901.
Isolation And Molecular Detection Of Salmonella Species In Milk And Milk Products
by Muhammad Umar Ijaz (2007-VA-040) | Prof. Dr. Mansur-ud-Din-Ahmad | Dr. Muhammad Hassan Mushtaq | Dr. Ali Ahmad Sheikh.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Salmonellosis is one of the emerging zoonotic diseases. Human infections result from contaminated raw or undercooked food. Various sources of contamination in milk are dirty udder, unhygienic handling and utensils, dirty hands of milkmen and poor quality water supply at the farm. To ensure food safety there is a dire need for the availability of valid, rapid and accredited diagnostic system. Conventional culture methods for detecting Salmonella spp. in foods needs 4–5 days. The development in molecular techniques made it possible to cut short the procedure.
The present study was conducted with the aim to evaluate the burden of Salmonella spp. in milk and milk products. In total 150 samples were collected, out of which there were 75 milk samples. These samples were collected from farm dairy herds (pooled milk) located in Harbanspura Dairy colony, Lahore. Salmonella was detected in 8 samples (11%) by conventional method.
In addition to milk samples, 75 samples of milk products were also collected from retail shops. These include 50 samples of Yogurt and 25 samples of Yogurt milk. Milk products had 6 positive samples (8%). No sample of Yogurt was detected positive for Salmonella. The reason for this is that Yogurt had only Salmonella if it is present in starter culture. Furthermore yogurt is made after frequent heating. Salmonella is killed by such continuous and vigorous heating. Yogurt milk is prepared from Yogurt along with raw milk in a separate utensil. There are chances of contamination there so it had 6 positive samples. Total 14 (9%) samples were detected in 150 samples by conventional method. It was found that Salmonella was present in raw milk samples and milk products at places where either cleanliness was not proper, milk handling practices
Summary
53
were not up to the mark, udder was not washed before milking or overall management practices were poor.
Positive samples obtained by conventional method were further analyzed by PCR for Salmonella genus confirmation. Out of total 8 positive milk samples by conventional method, 5(62%) were confirmed as Salmonella genus. Similarly from 6 positive samples of milk products by conventional method, only 2(33%) were confirmed as of Salmonella genus. Further PCR was conducted for Salmonella typhimurium detection. Milk samples were containing 3(60%) positive samples while no positive sample was detected in milk products.
On the basis of the results of present study, it is recommended that milk should always be boiled before use. Further Hygienic measures should be adopted during milking. Proper handling of milk and milk products is also important to limit the cross contamination. It is also advised that standards such as pasteurization and HACCP should be introduced to facilitate production of good quality milk. Electronic and print media should also create awareness among people about food safety. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2408-T] (1).
902.
Anthelmintic Efficacy Of Nicotiana Tabacum Against Haemonchus Placei In Cattle
by Ali Haider (2008-VA-179) | Dr. Jawaria Ali Khan | Dr. Muhammad Avais | Prof. Dr. Kamran Ashraf.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note:
The gastro- intestinal tract (GIT) of animals contains variety of parasites primarily helminthes, which are responsible for sub clinical and clinical parasitism.Major economic losses in the livestock industry are caused by adverse effect on the health status of animals by these parasites. The effect of these parasitic infections include decreased milk production, edible offals and meat refusal, decrease of hides, late maturity and death mostly in calves and more production cost because of drugs usage. Plants are being used as anthelmintic as the allopathic drugs today which offer alternate to the use of synthetic chemicals.
Aqueous and methanol extracts of Nicotiana tabacum leaves are effective against Haemonchus placei in cattle.
A total number of one hundred (n=100) samples of cattle round worm Haemonchus placei directly brought from slaughter houses were included in this study and for the efficacy of In vitro aqueous extracts of Nicotiana tabacum leaves the abomasal contents were preserved in normal saline containing jars.
In-vitro aqueous extracts were prepared in stock solution and the different dilutions of these extracts were used to calculate the anthelmintic efficacy in three different Petri dishes having various concentrations of Nicotiana tabacum leaves aqueous extracts in the form of percentages besides the positive and negative controls receiving single dose of Levamisole and no treatment respectively.
Adult cattle were used for In-vivo trails which were conducted in dairy farms present in Lahore. Animals were conformed for the presence of gastro-intestinal parasites by qualitative and quantitative methods of faecal analysis. Total n=24 were included in the study trials and for treatment trails n=24 cow positive for endo-parasitic infections especially for H. placei weredivided in to Six groups. Four groups were given the single treatment of aqueous extract and methanol extract 1 gm/kg and 3 gm/kg respectively while fifth group received single dose of Levamisole HCl and the sixth group was negative control and received no treatment. Faecal samples from each animal were collected in the morning, starting from day 0 pre-treatment and at days 5 and 10 post-treatment and were evaluated for the presence of worm eggs by salt flotation technique. The eggs were counted by the McMaster method (Zajac et al. 2012). The EPG standard for groups treated with crude aqueous extract was 500-600 eggs per gram and the groups treated with crude methanol extract contained 700-800 EPG. The positive control contained 900-1000 EPG. The negative control contained EPG >1000.
The comparative efficacy data were analyzed by Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) by using SPSS 20.0. A probability level ˂0.05 was considered statistically significant.
During the In-vitro study the efficacy of aqueous extracts of Nicotiana tabacum at the concentrations of 25 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml and 100 mg/ml were same against adult Haemonchus placei parasites which was 100 % during In-vitro study. All the wormsexposed to levamisole 0.55 mg/ml, a standard anthelmintic agent were found dead after three hours of incubation at 37 ºC whereas, none of the worms were found dead in Phosphate buffer solution (PBS) which acted as the negative control. These findings indicatedthe anthelmintic activity of extracts of N. tabacum.
During the In-vivo study all the treatment groups showed a significant reduction (P< 0.05) in EPG at day 5 and 10 post-treatment. The maximum reduction showed by Crude Aqueous extract (CAE) at 3 gm/kg dose at day 5 and 10 post treatment were 48.88 % and 51.11 % respectively. The maximum reduction showed by Crude Methanolic extracts at the dose rate of 3 gm/kg body weight were 75.8 % and 79.03 % respectively at 5 and 10 days post treatment. The positive control treated with Levamisole HCl showed the maximum reduction of 98.68 % in eggs per gram (EPG).
The data organized from this study were helpful to know the anthelmintic efficacy of Nicotiana tabacum leaves aqueous and methanol extracts against gastro intestinal nematode H. placei in cattle and the treatment trials provided the most reliable and cost effective treatment for round worms infestation in cattle.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2406-T] (1).
903.
Tareekh Doulat e Usmania
by Dr. Muhammad Aziz.
Edition: 1st ed.Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: Lahore: Book Talk; 2014Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 956.1 Aziz 30987 Vol.1 2014 History] (2).
904.
Majmua Amrita Pritam : Novel
by Pritam, Amrita | Dr. Muhammad Ameen Khawar | Rana Khizer Sultan.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: Lahore: Book Talk; 2014Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 891.2393 Pritam 30967 1st 2014 Novel] (1).
905.
Pakistan ki mashalian our Mahi Parwari
by Dr. Muhammad Ramazan Bhatti.
Edition: 1st ed.Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: Pakistan, Faroze son, 1993Availability: Items available for loan: Pattoki Library [Call number: 639.195491 Ramazan 18508 1st 1993 Fisheries] (2).
906.
Miss Fit
by Dr Muhammad Younas Butt.
Edition: 1st ed.Material type: Publisher: Pakistan: Sang-e-meel, 2011Availability: Items available for loan: Pattoki Library [Call number: 891.4392 Younas 29401 1st 2011 Drama] (1).
907.
Butt Tameezyaan
by Dr. Muhammad younas Butt.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: Lahore: Sang e Meel Publishers; 2006Availability: Items available for loan: Pattoki Library [Call number: 891.4397 Younas 29388 1st 2012 Satire] (1), UVAS Library [Call number: 891.4397 Younas 20972 1st 2006 Satire] (1).
908.
In-Vitro Acaricidal Activity of Eucalyptus Camaldulensis Extract(S) in Ticks of Cattle
by Muhammad Atta Ul Mustafa (2013-VA-898) | Dr. Muhammad Lateef | Dr. Muhammad Haroon Akbar | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Theses submitted with blank cd. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2417-T] (1).
909.
Sedative And Analgesic Effects Of Xylazine, Ketamine And Diazepam In Ducks
by Hafiz Manzoor Ahmad (2013-VA-856) | Dr. Hamad Bin Rashid | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Arif Khan | Dr. Asim Khalid Mahmood.
Material type: Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Mostly of the drugs given intramuscularly are ineffective in producing anesthesia in ducks. There are some combinations which have a synergistic effect for producing good sedation and analgesia. This combination includes ketamine-xylazine and ketamine-xylazine-diazepam. This study was conducted on ducks which are divided into two groups (A, B). The group A was given xylazine (5 mg/kg) and ketamine hydrochloride (15 mg/kg) and the birds of group B was given ketamine hydrochloride (15 mg/kg), xylazine (2.5 mg/kg) and diazepam (2.5mg/kg) cocktail. Anesthesia is the desensitization of body through nerve blockage. It is the reversible state of analgesia and loss of responsive-ness, loss of skeletal muscle reflexes, decreased stress response, or all of these simultaneously. The average body temperature of ducks treated with KX and KXD was 105.02±0.12, and 104.97±0.18 oF, respectively. The average heart rate of ducks anesthetized by KX and KXD was 103.75±3.18, and 98.63±2.24 beats/min, respectively. The average respiratory rate of ducks treated with KX and KXD was 19.2±1.62, and 16.11±0.52 breaths/min, respectively. The onset of sedation in ducks anesthetized by KX, and KXD was recorded in 2.11±0.75 and 1.14±0.04 minutes after drug administration. The duration of sedation in the ducks anesthetized was 87.33±6.74, and 127.42±18.60 minutes, respectively. The recovery of ducks from sedation was recorded in 89.53±6.22, and 128.56±18.52 minutes. Onset of analgesia in ducks anesthetized by KX and KXD was recorded in3.22±0.54, and 1.67±0.77 minutes after drug administration. The duration of analgesia in the ducks anesthetized with KX and KXD was 39.76±3.89 and 81.15±11.17 minutes, respectively. The recovery of ducks from analgesia was recorded in 43.37±4.42 and 82.82±11.15 minutes, when anesthetized with KX and KXD respectively. The onset of sedation, onset of analgesia, duration was relatively delayed in KX
SUMMARY
36
group; recovery from sedation and analgesia was observed in ducks anesthetized with KX group is early than KXD group. These effects can be obtained from a combination of drugs to achieve very specific combinations of results. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the sedative and analgesic effects of xylazine- ketamine and diazepam in different combinations. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2422-T] (1).
910.
