451.
Adoptive Immunotherapy : Methods and Protocols
by Ludewig, Burkhard | Hoffmann, Matthias W.
Edition: 1st edMaterial type: Publisher: USA: Humana Press; 2005Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 616.079 Matthias 20031 1st 2005 Immunology] (1).
452.
Tibb-e-Nabvi
by Amam Ibne Qayyam,Aljozia.
Edition: 1st ed.Material type: Publisher: Pakistan: Al Faisal Publishers; 2010Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 297.246 Qayyam 30760 1st 2010 Islam] (1). Checked out (1).
453.
Wright's Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia / 7th ed
by Wright, John G | Hall, Leslie W.
Edition: 7th ed.Material type: Publisher: UK: Bailliere Tindall; 1971Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 636.089796 Wright 10434 7th 1971 CMS] (11).
454.
Arthur's Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics / 8th ed
by Geoffrey H. Arthur | David E. Noakes | Timothy J. Parkinson | Gary C. W. England.
Edition: 8th ed.Material type: Publisher: India: Saunders Ltd; 2001Availability: Items available for loan: Pattoki Library [Call number: 636.08982 Noakes 16658 8th 2001 Theriogenology] (2), UVAS Library [Call number: 636.08982 Arthur 18472 8th 2001 Theriogenology] (3).
455.
Techniques of Veterinary Radiography / 4th ed
by J. P. Morgan | Sam, Silverman.
Edition: 4th ed.Material type: Publisher: USA: Iowa State University Press; 1985Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 636.089607572 Morgan 12749 4th 1985 CMS] (1).
456.
Anesthesia : 2nd ed / Vol.1
by Miller, Ronald D.
Edition: 2nd ed.Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: USA: Churchill Livingstone; 1986Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 617.96 Miller 13021 Vol 1. 2nd 1986 CMS] (1).
457.
Veterinary Hematology and Clinical Chemistry : Text and Clinical Case Presentations Set
by Thrall, Mary Anna | Baker, Dale C | Campbell, Terry W | DeNicola, Dennis B | Fettman, Martin J | Lassen, E. Duane | Rebar, Alan | Weiser, Glade.
Edition: 1st ed.Material type: Publisher: USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 636.08960756 Thrall 19818 1st 2005 Pathology] (1).
458.
Veterinary Trauma and Critical Care
by Zaslow, Ira M.
Edition: 1st edMaterial type: Publisher: USA: Lea & Febiger; 1984Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 636.08971 Zaslow 12842 1st 1984 CMS] (1).
459.
Clinical Examination of Farm Animals
by Jackson, Peter | Cockcroft, Peter.
Edition: 1st ed.Material type: Publisher: USA: Wiley-Blackwell; 2002Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 636.0896075 Jackson 15298 1st 2002 Pathology] (1). Checked out (1).
460.
Small Animal Medical Differential Diagnosis : A Book of Lists
by Mark, Thompson.
Edition: 1st ed.Material type: Publisher: USA: Saunders; 2007Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 636.0896075 Thompson 20099 1st 2007 Pathology] (1).
461.
Seroprevalence And Risk Factors Of Brucellosis In Ruminents In District Skardu Of Gilgit
by Sajid Hussain (2008-VA-77) | Dr. Muhammad Avais | Dr. Iahtasham Khan | Dr. Jawaria Ali Khan | Dr. Shehla Gul Bukhari.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Brucellosis is among the vital zoonotic and transmissible bacterial diseases of most of the animal’s worldwide (Shafee et al. 2011). Various types of brucella species are the causative agents of bovine brucellosis. In bovines, brucellosis is mainly triggered by Brucella abortus, less repeatedly by Brucella melitensis and sometimes by Brucellosis suis. As it is a zoonotic disease so, the public health is near thoughtful risk. According to (Pappas et al. 2006), it is considered to be the collective zoonosis worldwide, moreover 5, 00,000 cases of brucellosis are reported annually in both animals and humans. It is a common problem of under developed countries with poor health programs. This disease has been eradicated from USA, Canada, Japan, and New Zealand however; it is still an uncontrolled hazard in highly endemic regions of Africa, Latin America, Middle East and Asia (Refai, 2002).
According to Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), World Health Organization (WHO) and Office International of Epizootics (OIE), brucellosis is considered the most wide spread zoonosis in the world (Schelling et al. 2003). The infection transfers via contact with the body secretions, aborted fetus, contaminated milk feeding, licking of aborted fetuses and also venereal disease. In animals, reproduction, fertility, reduced survival of newborn, decreased milk production and noticed able mortality of the adult are the main effects of brucellosis. (Al-Sous et al. 2004).
It is characterized by abortion during 3rd trimester of pregnancy, weak calves, still births infertility, placentitis, epididymitis, orchitis and the excretion of organisms in milk and uterine secretions. According to public opinion brucellosis is work-related disease it has more effects on
INTRODUCTION
Page 2
Veterinarians, slaughter house and farm workers likely butchers and shepherds (Yagupsky and Baron 2005).
Brucellosis occurs in cattle, Sheep, goats, swines, camels, dogs and it may also affect the other ruminants and marine mammals. The other names of brucellosis are Enzootic abortion, Contagious abortion, Bangs disease, Undulant, Malta and Mediterranean fever. It also causes significant losses in those animals which are sexually matured (Forbes and Tessaro 1996).
