1.
Comparative Immunogenicity Of Different Hydropericardium Syndrome (Hps) Vaccines In Broiolers
by Arfan Ahmad | Dr. Sameera Akhtar | Dr. Khushi Muhammad | Dr. Shakeel | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2002Dissertation note: Formaldehyde inactivated hydro-pericardium syndrome (HPS) vaccine without any adjuvant (F-HPS), an oil based HPS vaccine (0- HPS) and alum precipitated HPS vaccine (A-HPS) were prepared and comparative immunogenicity was evaluated in broilers. These vaccines were injected to each bird of groupG1, 02 and G3 sub-cutaneously on 14t day of their age, respectively while the birds of group G4 were kept non-HPS vaccinated control. Each of the bird of each group was also vaccinated against Newcastle disease virus-NDV (LaSota strain: eye droppings) while birds of group G5 served as ND non vaccinated control.
Each of the vaccine induced detectable level of anti-HPS virus indirect haemagglutination (IHA) antibody titre. The 0-HPS vaccine induced higher titre ofthe anti-HPSV-IHA antibody titre that of F-HPS and A-HPS vaccines. All of the three vaccines induced resistance in the birds that showed 100% protection when were given challenge infection on 14 days post-vaccination while the birds of control group showed zero percent protection. At the time of challenge infection, anti- Newcastle disease virus haemagglutination inhibition (ND V-HI) antibody titres were same in the HPS vaccinated and un-vaccinated broilers.
It is concluded that all the vaccines induced effective immunity in the birds. The 0-HPS vaccine induced higher levels of anti-HPS virus IHA antibody titres than that of F-HPS and A-HPS vaccines. Moreover, non of the vaccine induced detectable level of immuno-modulatory effect on the anti-NDV-HI antibody titre of birds to NDV vaccine.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0787,T] (1).
2.
Phylohenetic Analysis Of Haemahhlutnin- Neuraminidase Hene Of Newcastle Disease Virus Isolated From Lahore District
by Hasjaa, Habib | Dr. Tahir Yaqub | Dr. Arfan Ahmad | Dr. Muti- ur-.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Newcastle disease is still rendering huge economic losses to the poultry industry in Pakistan and available vaccines are not protecting the birds from the disease. Genetic variation is a salient feature among various viruses that makes it difficult to produce the vaccines that can protect birds against these viruses. Avian paramyxovirus, the causative agent of ND can also undergo such genetic variations. Various biological and serological methods have been used in the past to detect the ND virus. In recent times, the phylogenetic analysis of NDV had been proved to be a very useful application to find out epidemiological relatedness among the NDV isolates present around the globe. The present project was designed to obtain sequence data of the HN gene from different recently obtained ND virus isolates, in order to rule out any possible genetic variation among these isolates. One hundred ND suspected samples from chicken were collected from different sources and areas of Lahore district. These samples were subjected to different serological, biological and molecular evaluations. As a preliminary step, the suspected samples were processed and inoculated in 9-11 days old SPF chicken eggs for virus propagation and the infective allanto-amniotic fluid (AAF) were harvested. The spot HA test was performed and the positive AAF were subjected to haemagglutination test (HA). The samples showing positive haemagglutinating activity were selected. For the confirmation of HA positive AAF, the haemagglutination inhibition test (HI) was performed with known positive NDV antiserum and to check the cross reactivity, the HI was also performed with H5, H7 and H9 antisera. Only ten samples showed positive HI activity with NDV antiserum and were selected for biological and molecular studies. For the pathotyping of isolates, standard assays like intracerebral pathogenecity index (ICPI) was performed in day old chicks and mean death time (MDT) was performed in 9-11 days old embryonated chicken eggs. Five isolates were found lentogenic, three mesogenic and two were found as velogenic NDV. Reverse-transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR) was performed for the molecular characterization of these isolates. For this purpose, the NDV genomic RNA was extracted from infective AAF of NDV isolates and the Complementary DNA (cDNA) was synthesized. For the amplification of HN gene, the cDNA was used as template, initially to amplify the full length HN gene for the detection of NDV and later on a 519bp long segment of HN gene was amplified for the purpose of sequencing. The PCR products were purified from gel and were sequenced. The phylogenetic analysis and sequence alignment results revealed that three isolates were lentogenic NDV having maximum similarity with clone30 strain and other two were velogenic NDV having close relationship with viruses of genotype VIIb. Nucleotide sequence analysis and amino acid comparison indicated that the HN gene sequence and the resulted amino acid sequence of UDL/Lahore/53 and UDL/Lahore/55 was highly different from those of NDV reference strains reported in chicken. Existing vaccines may not provide optimum protection against these strains, resulting in vaccination failure and leads to severe economic losses to poultry industry. Therefore a better understanding on the genotypic history of NDV might be helpful in the development of more effective vaccines.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1315,T] (1).
3.
Detection Of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Prevalent In Dairy Herds Of Punjab, Pakistan
by Humayun Gohar | Dr. Masood rabbani | Dr. Arfan ahmad | Factuly of veterinary science.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Mucosal disease virus (MDV)is a positive senseRNA virus having genome of
approximately 12.3 kb in length and is one of the most insidious and ubiquitous virus of
bovines throughout the world.The presence of persistently infected animals having no clinical
signs, need rapid screening whether they carry infectious agent or not. Now-a-days many
serological procedures and virus isolation techniques are used for diagnosis of bovine viral
diarrhea virus (BVDV) infected animals.BVDV is very difficult, laborious and time consuming
to isolate in cell culture or in laboratory animal. But it can be substituted by antigen capture
ELISA method which is very specific as well as sensitive and easy to perform. Therefore, the
detection of mucosal disease virus (MDV) by Antigen Capture ELISAhas become a sound
alternative to routine tests. Antigen Capture ELISAidentifies BVDV infected animals by
detecting virus in serum and blood samples, etc. The study was organized to detect BVDV in
dairy animals at selected areas Punjab and to evaluate comparative prevalence of BVDV in
cattle and buffaloes.One hundred and eighty four bovine blood samples were collected from
both public and private livestock farms. Blood samples were collected from Military Farms,
Lahore, BRI (Buffalo Research Institute, Pattoki), LPRI (Livestock Production Research
Institute, Bahadarnagar, Okara), Government Livestock Farm, Rakh-Ghulamman, Kalurkot and
from private sector,Rizi dairiesChunia, Supreme Farm Multan Road, Lahore and Livestock and
Dairy Products Farm lumber, Lahore. The collected serum samples were screened for detecting
virus through indirect antigen capture ELISA.lt showed that 16.85% cattle and 6.31 % buffalo
were found positive for BVDV.lt was also found that prevalence of BVDV infection was lower
at private farms as compared to Government farms. Lowest prevalence (0%) was found in
Friesian cow, whereas, highest prevalence (50%) was found in Sahiwal cattle. The cross bred
animals were also infected by BVDV infection. Overall prevalence of BVDV infection in
buffalo was lower than cattle population.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1386,T] (1).