Genetic Effect Of Interferon Gamma On Bovine Resistance Against Mycobecterium Bovis
by Syed Ahmed Raza Rizvi (2012-VA-819) | Dr. Maryam Javed | Dr. Tanveer Hussain | Dr. Muhammad Tayyab.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Bovine tuberculosis is a disease caused by the species included in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. IFN-GAMMA are a family of conserved innate immune recognition receptors that trigger adaptive immune responses. IFN-GAMMA play an important role in host defense against mycobacteria, especially by mediating the response to mycobacterial triacylated lipopeptides.
The objective of this study is the identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms within the coding region of IFN-GAMMA gene to evaluate its potential for enhanced the resistance to bovine tuberculosis in Nili-Ravi buffalo breed. Fifty blood samples of Nili-Ravi breed were collected from UVAS Pattoki Campus, Research Farm B and Buffalo Research Institute (BRI) Pattoki. Inorganic method was used for DNA extraction, for amplification of the coding region of IFN-GAMMA gene PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) was used using specially designed primers and the PCR products were sequenced through Sanger’s Chain Termination method. For the analysis and alignment of sequencing the results obtained after sequencing were analyzed and aligned using the CLUSTAL W and BLAST software. After all these analysis Ten SNPs were identified in the coding region of IFNG mentioned in table. The Eight SNPs identified in the coding region of INTERFERON GAMMA were in this order P1 C>T, P2 T>C, P3 T>C, P4 T>C, P5 T>C, P6 C >T, P7 T>C, and P8 C >T. The one SNP found in the current research is in compliance with the (Sun et al. 2012) research on INTERFERON GAMMA hence Nine SNPs found in the current research are novel in Nili Ravi buffalo. Research on IFN-GAMMA hence Seven SNPs found in the current research are novel in Nili Ravi buffalo. The SNPs in the exonic region that is P1 C>T, P2 T>C, P3 T>C, P4 T>C, P5 T>C, P6 C >T, P7 T>C, P8 C >T, among them four were transitions and four were transversion .
Population genetic analysis and allelic distribution at all loci was analyzed using
Summary
57
POPGENE 32 software indicated that at [P3=0.354539>0.05] , [P5=0.365524>0.05]followed the assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium indicating that the alleles were randomly distributed throughout the population, no migration had occurred, no bottlenecks happened and population remained large in numbers. This Non-significant and obeying HWE, so can be potential marker for genetic selection. At [P1= 0.000032< 0.05], [P2=0.038766< 0.05] and [P7=000394< 0.05] the probability value below 0.05 indicated that population at these polymorphic sites was not obeying Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. This indicated that at these positions alleles were not equally distributed in population. It can be concluded from my research that the SNPs identified in the current research may also hold potential for marker-assisted breeding programs, with the aim of breeding more BTB-resistant animals and herds within both the national farms and the private sector. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2419-T] (1).
911.
Lactoferrin Gene Polymorphism in Dairy Cattle
by Syeda Iqra Aiman Bukhari (2009-VA-556) | Dr. Sehrish Firyal | Dr. Ali Raza Awan | Dr. Muhammad Tayyab.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Several factors militate against realizing the milk production potential of cows. Mastitis is the most costly and the prevalent production-limiting disease of dairy animals in Pakistan and elsewhere in the world. It is accompanied by elevated Somatic cell count (SCC) in the milk and estimated genetic correlation between SCC and mastitis ranges between 0.53-0.77. Susceptibility and resistance to mastitis is a complex trait and influenced by genetic variation of animals. Among these variations, the polymorphism in Lactoferrin gene (LTF) plays an important role in the immune response to mastitis.
Polymorphism in intron 6 of LTF gene is associated with mastitis susceptibility and resistance. It is a potential candidate gene for imparting resistance mastitis in dairy cows.
The present study was designed for the identification of polymorphism in LTF gene associated with mastitis. Milk and blood samples were collected from 20 Sahiwal cows having clinical and subclinical mastitis. SCC of milk samples was performed using serial dilutions. 10 normal Sahiwal cows as control were included in present study. DNA was extracted from blood using organic extraction and kit method followed by DNA quantification. Amplification of LTF gene was designed by using already reported primers obtained from NCBI.
LTF gene was amplified and sequenced to get the full length sequence of this gene. Comparative analysis of the resulted sequences using NCBI BLAST was done.
Outcomes:
The results obtained from polymorphisms in LTF gene can play an important role for selection of mastitis resistant and susceptible dairy cows. This can be useful in selective breeding of cattle for enhanced immune response, as a tool to improve inherent animal health, which ultimately can lay the foundations to contain the magnitude of economic loss due to mastitis.
Develop a biological response modifier that will promote a sustained immunity of the mammary teat and protect the gland from invading pathogens. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2416-T] (1).
912.
Polymorphism Study Of Calcium-Sensing Receptor Gene (Casr)In Calcium Nephrolithiasis Affected Families
by Hafza Ammara (2013-VA-865) | Dr. Muhammad YasirZahoor | Dr. Asif Nadeem | Ms. Huma Mujahid.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Nephrolithiasis is a multi-factorial kidney stone disease resulting from the combined influence of epidemiological, biochemical and genetic risk factors. Calcium-sensing receptorprotien is plasma membrane G protein-coupled receptors that regulate secretion of parathyroid hormoneand calcium re-absorption by kidney tubular cells. This protienis able to sense small changes in circulating calcium concentration and, once activated, it inhibits parathyroid hormone secretion and renal tubule calcium re-absorption. The CaSR gene protein islocated on chromosome 3q13 is one of the candidate gene explaining individual predispositions to calcium nephrolithiasis. CaSR gene is a predecessor for nephrolithiasis due to its role in calcium re-absorption. CaSRgene has seven exons and several mutations have been reported globally related to calcium nephrolithiasis.
Twenty families affected with calcium nephrolithiasis having at least two affected individuals have been enrolled for this study. Ten families have already been analyzed for exon 3 & 4 in the laboratory. DNA has been extracted through inorganic extraction method from the blood of newly enrolled families. Primers have been designed for exon 5, 6 and 7 through Primer3 software. These exons have been sequenced using the BigDye Terminator Cycle Sequencing Ready Reaction Kit (Perkin Elmer/ABI) and have been read in an automated sequencer, ABI Prism model 3730 (Perkin Elmer).
We also screend the coding exon of CLDN14 genewhich is a membrane protein that regulates paracellular passage of ions and small solutesat epithelial tight junction.The overexpression of claudin-14 in the thick ascending limb of loop of henleof the kidney generates a renal phenotype characteristic with hypomagnesemiaand hypercalciuria that leads to the development of calcium nephrolithiasis.
All of the sequences have been evaluated by using Clustal-W programs, Chromas and Bioedit software for mutational analysis.Sequence analysis of CaSR gene revealed one novel splice mutationC>G at position 63722 at exon 5 in one affected family.This variation is found in the intronic region of the gene.We found one missense mutation Q536R at exon six in three different affected families. And one synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP) C>G found at exon 7at rs2036400 in six different affected families.These SNPs showsa significant association of CaSRgene with nephrolithiasis. It will help to determine the risk factor and role of CaSR gene in inheritance of calcium nephrolithiasis. And it will also be used for genetic screening and prenatal diagnosis.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2426-T] (1).
913.
Antibacterial And Cytotoxic Evaluation Of Sequential Extracts Of Eucalyptus Globulus Leaves Against Common Poultry Pathogens
by Asma Iqbal (2013-VA-563) | Dr. Muhammad Adil Rasheed | Dr. Qamar Niaz | Prof. Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Phytomedicines mark the major component of health care as natural medicines have always provided the strong foothold for the discovery and manufacturing of synthetic drugs. So plants are a rich source of bioactive compounds having many therapeutic activities and majority of them are still untapped. Eucalyptus globulus is a medicinal plant known for its value to cure asthma, respiratory infections, cough and allergic reactions. The antimicrobial activity, insecticidal and hypoglycemic activity have also been credited to the plant. Most of the studies have been conducted on the essential oils of Eucalyptus globulus and little work has been reported on extracts. Whereas, sequential extracts has not been employed yet.
Hexane, chloroform and ethanol, aqueous extracts were prepared by the sequential extraction on Soxhlet apparatus and antibacterial activity was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Clostridium perfringens type A and Haemophilus paragallinarum by agar well diffusion and micro broth dilution method. The zones of inhibition and minimum inhibitory concentration were determined. The extracts showing antimicrobial activity were further evaluated for cytotoxicity by using MTT assay on Vero cell line. The cell culture media was prepared and cell lines were propagated to form monolayer then monolayer was exposed to plant extract dilutions. After 24-48 hours, MTT dye was introduced and cell survival percentage was calculated.
The statistical analysis was conducted with help of Statistic Package for Social Sciences (SPSS for windows version 16, SPSS inc, Chicago, IL, USA) and results were compared using one way ANOVA.
Summary
89
The zones of inhibitions showed by hexane, chloroform, ethanol and aqueous leaf extracts of Eucalyptus globulus against Staphylococcus aureus were 0.0, 19.3, 20.3 and 23.3mm; against Clostridium perfringens type A were 14, 22.3, 14.0 and 15.3mm; against Escherichia coli were 0.0, 12.6, 13.3 and 15.6mm; against Salmonella enterica were 10, 12.3, 18.6 and 21mm; against Haemophilus paragallinarum were 0.0, 8.6, 14 and 18mm respectively. Hexane extract showed no zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Haemophilus paragallinarum.
The MICs values of hexane, chloroform, ethanol and aqueous leaf extracts of Eucalyptus globulus against Staphylococcus aureus were 0.00, 104.1, 32.55 and 312.5 μg/ml; against Clostridium perfringens type A were 52.08, 39.06, 16.27 and 312.5 μg/ml; against Escherichia coli were 0.00, 78.12, 260.4 and 625.0 μg/ml; against Salmonella enterica were 13.02, 104.1, 130.2 and 416.6 μg/ml; against Haemophillus paragallinarum were 0.00, 104.1, 260.4 and 416.6 μg/ml respectively. MIC was not performed against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Haemophilus paragallinarum for hexane extract as no zone of inhibition was observed against them.
Hexane extract of Eucalyptus globulus was cytotoxic at concentration ≥ 312.5μg/ml, chloroform extract at concentration ≥ 375μg/ml, ethanol extract at concentration ≥ 625μg/ml and aqueous extract was cytotoxic at concentration ≥312.5 μg/ml.
The indigenous plant Eucalyptus globulus has antibacterial activity against common poultry pathogens and can be helpful for development of new drugs of plant origin. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2429-T] (1).
914.
Physiological, Behavioral And Immune Response In Three Commercial Broiler Strains Under Four Heating Systems
by Muhammad Jamil Alvi (2008-VA-480) | Prof. Dr. Athar Mahmud | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Akram | Prof. Dr. Saima | Dr. Shahid Mehmood.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: The performance of broilers maintained under four different brooding systems with respect
to behavior of the birds, blood profile and immune response in comparison to different
strain of broilers raising needs to be studied under local conditions as it has been reported
to possess better prospects. Furthermore, broiler performance in four different brooding
zones having different air quality needs to be investigated in view of their effect on
performance of broilers. In the trial, 360 commercial (Hubbard, Ross, Cobb) day-old broiler
chicks purchased from the local hatchery. Hence the present study was conducted, Department
of Poultry Production, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Ravi campus, Pattoki with
the objectives to compare the effect of strains and heating sources on the behavior (Walking,
Feeding, Jumping, Litter Pecking, Lying, Standing, Preening, Breathing, Fearfulness, Body
stretching, Rubbing beak with body) of the birds. In the present study effect of strains and
heating system on blood biochemistry and immune response were also identified. The behavior
of broilers strains studied under four different heating systems. Each treatment replicated 03 subgroups.