The main causative agent of bovine brucellosis is Brucella abortus (Ali et al. 2014). The animals and persons, who are directly or indirectly in contact with infected animals, its products and by-products, may acquire infection easily. The main source of human infection is the raw milk of the infected animal as it excretes brucella in milk (Shimol et al. 2012). The Serological, Bacteriological and Molecular Methods are used for the diagnosis of brucellosis in the farm animals and humans. Bacteriological method is considered to be the most standard method among all of the above mentioned methods (Sathyanarayanan et al. 2011). However, due to non-availability of ‘BSL-3 laboratory’ for culturing and isolation, time taking nature and because of the safety concerns of the laboratory workers, it is not widely applicable. According to Alton et al. (1998), in Pakistan, at animal and herd level, the molecular tools, like ‘Polymerase Chain Reaction’ (PCR), are not economical for screening due to limited resources. ‘Milk Ring Test’, a serological test, is economical and mostly used for the diagnosis of brucellosis however according to Huber and Nicoletti et al. (1986), its specificity and sensitivity is doubtful even now.
In most of the countries, for the control and eradication of the disease the serological diagnosis is widely used. Although, different techniques are used to detect the brucella antibodies but, different antibody isotopes were detected by each one of the technique to
INTRODUCTION
Page 3
determine seropositive animal to brucellosis (Nielsen et al. 2001). The serological test is more sensitive as compare to the culture techniques but its specificity was quite low (Al-Attas et al. 2000).
Diverse studies have been conducted worldwide to evaluate different brucella diagnostic techniques. ELISA was found more sensitive and specific as compared to other serological techniques and the findings confirmed that standard tests, like Rose Bengal Plate test (RBPT) and Serum Agglutination Test (SAT) only detect antibodies to the LPS (lipopolysaccharides) antigen of Brucella abortus so, it has low specificity (Al-Attas et al. 2000). The advanced in specificity and sensitivity levels of the ‘Serological Diagnosis’ as compared to the other conventional technique are due to the introduction of the indirect immuno-enzymatic technique (Mousing et al. 1997).
The indirect ELISA uses cytoplasmic proteins to measure the immunoglobulins of classes M, G, and A. The clinical situation can thus be interpreted better further it also overcomes some of the short comings of serum agglutination test. A comparison shows that ELISA is more specific and sensitive than SAT (serum agglutination test) Almuneef and Memish (2003).
According to certain studies conducted worldwide and also in Pakistan, it has been proved that ELISA tests are more accurate and reliable than other tests like Serum Agglutination Test (SAT) and Milk Ring Test (MRT), showing high seropositive samples. Shafee et al. 2011 confirmed by using i-ELISA for the prevalence of brucellosis in Quetta city and the result was found to be 3 and 8.5 percent overall prevalence in cattle using MRT and indirect ELISA respectively.
The Gilgit Baltistan is at developing stages in the livestock sector, small farmers owning 95% of the Gilgit Baltistan’s livestock and are landless, providing an opportunity for improving
INTRODUCTION
Page 4
the quality of their livestock. The areas selected for the study were the villages (Shagaribala, Shagari kalan, Kathpanah, Chunda, Kachura, Hussain abad and Sadpara) of Skardu district, which are very important from livestock point of view. There is a dire need of screening these animals for the zoonotic point of view. It is the first time that effort for the diagnosis of brucellosis in Gilgit Baltistan by using the serological test like Rose Bengal Plate Aggulutination Test (RBPT) and Indirect Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) has been made. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2246-T] (1).
462.
A Study On The Correlation Of Serum Electrolytes And Trace Elements Along With Associated Risk Factors In Diarrheic Buffalo And Cattle Calves
by Fazal Abbas (2006-VA-182) | Dr. Muhammad Ijaz | Dr. Jawaria Ali Khan | Prof. Dr. AzharMaqbool.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Pakistan being an agriculture country has 70% of its population that is totally dependent on agriculture and livestock sector which plays an important role in the economy of the country. Livestock has contribution of about 55.4 percent to the agricultural value added and 11.9 percent to the National GDP. Pakistan has population of about 64.9 millions of goat, 38.3 millions of cattle, 33.7 millions of buffaloes and 28.8 millionsheep population according to the economic survey estimate. Mutton production is about 643 million tons and beef production is about 1,829 tons out of total 3,379 million tons of meat production. Livestock produces approximately 49,512 million tons of milk out of which buffalo produces 62.0% while cattle produces 35% and sheep-goat produces 1.69% (Economic Survey, 2012-2013). Pakistan is the 3rd largest milk producing country in the world (Afzal, 2010).
Diarrhea can be defined as an increased in volume and quantity of fecal excretion. The diarrhea may contain mucous, blood, poor odor and variation in color then the normal feces.On the basis of time period, diarrhea has different types likeacute, constant and chronic. Time Period of acute diarrhea is not more than 14 days while in case of persistent/constant form, it continued for more than 14 days and in chronic case the diarrhea remain for a time period of 28 days(Bazeley, 2003)
Diarrhea is a leading factor towards the death of calves. Neonatal calf diarrhea is among the very important diseases of the calves worldwide. It is animportant contribution to the major economic losses in cattle industry. The cause of calve diarrhea may be infectious or non-infectious (Elhassan et al. 2011).