4.
Comparison Of Diagnostic Approaches For The Detection Of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Persistency In Dairy Herds
by Arfan Ahmad | Prof. Dr. Masood Rabbani | Prof. Dr. Khushi Muhammad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Bovine viral diarrhea is one of the most important diseases of cattle which are causing
continuous economic losses to the cattle industry primarily due to decreased reproductive
I performance. Without doubt, direct contact between BVDV persistently infected, and susceptible animals is the most important transmission route of virus. All control programs which are in use in many countries of the world, mainly depend upon the detection of PI animals, eliminating them and preventing their return into the herds. Therefore, in this study diagnostic suitability of ear notch biopsies and serum samples were compared for the detection of PI animals, as well as proficiency of various diagnostic approaches like VI, AC-ELISA, IHC and real time RT-PCR were evaluated using ear notch biopsies. A total of 468 samples were collected from 12 participating dairy cattle farms located at Prince Edward Island, Canada. The samples were divided into two groups on the basis of age, A " 6 months), and B (> 6 months).
PI calves remain immunotolerant to the infecting strain but if exposed to a heterogonous strain postnatally, they may develop low level of antibody. Accordingly, serum neutralization was applied for initial screening of samples for further testing. The samples of animals of group B, having SNT (:S 1 :64) were selected, while all samples of younger aged group A were processed without considering the serum neutralizing titres, because unlike older animals, P.1. animals below 6 months of age can have passive colostral antibodies in the course of persistency. Diagnostic suitability of ear notch biopsy and serum sample for confirmation of BVDV
A significant discrepancy was observed between ear notch biopsies (51198 positive) and
serum samples (71198 positive) during first round of testing by real time RT-PCR. However, on
follow up testing, 30 days post first round of testing, a complete agreement between ear notch
biopsies and serum samples was observed. On second round of testing, a total of 4 animals out of
197 (one positive animals died before re-sampling) were confirmed with PI, using both ear notch
biopsies and serum samples. The decrease in the positivity using RT-PCR on serum samples in
the second round of testing reflected the presence of 2 transiently infected animals. Ear notch
biopsy (EN) testing did not detect any transiently infected animal indicating the lack of
delectability of the virus in EN during transient infection under conditions of this study. After
follow up testing, 2 animals in each of group A and B were identified as PI. These findings have
led us to conclude, that either serum or ear notch biopsy can be used for the detection of
persistent infection. Of 468 collected and 197 tested samples, an overall 0.85% and 2.03%
prevalence of PI animals with BVDV was observed respectively. A complete agreement (P value=l) was observed when three diagnostic approaches (Real time RT- PCR, AC-ELISA, and IHC) were compared with standard of VI. A total of 197 ear notch biopsies (145 of group A and 52 of group B) were tested by the four diagnostic tests, four animals (2 from group A and 2 from group B) were found positive by all the tests applied. A complete agreement was observed between the first and the second round of testing. All four assays were found specific but real time RT-PCR was found to be more sensitive. Both, VI and IHC were found labour intensive, as diagnosis may take more than one week to be made. Further PI calves remain immunotolerant tothe infecting strain but if exposed to a heterogonous strain postnatally, they may develop low leved
ofantibody. Accordingly, serum neutralization was applied for initial screening of samples for further testing. The samples of animals of group B, having SNT (:S 1 :64) were selected, while all samples of younger aged group A were processed without considering the serum neutralizing titres, because
unlike older animals, P.1. animals below 6 months of age can have passive colostral antibodies in the course of persistency. Diagnostic suitability of ear notch biopsy and serum sample for confirmation of BVDV persistent animals were evaluated by real time RT-PCR. TaqMan probes and primers specific for BVDVI and BVDV2 were used. They were found specific and able to detect 10·s and 10-4 TCID50 units ofBVDVI and BVDV2, respectively.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1407,T] (1).
5.
In Process Quality Control Factors Affecting The Potency Of Indigenous Mycoplasma Gallisepticum (Mg)
by Muhammad Asim Raza | Dr. Arfan Ahmad | Prof. Dr. Masood Rabbani.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) is cause of chronic respiratory disease (CRD) and is responsible for significant economic losses to poultry industry. In Pakistan, imported MG bacterin fails to induce immunoprophylaxis that could be due to subtle antigenic variation in the immunogen of the vaccine. Therefore present study was conducted to optimize inactivations( phenol, formalin and binary ethylenimine) concentration and exposure time to inactivate MG and their effect on potency of MG bacterin ( prepared from local isolates) along with different bacterial biomasses (0.5%, 1% and 1.5% PCV) and adjuvants (montanide oil ,gel and water ). It was observed that the MG bacterin containing 1.5% level of immunogen/biomass induced significantly higher anti-MG-ELISA antibody titer (p < 0.05) as compared to other bacterins containing lower concentrations of the immunogen.The formaldehyde inactivated the pathogen within shortest possible time and showed undetectable effect on its potency. The antibody response was significantly higher (p<0.05) as compared to that of bacterins prepared from the pathogens inactivated by either phenol or BEI. . Montanide ISA70 containing MG bacterin induced significantly higher anti-MG-ELISA antibody titer (p<0.05) in broilers than the other bacterins containing either water or aluminum hydroxide gel. It is concluded that formaldehyde inactivated oil based vaccine containing one percent immunogen (0ne percent PCV) induce antibody response in broilers that is comparable with the imported vaccine.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1495,T] (1).
6.
Evaluation Of Food Safety Of Common Salads And Antimicrobial Activity Of Natural Dressings
by Awais Fida | Dr. Arfan Ahmad | Dr. Ali Ahmad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Salad is a commonly consumed raw food which is equally favored by each group of the society. The consumption of these salads among common man has been increased in recent past. Several outbreaks have been reported throughout the world regarding to GIT tract infections and isolation of thermotolerent FC. Coliforms or especially Fecal coliforms are considered indicator organism whose absence ensures the lack of non pathogenic bacteria.
The objectives of the present study was to evaluate the sanitary condition followed by food practitioners in Lahore area and the effect of natural salad dressings with respect to varing concentrations of NSDs, at different temperature and interval of exposure.