The experimental chicks randomly divided into 36 experimental units of 10 chicks each
after the adaptation period of three weeks. The heating system will be split into 04 groups (A, B,
C and D). The birds in group A kept over hot water pipe lines. The birds in group B will be kept
in gas heater area. The birds in group C kept in diesel brooder area. The birds in group D kept
under pen cake brooder area. The data were analyzed according to analysis of variance
(ANOVA) technique in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) under factorial
arrangements using GLM procedures. Means separated through Duncan Multiple Range
(DMR) test with the help of SAS, 9.1. Results of the present study showed significant highest
jumping behavior in birds reared on hot water pipes as compared to gas heater during starter
SUMMARY
48
phase and grower phase. In interaction, significantly more jumping behavior was recorded on
electric bulbs in Ross when compared with Ross on hot water in starter phase. Significantly
highest aggression was showed in birds reared on gas heaters than birds reared on electric bulb
and diesel brooder. The preening behavior significantly improved in birds reared on gas heaters
in starter, grower and finisher phase. While minimum was recorded on hot water during starter,
grower and finisher phase. The feather picking behavior and walking behavior significantly
higher in birds reared on gas heater during starter, grower and finisher phase. The laying
behavior was statistically significant in Cobb broiler chicks during finisher phase. The feeding
and litter picking behavior significantly higher in Ross broiler chicks during finisher phase. The
under heat source, stretching and rubbing beak with body behavior significantly improved in
Hubbard broiler chicks during starter phase. The blood profile was not significantly influenced
by strains and heating source. The antibody titer against ND and IBD was higher in Ross reared
on water heating system as compared to other strains and heating sources while blood
biochemical profile was also higher in Ross when reared at floor heating system.
Conclusion:
Ross reared under hot water during brooding showed better and healthy behavior
including jumping, aggression, walking, standing, drinking, lying, feeding and litter
picking
Ross strains exhibited better immune response and serum chemistry at hot water brooding
system.
Suggestion and Recommendations:
Hot water can be used as alternative brooding source
Behavior of commercial poultry needs further investigation and research. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2428-T] (1).
915.
Study Of Prescribing Trends And Evaluation Of Therapeutic Effectiveness Of Prescribed Medications For Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus In Tertiary Care Hospital Of Lahore, Pakistan
by Bareera Rana (2008-VA-545) | Allah Bukhsh Awan | Muhammad Faisal Nadeem | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Diabetes mellitus is metabolic disorder resulting from decrease in insulin secretion and insulin action or both. Presently, the prevalence of diabetes is 8.3% and 7.89% in world and in Pakistan, respectively. Pakistan is ranked 7th in diabetes mellitus prevalence making it a major problem in our health care system. The study was based on the prescribing trends and evaluation of therapeutic effectiveness of oral hypoglycemic agents in tertiary care hospital of Lahore. A concurrent observational study of 3 months duration was performed in diabetes management centre of a tertiary care hospital of Lahore under the supervision of an endocrinologist. Socio-demographic data and compliance levels were determined by questionnaire while hyperglycemic control was analyzed by continuous monitoring of HbA1c at the start and the end of the study. Data was finally analyzed by descriptive statistics and SPSS 16. The study demonstrated that the most frequently prescribed oral hypoglycemic agent was metformin which is in accordance with the guidelines, however individualization of treatment is required keeping in view the patient factors respectively. Intensification of current treatment for patients with higher HbA1c values is needed. Data regarding therapeutic effectiveness of the hypoglycemic agents shows that the hypoglycemic agents were effective enough to lower HbA1c values to bring it to normal values but patient factors of non-compliance and not following life style modification patterns are not allowing the values to come up to the mark, that is, the decrease in HbA1c values according to guidelines within three months of the treatment. Presently it is the need of time to run educational awareness programs for awareness regarding diabetes among people to made them know about life style interventions. Moreover the prescribing trends and their relevance with glycemic control must also be documented. It will generate data for knowing which trend of prescribing is producing better results and whether the trends are meeting international standards or not. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2427-T] (1).
916.
Batain Hamari Yaad Rahain
by Dr. Muhammad Saleem Malik.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: Lahore: Book Home; 2003Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 891.4394 Saleem 21227 1st 2003 Essays] (1).
917.
Family Front
by Dr. Muhammad Younas Butt.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: Lahore: Sang e Meel Publishers; 2006Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 891.4392 Younas 20989 1st 2006 Drama] (1).
918.
Majmua Dr. Muhammad Younis Butt : Vol.2
by Dr. Muhammad Younis Butt.
Edition: 1stMaterial type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publishers; 2009Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 891.4397 Younis 27295 1st 2009 Urdu.Literature] (1).
919.
Shanakht Parade
by Dr. Muhammad Younis Butt.
Edition: 1stMaterial type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: Lahore: Sang-e-Meel; 2007Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 891.4397 Younis 21112 1st 2007 Urdu.Literature] (1).
920.
Tu Tu, Main Main
by Dr. Muhammad Younis Butt.
Edition: 1stMaterial type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: Lahore: Sang-e-Meel; 2008Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 891.427 Younis 27329 1st 2008 Urdu.Literature] (1).
921.
Laugh Pack
by Dr. Muhammad Younis Butt.
Edition: 1stMaterial type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: Lahore: Sang-e-Meel; 2008Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 891.4392 Younis 27327 1st 2008 Urdu.Literature] (1).
922.
Evaluation Of Immunomodulatory Activity Of Ketorolac In Mice
by Mahtab Anwer (2013-VA-846) | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer | Dr. Aamir Ghafoor.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Ketorolac is one of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) commonly prescribed to treat postoperative pain and reduced stress response.The present study was designed to evaluate the immunomodulatory activity of ketorolac.In each assay, 25 mice were used. All the mice were divided randomly into 5 groups. Each group had 5 mice. Negative control group was treated with solvent, positive control group was treated with cyclophosphamide and other three groups were injected intraperitoneally at the three different doses of ketorolac (2mg/kg, 4mg/kg and 8mg/kg). Delayed type hypersensitivity assay (DTH) and cyclophosphamide induced neutropenia assays were performed to evaluate the cell-mediated immune activity of ketorolac. While, the effect of ketorolac on humoral immunity was determined by performing heamagglutination assay and mice lethality test.It was observed that significant reduction in skin thickness and white blood cells and neutropenia in dose dependent manner of ketorolac treated groups (8mg/kg ketorolac > 4mg/kg ketorolac > 2mg/kg ketorolac).Significant reduction in HAtiter values in dose dependent manner of ketorolac treated groups were also evaluated (8mg/kg ketorolac >4mg/kg ketorolac >2mg/kg ketorolac).In mice lethality assay, mortality ratio was maximum in 8mg/kg ketorolac treated group which was 100%. In 4mg/kg ketorolac group and positive control group showed the 80% mortality and 2mg/kg ketorolac treated group showed the 40% mortality. Minimum mortality was observed in negative control group. From these results, ketorolac exhibited the immunosuppressive effect. This study may have potential impacts of ketorolac in clinical applications besides its analgesic and anti -inflammatory properties. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2441-T] (1).
923.
In Vitro Effects Of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles On Electrophysiological Indices Of Jejunal Mucosa Of Laying Hens
by Wajeeha Mehmood (2013-VA-899) | Prof. Dr. Habib-Ur-Rehman | Dr. Muhammad Quaid Zaman | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Zn is a vital micro-nutrient in living body and food industries have been using Zn as feed additive in animal diets. Previous studies presented that the performance of organic Zn differ from inorganic Zn due to higher bioavailability of organic Zn than that of inorganic Zn, but the addition of organic Zn in animal diet is costly. Therefore, to fulfil animal’s requirements, Zn is added in excess than the normal requirement. This can leads to environmental pollution when stool with excess Zn is released outside. Also the excess dietary Zn may cause other trace elements and vitamins. NPs are regarded to be highly absorbed into the gastrointestinal systems than larger particles. ZnO NPs in lesser quantity instead of bulk-sized ZnO, can be a better option. Different zinc salts affects the intestinal ion transport. There is less information about ZnO NPs effects on intestinal transport. The current study is established to study the in vitro effects of ZnO NPs on electrophysiological properties and its flux across jejunal mucosa of laying hens. Twelve White Leghorn laying hens were procured from a local commercial farm, kept in a shed and provided with feed and water ad libitum. After a week the birds were killed and jejunum was then removed, washed and conveyed in ice-cold oxygenated buffer to the laboratory within 5 minutes. Four segments were taken out of jejunum and designated with four groups (Control, ZnO 70 µM, ZnO NPs 70 µM and ZnO 35 µM). Each of the segment were mounted on separate UC. After mounting, twenty minutes were given to the tissues for equilibration under open circuit and then short-circuited by clamping the voltage at 0 mV. After getting the base line, the ZnO NPs and ZnO were added in separate chambers. The ZnO NPs or ZnO was added to the mucosal compartment of the Ussing chamber where its response was noted. Glucose was added after the incubation of approximately twenty to twenty five minutes. The electrical response was measured as the peak response obtained two minutes after the addition of glucose. The change in Isc (∆Isc) was estimated after addition of ZnO, ZnO NPs and glucose. Presentation of data was done as means ± S.E.M. The data was analyzed using One-Way Analysis of variance. The group differences were compared by the Post Hoc Tukey Test. Differences were considered significant at P < 0.05. The result showed that there was an obvious decrease in Isc of tissue treated with ZnO (Group II) but a slight increase in Isc was observed when segments treated with ZnO NPs at 70 µM and 35 µM concentration (Group III and IV). Statistically, the mean ∆Isc values of Group II was significantly different from control, Group III and IV. While Group III and IV were not significantly different from control. Also, no change existed between Group III and IV. A significant decline in glucose induced Isc was observed in tissue of Group II as compare to control, Group III and IV. There was a slight non-significant decline in glucose induced Isc when treated with ZnO NPs at 70 µM and 35 µM concentration. In conclusion, ZnO NPs are not showing any significant interference with the ionic and glucose transport and can be used as a food supplement to fulfil Zn demands. On the other hand, ZnO suppress Cl- ion secretion and glucose transport in vitro. Further confirmation of these fact needs more studies with more decreased dose of ZnO NPs.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2439-T] (1).
924.
