumerate the quality by estimating FC using MPN method (FDA 2010). Samples are divided into 4 sections. One was taken as control and the others were taken as experimental and subjected to various concentrations of NSD's, after exposing to 5, 15 and 30min to antimicrobial agents the samples are transmitted to triplet of test tubes containing EC broth. The inoculated tubes were provided with 24-48 hours incubation at 44.5oC.
The gas production in tubes indicted the presence of FC, so values were calculated using MPN table (Annexure XXV) and log values were written to get log reduction values.
More than 70% salad samples collected from selected areas were found unhealthy for consumption. Maximum contamination was observed in salads which are being served with night meals (i.e BBQ salad) while Anarkali was found an area with maximum of positive samples. The contaminations were least recorded in winters while maximum in rainy season. Among the NSD's Vinegar was considered best antimicrobial agent followed by Lemon and Garlic but statistically no significant difference between these two were observed. There was no significant relationship observed between temperature-time, concentration-time and temperature-concentration of NSD.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1829,T] (1).
437.
Risk Factors Associatede With Calf Mortality In Smallholder Dairy Farms In Per-Urban Area Of Lahore
by Muhammad Sohail | Prof. Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad | Dr. Mamoona Chaudhary | Prof. Dr.
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Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: A case control study was conducted to confirm association of hypothesized risk factors like age, sex, breed, colostrums ingestion time, feeding practices, season, housing, hygiene status of the farms and tick infestation. This study was conducted in Rakh Chandra dairy colony the biggest dairy colony situated in periphery of Lahore, rich with dairy animal. 10% sample size was taken of the total population consisting of young calves' cattle and buffaloes of 90 days age.
The overall mortality rate was (31.88%) while the crude mortality rate was found to be higher in the cattle calves that was of (35.76%) than in the buffalo calves (28%). Amongst all risk factors in the form of diseases and other health related conditions point of view calf diarrhea (54.7%; p=0.000) significantly associated with calf mortality and was found to be the leading cause of death followed by the respiratory diseases (28.5%) and other several risk factors were also seen to be associated with calf mortality. Ticks infestation was found to be (p=0.000: OR=13.618) strongly associated with calf mortality rate. While season was found to be associated (p=0.04: OR=1.21) with calf mortality rate in dairy farms.
The major cause of death recorded was diarrhea accounted 54.7% of total deaths. The higher mortality rate was recorded in the first month of age mostly in the 3rd week of life. Therefore it was concluded that age, sex, breed, tick infestation and colostrums were all associated with calf mortality. Further research work is needed to identify the individual magnitude of each risk factor associated with mortality in calves.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1838,T] (1).
438.
Effects Of Supplementation Of Catharanthus Roseus And Probiotic On Hematologica Profile And Immune
by Shumaila Zia | Prof. Dr. Ijaz Ahmad | Dr. Asif Nadeem | Dr. Imtiaz Rabbani.
Material type: ; Format:
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not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Background: The drugs which are used for curing diabetes caused adverse effects and complications to liver and kidney functions. Besides the side effects of drugs, no drug completely maintained and controlled the complications of diabetes. Due to the undesired side effects and partially compensatory treatments for metabolic disorders demands to formulate latest plant based therapies for the treatment of diabetes. There is also a need to establish the treatment which avoids the use of insulin injection.
C. roseus possessed anti-microbial, antifungal, antioxidant, anticancer antiviral and anti-hyperglycemic activities. The present study will be conducted to evaluate the change in hematological parameters and immunological response by the administration of aqueous extract of C. roseus leaves and probiotic in AIDR.
Hypothesis: It was assumed that aqueous extract of C. roseus and probiotic would improve the hematological profile and stimulate the immune response in diabetic rats.
Methodology: Twenty adult healthy rats (weighing 164-278g) were selected for experimental study. The rats were housed in clean metallic cages and divided in to four groups A, B, C and D. Five male rats were kept in Group A and B separately. Four female rats were kept in Group B and C separately. All the rats in each group is weighed and labeled. Rats were kept maintained under control environmental conditions of 24±5 ºC with 40-50% humidity, 12 hours light and dark photoperiod. Animals had free access to standard diet and water for the experimental trial of 21 days. Animal were fed with plane diet no. 25 used for rodents. Alloxan was used as a diabetogenic compound in a single dose of 150 mg/kg BW. Rats were fasted for12 hours, allowing only water access prior to the alloxan injection. After the estimation of fasting blood glucose the rats were rendered diabetic by injecting freshly prepared solution of alloxan (dissolving 600mg alloxan/ 4ml physiological saline) according to average body weight of each group which was calculated earlier. After 4 days of alloxan injection blood samples were obtained from tail vein of rat and hyperglycemia was confirmed by measuring fasting blood glucose level with glucometer. Rats with fasting blood glucose level higher than 150 mg/dl were considered as diabetic and used for further studies in present investigation. Blood samples were collected from the rats after 21 days of experimental trial. Rats were anaesthetized with chloroform in glass desiccators and blood sample was obtained through cardiac puncture using hypodermic needle and syringe. Blood samples were collected in EDTA containing vacutanors labeled with groups. 1.0 micro liter blood was separated from each group blood samples for the estimation of hematological parameters. Blood samples were then centrifuged at 3500 x g for 10 minutes to separate serum. Collected serum samples were then stored in labeled eppendrof at -20OC for further serological analysis.