A total of 60 samples were purchased from local market, 12 of the samples were collected from each selected area (i.e. Anarkali, Gawalmandi, Samanabad, Sanat Nagar and Shad Bagh) while the sample purchased from each area is from 4 different shops (3 from each) i.e. Burgar salad, Gravey Chana salad, Halwa Puri salad and Bar-B-Q salad shops.
The samples were transported to UDL, UVAS, Lahore under cooled chain and subjected for analysis to enumerate the quality by estimating FC using MPN method (FDA 2010). Samples are divided into 4 sections. One was taken as control and the others were taken as experimental and subjected to various concentrations of NSD's, after exposing to 5, 15 and 30min to antimicrobial agents the samples are transmitted to triplet of test tubes containing EC broth. The inoculated tubes were provided with 24-48 hours incubation at 44.5oC.
The gas production in tubes indicted the presence of FC, so values were calculated using MPN table (Annexure XXV) and log values were written to get log reduction values.
More than 70% salad samples collected from selected areas were found unhealthy for consumption. Maximum contamination was observed in salads which are being served with night meals (i.e BBQ salad) while Anarkali was found an area with maximum of positive samples. The contaminations were least recorded in winters while maximum in rainy season. Among the NSD's Vinegar was considered best antimicrobial agent followed by Lemon and Garlic but statistically no significant difference between these two were observed. There was no significant relationship observed between temperature-time, concentration-time and temperature-concentration of NSD.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1829,T] (1).
7.
Microbiological And Physiochemical Analysis Of Drinking Water From Human And Veterinary Hospitals
by Kiran batool | DR. Arfan ahmad | Dr Hassan mushtaq | DR. jawad nazir.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1958,T] (1).
8.
Evaluation Of Drinking Water Quality At Zoo And Various Public Places In Disteict Lahore
by Maimona jibreel | Dr. Arfan ahmad | Dr.Hassan | Prof. Dr. Masood rabbani.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1959,T] (1).
9.
In Process Quality Control Factors Affecting The Quality Of Locally Prepared Salmonella Gallinarum Antigen
by Zahra Malik (2009-VA-245) | Dr. Arfan Ahmad | Prof. Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum | Prof. Dr. Asim Aslam.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Fowl typhoid is a septicaemic disease caused by S. gallinarum biovar gallinarum has major economic significance in many parts of the world. It is an acute or chronic septicaemic disease that usually affects the birds (mostly adult birds). Eradication of disease is normally done by identifying the infected flocks and eliminating the reactor birds by using serological tests, but diagnosis of the disease is much expensive because antigen used for this purpose is imported. The study, therefore, has been proposed to prepare and evaluate the stained antigen of S. gallinarum using local isolates.
A total of 15 isolates were procured from Poultry Research Institute (PRI) Rawalpindi, University Diagnostic Lab (UDL) and Department of Microbiology, UVAS Lahore, which were identified by Biochemical testing and further confirmed by Polymerase Chain Reaction. Among all 15 isolates two isolates were confirmed as S. gallinarum and proceeded to prepare local antigen of S. gallinarum. Locally prepared antigen was checked with known positive and negative sera, Effect of different preservatives (Sodium azide and Thiomersal sodium) and different storage temperatures (4°C, 25°C and -20°C) was also studied after every fifteen days post storage upto 6 months to observe the stability and shelf life of local antigen. On the end of study both preservatives i.e. Sodium azide and Thiomersal sodium was found equally effective for antigen activity, whereas 4°C proved best storage temperature to be used for the antigen preservation.
Activity of locally prepared antigens was also compared with the imported antigen (Charles, River, USA) stored at different temperatures regularly throughout the six months, which showed that local antigens was almost as good as the imported antigen.
Summary
51
CONCLUSION
Locally prepared S. gallinarum antigen was found as effective as imported antigen. Both the test preservatives (Sodium azide and Thiomersal Sodium) had the same effect on antigen preservation. Among all three test temperatures, 4°C was accepted as best storage temperature for the long term preservation of local antigen with either of the preservative. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2278-T] (1).
10.
Evaluation Of Comparative Antiviral Activity Of Indomethacin, Naproxen & Mefenamic Acid Against Avian Influenza H9 Virus
by Shahida Jamil Ahmed (2013-VA-850) | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer | Dr. Arfan Ahmad.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs play a vital role due to their multi therapeutic approach. In this study, the antiviral activity of indomethacin, naproxen, and mefenamic acid against avian influenza H9 virus was evaluated In ovo. The stock solutions of each drug were prepared in their perspective solvent and preserved. From the stock, three different dilutions (10µg/ml, 20µg/ml, 40µg/ml of indomethacin, 25µg/ml, 50µg/ml, 100µg/ml of naproxen and 20µg/ml, 40µg/ml, 80µg/ml of mefenamic acid) of each drug were prepared. For each of drug to be tested, 25 embryonated chicken eggs were assigned to 5 groups having 5 eggs each, to evaluate both antiviral activity and embryonic toxicity parameters.
For evaluating antiviral activity, the groups of embryonated chicken eggs were inoculated with 4HA virus, antibiotics and different concentrations of indomethacin, naproxen and mefenamic acid. For evaluation of embryonic toxicity, embryos of each group were injected with normal saline, antibiotics and different concentrations of indomethacin, naproxen and mefenamic acid. Two controls i.e. positive control of virus (received 4HA Virus only) and negative control (received normal saline) were also included to validate the test results.
With avian influenza H9 virus the different concentrations of each drug were mixed and 0.2 ml of this suspension was inoculated to 9th to 10th day embryonated eggs along with positive and negative controls having only virus and normal saline respectively. Amantadine, standard drug, was inoculated by following the mentioned manner. These inoculated embryonated chicken eggs were incubated at 37oC and were checked after 12 – 72 hours. After 72 hours of post inoculation, chilling was done by placing all the eggs at 4oC in fridge for overnight section of time and the allantoic fluid was collected.
The embryo survival percentage, positive or negative spot haemagglutination activity and determination of virus titre by haemagglutination test confirmed the antiviral activity. The embryonic toxicity effects of indomethacin, naproxen, mefenamic acid and amantadine were assessed by only inoculating the drug of respective concentrations as used for antiviral activity in embryonated chicken eggs and incubating for 72 hours. Among the three non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), indomethacin showed significant antiviral activity against influenza H9 virus as compared to naproxen and mefenamic acid. Naproxen showed antiviral activity against influenza H9 virus greater than that of mefenamic acid. However, antiviral activity of mefenamic acid as compared to naproxen and indomethacin is negligible against influenza H9 virus when confirmed by Spot Hemagglutination test while reduction in viral titre was observed by Hemagglutination test.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2432-T] (1).