In Vitro Effects Of Bisphenol-A On The Electrophysiology Of Isolated Jejunum Of Layers
by Nabeela Hussain (2013-VA-863) | Dr Imtiaz Rabbani | Dr. Muhammad Shahbaz Yousaf | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: A major nutritional problem these days is the biological and chemical contamination of food with environmental chemicals; Bisphenol A is one of these chemicals which cause contamination of food. BPA have many genomic effects, it is consider as endocrine disrupting hormone. However BPA have many non genomic effects e.g BPA enter into the body orally by use of plastic food cans lead through the intestine and liver and affects target organ. These chemicals have also shown adverse effects on development and function of the reproductive organs of the birds (Berg 2000).
Bisphenol A may affect the barrier function of small intestine of layers. Our study aimed to find out the effect of Bisphenol A on the electrophysiology of jejunum of small intestine of layers. For this purpose a total of forty layer birds were purchased from poultry farm. The birds were acclimatized for one week. Following acclimatization one bird was slaughtered daily and jejunum were collected. After stripping the jejunum was divided into four segments and was mounted in four Ussing chambers receiving four treatments as (BPA control, BPA 10 μM, BPA 50 μM and BPA 100 μM) The tissues were first incubate under open circuit conditions for 15 min and then were short circuited by fixing the voltage at 0 mV throughout the experimental period. After 5 minutes following short circuiting the tissues BPA at the concentration of 10 μM, 50 μM and 100 μM, were added on the mucosal side respectively followed by an equilibrium period of ten minutes. The tissue was further monitored for 30 minutes to note any change in electrophysiology is caused by BPA. After this 300uL of concentrated glucose solution was prepared and added to the mucosal side of each chamber to achieve the final concentration of 20mmol/L. The electrical response to glucose addition was observed. ANOVA was used to
Summary
27
investigate the effect of Bisphenol A on the electrophysiology of jejunum. Followed by Tukey. The P ˂ 0.05 was considered significant.
The results of this study showed that BPA 10μM affects the electrophysiology of intestine as compared to other groups (50μM, 100μM). Suggesting a possible role of BPA in affecting intestinal barrier function and glucose uptake. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2438-T] (1).
925.
Evaluation Of Antiviral Activity And Embryonic Toxicity Of Doxycycline, Ciprofloxacin Alone And In Combination With Ibuprofen Against Avian Influenza H9
by Aisha Nazir (2013-VA-851) | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Dr. Imran Altaf.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: This project was designed to analyze the antiviral and embryotoxicity of doxycycline,
ciprofloxacin alone and incombination with ibuprofen against H9 virus by using embryonated chicken eggs of 10 days old. The different concentrations of these agents were taken and two fold dilutions were made. Dilutions were mixed with avian influenza H9 virus and inoculated in embryonated eggs. Eggs viability was checked during incubation at 37°c temperature. After overnight chilling, haemagglutinition test was performed for evaluation of antiviral activity. Antiviral activity of these dilutions was calculated as embryo survival percentage and positive and negative hemagglutination activity. For embryotoxicity, dilutions were made in normal saline without virus and checked the results by mortality ratio after 48 hours of incubation.
The study provided information regarding antiviral activity and embryotoxicity of doxycycline, ciprofloxacin alone and incombination with ibuprofen at different concentrations. The present study showed that antiviral activity increased when used doxycycline and ibuprofen incombination. After using incombination it’s antiviral activity was high at these concentrations.
Results of antiviral analysis showed that doxycycline, ciprofloxacin and ibuprofen had mild antiviral activity alone and after using combination of doxycycline and ibuprofen the antiviral activity was increased. So these agents can be used as alternative therapy against avian influenza H9 virus. The outcomes were statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Post-hoc Test was used to compare difference of means.
Comparative analysis of antiviral activity of doxycycline, ciprofloxacin and ibuprofen alone and in combination showed that doxycycline and ibuprofen when used incombination had
comparatively strong antiviral activity. It’s antiviral activity was stronger as compare when these agents used alone. In term of embryotoxicity these agents are not toxic. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2437-T] (1).
926.
Evaluation Of Comparative Antiviral Activity Of Indomethacin, Naproxen & Mefenamic Acid Against Avian Influenza H9 Virus
by Shahida Jamil Ahmed (2013-VA-850) | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer | Dr. Arfan Ahmad.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs play a vital role due to their multi therapeutic approach. In this study, the antiviral activity of indomethacin, naproxen, and mefenamic acid against avian influenza H9 virus was evaluated In ovo. The stock solutions of each drug were prepared in their perspective solvent and preserved. From the stock, three different dilutions (10µg/ml, 20µg/ml, 40µg/ml of indomethacin, 25µg/ml, 50µg/ml, 100µg/ml of naproxen and 20µg/ml, 40µg/ml, 80µg/ml of mefenamic acid) of each drug were prepared. For each of drug to be tested, 25 embryonated chicken eggs were assigned to 5 groups having 5 eggs each, to evaluate both antiviral activity and embryonic toxicity parameters.
For evaluating antiviral activity, the groups of embryonated chicken eggs were inoculated with 4HA virus, antibiotics and different concentrations of indomethacin, naproxen and mefenamic acid. For evaluation of embryonic toxicity, embryos of each group were injected with normal saline, antibiotics and different concentrations of indomethacin, naproxen and mefenamic acid. Two controls i.e. positive control of virus (received 4HA Virus only) and negative control (received normal saline) were also included to validate the test results.
With avian influenza H9 virus the different concentrations of each drug were mixed and 0.2 ml of this suspension was inoculated to 9th to 10th day embryonated eggs along with positive and negative controls having only virus and normal saline respectively. Amantadine, standard drug, was inoculated by following the mentioned manner. These inoculated embryonated chicken eggs were incubated at 37oC and were checked after 12 – 72 hours. After 72 hours of post inoculation, chilling was done by placing all the eggs at 4oC in fridge for overnight section of time and the allantoic fluid was collected.
The embryo survival percentage, positive or negative spot haemagglutination activity and determination of virus titre by haemagglutination test confirmed the antiviral activity. The embryonic toxicity effects of indomethacin, naproxen, mefenamic acid and amantadine were assessed by only inoculating the drug of respective concentrations as used for antiviral activity in embryonated chicken eggs and incubating for 72 hours. Among the three non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), indomethacin showed significant antiviral activity against influenza H9 virus as compared to naproxen and mefenamic acid. Naproxen showed antiviral activity against influenza H9 virus greater than that of mefenamic acid. However, antiviral activity of mefenamic acid as compared to naproxen and indomethacin is negligible against influenza H9 virus when confirmed by Spot Hemagglutination test while reduction in viral titre was observed by Hemagglutination test.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2432-T] (1).
927.
Conventional And Molecular Characterization Of Theileria Species Prevalent In Cattle
by Fafiz Muhammad Nadeem (2003-VA-77) | Dr. Nisar Ahmad | Prof. Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Dr. Muhammad Ijaz.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Theileriosis is the destructive disease caused by the protozoan in cattle. It is major cause of huge losses in production of cattle. It is a wide spread protozoan syndrome of cattle playing foremost role in production losses. Early and exact diagnosis of theileriosis can be helpful in reducing production losses.
Early and exact diagnosis of theileriosis can be helpful in the control of disease.( Hypothesis )
Incidence of different Theileria species was recorded. Blood samples was collected in sterilized vacutainers. The samples were examined by preparing fresh blood smears followed by Giemsa staining and observing under microscope. Identification on preliminary basis was done by morphological characters of Theileria. In order to find the harmful effect of the theileriosis, blood hematology and biochemistry values were also be determined in both healthy and infected cattle.
The samples from theileriosis positive animals were used for nucleic acid extraction. The extracted nucleic acid was amplified using Species specific primers.Agarose gel electrophoresis was used to visualize the amplified DNA. Amplicons of nucleic acid was treated with different restriction enzymes and pattern was visualized to find differences among different species of Theileria.
Suitable statistical tool was used to analyze the data collected. Chi was applied on data by using statistical software SPSS version 20.0. This research will help to confirm for the conventional and molecular diagnosis of theileriosis in dairy animals. Also genetic variation in Theileria species will be determined. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2436-T] (1).
928.
Pathological Investigations Of Liver Of Nili-Ravi Buffaloes In Lahore District
by Hassan Masood (2012-VA-993) | Dr. Muhammad Saeed Imran | Dr. Irfan Irshad | Dr. Nisar Ahmad.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Livestock in Pakistan is an integral part for all systems of farming and is considered as cash income on daily basis for small holders. From economy point of view, buffalo has much importance and used for draught, meat and milk purposes. Out of the total animal’s population, up to 47 percent dairy population comprises on Buffaloes. Globally minute study has been documented on pathological investigations of liver in Buffaloes and very rare is documented in Pakistan.
The present study was designed to investigate histopathological liver lesions in Buffaloes at Shahpur Kanjra slaughter house located in District Lahore. A total of 100 diseased liver samples of Buffaloes were brought to the department of Pathology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (UVAS), Lahore. These samples were examined for gross pathological lesions such as presence of abscess, hemorrhages and Hydatid cysts along with thickness, color and texture. For histopathological studies we persevered these samples in 10% neutral buffered formalin solution. Paraffin embedding technique was used to process the samples which were stained by Haematoxylin and Eosin method.
The results of our study revealed percentages of different diseased conditions in the Liver tissues of slaughtered buffaloes. The percentage of Hydatidosis was found high among all the conditions and reported as 28 percent. The conditions of the Amphistomiasis were reported as 22 percent. While Cirrhosis disease was prevalent in the buffaloes at the rate of 18 percent. The percentage after the cirrhosis was found for the condition of Granulomatous hepatitis which was
Summary
37
16 percent. The percentages of Abscess, Fascioliasis and Haemorrhages were found as 7, 6 and 3 percent respectively.
In conclusion, theses above mentioned pathological conditions reported in our study served as major cause of liver condemnation at Shahpur Kanjra slaughter house of Lahore District, which may also contributed the economic losses. To mitigate the economic and public health impacts proper deworming plan along with good animal husbandry practices would probably be effective in decreasing incidence of these Liver diseases. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2435-T] (1).
929.
Indigenous Elisa Kit For Toxoplasma Gondii: Optimization Of Antibody Detection Elisa Of Sag 1 Protein As An Antigen In Mouse Model
by Madiha Sana (2013-VA-957) | Dr. Muhammad Imran Rashid | Dr. Haroon Akbar | Dr. Wasim Shehzad.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Toxoplasma is an apicomplexan intracellular parasite which is the cause of toxoplasmosis
in man and animals. It occurs by the ingestion of oocyst from feces of cats or by eating raw meat
in which cysts are present. It is the one of the major cause of encephalitis and abortion in
immuno-compromised animals and humans. As it is difficult to screen out infected live animals
from field, it is important to vaccine animals as well as humans for toxoplasma to prevent its
transmission from animals to humans and from humans to their off springs. Cloning of surface
antigen genes plays an important role in development of vaccine and for serology of T. gondii.
Enzyme linked immuno-sorbant assay proves to be a significant tool to estimate the humoral
response elicited against expressed recombinant protein in mice.