Bad hygiene, overpopulation, overfeeding, hot/cold temperature, feeding the calves artificially and the colostrum’s deprivation are all predisposing factor in the complex etiology of the disease (Hemashenpagam et al. 2009).
Infectious agent and the co-infection of different multiple pathogens are common in calves having diarrhea. Rotavirus, Cryptosporidium, corona virus and enterotoxigenicE. coli collectively are associated with 75-95% of the infections in calf diarrhea around the world. Clinically, Neonatal calf diarrhea is characterized by profuse acute watery diarrhea, progressive dehydration, acidosis and death within a few days. The degree of dehydration is estimated by the physical examination of calf and has been introduced as a reliable method (Radostits et al. 2009).
Experimentally the intestinal potassium and sodium combination can be bothered by different causes and various types of factors. However, electrolytes that are built up in the gastrointestinal tract have a function to reduce the water assimilation. Due to this, the organism losses water and the electrolyte commonly (Smith, 2009)
To evaluate the serum electrolytes as well as the acid-base imbalance, there is a need of laboratory tests which cannot be measured regularly in field condition.To check the degree of dehydration is a uniform protocol and is anticipated by body condition score of calves (Naylor 1989).
The electrolytes deficiency in neonatal diarrheic calves might be the cause of death in some cases. Althoughit is understood that serum concentrations of potassium (K) and sodium (Na) are very much necessary with reference to the fluids composition used for treatment purpose (Rucker et al. 2008).
Trace elements have also important part inthe reproduction, growth and productivity of the householdanimals. The imbalance and Difference in ratio of minerals leads towards both production and economic losses throughout the world. The important symptoms of trace element deficiencies that can be clinically shown in animals are anemia, diarrhea, loss of hair, pigmentation loss, growth disorders in bones, difficulty during walking, a flaky deposit in skin, bending, hyperkeratosis, Para keratosis, lack of appetite, decrease in reproductivity and fertility, young animal growth disorders, Tetany, reduction in protein synthesis, immunity compromised calves, abortion related to non-infectious factors and pica. However, reduction in the concentration of trace elements like cobalt, copper, iron, iodine, manganese, selenium or zinc leads to lower reproduction rates and lactation. Untreated changes in the serum concentrations of Ca, Mg and some trace elements may be the root of cause of some death or post diarrhea complications such growth retardation (Tajik and Nazifi, 2012).
The serum values of calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) that is abnormal persists for a significantly long duration after the treatment of neonatal diarrheic calves. The normal serum concentration of Ca in cow has been reported as 2.43-3.1 mmol/L while the mean serum Ca in diarrheic calves reported was 1.297mmol/L. The normal serum concentration of Mg in cow has been reported as 0.74-0.95 mmol/L while the mean serum Mg was reported to be 0.8145mmol/L (Kaneko et al. 2008).
There are many advantages of using the hypertonic saline solution (7.5% NaCl; 4ml/kg BW) in diarrheic buffaloes and cattle to resuscitate them. Infusion of Hypertonic saline solution resulted in significant increase in sodium and chloride level in serum. The important feature for the successful and complete resuscitation of hypovolemia along with endotoxaemia in diarrheic buffalo calves is the total amount of sodium. The infusion of Hypertonic saline solution is quite safer and it does cause hypernatremia but not for a prolonged period. So, hypertonic saline solution has advantage of resuscitating the calves from acidemia and hypovolemia. It was also helpful in the improvement of oxygenation and cardiovascular performance (Zafar et al. 2012).
The neonatal calf diarrhea can be cured by using the electrolyte therapy like ringer lactate, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medicines and antibiotics in case of infectious diarrhea and through better farm management depending upon the root of cause (Radostits et al. 2009). There is a hypothesis that treatment of diarrheic calves with NSAIDs attenuates the behavior of sickness as well as gastrointestinal discomfort and encourages the calves to maintain an appetite supports the calves for better performance (Ghanem et al. 2012)
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2220-T] (1).
463.
Epidemiological Studies And Chemotherapy Of Postparturient Haemoglobinuria In Buffaloes
by Muhammad Ijaz Ul Haq (2008-VA-83) | Dr. Jawaria Ali Khan | Dr. Muhammad Avais | Prof. Dr. Mian Abdul Sattar.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: The district Gujranwala lies at northern part of the Punjab in Pakistan. It is situated between two main cities, in North is Gujrat and in South, there are Sheikhupura and Lahore. The majority of the population lives in the rural areas and mainly earns their livelihood through agriculture. The source of irrigation is perennial and non-perennial canals supplemented by tube wells. This area is heavily populated with buffaloes rather than cattle. Buffalo is playing a foremost role in the national economy by producing milk, meat and draught power. Out of total milk produced in the country, buffalo contributes about 68 %. Due to high fat contents of buffalo milk, it is the ideal species in Pakistan (Bilal et al. 2006). Buffaloes suffer from many fatal diseases throughout the year causing irretrievable economic losses in the GDP. Among these fatal diseases, Postparturient haemoglobinuria is a frightening problem for the economy of Pakistan and as well as for the whole world.