11.
Isolation, Identification And Antibiotic Resistance Profile Of Bacterial Isolates Of Public Health Significance In Raw Milk Of Cows And Buffaloes
by Hafiza Khadija Naseem (2010-VA-315) | Dr. Arfan Ahmad | Dr. Muhammad Zubair Shabbir | Dr.Muhammad Hassan Mushtaq .
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Milk is a highly nutritious food that can be obtained from a variety of animal sources such as cows, goats, sheep and buffalo for human consumption. On account of zoonotic importance of some opportunistic pathogens of public health significance in milk, the studytherefore was designed for isolation identification and antibiotic resistance assessment of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherchia coli and Salmonellaspp in raw milk of cows and buffaloes.
A total of 60 raw milk samples were collected from buffaloes (n=30) and cows (n=30) located in an area around district Lahore. To evaluate the source of milk borne pathogens in milk, half samples (n=15) of each animal species were taken directly from udder while remaining half (n=15) from milking utensils at the same farm. Samples were cultured for isolation and confirmed by biochemical tests and their antibiotic resistance pattern was checked by Kirby baur disk diffusion test.
Samples that were taken from udder of buffalos,E.coli, Salmonellaspp and Staph aureus was isolated from 60%, 26% and 46% of processed samples whereas from utensils E.coli, Salmonella spp. and Staph aureuswas isolated from 66.66%, 66.66% and 73.33%of samples respectively.
While Samples that were taken from udder of cow’sE.coli, Salmonella and Staph aureus was isolated from13%, 0% and 40% of processed samples where as samples that were taken from utensils at the same farm E.coli, Salmonella and Staph aureuswas isolated 26%, 26.66% and 46% respectively.
Antibiotic resistance pattern of isolates E.coli, Salmonellaspp and Staph aureus showed 100% resistance to Lincomycin and Tylosine. Ciprofloxacin showed 75% sensitivity followed by Ciprofloxacin showed 75% sensitivity followed by 65%Oxytetracyclin 60% doxycycline and 58% Amoxicillin.
CONCLUSION
Our study reveals that raw milk supplied and consumed in Lahore city of Pakistan is contaminated with public health significancebacteria Salmonella spp, E.coli and Staph aureusdue to unhygienic conditions and milking practices.Data ofAntibiotic resistant profiling of these isolates showed 100% resistant to Lincomycinand Tylosine. While sensitive against Ciprofloxacin> Doxycycline >Oxytetracycline.Efforts should be made to use antibiotics wisely and hygienic practices should be followed during collection to supply chain of milk to avoid spread of antibiotic resistant bacterial strains from animal source to human beings.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2521-T] (1).
12.
Detection of Antibodies For Mycobacterium Avium Sub-Specie Paratuberculosis in Sheep Population Along With Its Associated Risk Factors in District Rahim Yar Khan
by Muhammad Arif Rizwan (2014-VA-228) | Dr. Waseem Yaqub | Prof. Dr. Aneela Zameer Durrani | Dr. Arfan Ahmad.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Johne’s disease (JD), caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, is a chronic enteric disease of ruminants. The disease manifest itself in sense of trade restrictions production losses. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis(MAP) is manifested by an incubation period of several years. During subclinical stage of infection, paratuberculosis pass out in feces through which the disease get approaches to other animals in herd. It is also shed in the milk of infected animal, cannot be killed even on pasteurization and in human beings cause a disease (Crohn's disease). Johne’s disease is somewhat difficult to detect in animals having sub clinical infection.
Moreover, the animals in the early stages of infection is often has an immune response that is detectable by ELISA which is not elicited by the animal in time. ELISA is affordable, efficient, one-step and in sheep and goats is very sensitive for the detection of antibodies. So, keeping in mind the economic and public health importance of this disease, present study was formulated with the purpose to detect the MAP in sheep in district in Rahim Yar Khan.
5 ml blood samples, total 100 (n=100 sheep) blood sample out of which 50 animals were selected on the basis of clinical signs (shooting diarrhea, decrease in milk production and weight loss in spite of good appetite) and 50 animals were selected from the surrounding exhibiting no clinical signs but on suspicion of being carrier from local animal markets, different slaughtering site of animals and in periphery of District, RahimYar Khan. The data regarding all the animals was collected on a predesigned questionnaire. Serum was separated by centrifugation and was stored in deep freezer having temperature (-400 C) until analyzed by indirect ELISA through commercial ELISA, Mycobacterium Paratuberculosis Antibody Test Kit (IDEXX Paratuberculosis Screening) and results was recorded through ELISA reader. The ELISA positive serum samples was processed further for the estimation of serum protein analysis. Sero-detection of antibodies for Mycobacterium avium sub-specie paratuberculosis (MAP) was estimated based on indirect ELISA results.
In present study the overall prevalence in sheep for mycobacterium avium sub specie paratuberculosis in district Rahim Yar Khan in different marketed and slaughtering animals irrespective of breed age and sex. When the serum samples of the suspected sheep were subjected to the serum biochemistry for analysis of total proteins in the body of sheep, it was overall decrease in the serum proteins of the sheep (p<0.05) which were infected with MAP while using the paired t-test statistics. On the other hand, it was found 92% malnutrition, 77% poor sanitation, 85% combine housing, 87% open grazing and 29% tick infestation they may act as a source of infection for spreading of paratuberculosis.
Sheep than goats is high in the prevalence of the MAP. There is no doubt that Johne’s disease infected herds may suffer severely. However, as a whole, the economic loss to the sheep industry is of questionable significance. Johne's disease is zoonotic potential threat that it represents as a problem. The sheep industry is in an exceptional position, given its low incidence or occurrence of paratuberculosis to set in motion a strategy to confine or control the spread of malady. The national control of MAP will be a huge undertaking because of subtle nature of this disease and relatively poor performance of tests that are currently available.
It is necessary to develop specific best management practices in the sheep industry, taking into account the biology and ecology of the disease. The implementation of the program against Johne's disease is an important proactive step.However, MAP has struck the sheep industry for many years and will probably continue to remain a major challenge for the foreseeable future.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2519-T] (1).
13.
Survey To Assess Knowledge About Poultry Disease, Vaccination And Zoonoses In Backyard Poultry Keepers Around Lahore
by Rabia Saleem (2009-VA-460) | Dr. Muhammad Hassan Mushtaq | Dr. Mamoona Chaudhary | Dr. Arfan Ahmad.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: The term backyard chicken production designates poultry birds which are reared on small scale by a household. In this type of poultry rearing, usually a few birds are kept primarily for family use. The surplus birds and eggs are sold in the village or nearby market and the cash were utilized for fulfilling other needs of the household. This was a common practice in the rural area of all over the Pakistan.