The recombinant protein of SAG1 was collected from Molecular Parasitology
Laboratory, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore. In the previous studies,
SAG1 sequence was cloned in the expression plasmid and successfully expressed in prokaryotic
expression system. In the current study, rSAG1 was quantified by using BCA protein assay
through BioWORLD protein quantification kit. In another experiment, the Swiss mice were
immunized with 15 μg rSAG1 protein 3 times with 2 weeks intervals. Two groups of mice were
formed with five mice in each group. Sera were collected after 2 weeks of each inoculation. For
performing ELISA, four different experiments were performed with different concentrations i.e.
5μg/ml, 250μg/ml and 500μg/ml with two different dilutions; 1/50 and 1/20. The O.D. values of
concentrations 5μg/ml and 250 μg/ml with two dilution series of 1/20 and1/50 were not observed
significant while the antigen coating concentration of 500 μg/ml with 1/50 dilution showed 1:160
titre and with 1/20 dilution showed 1: 1280 titre after the 3rd shot. The O.D values with 500
CHAPTER 6
SUMMARY
SUMMARY
36
μg/ml concentration with 1/20 dilution after the 3rd shot were observed significant in the
inoculated group as compared to the O.D values of un-inoculated negative group. It is suggested
to carry out ELISA with purified rSAG-1 protein and to optimize ELISA to test toxoplasma
infected mice. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2433-T] (1).
930.
In-Vivo Efficacy Of Aqueous And Alcoholic Extracts Of Hedera Helix Against Fasciolosis In Sheep
by Muhammad Faisal Raza (2008-VA-206) | Dr. Muhammad Avais | Dr. Muhammad Hassan Saleem | Dr. Imran Rashid.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: The liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica, is a common parasite of ruminants in many countries in the temperate climates and often causes severe economic losses. Infection with both F. hepatica and F. gigantica may also occur in occasionally causing large scale epidemics. These parasites adversely affect the health status of animals and cause enormous economic losses Triclabendazole (TCBZ) is a worldwide, one of the most used drugs for the control of fasciolosis but the efficacy may depend on the susceptibility of the strain involved in the drug. However, resistance of the liver fluke to TCBZ in naturally infected sheep has been reported. Plants are being used as anthelmintic as the allopathic drugs today which offer substitute to the use of synthetic chemicals. This study was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of aqueous and methanolic extracts of H. helix against fasciolosis in sheep. For this purpose, adult sheep was used for In vivo trials. Animals were screened for the presence of liver fluke and 30 sheep positive for liver fluke infestation were used for therapeutic trials. They were divided into 5 groups. Group A and B were given single dose of aqueous extract of Hedera helix at concentrations of 1.13 gm/kg and 2.25 gm/kg body weight respectively. Animals in C and D group were given 1.13 gm/kg and 2.25 gm/kg body weight respectively, while sheep in E group were given Triclabendazole at dose rate of 1 ml/5kg body weight. Fecal samples from each animal was collected in the morning, starting from day 0 pre-treatment and at days 4,7 and 14 post-treatment and were evaluated for the EPG through Modified McMaster method.
The comparative efficacy was analysed by two way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SPSS 20.0. A probability levels ˂0.05 was considered as statistically significant.
During In vivo experiment all the treatments showed significant reduction in EPG. The maximum reduction in EPG showed by crude aqueous extract (CAE) at day 4 post treatment at 1.13 gm/kg dose rate was 20.0012 %. There were no significant reduction in EPG at day 7 and 14 day for aqueous extract. The maximum reduction by aqueous extract at day 4 at dose
Summary
29
rate of 2.25 gm/kg was 40.47 % and at day 7 it was 45.24 %, whereas there was no significant reduction at day 14 post treatment. The maximum reduction showed by crude Methanolic extract at dose rate of 1.13 gm/kg at day 4 was 29.54 %. At day 7 post treatment the reduction of EPG was 40.09 % and at day 14 the reduction was 43.18 %. The maximum reduction showed by crude Methanolic extract at dose rate of 2.25 gm/kg at day 4 was 56.09 %. At day 7 post treatment the reduction of EPG was 64.85 % and at day 14 the reduction was 68.29 %. The positive control treated with Triclabendazole showed the maximum reduction of 97.5 % in eggs per gram (EPG).
So it is concluded from the study that the extracts of Hedera helix have the anthelmintic efficacy against liver fluke. The increase in dose rate of extracts may give better results. So there is need to conduct further studied and more trials on Hedera helix extracts under field conditions to achieve maximum efficiency levels. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2431-T] (1).
931.
Phalspha e Namaz
by Dr. Muhammad Tahir ul Qadri.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: Lahore: Minhaj Ul Quran Publications; 2005Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 297.3 Tahir 21761 1st 2005 Islam] (1).
932.
Kashaf ul Mahjoob
by Abul Hassan Syed Ali Bin Usman Hajvairi | Dr. Muhammad Siddique Khan Shibli.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: Lahore: Dang e Meel Publications; 2007Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 297.4 Hajvairi 21030 1st 2007 Islam] (1).
933.
Physical, Chemical and Biological Treatment of Rice Husk to Improve Its Nutrative Value
by Rahat Naseer (2003-VA-196) | Dr. Abu Saeed Hashmi | Dr. Muhammad Tayyab | Prof. Dr. Habib ur Rehman.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Thesis submitted without CD. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2450-T] (1).
934.
Detection Of Amantadine Resistant Variants Among Avian Influenza Viruses Subtype H9n2 Isolated In Pakistan
by Sabir Subhan (2009-VA-32) | Prof. Dr. Tahir Yaqub | Dr. Muhammad Zubair Shabbir | Dr. Yasin Tipu.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Avian influenza A virus subtype H9N2 is prevalent in poultry industry of Pakistan. Amantadine is an antiviral drug which is being used as prophylactic measure to control this disease despite the occurrence of resistance against this drug. There is need to monitor the resistance of amantadine in Flu viruses. In this study, we collected 100 samples of broilers birds showing mild to severe respiratory signs. Samples were collected from different locations of Punjab, Pakistan. After initial identification via Hemagglutination test, the molecular identification and confirmation of subtype H9N2 was done by multiplex PCR. To rule out the co-infection of NDV, PCR of NDV was also done. The samples which were pure H9N2 were further processed for the screening of amantadine susceptibility. To do this, titration of viruses was done on MDCK cells in the presence and absence of amantadine at the concentration of 2 ug /ml. The results of TCID5O were compared in the presence and absence of amantadine for each isolate and isolates showing difference of 2 log 10 TCID50/0.1 ml were declared resistant to amantadine as described by Masuda et al. 2000. The results of this study revealed that the viruses circulating in the poultry industry if Pakistan are resistant to this drug as we found that out 10 isolates 4 were resistant to this drug. So, there is need to monitor the usage of this drug in poultry as human cases of H9N2 viruses have been reported and virus was of avian origin. Monitoring is necessary because amantadine is recommended in flu pandemics and this virus possesses the pandemic potential and can cross the species barrier. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2457-T] (1).
935.
Effect Of Moringa Oleifera Leaf Powder Supplementation On Morphometric Characteristics Of Bone And Skeletal Muscle Of Broiler Chicken
by Hafiz Faseeh ur Rehman (2013-VA-437) | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Dr. Saima Masood | Dr. Muhammad Shahbaz Yousaf.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Herbal extracts are being used as alternatives to sub-therapeutic antibiotics. Their mechanism of action involves improving growth performance through modulation of immune status of birds and increasing absorption of nutrients through gastro-intestinal tract. Moringa oleifera is one such herb which not only has antibacterial, antifungal properties but also have a good quantity of essential vitamins and minerals.
This study was aimed to analyze the effect of Moringa oleifera leaf powder in different concentrations (0.6%, 0.9%, 1.2% and 1.5%) on commercially important muscle characteristics and morphometric parameters of tibia bone.
Day-old broilers (n = 100) were randomly divided into five groups (A, B, C, D & E), each group having 4 replicates (n=5). Group A (Control) was fed basal diet while group B, C, D & E were fed same diet with 0.6%, 0.9% ,1.2% and 1.5 % supplementation of Moringa oleifera leaf powder for 35 days. Birds were immunized against Newcastle disease, infectious bronchitis and infectious bursal disease.
On day 35 of the experiment, two birds from each replicate were randomly selected and slaughtered by exsanguination. Blood was collected in plan test tube and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 5 minutes to harvest serum and alkaline phosphatase activity was measured in serum. After slaughtering samples of breast muscle (pectoralis major) were taken for pH measurement and water holding capacity (WHC). For histological slide preparation breast muscle sample were processed by paraffin embedding technique and stained by Haematoxyline & Eosin. Histomorphometry was done by using software (ProgRes®2.1.1 Capture Prog Camera Control Software).
Summary
38
The right and left tibiae of each bird were collected for the morphometric measurements. One-way analysis of variance was used to analyze the data. Group differences were compared by the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test Difference between groups was considered significant at P < 0.05.
The results revealed that water holding capacity (WHC) was higher in 0.6% MOLP, 0.9% MOLP and 1.5% MOLP supplemented groups as compare to control group. pH values of breast meat in all MOLP supplemented groups were significantly higher at o hour, 12 hour and 24 hour after slaughtering.
The supplementation of MOLP did not significantly affect muscle fiber density in breast muscle, but muscle fibre diameter of breast muscle from groups supplemented with 1.2% and 1.5% MOLP were significantly higher (P<0.05) than control group and group supplemented with 0.6% MOLP. The muscle fibre diameter of breast muscle of 0.9% MOLP supplemented group did not vary significantly from control as well as all other MOLP supplemented groups.
In tibia, bone length, bone diameter, medullary canal diameter did not change significantly in supplemented and control group. The weight of tibia bone increased significantly in groups supplemented with 1.2% MOLP and 1.5% MOLP when compared to control group. In right tibia, all treated groups ash% was significantly (P<0.05) high when compared to control group but the left tibiae the ash% of left tibia was significantly (P<0.05) higher in 0.6% MOLP supplemented group when compare to all other groups. The ash% of control group, 0.9% and 1.2% MOLP supplemented groups were significantly high than 1.5% MOLP.
The serum ALP level and Tibio-Tarsal Index did not vary significantly in all experimental groups. The robusticity index of control group was higher for both left and right tibia bone when compared to 1.2% MOLP and 1.5% MOLP supplemented groups. The
Summary
39
Weight/Length Index of tibia bone was also significantly high in 1.2% MOLP and 1.5% MOLP supplemented groups as compared to control group.
One of the most important considerations which should be kept in mind at the time of sample collection for WHC measurements and for getting cross section of muscles on slides for microscopic morphometry is orientation of muscle fibre and muscle fascicle in a given muscle. The muscle fibres of breast muscle (pectoralis major) in birds are neither perpendicular nor parallel with keel bone’s long axis but running at an oblique angle where the higher end of muscle fibre is on the lateral edges of muscle and lower end of muscle fibre is towards the medial end, so for sampling one must first ascertain muscle fibre direction and then they should be cut perpendicular to their oblique angle.