Postparturient haemoglobinuria is a periodic condition seen worldwide that most frequently affects high-yielding dairy animals at the onset of lactation. It is characterized by development of per acute intravascular hemolysis and anemia with potentially lethal results. Beef and non-lactating cattle are hardly ever affected. The exact cause is unidentified, but phosphorus reduction or hypophosphatemia is known to be a major predisposing factor. Decrease in the Phosphorus level of RBCs is known to raise osmotic tenderness of the RBCs, probably predisposing to intravascular hemolysis. A parallel condition reported in New Zealand was linked with copper depletion, potentially building
RBCs were more prone to oxidative trauma. Other potential causes were hemolytic or oxidative plant toxins (Michael A. Moses and Aiello 2014).
In buffalo rearing countries mainly in India, Pakistan and Egypt, Postparturient haemoglobinuria was a major problem as described by (Pirzada and Hussain 1998). Acute hypo phosphataemia was linked with high producing buffaloes and characterized by intravascular hemolysis (Kurundkar et al. 1981).
Postparturient haemoglobinuria was a disease of high yielding buffaloes in district Attock, Rawalpindi, Jhelum and Faisalabad where soil was deficient in mineral contents. The disease was distinguished by icteric and inflexible constipation in pregnant animal (Hussain et al. 1991). Postparturient haemoglobinuria was mainly disease of buffaloes and found in almost all the districts of Pakistan (Pirzada and Hussain 1998).
In buffaloes, Postparturient haemoglobinuria occurred mostly after 3rd week of parturition during 3rd to 5th lactation having a period of 5 to 6 days of illness (Nagpal et al. 1968). The occurrence of hypophosphatemia was highest in buffaloes in progressive pregnancy or in 3rd to 6th lactation (Gautam et al. 1972).
Multiparous females were mostly affected by Hypo phosphataemia and a range of etiological factors were reported to be related with the disease in unusual parts of the world (Singari et al. 1991). Dietary phosphorus shortage and rations containing cruciferous plants were supposed causes of rigorous hypo phosphataemia and had been associated with hemolytic anemia in cows and buffaloes (Heuer and Bode 1998).
Mucous membranes turned pale or might become icteric with the development of anemia and breathing became rapid and shallow with tachycardia (Spears 2003). During third to sixth lactation of adult dairy buffaloes, this disease was more frequently seen, showing weakness and recumbency (Macwilliams et al. 1982). The occurrence of the disease in the total cattle population was very stumpy with a case fatality rate ranging from 10% to 50% (Madsen and Nielsen 1939). Sporadically, farms with a predominantly elevated incidence might be encountered but typically only one or two cases were clinically evident at one time (Freudenberg 1955). In Australia, about 70% cases were reported within 30 days of calving (Mulijns and Ramsay 1959). Bulls, ante partum cows, heifers less than two years old and beef cows were rarely affected. A disease called as "red water" in Ontario, was allied with numerous predisposing factors which integrated recent parturition, intense milk production, dietetic phosphorus absence, utilization of turnips, rape, kale, green alfalfa and sugar beet pulp (Macwilliams et al. 1982).
Postparturient haemoglobinuria was one of the foremost and economically important diseases of dairy animals in Pakistan, India and elsewhere in the world (Macwilliams et al. 1982; Chugh et al. 1996; Pirzada and Hussain 1998). Diagnosis was done on the basis of clinical signs, urinalysis and hematological reports of the examined animals (Madsen and Nielsen 1939).
In a survey conducted during 1996 in Punjab (Pakistan), mortality rate due to Postparturient haemoglobinuria in buffaloes and cattle was 5% which translated into estimated annual losses of Rs. 490.2 and 153.1 million, respectively (Farooq et al. 2007).
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2210-T] (1).
464.
Veterinary Critical Care
by Sattler, F. P | Robert P. Knowels | William G. Whittick.
Edition: 1stMaterial type: Publisher: USA: Lea & Febiger, 1981Availability: Items available for loan: Pattoki Library [Call number: 636.0896025 Sattler 11716 1st 1981 CMS] (1), UVAS Library [Call number: 636.0896025 Sattler 11815 1st 1981 CMS] (2).
465.
The Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice
by Vassallo, John.
Edition: 1st ed.Material type: Publisher: USA: W.B.Sounders company; 2000Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 636.083297 Alexander 15509 1st 1983 CMS] (2).
466.
Pathophysiology of Disease : An introduction to Clinical Medicine
by Mcphee,Stephen J.
Edition: 4th ed.Material type: Publisher: USA: Mcgraw Hills; Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 616.07 McPhee 15770 4th 2003 Pathology] (1).
467.
The Practice of Veterinary Medicine / 6th ed
by D. H. Udall.
Edition: 6th edMaterial type: Publisher: USA: The Author; 1954Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 636.089 Udall 4903 6th 1954 CMS] (2).
468.
The Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice
by Cheryl L. Chrisman.
Edition: 1st ed.Material type: Publisher: USA: W.B.Saunders company; 1980Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 636.083297 Chrisman 18580 Vol.10 1980 CMS] (1).
469.
Mosby's Diagnostic and Laboratory Test Reference
by Kathleen, D. Pagana | Timothy J. Pagana.
Edition: 8th ed.Material type: Publisher: China: Mosby; 2007Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 616.075 Kathleen 19628 8th 2007 Pathology] (1).
470.
Veterinary Hematology and Clinical Chemistry / 1st ed
by Thrall, Mary Anna | Baker, Dale C | Lassen, E. Duane.