Backyard poultry keepers are not well aware of management practices and poultry diseases. For that purpose nine rural areas were selected from Lahore by convenient sampling method. The households in each of the village were also conveniently select. 200 respondents were interview through a model questionnaire to assess knowledge about poultry diseases, zoonotic diseases and vaccination of poultry in backyard poultry keepers.
After compilation of the research data only 25.00% respondents know about poultry disease and only 48.74% use vaccination and medication for their birds if they got sick otherwise they never vaccinate or medicate.73.73% people do vaccination against New castle disease out of those who use vaccination/treatment but according to data they have no proper knowledge even New castle disease. 55.56% farmer observed diseases and sign and symptoms in their flock from which mites and ticks are 55.56%, respiratory sound and nasal discharge 44.45%, coughing, sneezing and greenish diarrhea 33.34%, swollen joints and ocular discharge 22.23%.Respiratory diseases are prevalent in that area.
70.00% people of the study have information about zoonotic diseases while only 26.00 people know about poultry zoonotic diseases. They are not properly educated about poultry zoonotic diseases
This study will help to collect the information about the knowledge of zoonotic disease, poultry disease and vaccination through survey from backyard poultry farmers. Results of the study are helpful to point out the main issue of poultry diseases and mortality. It is a need of hour to properly manage the back yard poultry on an early basis while a timed procedure should be developed to educate the rural farmers. Currently no proper regulatory body is working for the Poultry sector, PPA (Pakistan Poultry Association) working privately without any authoritative power. These points can be easily improved to help the poultry farmers in the sense of developing skillful backyard poultry producers to boost up poultry sector.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2577-T] (1).
14.
Identification of Ciprofloxacin Resistant Bacteria of Public Health Significance in Animals and Poultry
by Qurat ul Ain (2010-VA-306) | Dr. Arfan Ahmad | Prof. Dr. Masood Rabbani | Dr. Muhammad Nasir.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: In the present study ciprofloxacin resistant isolates with public health significance, collected from chicken five each of respiratory, digestive and reproductive system where as twenty samples each of respiratory, digestive, reproductive and milk from, goat, sheep, cow and buffalo has been determined. Out of 95 samples collected, 52 samples were identified as ciprofloxacin resistant bacteria which were E. coli, Salmonella, Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella and Proteus from chicken (respiratory, digestive, reproductive system) and goat ,sheep, cow and buffalo( respiratory, digestive, reproductive system and milk).
In chicken out of 15 samples, respiratory bacterial isolates showed maximum resistance (80%, 4/5) against ciprofloxacin as compared to those from digestive (60%, 3/5) and reproductive system (40%, 2/5). In goat out of 20 samples, respiratory bacterial isolates showed maximum resistance (80%, 4/5) against ciprofloxacin as compared to those from digestive (20%, 1/5), reproductive system (60%, 3/5) and milk (40%,2/5). In sheep out of 20 samples, digestive bacterial isolates showed maximum resistance (60%, 3/5) against ciprofloxacin as compared to those from respiratory (40%, 2/5), reproductive system (20%, 1/5) and milk (40%,2/5).
In cow out of 20 samples, digestive bacterial isolates showed maximum resistance (100%, 5/5) against ciprofloxacin as compared to those from respiratory (80%, 4/5), reproductive system (60%, 3/5) and milk (20%,1/5). In buffalo out of 20 samples, bacterial isolates in milk samples showed maximum resistance (80%, 4/5) against ciprofloxacin as compared to those from respiratory (60%, 3/5), reproductive (60%, 3/5) and digestive system(40%, 2/5).
Summary
61
In Pakistan, there is also increasing trend of emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria in human infection. In our study from various systems, ciprofloxacin resistant bacteria were isolated and confirmed. Among these bacteria irrespective of animal spp and systems, E. coli was found most abundantly in respiratory system of chicken and digestive system of cow due to irrational use of antibiotics and simultaneously use in animals, poultry, and human . In this study comparative status of ciprofloxacin resistant bacteria such as E. coli, Salmonellae, Klebsiella, Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas and Proteus with public health significance from chicken and animals and their associated risk factors were observed. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2622-T] (1).
15.
Study On The Status And Risk Factors Of Brucellosis In Bovines Of District Poonch, Azad Jammu And Kashmir
by Muhammad Kashif Idrees (2008-VA-68) | Dr. Arfan Ahmad | Dr. Muhammad Zubair Shabbir | Dr. Muhammad Avais.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Brucellosis is one of the main diseases which played a blemished role in destroying the economy of livestock farmers in Azad Jammu and Kashmir in the form of low productivity and reproductive disorders. In district Poonch, abortions rates in bovines have been increased tremendously during the last decade. To find out the Status of brucellosis in cattle and buffalo, 300 animals (n=150 cattle; n=150 buffalo) were randomly selected and screened for brucellosis in district Poonch AJK. Various risk factors like species, age, sex, pregnancy, lactation, abortion, breeds, repeat breeding, retained placenta, housing, feeding, management were also evaluated for their impact on occurrence of brucellosis in this area. Data regarding risk factors of each animal was recorded in a Performa (Attached as annexure A). Serum samples were collected from these animals and analyzed through RBPT. The serum samples positive for Brucella abortus through RBPT were further subjected to indirect ELISA for further confirmation. Serum samples analysis was done at University Diagnostic Lab, University of Veterinary and Animal Science, Lahore. The results showed the overall seropositivity of 3.7% and 2.7% in cattle and buffalo through RBPT and i-ELISA, respectively. Moreover the result revealed that in cattle the positivity was more (4.6%) and in buffalo was comparatively less (2.7%) through RBPT and through i-ELISA same more positivity (3.4%) in cattle than buffaloes (2.0%). The results revealed that positivity of brucellosis increases with the age. The positivity in non-pregnant was more than that of pregnant while the positivity in non-lactating animals more than the lactating animals. The animals with the history of abortion and retained placenta were more serological positive than the animals without history such history. In breed wise comparison crossbreed cattle and Nili-Ravi buffaloes evidenced more serological positive
43
Summary
percentage. Sex wise the female animals have more positivity compared to male animals. As far as village wise positivity Hajera, Davarandi, Mandol, Madarpur, Nakkar were evidenced for presence of brucellosis. Regarding impact of risk factors in the occurrence of brucellosis, statistically there was non-significant (≥0.5) difference observed in this study. The findings of this study evidenced that brucellosis is present and endemic in cattle and buffaloes in the district Poonch. However it was suggested that more surveys are required across the country in order to formulate a policy for prevention and control of brucellosis in livestock. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2625-T] (1).