Conclusion
Supplementation of Moringa oleifera leaf powder (1.2% and 1.5%) in diet of broilers improved commercially important traits of breast muscle along with improving the mineral contents and strength of tibia bone. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2461-T] (1).
936.
An Epidemiological Investigation For The Selection Of Suitable Vaccine Virus Candidate Of Newcastle Disease
by Waqas Shabeer (2013-VA-920) | Dr. MUhammad Hassan Mushtaq | Dr. Muhammad Ali Abdullah Shah | Prof. Dr. Mansur ud Din Ahmed | Dr. Ali Ahmed Shaikh.
Material type: Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: The current study was designed to investigate the risk factors associated with Newcastle disease and characterization and confirmation of Newcastle disease on microbiological and molecular basis. Newcastle disease (ND) is one of the most important viral diseases. It is an acute infectious viral disease of domestic poultry and other species of birds regardless of variation in sex and age. Etiological agents of ND are virulent strains of avian paramyxovirus-1 genus Avulavirus, family Paramyxoviridae and order mononegavirales. The data collection was done on predesigned questionnaire. Newcastle disease virus isolation was done by using the embryonated eggs. Amnion allantoic fluid was harvested and checked for hemaglutinating activity by spot hemaglutinition test and results were recorded. For confirmation of NDV hemaglutinition assay and hemaglutinition inhibition test were used. Further confirmation was done by RT PCR using predesigned primers. Results showed that vaccine used at the most of farms were live attenuated. Most of the farms have no written biosecurity plan. A total of 264 samples were examined 17 samples were the best suspected positive for ND, 10 samples were confirmed on the basis of postmortem lesion, HI and PCR.
Conclusion:-
The study concludes the farm type, dead bird disposal, biosecurity, farm history and vehicles for feed transportation are the risk factors for the outbreak of Newcastle disease. Whereas water quality, farm mangers, litter disposal, vaccine schedule and vaccine type given at farm show no significant association with the spread of disease. The study characterized field isolates on microbiological and molecular basis, submitted to the principle investigator for use in development of multiepitop vaccine. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2462-T] (1).
937.
Effect of Citrullus Colocynthis on Histomorphometric Parameters of Pancreas, Liver and Kidney in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats
by Waqas Ahmed (2014-VA-213) | Dr. Hafsa Zainab | Dr. Sahar Ijaz | Dr. Muhammad Shahbaz Yousaf.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: CD Corrupted. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2464-T] (1).
938.
The Effect Of Feeding Of Physically, Chemically And Biologically Treated Rice Husk On Serum Minerals In Sheep
by Sohrab Ahmad (2014-VA-529) | Prof. Dr. Habib ur Rehman | Dr. Muhammad Shahbaz Youaf | Dr. Rahat Naseer.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Rice is the second major cereal crop cultivated in Pakistan. The rice crop‘s residual parts, i.e. straw and husk are used as an animal feed. To enhance the nutritive value and digestibility of these residues different treatments are used, including Physical, Chemical and Biological treatments to enhance animal performance. In the present study, the effect of Physical, Chemical and Biological treatment of rice husk was observed on the serum mineral profile which is also an indicator of an animal’s performance.
Thirty six adult sheep were divided into six groups. Negative control group 1, positive control 2, physically treated group 3 acid treated rice feeding group 4, alkali treated rice husk group 5, and biologically fermented rice husk group 6. Each group received 20% treated rice husk along with the routine ration. Blood was collected at day 60 and serum was separated, which was analyzed for minerals by using atomic absorption specrophotometrery and flame photometry.
Data was analyzed using SPSS software. One-way ANOVA was applied on data to observe among the group difference while group differences were compared by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. Differences were considered significant at P < 0.05.
The results revealed that serum level of zinc was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in group 6 compared to group 4 and 1 but similar to group 2 and other treatment groups (figure 1). However, we found a tendency towards significance (p=0.056) in serum calcium level, which was higher in group 5 compared to other treatment groups and group 1 but was found similar to group 2. The serum sodium level also showed a trend towards significance (p=0.072) in group 2, 3 and 5 compared to group 6. Serum iron and potassium level were found non-significant (p<0.05) in all treatments groups compared to group 1 and 2. Blood hemoglobin level was found significantly higher (P=0.013) in control positive group compared to control negative group, 3, 4, 5and was similar to group 6. The platelet count was found in a tendency towards significance (P=0.062), higher in all treatment groups compared to the negative control group. The hematological parameters, i.e. RBC, WBC, MCV, MCH, and MCHC were found non-significant (p< 0.05) in both the control groups and all treatment groups.
Concluding the above discussion, we suggest that fermented rice husk feeding may have better effect on the animal n terms of increase in minerals retention and hemoglobin level in the blood which will cause an increase in the metabolic activities and hence growth of the animal.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2465-T] (1).
939.
In Vitro Antibacterial Evaluation Of Ceftriaxone Alone And In Combination With Ascorbic Acid In Post Surgical Infections
by Umbreen Anwar (2013-VA-853) | Dr. Muhammad Adil Rasheed | Dr. Muhammmad Ovais Omer | Dr. Imran Altaf.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Nosocomial infectionshave frequently been reported by several hospitals worldwide. A patient infected with such infections is presented with complaint of fever, inflammation, redness and pus. These infections are also called post-surgical or surgical site infections and a suitable antibiotic therapy can be used to cure these infections(Soriano et al. 2006).Nosocomial infections occur in patients with in 2 days of admittance in hospital three days of liberation or 30 days of incision, it causes increase in hospital stay in infected patients (Inweregbu et al.2013). Surgical site infections including urinary tract infection and pneumonia are most common hospital acquired infections and are caused by bacteria, viruses and fungus (Timsitet al.2012).
These infections occur up to thirty days after surgery (Owenset al.2008). Surgical Site infections increase the rate of morbidity and mortality among surgically operated individuals (Powell et al. 2005).Controllingfactors for these infections includesage, gender, prophylactic administration of antibiotics and aseptic procedures(Lavallee et al. 2014).
There are number of risk factors in development of hospoital acquired infections. Obesity is also an important risk factor in developing post operative infections and is directly associated with under dosage of antibiotic given prophylactically (Hunttunen et al.2013). Surgeon should be aware of antibiotic choice, dose and duration based on reliable guidelines for prophylaxis to avoid common type of adverse effects on surgical sites (Rafati et al. 2014).
Motie et al. (2014) found that there was an inverse relation between length of surgical incision and rate of surgical infections it was found that type of surgery is main risk factor in developing of infections. The most commonly prescribed antibiotics were combination of ceftriaxone and metronidazole (51.6%).The contaminated and clean contaminated wounds are associated with higher rate of surgical site infections.
Post-surgical infections are known to major health issue, that are responsible for high treatment cost, more readmission in hospitals, increased stay in hospital and increase in rate of infections and even death of surgically operated patient (Mengesha et al. 2014). The rate of occurrence increases due to use of mini sterile gloves, operating costumes, face masks and other specific surgical coverings in operating rooms (Salassa and Swiontkowski 2014).
Both Gram positive and Gram negative species of bacteria are responsible in causing such infections and most common isolates obtained from pus areStaphylococcusepidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris,Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus mirabillis, Escherichia coli etc.Post surgical abdominal infections are more common after abdominal surgeries. But the disclosure of these infections in early stage is considerably difficult in old age patients along the condition of hyperthermia and increased level of C reactive protein are visible sign in such type of infections (Lin et al. 2002).A variety of natural and synthetic antibiotics are used to treat infections. Ascorbic acid, zinc and garlic are useful in killing bacteria, improving immunity and thus preventing diseases.The most important thing about these antibiotics is that these are less toxic and less harmful thus can be used in pregnant women reducing the chance of urinary tract infections. Also the intake of 100mg ascorbic acid or vitamin c as important vitamin in balanced diet daily causes improvement of health in pregnant women(Ochoa et al. 2007).
There is much rapid increase in morbidity and mortality in postpartum women day by day although many antibiotics are used peri operatively along with other precautions and preventive measures. So obstetricians are facing a lot of complications in operatingmany caesarean deliveries (Haas et al. 2014).
The usage of appropriate antibiotics peri operatively for prophylaxis along following withan appropriate aseptic procedure before, during and after surgery proved effective in controlling these infections (Michalopoulos and Sparos 2002).
Optimal dosage and duration while administration of prophylactic antibiotics to patients must be considered because use of antibiotic for inappropriate duration of time can result in increased risk of post-operative brain infections (Wu et al. 2013).A large number of cephalosporins speciallyof second generationhave been proved very effective in reduction of development of post-operative infections but dosage and duration of these antibiotics varied from patient to patient (Gelijns et al. 2014).Intra-abdominal pus can be reduced by the correct use of antibiotics and by following sterile procedures (Romano et al. 2014).Cephalosporins are useful for eradication of pathogens of skin like Staphylococcus aureus. An antibiotic cefazolin belonging to first generation antibiotics plays major role against pathogens in many clean wound incisions (Page et al.1993).
In field of gynaecology surgery some antibiotics are also prescribed in combinations and thus proved more efficacious (Bratzler et al. 2013). Ceftriaxone from the group of third generation cephalosporins given before surgery was as useful in prevention of major pelvic infections and urinary tract infections as compared to three doses of cefazolin given over 14 hours peri operatively (Hemsell et al. 1984).
Ascorbic acid is a potentantioxidant which markedly reduced the growth of E.coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcusand it provided significant effectiveness in combination with levofloxacin (Carlssonet al.2005).Ascorbic acid increases wound healing, immune system activation, collagen formation due to its oxidative property.Alsonutritional deficiencies decreases wound healing after surgeries (MacKay and Miller 2003).Ascorbic acid inhibits the growth of Stayphylococusaureus bacteria by producing oxidative radical thus increasing the oxidative stress,affecting the metabolism and inhibiting the growth of bacteria invitro(Kallio et al. 2012).
The use of ascorbic acid with antibiotics is significant, high doses of ascorbic acid with antibiotics have shown synergistic effects and resulted in prevention of life threating diseases thus high potency vitamin supplementation can reduce morbidity and speed recovery (Ishida et al.1998).
The aim of this study project is to identify the prevalence of microbes involved inpost-operative infections and also to determine the sensitivity patterns of isolated pathogens by using culture sensitivity test against most commonly prescribed antibiotic (ceftriaxone) alone and in combination with ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in vitro.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2466-T] (1).
940.
Effects Of Dietary Supplementation Of Thyroxine On Cellular And Humoral Immunity In Broilers
by Muhammad Saad Khilji (2013-VA-594) | Dr. Muhammad Shahbaz Yousaf | Dr. Mansur Abdullah Sandhu | Dr. Muhammad Quaid Zaman | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Over the past few decades broiler industry has showed great improvements in growth, increased efficiency of nutrient utilization. But advances in immune system improvement lag behind significantly. Endocrine system is also a participant in modulating immune response. One of these endocrine systems through which immune system can be modulated is through hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis. Thyroid hormones are known for their role in immune organs development such as thymus and bursa of Fabricius. So this trial was designed to evaluate cell mediated and humoral immune response of birds during hyperthyroidism.