Edition: 1st ed.Material type: Publisher: USA : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2004Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 636.089615 Thrall 17280 1st 2004 Pathology] (2).
471.
Bronchial Asthma
by D. Behera.
Edition: 2nd ed.Material type: Publisher: India: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd; 2005Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 616.238 Behera 19364 2nd 2005 CMS] (1).
472.
Clinical Pathology and Diagnostic Procedures
by Doxey,D.L.
Edition: 2nd ed.Material type: Publisher: U.K.: Billiere,Tindall; 1983Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 636.089607 Doxey 12679 2nd 1983 Pathology] (1).
473.
Veterinary Clinical Parasitology / 6th ed
by Sloss, Margaret W | Kemp, Russell L | Zajac, Anne M.
Edition: 6th ed.Material type: Publisher: USA : Wiley-Blackwell; 1994Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 636.089696 Sloss 14061 6th 1994 Parasitology] (5).
474.
Illustrated Veterinary Pathology : General & Systemic Pathology / 1st ed
by Chauhan, R S.
Edition: 1st ed.Material type: Publisher: India: International Book Distributing Co Pub; 2002Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 636.089607 Chauhan 19005 1st 2002 Pathology] (1).
475.
Atlas of Clinical Hematology / 3rd ed
by Heilmeyer, L | Begemann, H | Rastetter, J | Hirsch, H. J | Huhn, D | Mohr, W.
Edition: 3rd completely rev ed.Material type: Publisher: Germany : Springer; 1979Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 616.1500222 Heilmeyer 10967 3rd 1979 Pathology] (1).
476.
Patterns of Animal Disease
by Halpin, Brendan.
Edition: 1stMaterial type: Publisher: USA: Bailliere Tindall; 1975Availability: Items available for loan: Pattoki Library [Call number: 636.08944 Halpin 100212 1st 1975 Donation] (2), UVAS Library [Call number: 636.08944 Halpin 13042 1st 1975 CMS] (1).
477.
Veterinary Dentistry : Principles and Practice
by Wiggs, Robert B | Lobprise, Heidi B.
Edition: 1st ed.Material type: Publisher: USA: Wiley-Blackwell; 1997Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 636.08976 Wiggs 20728 1st 1997 CMS] (3).
478.
The History Of Diseases
by Tate, Joan.
Edition: 1st ed.Material type: Publisher: U.K: Longman; 1962Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 616 Tate 8515 1st 1962 Microbiology] (1).
479.
Synthetic Substrates in Clinical Blood Coagulation Assays
by Lijnen, H.R.
Edition: 1stMaterial type: Publisher: Netherlands; Martinus Nijhoff Publishers; 1980Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 616.15 Lijnen 11836 1st 1980 Hematology] (1).
480.
Modelling Nutrient Digestion and Utilisation in Farm Animals
by Sauvant, D | Sauvant, D | Milgen, J. Van | Faverdin, P | Friggens, N.
Edition: 1st ed.Material type: Publisher: Natherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers; 2010Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 636.085 Sauvant 27659 1st 2010 Livestock] (1).
481.
Molecular Diagnosis And Therapeutic Trials Against Bovine Fasciolosis In And Around Okara
by Hafiz Farooq Ahmad (2008-VA-93) | Dr. Muhammad Ijaz | Dr. Waseem Shahzad | Dr. Jawaria Ali Khan | Dr. Shehla Gul Bokhari.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Agriculture sector plays a pivotal role in the economy of Pakistan. At present it
participates 11.4% to GDP. Agriculture provides 45% employment to labour of our country
and contributes in the development of other sectors of the economy. The livestock sector
occupies a distinguishing position in the National Agenda of economic development. It
provides net source of foreign income. In the history livestock has been dominated by small
holders to meet their needs of milk, food safety and cash earnings on daily basis. Besides,
livestock is considered a source of employment generation at rural level. It plays an important
role in poverty mitigation and keeps in elevating the socio-economic situation of our rural
commonalities. Livestock share approximately 55.4 percent to the agricultural value added
and 11.9 percent to national GDP during 2013-14. Anonymous (2013-14).
Parasitism is one of the major problems lowering livestock productivity round the
earth Vercruysse and Claerebout et al. (2001). The significance of helminthes infections is
increased manifold in developing countries like Pakistan where 65.2% population is rural
(Population Census Organization (2007) depending upon livestock for their incomes and
where parasitism acts as a serious trouble for livestock economy Chaudhry et al. (1984).
Among helminthes infections, fasciolosis commonly called as liver fluke disease is of vital
importance due to its wider spectrum of ultimate hosts Rondelaud et al. (2001) causing acute
and chronic infections Sampaio-Silva et al. (1996). The disease is primarily caused by
Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica Soulsby et al. (1987). Fasciolosis is a parasitic liver
infection of wild and domestic ruminants caused by genus Fasciola, which has worldwide
distribution Soulsby et al. (1986). Fasciolosis causes economic losses as a result of
mortalities, abortions, retard growth, reduced milk and meat production, condemnation of
infected liver and emaciated carcasses and cost of animal treatment Gracey and Collins et al.