16.
Study On The Diversity And Antibiotic Resistance Profile Of Uropathogenic Bacteria In Human And Dogs
by Umbreen Aslam Khan (2009-VA-222) | Dr. Arfan Ahmad | Dr. Fareeha Akhtar | Dr. Muhammad Nasir.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Annually more than 150 million people globally face the problem of Urinary tract infection (UTI) and treatment cost goes up to 6 billion dollars. UTI is more common in women as compared to men. The infection is caused by the invasion of pathogens in the urinary tract and produces the inflammatory response of urothelium. In Pakistan, urinary tract infections are increasing with antibiotics resistant among the uropathogens day by day. Duration of treatment is also getting increased which subsequently increased the medication cost. This situation is possibly due to emergence of antibiotic resistant uropathogenic bacteria. Like humans, in dogs same situation is prevailing. The study therefore was designed for isolation identification and antibiotic resistance assessment of UTI causing bacteria.
Bacterial pathogens causing UTI in dogs and human are becoming more resistant to antibiotic use .To evaluate the diversity and antibiotic resistance of uropathogenic bacteria, a total of 80 urine samples were collected in sterile containers. A total of 15 urine samples were taken from each gender of human and dogs with UTIs and 5 from each gender of healthy human and dogs. Samples were cultured for isolation and confirmed by biochemical tests and their antibiotic resistance pattern was checked by Kirby baur disk diffusion test.
Samples that were taken from UTI males, E.coli, Proteus Spp., klebsiella Spp. and Staph aureus were isolated from 93%, 6.67%,20% and 53% of processed samples whereas from UTI females E.coli, Proteus Spp.,Klebsiella spp. and Staph aureus was isolated 100%,13%,33%and 40% of samples respectively.
Similarly 60 % Staph aureus was isolated from healthy males and females urine samples.
Summary
58
While Samples that were taken from UTI dogs E.coli, Proteus Spp.,klebsiella Spp. and Staph aureus was isolated from 66.7%, 6.67%,33% and 26.6% of processed samples whereas Samples that were taken from bitches, E.coli, Proteus Spp., klebsiella Spp. and Staph aureus was isolated from 73%,13%,26.6% and 26.6% of samples respectively.
In case of healthy dogs and bitches urine smalpes 60% and 80% of Staph aureus was isolated
Antibiotic resistance pattern of isolates E.coli, Proteus Spp., klebsiella Spp. and Staph aureus from human (male and female) samples showed resistance to ceftriaxone, Levofloxecine, and mild type of resistance to Ofloxacin while sensitive to ciprofloxacin and sulfamethazole.
The antibiotic resistance pattern of isolates E.coli, Proteus Spp., klebsiella Spp. and Staph aureus from dogs and bitches samples showed high resistance to Lincomycin and kanamycin, and lower resistance to norfloxacin and doxycyclin while sensitive to ciprofloxacin, amoxiclin.
Conclusion
It is concluded that UT infection mainly caused by Gram negative (Enterobacteracea) .Among the (Enterobacteracea) member only E.coli was most abundantly isolated from human and dogs UTI samples most effective antimicrobial agents were urixin, sulfamethazole and ciprofleoxacin against isolates of human origin. For dogs ciprofloxacin amoxiclin are best against gram negative and positive bacterial isolate. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2646-T] (1).
17.
Study On The Diversity And Antibiotic Resistance Profile Of Bacteria Isolated From Respiratory Tract Infected Dogs And Human
by Misbah Sajjad (2010-VA-299) | Dr. Arfan Ahmad | Dr. Aamir Ghafoor | Dr.Muhammad Hassan Mushtaq.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: In developing countries, respiratory tract infections are the major reason of the prevalence of disease and death in the patients who are seriously sick. Respiratory problems in human and dogs are common in Pakistan. Broad spectrum antibiotics are being used to treat the infections but duration of illness is increasing day by day. Present study was therefore designed to explore the diversity of bacteria causing respiratory tract infections in dogs and human and antibiotic resistance pattern of bacterial isolates
Total 60 Samples (sputum, nasal discharge, tracheal swab etc) were collected and evaluated. Thirty (n=30) samples were taken from human and dog each. Among 30 samples of human, 10 were taken from infected males and females each. 5 samples from healthy males and females each were also included. Similarly among 30 samples of dogs, 10 were taken from infected dogs and bitches each along with 5 samples from healthy dogs and bitches each.
Samples collected from each gender of human and dog were cultured on the MacConkey, Blood and Chocolate agar plates for the isolation of pathogens. Isolated were confirmation by biochemical tests followed by determination of their antibiotic susceptibility pattern by using Kirby Baur disk diffusion method.
From male samples, Staph spp were isolated from all the samples (100%) followed by E.coli (70%), and Salmonella spp, Haemophilus spp each (30%). Whereas from females, Staph aureus were also isolated from 100% samples followed by Salmonella spp (60%), E.coli (40%), and Haemophilus spp (0%)
Summary
68
From healthy males, isolation of Staph aureus was confirmed in (100%) samples followed by Salmonella spp (80%), E.coli (20%), and Haemophilus spp (0%). Whereas from females, Staph aureus was also confirmed in (100%) samples followed by E.coli (80%), Salmonella spp (20%) and Haemophilus spp (0%).