In this trial, one hundred day old broiler chickens were procured and maintained for 14 days. Then birds were divided into three groups. Group 1 received basal diet and served as control. Group 2 and Group 3 served as treatment groups and received 5 μg/Kg and 10 μg/Kg of thyroxine in addition to basal diet for 14 days. After 7, 14 and 21 days of trial, birds were bled and sampling was done. The parameters selected to assess immune response included blood collection for H:L, serum collection, macrophage engulfment performance, NO production assay, delayed type hypersensitivity reaction against phytohemagglutinin, heterophil to lymphocyte ratio, antibody titers against SRBC and viral diseases including ND and IB. Glucose tolerance test was also performed after 7, 14 and 21 days of trial. All the results for the parameters mentioned were analysed statistically using one way ANOVA. Results at p <0.05 were considered significant.
Results revealed showed that hyperthyroidism negatively modulates the immune response of birds. Macrophage phagocytic performance significantly declined, heterophil to
Summary
74
lymphocyte ratio showed significantly higher. Results for NO production showed increase in control group followed by 10 μg group. Skin response to phytohemagglutinin remained nonsignificant. Antibody titers against SRBC, ND and IBV significantly dropped in birds subjected to hyperthyroidism. Glucose tolerance test showed significantly lower blood glucose levels in treatment groups as compared to treatment groups.
All these results suggest that hyperthyroidism can lead to deficient immune response in challenged birds and that physiological levels of thyroxine are sufficient for maintaining immune system. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2449-T] (1).
941.
Prevalence Of Hydatidosis In Small Ruminants Slaughtered At District Dera Ghazi Khan Punjab
by Muhammad Qumer Zaman (2007-VA-96) | Dr. Nisar Ahmad | Dr. Muhammad Lateef | Dr. Jawaria Ali khan.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Hydatidosis is important zoonotic and economic disease of livestock and human beings.Hydatid cyst is larval form of genus Echinococcosis Granulosis. Hydatidosis causes considerable economic loss in livestock due to condemnation of organs. Dogs are the primary definitive hosts for this parasite, with livestock acting as intermediate hosts and humans as aberrant intermediate hosts. The outcome of infection in livestock and humans is cyst development in the liver, lungs, or other organ system. The disease is spread when food or water that contains the eggs of the parasite is eaten or by close contact with an infected animal. The eggs are released in the stool of meat-eating animals that are infected by the parasite. For these animals to become infected they must eat the organs of an animal that contains the cysts such as sheep or rodents.The type of disease which occurs in people depends on the type of Echinococcus causing the infection. It is a type of worm infection and is a neglected tropical disease.
To find out the prevalence of Hydatid cyst in small Ruminants, total 300 samples were studied from 300 samples, 150 were of sheep and 150 samples were of goat.Among those samples infected organs of animal like liver ,lung heart were separated in sterile container.then hydatid cyst fluid be obtained by penetrating the needle into cyst wall .A drop of cyst fluid was taken on microscopic Glass slide and cover slip was applied on it and observed under microcope for motility of flame cells to see viable protoscoleces ,live and movable protoscoleces identify as fertile cyst.
Summary
Conclusion
This study Will be helpful to acess the prevalence of zoonotic hydatid cyst disease in the Punjab, Dera Ghazi Khan area and surroundings.And study ultimately help us to control the spread of zoonotic infection and we were be able to guide public to adopt preventive mesures against the disease.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2446-T] (1).
942.
Distribution Of Macro- And Micro-Minerals In Different Tissues Of Broilers Supplemented With Trivalent Chromium
by Abdullah Arif Saeed (2013-VA-862) | Dr. Muhammad Shahbaz Yousaf | Dr. Mansur Abdullah Sandhu | Dr. Muhammad Quaid Zaman | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Broiler chicken is least expensive meat in most of the world’s meat markets. Its demand is getting higher day by day. Broiler producers and researchers are experimenting with variety of supplements to improve feed conversion ratio as well as to make meat healthier and more nutritious. Many mineral supplementations are used commonly in poultry production to attain maximum efficiency. Chromium is one of the micro mineral essential for various body functions. Many research trials had been conducted on trivalent chromium chloride and its other forms observing its effect on carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism. No study is yet conducted which is solely based on effect of chromium on other mineral levels in different tissues of body. This study was designed to estimate the effect of chromium chloride supplementation on distribution of macro- and micro-minerals in different tissues of body.
Ninety day old chicks were kept in three groups i.e. two treatment groups and one control group. Treatment groups were divided by the concentration of chromium chloride supplemented in their feed i.e. 12.5 mg Cr/kg feed and 25 mg Cr/kg feed. Sampling was done on 35th day and samples of blood, long bones of hind limb, and thigh muscles were collected. Samples were further processed for estimation of 3 micro and 3 macro minerals. One way ANOVA was used to analyze the data and results were subjected to Tukey’s post-hoc test.
There was no significant effect on muscle and serum mineral content. Calcium seems to decrease in all three bone with supplementation along with potassium. Copper concentration seems to increase in fibula with supplementation.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2447-T] (1).
943.
Antibacterial And Cytotoxic Evaluation Of Sequential Extracts Of Astragalus Membranaceus Roots
by Sadia Alvi (2013-VA-595) | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer | Prof. Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: The present study was designed to evaluate antibacterial and cytotoxic evaluation of different extracts of Astragalus membranaceus root against common poultry pathogens. Sequential extraction with hexane, ethanol, chloroform and aqueous solvents was prepared and antibacterial activity was evaluated by using agar well diffusion. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of plant extracts was evaluated by micro broth dilution test. The extracts exhibiting antimicrobial activity were further evaluated for cytotoxicity by using MTT assay on Vero cell line. Cell culture media was prepared and cell lines were propagated, monolayer was formed. This monolayer was exposed to plant extract dilutions. After 24-48 hours, MTT dye was introduced and cell survival percentage was calculated. Statistical analysis was conducted with Statistic Package for Social Sciences (SPSS for windows version 16, SPSS inc, Chicago, IL, USA). Results of antibacterial activity and MTT assay were compared using DMR posthoc test. Growth of Clostridium perfringens, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus species, Salmonella enterica and Staphylococcus aureus inhibited by all extracts of Astragalus except aqueous extract which shows no zones of inhibition against C. perfringes. MIC values were higher for aqueous extract against all selected bacteria and lowest for chloroform against E. coli, S. enterica and Staph. aureus (208.3ug/ml, 156.25ug/ml, 78.125ug/ml respectively) for hexane against Haemophilus species (833.3ug/ml) and for all three extracts against C.perfringes (1250ug/ml). Hexane, chloroform and ethanol extracts were appeared to be safe at all concentrations except ≥ 2000μg/ml, ≥1000μg/ml and ≥3000μg/ml respectively while aqueous extracts showed cytotoxicity at concentrations ≥625μg/ml. Astragalus membranaceus
SUMMARY
104
showed antibacterial activity against all selected pathogens. Chloroform and hexane extracts showed greater antibacterial activity than ethanol and aqueous. Cytotoxicity values for chloroform extract are safer than rest of three extracts. Astragalus membranaceus may be used to design traditional medicines for the development of therapeutic agent which will be more safe, effective and economical. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2444-T] (1).
944.
Antibacterial And Cytotoxic Evaluation Of Sequential Extracts Of Ocimum Basilicum Leaves Against Common Poultry Pathogens
by Shomaila Naz (2013-VA-1001) | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer | Dr. Muhammad Adil Rasheed | Prof. Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Antimicrobial compounds having plant origin inhibit bacteria through different mechanisms and can be used for the treatment of infections against resistant microbes. Majority of antibacterial drugs in clinical use are derived from natural origin. Hence, the present study is designed for antibacterial and cytotoxic evaluation of different extracts of Ocimum basilicum seeds against common poultry pathogens.
The four sequential i.e. hexane, chloroform, ethanol and aqueous extracts of Ocimum basilicum leaves and seeds were prepared by soxhlet extraction. Antibacterial activity of these extracts was determined by agar well diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfringens type A, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica and Haemophilus paragallinarum. Zone of inhibitions were determined by well diffusion method. MICs of plant extracts were determined by micro broth dilution method. Cytotoxic activity was evaluated by applying MTT assay on Vero cell lines. All the results were statistically analyzed by one way ANOVA and compared means by Duncan’s multiple range of posthoc test at significance level of P≤0.05.
The results of zone of inhibitions showed by Ocimum basilicum leaves and seeds extracts ranging from 11.33-20.0 mm values of MIC results ranging from 4.889 μg/ml-2500 μg/ml of hexane, chloroform and ethanol. The aqueous extract of Ocimum basilicum have no activity against any bacterial pathogen. Ethanol extract of Ocimum basilicum leaves was cytotoxic at 500 μg/ml. Hexane extract of Ocimum basilicum seeds was cytotoxic at concentration ≥625 μg/ml, chloroform at concentration ≥19.53 μg/ml and ethanol extract at concentration ≥750 μg/ml.
The indigenous plant Ocimum basilicum have antibacterial activity against common poultry pathogens and helpful to develop new drug from plant origin. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2443-T] (1).
945.
Antibacterial And Cytotoxic Evaluation Of Different Extracts Of Glycyrrhiza Glabra (Liquorice) Roots Against Common Poultry Pathogens
by Javaria Arooj (2013-VA-596) | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer | Dr. Muhammad Adil Rasheed | Prof. Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Majority of antibacterial drugs in clinical use are derived from natural origin. Hence, the
present study is designed for antibacterial and cytotoxic evaluation of different extracts of
Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn. roots against common poultry pathogens.
The four sequential i.e. hexane, chloroform, ethanol and aqueous extracts of Glycyrrhiza
glabra Linn. roots were prepared by soxhlet extraction. Antibacterial activity of these extracts was
determined by agar well diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfringens
type A, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica and Haemophilus paragallinarum. Zone of
inhibitions were determined by well diffusion method. MICs of plant extracts were determined by
micro broth dilution method. Cytotoxic activity was evaluated by applying MTT assay on Vero
cell lines.
The zone of inhibitions showed by hexane, chloroform and ethanolic extracts of
Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn. roots against Staphylococcus. aureus were10.3mm, 13.0mm, 11.6mm;
against Clostridium perfringens type A were20.0mm, 17.3mm, 17.3mm; against Escherichia coli
were11.6mm, 19.3mm, 16.0mm; against Salmonella enterica were13.6mm, 14.0mm,14.0mm;
against Haemophillus paragallinarum were13.0mm, 15.0mm, 17.0mm respectively. Aqueous
extract showed no zone of inhibition against any test bacteria.