(1992). Fasciolosis caused by F. hepatica is a cause of important economic losses in
ruminants. The disease is widely spread throughout in Africa, Asia and the Pacific. Although
mostly a problem of young stock, the disease is also found in older animals where it
adversely affects health, growth rate and development. Apart from its great veterinary
importance throughout the world, fasciolosis caused by both F. hepatica and F. gigantica has
recently been shown to be a re-emerging and wide spread zoonosis affecting a number of
human populations Mas-Coma and Bargues et al. (1997); Esteban et al. (2003).
Prevalence of fasciolosis infestation in buffaloes is 49.01%. The infestation of
fasciolosis was optimal from January to September, while least during October to December.
Fecal samples indicated F. hepatica prevalence 65%. Whereas prevalence of F. gigantica
was observed higher in adult cattle as compared to cattle calves by fecal egg counts Khalil et
al. (2009). 4% Buffalo calves infested with trematodes. Availability of intermediate host and
the grazing habits of the final host determines the epidemiology and seasonal pattern of
infection with trematodes Pfukenyi et al. (2005); Bhutto et al. (2002). The life cycle of F.
hepatica includes many stages which develop in the environment or the intermediate host.
Metacercariae which is the infective stage encysted and ingested by grazing herbivores.
Temperature and rainfall are the important factors affecting the life cycle and the prevalence
of F. hepatica infection McCann et al. (2010). Many studies revealed that F. hepatica is
endemic in buffaloes, cattle, goats, sheep and humans in Pakistan Ijaz et al. (2009); Iqbal et
al. (2007); Khan et al. (2010) and Qureshi et al. (2005).
Fasciolosis is the disease by which about 250 million sheep and 300 million cattle are
potentially affected worldwide Boray et al. (2005), and more significantly infects all
ruminants Iqbal et al. (2007). F. hepatica and F. gigantica are the two liver flukes commonly
reported to cause fasciolosis in ruminants Walker et al. (2008). Infected cattle can exhibit
Introduction
3
poor weight gain and dairy cattle have lower milk yield, and possibly metabolic diseases
Mason et al. (2004). Losses due to fasciolosis in the United Kingdom and Ireland alone are
more than ￡18 million a year Mulcahy and Dalton et al. (2001); €52 million a year or €299
per infected animal in Sweden Schweitzer et al. (2005); 0.26 million USD annual due to
fasciolosis associated liver condemnations in cattle slaughtered in Kenya Kithuka et al.
(2002). In Pakistan, 35697 USD (3141360 PKR) are reported in only one tehsil of Punjab
province, the Sargodha T.U. Rehman et al. (2013). While Fasciolosis is prevalent in whole
Punjab province of Pakistan but the marshy areas such as regions of Gujranwala, Lahore,
Multan, Faisalabad, Jhang, Muzaffargarh, Sheikhupura, and Sargodha are of major concern.
Fascioliasis in ruminants causes substantial economic losses, estimated at US$ 2
billion per annum worldwide, to rural agricultural communities and commercial animal
producers due to death of infected animals, condemnation of affected livers and production
losses associated with reduced feed conversion efficiency Urquhart et al. (1996); Spithill and
Dalton et al. (1998). In tropical countries, fascioliasis is prevalent up to 90% and is
considered the most important helminthes infection of cattle Spithill and Dalton et al. (1998).
Most important, human can also become infected with Fasciola spp. and the disease is
referred to as human fasciolosis. It is estimated that 2.4 million people in more than 60
countries are infected and the number of people at risk is more than 180 million throughout
the world Haseeb et al. (2002); Mas-Coma et al. (1999); Ishii et al. (2002). Khalil et al.
(2009) recorded 49.01% prevalence of fasciolosis infestation in buffaloes. He also observed
that optimum infestation was seen from January to September, while minimum during
October to December. Whereas Bhutto et al. (2002) recorded 4% buffalo calves infested with
trematodes.
Introduction
4
Morphological identification of Fasciola species requires significant parasitological
skills and is not an accurate method of characterization, especially for the ‘intermediate’ form
Kendall et al. (1965); Lin et al. (2007); Le et al. (2008). Hence, different molecular tools have
been developed during the last decade for the accurate identification of Fasciola spp.
Marcilla et al. (2002); Velusamy et al. (2004); Cucher et al. (2006); Magalhaes et al. (2008);
Ai et al. (2010). Conventional techniques like fecal examination used for its diagnosis are not
comprehensive because of Species similarity in distribution in many countries of East and
North Africa, and Southeast and Central Asia, and are similar in egg morphology.
Coprological methods continue to be the most widely used approach for the detection and
quantification of Fasciola and other helminth eggs in laboratory animals, domestic and
sylvatic animals and humans Cringoli et al. (2004, 2010); Bergquist et al. (2009), with a more
recently developed method that is currently undergoing broad-scale validation the FLOTAC
techniques Cringoli et al. (2010) for the detection and quantification of F. hepatica eggs in
feces obtained from experimentally-infected rats before and after drug administration.
FLOTAC has been used successfully in the diagnosis of F. hepatica infections in naturallyinfected
sheep, which underwent treatment with standard Cringoli et al. (2006). However
PCR based diagnosis using specie-specific primers has been proved more accurate and
successful in diagnosis and distinction of Fasciola species Le TH et al. (2012). The molecular
technique such as PCR is used for the recognition of parasite. These molecular techniques are
largely accepted all over the world. These are more exact methods than traditional in
epidemiological studies Heckeroth and Tenter et al. (1999).