From dog samples, Staph aureus was isolated from (100%) samples followed by E.coli (60%), Salmonella spp (40%) and Haemophilus spp (20%). Whereas from bitches, Staph aureus was also isolated from (100%) samples followed by Salmonella spp (60%), E.coli (50%), and Haemophilus spp (0%)
From the samples of healthy dogs, Isolation of Staph aureus was confirmed in (100%) samples followed by E.coli (80%), Salmonella spp (20%) and Haemophilus spp (0%). Whereas from bitches, Staph aureus was also isolated from (100%) samples followed by Salmonella spp (80%), E.coli (20%), and Haemophilus spp (0%)
Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Salmonella spp isolated from samples taken from infected dogs showed 100% resistance to Amoxicillin, Tylosine and Lincomycin and 100% sensitivity to Doxycycline and Oxytetracycline. E.coli showed 100% resistance to Amoxicillin and Lincomycin and 80.8% sensitivity to Ciprofloxacin. Staph spp showed 100% resistance to Tylosine and Lincomycin and Haemophilus spp showed 100% resistance to Ciprofloxacin and Doxycycline
Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Salmonella spp isolated from samples taken from healthy dogs showed 100% resistance to Tylosine and Lincomycin. E.coli showed 100% resistance to Tylosine and Lincomycin and 75.8% sensitivity to Ciprofloxacin. Staph spp showed 100% resistance to Tylosine and Lincomycin and 75% sensitivity to Doxycycline. There was no
Summary
69
positivity observed for Haemophilus spp in all samples of healthy dogs, so no sensitivity was performed
Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Salmonella spp isolated from samples taken from infected bitches showed 100% resistance to Tylosine and Lincomycin and 70% sensitivity to Doxycycline. E.coli showed 100% resistance to Tylosine and Lincomycin. Staph spp showed 100% resistance to Tylosine and Lincomycin and 70% sensitivity to Doxycycline. There was no positivity observed for Haemophilus spp in all samples of infected bitches, so no sensitivity was performed
Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Salmonella spp isolated from samples taken from healthy bitches showed 100% resistance to Tylosine and Lincomycin and 90% sensitivity to Doxycycline. E.coli showed 100% resistance to Amoxicillin, Tylosine and Lincomycin. Staph spp showed 100% resistance to Tylosine and Lincomycin and 70% sensitivity to Doxycycline. There was no positivity observed for Haemophilus spp in all samples of healthy bitches, so no sensitivity was performed
Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Salmonella spp isolated from samples taken from infected males showed 80% resistance to Amoxicillin and Tylosine. E.coli showed 100% resistance to Tylosine and Lincomycin. Staph spp showed 100% resistance to Lincomycin and 100% sensitivity to Doxycycline. Haemophilus spp showed 100% sensitivity to Doxycycline
Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Salmonella spp isolated from samples taken from healthy males showed 100% resistance to Lincomycin. E.coli showed 100% resistance to Tylosine and Lincomycin. Staph spp showed 100% resistance to Tylosine and Lincomycin. There was no
Summary
70
positivity observed for Haemophilus spp in all samples of healthy males, so no sensitivity was performed
Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Salmonella spp isolated from samples taken from infected females showed 100% resistance to Amoxicillin, Tylosine and Lincomycin. E.coli showed 100% resistance to Amoxicillin and Lincomycin. Staph spp showed 100% resistance to Lincomycin. There was no positivity observed for Haemophilus spp in all samples of infected females, so no sensitivity was performed
Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Salmonella spp isolated from samples taken from healthy females showed 100% resistance to Lincomycin. E.coli showed 100% resistance to Amoxicillin and Lincomycin. Staph spp showed 100% resistance to Tylosine and Lincomycin. There was no positivity observed for Haemophilus spp in all samples of healthy females, so no sensitivity was performed
Conclusion
Our study showed that samples of respiratory tract collected from human and dog showed involvement of bacteria such as Salmonella spp, E. coli and Staph aureus and Haemophilus spp. Most of strains were multidrug resistant. Ciprofloxacin, Doxycycline and Oxytetracycline were effective to treat respiratory infections in human and dogs. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2696-T] (1).
18.
Effect Of Probiotics On Growth Rate And Occurrence Of Diarrhea In Neonatal Holstein Friesian Calves
by Muhammad Ayaz Ahmad (2010-VA-236) | Dr. Muhammad Hassan Saleem | Dr. Muhammad Avais | Dr. Arfan Ahmad.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Dairy sector commercialization is growing in Pakistan. The import of Holstein cows has been dramatically increased from last decade. Calf mortality is the major constraint in the field of livestock. Calves are considered as the future of dairy farm and mainly responsible for the replacement of stock. Certain diseases cause calf mortality among which bacterial infections carry prime importance.Supplementation of probiotics in milk will reduce the occurrence of diarrhea and increase the body weight, growth rate and average daily gain in Holstein Friesian calves.Holstein Friesian calves (n=60) will be taken from their dams at six days of age and all calves on the basis of initial weight and sex will be selected for the trial. There will be (n=40) calves in the probiotic group and (n=20) calves in the control group.Each group will be further sub-divided into two sub-groups i.e. (n=20) in Group B and (n=25) in Group C. The initial average weight of the calves will be determinedin the two groups. The health status of the calves will be monitored daily with particular attention paid to the occurrence of diarrhea. The actual trial period will start at weaning (day 0) when the calves will be six days old and will be stopped 56 days later. All calves in probiotic group will be offered milk containing probiotic (Calf PRE RD, TechMix, LLCTM, USA) at the dose rate of 4gm per calf per day. The health status, body weight, average daily weight gain and occurrence of diarrhea will be monitored on daily basis. All calves will be given a diarrhea score according to the following scale: 0 = firm, no signs of diarrhea, 1 = soft, slightly loose feacal consistency and 2 = liquid, very loose feacal consistency(Jatkauskas et al., 2010). For each calf the daily scores and the number of days with liquid feaces (score 2) will be summed into an index of the severity of the diarrhea.
Data on occurrence of diarrhea will be compared among groups by using Chi-square (χ2) test whereas data on growth rate, body weight and average daily gain will be measured using t-test. All data will be analyzed using SPSS (statistical package for social sciences),P< 0.05 will be considered significant.
The current study will help in reducing the occurrence of diarrheain Holstein Friesian calves. Further, it will also assist in finding out the efficacy of probiotics supplementation in reducing the incidence of calf mortality.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2811-T] (1).
19.
Comparative Efficacy Of Water Sanitizers And Ozonisation To Improve Microbiological Quality Of Poultry Drinking Water
by Saher saeed(2011-VA-395) | Dr. Jawad Nazir | Dr. Arfan Ahmad | Dr. Aqeel Javeed.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Water is a vital nutrient and plays significant role in poultry metabolism, digestion and absorption of food. One of the most important segments in health management for poultry production is water quality. Drinking water of poultry may act as source of microbial Mirobiological quality testing of the water is necessary for human and animal consumption. Acceptable limit of fecal coliform and total coliform for poultry drinking water is zero and 50 CFU/ml, respectively. This is why proper treatment of the water to reduce bacterial loads is highly recommended.
The antimicrobial efficacy of four water sanitizers and ozone was tested and compared in reducing the microbial counts in artificially contaminated water. Water sample collected from a commercial poultry farm was artificially contaminated with ATCC culture of E. coli (1.0 McFarland units). The water sample was treated with sanitizers and ozone at recommended dose and contact time period. After each experiment, microorganisms were recovered and enumerated by spread plate method. For each disinfectant, residual antimicrobial activity was also checked at regular intervals of one hour up-to four hours post treatment. Each experiment was performed in triplicate. Efficacy of disinfectants was measured as log reduction values were calculated after enumeration of microbes on treated samples and untreated samples. The results were analyzed by one way ANOVA using SPSS software.