Results: In our study the feed intake was not significantly influenced in treatment groups. But the body weights were significantly different in treatment groups as compared to treatment group. In blood biochemical analysis it was revealed that serum total protein level was significantly increased in group B and group C. Whereas serum albumin concentrations were not vary significantly among groups. However serum globulin level showed a trend towards significancy. The hematologic parameters were not affected by C. roseus and probiotic supplementation alone or in combination. The skin response to DNCB challenge also did not show significant results, which indicated that immune response was not varying among groups.
Conclusion: It is concluded from the results of present investigation that C. roseus and probiotic alone or in combination improved the body weight abnormality associated with diabetes but did not affect the feed intake. C. roseus was more effective in relation to body weight changes. However, C. roseus and probiotic both significantly increased the serum total protein and albumin level. Furthermore there were no significant effects showed by C. roseus and probiotic on immune response.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1840,T] (1).
439.
Effect Of Supplementation Of Catharanthus Roseus And Probiotics On Blood Biochemical Profile In Alloxan
by Eshwa Dar | Prof. Dr. Ijaz Ahmad | Dr. Sehrish | Dr.Imtiaz Rubbani.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1846,T] (1).
440.
Identification Of Multiple Drug Resistant (Mrd) Mastitis Causing Bacteria In Dairy Goats
by Muhammad Faisal najees | Dr. Aftab ahmad anjum | Prof. Dr. mansur-ud-Din ahmad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1852,T] (1).
441.
Isolation And Molecular Characteracterization Of Staphylococcus Aureus From Raw Milk
by Ibrar hussain | Prof. Dr. Muhammad ayaz | Dr. Imran javed | Prof. Dr. Aftab ahmad anjum.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1853,T] (1).
442.
Pre And Post-Moult Productive And Reproductive Performance Egg Geometry Quality And Meat Composition Of Four Varieties of Native Aseel Chicken
by Zulfiqar ahmad | Dr. Abdul waheeed sahota | Prof Dr mohammad akram.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1854,T] (1).
443.
Prevalence Of Salmonelia Ennteritidis In Hatcheries And Broiler Retail Outlets In Rawalpindi Punjab
by Abdul saeed | Dr. Muhammad Hassan mushtaq | Prof Dr. Mansur-ud-din ahmad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1868,T] (1).
444.
Comparative Potency Testing Of Oil Based Foot And Mouth Disease Caccines In Azakheli Buffaloes
by Asghar khan | Prof. Dr Aneela zameer durrani | Dr, Syed Sleem ahmad | Prof Dr Khushi.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1870,T] (1).
445.
Comparative Efficacy Of Triclabendazole Ocyclozanide And Nitroxynil Against Trematodes In Bovines Of District Okara
by Abdul wahaab | Dr, Syed saleem ahmad & Col.Dr Rehmatullah | Dr Nisar ahmad | Dr.Muhammad ijaz.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1871,T] (1).
446.
Effect Of Orally Adminisrered B-Gulcan From Different Sourves On Lipid Profile Of Hypercholestrolemic Rata
by Fatima razzaq | Miss.Faiza masood | Dr. Abu saeed hashmi | Dr.Aftab ahmad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1874,T] (1).
447.
Effectiveness Of Chemotherapeutic Agents In Recovery And Elimination Of Carrier State Of Burkholderia Mallei
by Aslam zab | Dr. Syed Saleem ahmad | Dr. Jawaria ali khan | Dr. Sadaf aslam.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1882,T] (1).
448.
Outbreak Investigation Of Dengue Fever In Disteict Swat Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
by Saeed ahmad | Dr. Mamoona Chaudhry | Prof. Dr.Mansut-ud-Din ahmad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1884,T] (1).
449.
Prevalence Of Mange Mites And Herbal Treatment In Sheep
by Asif Fiaz | Dr. Nisar Ahmad | Dr. Haroon Akbar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1886,T] (1).
450.
Comparative Efficacy Of Selenium Vitamin E And Ocium Sanctum (Tulsi) Leaves On Sub Clinical Mastitis In Cattle
by Syed waqas hameed | Dr. Syed saleem ahmad | Dr. Muhammad avais | Prof. Dr. Azhar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1888,T] (1).