Herbal drugs have been used since ancient times to cure diseases and medicinal plants
have been used to treat fasciolosis among these Nigella sativa and Allium sativum have been
used to treat the worm infestation. No report of resistance development to plant anthelmintic
although many have been used in veterinary medicine for many years Ashaal et al. (2010);
Introduction
5
Waller et al. (1995); Koko et al.(2000); Thienpont et al. (1979); Keiser et al. (2011). Herbal
(indigenous) drugs have been used since ancient times to cure diseases, and several medicinal
plants have been used to treat fasciolosis Satyavati et al. (1987). Among these, Nigella sativa
has been used to treat worm infestation Nadkrani et al. (1954; Said et al. (1969); Akhtar et al.
(1988). N. sativa can be used as a therapeutic agent against helminthes Khan et al. (2013).
Neem leaf powder can be used as therapeutic agent against gastrointestinal parasites of
camel, equine, cattle, buffalo and small ruminants Mehmood et al. (2013). Garlic powder can
also be used as herbal product against the gastrointestinal helminthes of livestock Ijaz et al.
(2008). Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2256-T] (1).
482.
Veterinary Practice Management : Building Profit and Value
by Jerry L. Simmons.
Edition: 1stMaterial type: Publisher: USA: Mosby; 1997Availability: Items available for loan: Pattoki Library [Call number: 636.089068 Simmons 15226 1st 1997 LiveStock] (1).
483.
Health and Disease in Farm Animals : An Introduction to Farm Animal Medicine
by Parker, William Hosken.
Edition: 3rd ed.Material type: Publisher: UK: Butterworth-Heinemann; 1980Availability: Items available for loan: Pattoki Library [Call number: 636.089 Parker 11312 3rd 1980 Livestock] (1).
484.
The Veterinary Annual.
by Grunsell,C.S.G.
Material type: Publisher: UK: IOP Publishing Limited; 1987Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 636.08905 Grunsell 12996 Vol.27 1987 C.M.S] (1).
485.
The Veterinary Annual.
by Grunsell,C.S.G.
Material type: Publisher: UK: John Wright & Sons Ltd; 1970Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 636.08905 Grunsell 10187 Vol.10 1970 C.M.S] (1).
486.
Diseases Of Animals in Tropical Countries
by C. R. Edmonds | G. K. Walker.
Edition: 1stMaterial type: Publisher: India: Greenworld Publishers; 2001Availability: Items available for loan: Old Books [Call number: 636.089613 Livestock 491] (1), Pattoki Library [Call number: 636.089613 Edmonds 16362 1st 2001 Livestock] (1).
487.
Practical Animal Husbandry
by Miller,William C.
Edition: 7th ed.Material type: Publisher: UK: Oliver And Boyd; 1959Availability: Items available for loan: Pattoki Library [Call number: 636.08 Miller 4527 7th 1959 Livestock] (1).
488.
Current Techniques in Small Animal Surgery
by Bojrab, M. Joseph | Slocum, Barclay | Ellison, Gary W.
Edition: 4th edMaterial type: Publisher: USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1998Availability: Items available for loan: Pattoki Library [Call number: 636.0897 Joseph 14885 4th 1998 CMS] (1), UVAS Library [Call number: 636.0897 Joseph 17343 1st 1975 CMS] (2).
489.
Large Animal Internal Medicine : Diseases of Horses, Cattle, Sheep and Goats / 2nd ed
by Smith, Bradford P | Smith, Bradford P.
Edition: 2nd ed.Material type: Publisher: USA: Mosby-Year Book, 1996Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 636.0896 Smith 14342 2nd 1996 CMS] (4).
490.
The 5-minute Veterinary Consult--Equine
by Brown, Christopher M | Bertone, Joseph J.
Edition: 1st edMaterial type: Publisher: USA : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2001Availability: Items available for loan: Pattoki Library [Call number: 636.10896 Bertone 15215 1st 2002 CMS] (1), UVAS Library [Call number: 636.10896 Bertone 15832 1st 2002 CMS] (1).
491.
Equine Neonatal Medicine
by Mary Rose Paradis.
Edition: 1st ed.Material type: Publisher: China : Saunders, 2006Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 636.10896 Paradis 20058 1st 2006 CMS] (1).
492.
Animals In Research : New Perspectives In Animal Experimentation
by Sperlinger, David | Medicine, Experimental.
Edition: 1st ed.Material type: Publisher: USA: John Wiley & Sons; 1981Availability: Items available for loan: Pattoki Library [Call number: 636.089 David 11760 1st 1981 Livestock] (1).
493.
Fluid Therapy in Small Animal Practice / 2nd ed
by Stephen P. DiBartola.
Edition: 2nd ed.Material type: Publisher: USA : Saunders; 2000Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 636.708963992 DiBrartola 20480 2nd 2000 CMS] (1).
494.
An Introduction to Veterinary Medical Ethics : Theory and Cases
by Rollin, Bernard E.
Edition: 2nd ed.Material type: Publisher: USA: Wiley-Blackwell; 2006Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 174.9636 Rollin 20557 2nd 2006 Veterinary.Ethics] (2).
495.
Textbook of Small Animal Surgery / 3rd ed
by Douglas Slatter.