MICs values of hexane, chloroform and ethanolic extracts of Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn.
roots against Staphylococcu aureus were 13.0μg/ml, 312.5μg/ml and 104.1μg/ml; against
Clostridium perfringens type A were 9.766μg/ml, 71.61μg/ml and 520.8μg/ml; against
Escherichia coli were 65.1μg/ml, 52.8μg/ml and 156.25μg/ml; against Salmonella enterica were
Summary
86
19.5μg/ml, 130.2μg/ml and 78.12μg/ml; against Haemophillus paragallinarum were 91.1μg/ml,
29.2μg/ml and 130.2μg/ml respectively. Aqueous extract showed no MIC value as no zone of
inhibitions wereobserved against them. Hexane extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn. roots was
cytotoxic at concentration ≥ 650μg/ml, chloroform extract at concentration ≥ 2500μg/ml and
ethanolic extract was not cytotoxic to cell.
The indigenous plant Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn. roots have antibacterial activity against
common poultry pathogens and helpful to develop new drug from plant origin. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2442-T] (1).
946.
Study On Autologous And Homologous Platelet Rich Plasma As A Surgical Wound Healing Promoter In Rabbits
by Muhammad Shahid Tahir (2012-VA-996) | Dr. Uzma Farid Durrani | Dr. Asim Khalid Mahmood | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Wound healing is a complex process in which tissue repairs itself with the complete or incomplete regeneration. During recent years, new advances have been employed in the monarchy of tissue healing by initiation of use of platelet rich plasma (PRP) as a wound healing promoter in both soft and hard tissue surgeries. Platelet rich plasma is highly potentiated with growth and healing factors that can lead to marked acceleration in the tissue adaptation, repair and healing as compared to PRP non-facilitated healing process. This study was conducted on 16 adult healthy rabbits contributing 2 different groups, each group with 8 rabbits. Rabbits of both groups were surgically operated for skin autogenous grafting. Group A received an application of autologous PRP subcutaneously and in the surroundings of the graft defect, while group B received homologous PRP. Efficacy of both autologous and homologous PRP was evaluated on the basis of selected macroscopic and microscopic (histopathological) parameters of tissue repair and healing. The results, obtained in form of grades, were statistically analyzed by graphical representations. A successful use of autologous and homologous PRP with the desired results did not only boost up the surgical success rate in the specie under study but it opened a new vista on the same lines for other species to bring a better wound healing process. This study uprooted the conventional methods of managing wounds associated with injuries and helped the animals to get confidently satisfactory health status. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2452-T] (1).
947.
Antibacterial Activity Of Piroxicam And Ketorolac Alone And In Combination With Antibiotics Against Bacterial Isolates
by Saba Shahbaz (2013-VA-852) | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer | Dr. Muhammad Adil Rasheed | Dr. Imran Altaf.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Antibiotic resistance has become a global public health problem due to the excessive and indiscriminate use of antibiotics, which has resulted in many emerging multidrug-resistant microorganisms. This study is designed for the evaluation of different dilutions of piroxicam and ketorolac alone and in combination with amoxicillin and tigecycline by using broth dilution method.Different dilutions of piroxicam and ketorolac alone and in combination with amoxicillin and tigecycline were checked for antibacterial activity against Staphylococcusaureus and Escherichia coli.The isolates were obtained from Quality Operations Laboratory. The pathogens were tested for their sensitivity to amoxicillin and tigecycline. The sensitivity was checked by broth/tube dilution method. Dilutions were prepared by two fold dilution method.Collected data was analyzed by using statistic package for social sciences (SPSS, windows version, Chicago, IL, USA). Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and descriptive statistics was applied.This work is designed to observe the effects of piroxicam and ketorolac alone and in combination with amoxicillin and tigecycline against bacterial pathogens to improve the quality of life of patients and will minimize the chances of infections.Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) was determined by broth dilution method. The results suggested that NSAIDs enhanced the antibacterial effect when combined with these antibiotics. Combination of amoxicillin with piroxicam (9.76µg/ml+80µg/ml), and tigecycline in combination with ketorolac (0.156µg/ml+20µg/ml) was effective against Staphylococcusaureus. The combination of amoxicillin with piroxicam (9.76µg/ml+20µg/ml), amoxicillin with ketorolac (4.88µg/ml+20µg/ml), tigecycline with piroxicam (0.3125µg/ml +10µg/ml), tigecycline with ketorolac (0.312µg/ml+20µg/ml) showed efficacy against Escherichia coli. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2448-T] (1).
948.
Efficiency Of Nitrogen Utilization In Response To Level Of Crude Protein Supplies In Primiparous Lactating Nili-Ravi Buffaloes
by Saba Anwar (2006-VA-68) | Dr. Muhammad Naveed ul Haque | Dr. Fayyaz Ahmed | Prof. Dr. Anjum Khalique | Dr. Muhammad Qamar Shahid.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Background:
In lactating buffaloes the protein requirements essentially depend on milk production & milk protein content together with the efficiency of conversion of dietary nitrogen to milk nitrogen. Lactating buffaloes utilize crude protein efficiently but still excrete some nitrogen (N) in feces. This inefficient N conversion results in increased feed cost and environmental pollution. There is need for the estimation of optimum level of protein required for lactating buffaloes for its maximum utilization and minimum wastage.
Hypothesis:
To check the efficiency of 3 different levels of crude protein this is better utilized for milk production of buffaloes.
Methodology:
The experiment was carried out at BRI, Pattoki. Six (6) Nili Ravi primiparous buffaloes in mid lactation were used for this experiment. Animals received 3 treatments in a 3×3 latin square design with a 21 days (d) period (total duration of experiment will be 63d). The treatments contain diets are 9% (CP9), 11% (CP11), and 13% (CP13) of crude protein content. Diet distributed as well as orts (refused) was noted on daily basis. Fodder samples were collected after every week in each period for evaluating the DM and for proximate analysis. Concentrate and wheat straw was analyzed once in each period. Milk yield of buffaloes were recorded daily and milk samples were collected for determining composition of milk. Body weights were taken on fortnightly basis. Blood samples were collected for analysis of different physiological metabolites.
Statistical Analyses:
Data was analyzed through General Linear Model by using PROC GLM command (SAS, 2004). Further polynomial linear and quadratic regression were used to determine the effects.
Outcome:
It was concluded from the study that high protein intake in the diet did not increased the DMI and milk parameters except fat contents. Level of BUN increased at high CP diet which depicts the inefficiency of nitrogen utilization by buffaloes. Buffaloes are less efficient in nitrogen utilization than cows. The low protein treatment appears sufficient to support milk production of 9 kg/d. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2453-T] (1).
949.
Evaluation Of Microbiological Quality Ofshawarma Sold By The Street Vendors Of Lahore
by Sana Adrees (2013-VA-896) | Dr. Zabair Farooq | Dr. Muhammad Nasir | Prof. Dr. Aftab Ahmed Anjum.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Food safety is a scientific discipline describes handling, preparation and storage of food that prevents food borne diseases.It includes a number of ways that must be followed to avoid potentially severe health hazards.The tracks within this line of thought are safety between the market and consumer. With the fast pace of life the consumption of fast food is going to increase day by day in Lahore. It is imperative to prepare food at good hygienic conditions because of its perishability. The usual thougt is that food should be safe in the market and the concern is safe delivery and preparation of food for the consumer.
Microorganisms affecting food comes from natural micro flora or are introduced by manufacturing steps ranging from processing storage and distribution. In some cases these micro flora have no effect on the food and can be consumed without consequence, but those that are introduced during course of processing depending on type and level of contamination can spoil the food and cause food borne illnesses.
Food can transmit diseases from one person to another as well as serve as growth medium for bacteria that can cause food poisonoing. In the developed countries there are standards for food, whereas in less developed countries the main issue is the availability of safe water supply which is one of the critical item.
The present research work was undertaken to investigate the microbial count in shawarma which is a vended food. Samples collected from Anarkali,Wahdat road and Islampura showed high microbial count which shows contamination due to poor handling and hygienic conditions and improper storage conditionswhile the samples taken from Fortress, Gulberg having less microbial count as compared to these areas.
High microbial load in street foods occur due to improper food handling, unhygienic food preparation and processing, cooking and storage at inappropriate temperature. Consumer, food vendors and all type people should be aware of food hygiene, public health, implications of consuming contaminated foods, causative diseases. Food safety rules and implementation of food regulatory laws in food preparation, serving and preservation should be strongly maintained to avoid contamination problems and food-borne diseases.
Following points should be strongly observed and maintained for future work and further investigative study to improve the quality of shawarama.
1. Ensuring regular inspection and periodical check on these food preparation procedures.
2.Continuous lab test and analytical lab analysis to check the unwanted presence of any new
harmful agents in these foods to ensure food safety for consumers.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2455-T] (1).
950.
Evaluation Of Microbial Quality Of Burger Sold By Roadside Fast Food Centers In Various Regions Of Lahore
by Nimra Khalid (2013-VA-900) | Dr. Zubair Farooq | Dr. Muhammad Nasir | Prof. Dr. Aftab Ahmed Anjum.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Food safety actions need to cover the entire food chain, from production to consumption. The implementation of food safety include safety between industry and the market and then between the market and the consumer. In considering industry to market practices, food safety considerations include the origins of food including the practices relating to food labeling, food hygiene, food additives and pesticides residues, as well as policies for certification systems for foods.
Food industry regarding safety issue is one of the most unseen areas of policy in developing countries, especially in Pakistan. As a result, food systems in these countries are not always as well controlled and comprehensive as in the mechanized world. This situation is exacerbated by an ever increasing population, rapid urbanization and, most importantly, a lack of the economic and practical resources needed to hold a sound food safety system. As a result, people in developing countries are continuously facing a wide range of potential food safety risks.
Food borne illness is a disease caused by consuming contaminated food or drink.There are more than 250 known food borne diseases. Food can transmit disease from individual to individual as well as serve as a growth medium for bacteria that can cause food poisoning.
Today, people try to save as much time as possible due to the requisite to cope with many tasks within restricted time. In many cases people who have busy schedule don’t have enough time to cook food therefore prefer to eat fast food like burger, shawarma, fries etc. from fast food centers.
The present research was undertaken to investigate the microbial load of the chicken burger samples (n=96) collected aseptically from different regions of Lahore. Samples were collected in sterile plastic bags and analyzed for microbial load immediately after collection in Microbiology lab of University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences.
Nutrient agar was used to perform Total Plate Count, Mackonkey Agar was used for total coliform count, Manitol salt agar was used to count Staphylococcus Aureus and SalmonellaShigella agar was used to detect Salmonella.
The findings of the current study showed that samples taken multinational restaurant have less contamination than from local fast food centers. While among local fast food centers Liberty, Fortress, Anarkali and Akbarimandi have lesser microbial count than samples collected from Ichra, moon market, Mori gate. The difference in microbial load is due to improper food handling, processing, cooking and storage temperature, time and manufacturing practices of the food handlers.
After conducting my research I concluded that following points should be strongly observed and maintained to improve the quality of chicken burger in local fast food centers
• Ensuring regular inspection and periodical check on these food centers
• Continuous lab test and analytical lab analysis to check the unwanted presence of any new harmful agents in these foods to ensure food safety for consumer.
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