Edition: 3rd ed.Material type: Publisher: USA : Saunders, 2002Availability: Items available for loan: Pattoki Library [Call number: 636.0897 Slatter 15133 3rd 2003 CMS] (1), UVAS Library [Call number: 636.0897 Slatter 15140 3rd 2003 CMS] (1).
496.
Textbook of Large Animal Surgery
by Oehme, Frederick W.
Edition: 1st ed.Material type: Publisher: USA: Williams and Wilkins; 1974Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 636.08917 Oehme 22640 1st 1974 CMS] (5).
497.
The Veterinary Annual.
by Pool,W.A.
Edition: 1st ed.Material type: Publisher: USA: John Wright & Sons; 1965Availability: Items available for loan: Pattoki Library [Call number: 636.089 Pool 6420 1st 1965 Livestock] (1).
498.
The Merck Veterinary Manual / 10th ed
by Kahn, Cynthia M | Line, Scott.
Edition: 10th ed.Material type: Publisher: USA : Merck, 2010Availability: Items available for loan: Pattoki Library [Call number: 636.089 Marck 29583 10th 2010 CMS] (1), UVAS Library [Call number: 636.089 Marck 24321 10th 2010 CMS] (2). Checked out (1).
499.
Tropical Animal Health
by Seifert, Horst S. H.
Edition: 1st ed.Material type: Publisher: The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1992Availability: Items available for loan: Pattoki Library [Call number: 636.089600913 Seifert 19923 1st 1992 L.Production] (1).
500.
Seroprevalence And Associated Risk Factors Of Leptospirosis In Sheep And Goat In And Around Lahore
by Muhammad Awais Akram (2008-VA-230) | Dr.Muhammad Hassan Saleem | Dr. Muhammad Avais | Dr. Hassan Mushtaq.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Sheep and goats, although representing an important source of animal protein in third world countries such as Pakistan, seem to have benefited little from veterinary care and production improvement. Sheep and goats are often the main source of daily meat and are used in ceremonial festivities throughout the country. Small ruminants (sheep and goats) are ubiquitous, with important contributions to the subsistence, economic, and social livelihoods of many humans, particularly in developing countries. According to FAO, (2010), approximately 95.7% of all goats and 63.3%of all ewes worldwide are located in developing countries and represent more than 70% of total animal production. Among the various factors that may lead to low productivity in tropical countries, infectious diseases may be very prevalent, impairing milk and meat production.
Leptospirosis is an outstanding neglected disease, and since it is usually silent, its effects on livestock are often underestimated. As an example that may be considered for other tropical areas of the world, it was recently described as the most frequent and potentially the major infection impairing productivity in small ruminants. Unfortunately, a definitive diagnosis of leptospirosis is difficult to make. Most of diagnostic laboratories do not attempt to isolate leptospires because of their fragile nature, cost and complexity of the isolation media, and prolonged incubation period. Therefore, recognition of leptospiral infection has been based generally on serological evidence. A wide variety of serological tests, which show varying degrees of serogroups and serovar specificity, have been described. Two tests have a role in veterinary diagnosis: the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
A total of 180 serum samples were examined in this study. The animals were included in this study from various sources representing the diverse livestock production system / management conditions i.e. rural subsistence, peri-urban and semi commercia, sheep and goat farms in and around the Lahore. The blood samples were collected from randomly selected animals as well as on the basis of Leptospirosis- like symptoms or any other indication of the disease. The blood samples were collected in clean sterile vacutainers having no anticoagulant. From each animal 5-10 ml blood sample were collected by phlebotomy. For this purpose the area on jugular vein was sterilized with 70% alcohol and blood was collected in the vacutainer. The blood samples were put in slanted position in the refrigerator for two hours. Upon appearance of serum in the tubes usually after three hours of refrigeration, samples were centrifuged at 4000 revolution per minute (RPM) for five minutes. The sera were separated using a sterile pipette for each sample and clean sterilized vials were stored at -20°C in the freezer till used. The standard hygienic measures were adopted during collection and processing of blood samples. The ELISA is performed by the procedure that is described by the ELISA kit manufacturer.
The sheep were divided into three categories that were healthy, pregnant and aborted, which account for 0, 3.34 and 26.6%, respectively, positive samples. Whereas, The goat were also divided into three categories that were healthy, pregnant and aborted, which account for 0, 6.67 and 30%, respectively, positive samples. The highest percentage were observed in aborted animals that indicated that the leptospirosis had contribution in the abortion of the goat and sheep. The sheep were divided into four categories that were urban, peri urban, semi-commercial and commercial, which account for 13.3, 6.67, 6.67 and 10%, respectively, positive samples. Whereas, the goat were also divided into four categories that were urban, peri urban, semi-commercial and commercial, which account for 16.7, 13.4, 6.67 and 10%, respectively, positive samples. The highest percentage were observed in urban areas where the sheep and goats were raised together that indicated that the leptospirosis can be spread from animal to animal.
Conclusion:
From the finding of the current study suggested that leptospirosis can be difficult to diagnosis properly. The proper diagnosis can helpful for the controlling the leptospirosis. The urban area, and physiological conditions, of sheep and goat, are the major risk factors.
Suggestion and Recommendations:
Proper diagnosis and good management can reduce the risk of leptospirosis in sheep and goat. The infected animal must be isolate and treat with proper medications. The further studies can helpful for more proper disease diagnosis and control. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2274-T] (1).