All of the sanitizers and ozone treatment at recommended doses resulted into more than two logs reduction in the microbial counts. Ozone treatment of the water samples resulted into maximum log reduction following initial interaction. Mean log reduction values (MLR) for ozone at 15, 60, 120, 180 and 240 minutes post treatment are 2.65, 3.74, 3.64, 4.44 and 5.40 respectively.
Summary
60
Statistical analysis show that the MLR within all sanitizers and ozone did not significantly vary from each other at 15 minutes, one hours and three hours post treatment. At 2 hours post treatment MLR value of Quatovet was significantly higher as compared to other sanitizers and ozone. While at four hours post treatment Dutrion and Quatovet treated groups have significantly higher log reduction values in comparison to other sanitizers and ozone
Results of present study show that all of the tested water sanitizers and ozone can destroy more than 99 % of the microbes present in the water after treatment with the recommended doses. Ozone has the highest efficacy among all sanitizers following initial treatment. However, QAC based (Quatovet) and chlorine based (Dutrion) sanitizers have maximum residual antimicrobial activity. Keeping in view of the efficacy and safety of the tested products, the QAC are supposed to be superior among all other agents. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2828-T] (1).
20.
Serological Investigation Of Bovine Viral Diarrhea In Wild Ruminants At Zoological Gardens In Punjab
by Sadam Hussain (2010-VA-223) | Dr. Muhammad Avais | Dr. Syed Saleem Ahmad | Dr. Arfan Ahmad.
Material type: Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Bovine Viral Diarrhea is an infection of bovines that lead to poor reproductive performance, decrease milk yield, ill thrift and immunosuppression. It is caused by BVD virus, a member of the genus pestivirus of the family Flaviridae .The BVD virus is an RNA virus and has two genotypes BVDV1 and BVDV2. Each genotype has further two biotypes, cytopathogenic and non-cytopathogenic on the basis of their effect on cell culture.Environmental and socio-economical changes have led to an increase of interactions between wild and domestic species worldwide, aphenomenon that has received a growing attention during the past decade. It is now largely recognized that wildlife can play important role in the epidemiology of infectious diseases shared between wild and domestic species.In particular, the potential of wild animals as pathogen reservoirs and sources of infection for domestic livestock has been increasing concern of that. Therefore for the successful control program of infectious diseases, it is mandatory to investigate the status of wildlife as a reservoir of infection.
This study was conducted in zoological collection of wild ruminants in different zoos i.e. Lahore Zoo, Safari Wildlife Park, and Lal-Suhanra Wildlife Park and privately owned captive wild ruminants in Punjab province. The Samples were processed at university Diagnostic laboratory (UDL) of UVAS, Lahore.
In this study 150 serum samples of wild ruminants were examined at zoological gardens and privately owned captive wild ruminants at Punjab, Pakistan randomly. Blood samples of 3ml from Deer (n=75), Urial sheep (n=55), Mouflon sheep (n=10) and Ibex (n=10) were collected. The serum samples were screened by competitive ELISA and it was observed that overall seroprevalence was 8% and animal wise was seroprevalence in deer was 5.33%, in Urial sheep was 12.72% while in Ibex was 0% and in Mouflon sheep was 10%. Specie, breed,age, sex physical condition, deworming and colostrum feeding were non-significant associated risk factors.It is concluded that BVD is prevalent among wild ruminants kept at various zoological gardens in Punjab.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2818-T] (1).
21.
Study On The Effects Of Antibiotics And Vaccine Administration On The Tissue Tropism And Shedding Pattern Of Local Isolate Of Salmonella Enterica Serovar Enteritidis In Commercial Broiler Chicken
by Qurat ul Ain (2011-VA-405) | Dr. Arfan Ahmad | Dr. Muhamad Nawaz | Dr. Mamoona Chaudhry.
Material type: Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: The poultry sector is one of the most organized and vibrant segments of the agriculture industry of Pakistan. Food borne diseases are growing public health problem worldwide with Salmonella being the most common and widely distributed causative agent. Poultry and poultry products served as vehicle for transmission of this organism. In this study efficacy of two commonly used antibiotics and locally prepared vaccine against Salmonella enteritidis was evaluated.
A total of 100 (one day old) broiler chicks were purchased and divided into 3 groups A, B and C (A& B comprised of 40 birds while group C comprised of 20 birds). Group A and B were sub divided into A1, A2 and B1, B2 comprising of 20 birds each. Birds in sub group A1, B1, B2 and C were inoculated orally with Salmonella enteritidis (105 CFU/ml) orally, while birds in sub group A2 was kept as control group (un-inoculated). Birds in sub group B1and B2 were administered with Ciprofloxacin and Florfenicol respectively 24 hours post inoculation of Salmonella enteritidis. Birds of group C were administered with vaccine at 1st day and at 11th day of birds age. At the same day of booster oral inoculation with Salmonella enteritidis was given.
To evaluate the shedding pattern of organism and effect of antibiotics and vaccine administration cloacal swabs were taken after every 24 hours till 10 days post inoculation bacteria. After taking swabs, 2 birds in each group were slaughtered and organs like liver, spleen and ceca were collected and processed to see the tissue tropism of bacteria by culturing following biochemical confirmation and PCR.
Summary
64
In this study, in control group, CFU count was very high as compared to antibiotic treated groups. Both antibiotic were found efficient in clearing the bacteria from birds and stopped shedding of bacteria. In our study it was further observed that regarding reduction of bacterial load, florfenicol proved more efficient as compared to ciprofloxacin (p<0.05). Vaccinated groups also showed lesser bacteria load in tissues and faeces as compared to intentionally inoculated group, however vaccine failed to stop bacterial shedding. When results obtained in antibiotic treated group were compared with vaccinated group, antibiotic were accepted better (p<0.05).
Based on this study results, it was concluded that florfenicol proved better and may be used for the treatment of Salmonella enteritidis infection in Poultry flocks Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2832-T] (1).
22.
Molecular Characterization Of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (Bvdv) In Commercially Available Bovine Semen In Pakistan
by Muhammad Usman Sajjad khan (2010-VA-223) | Dr. Arfan Ahmad | Prof. Dr. Masood Rabbani | Dr. Mati-Ur-Rehman Khan.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: The production potential of livestock is showing some compromising trends. This may be due to multiple factors including management, nutrition, stresses, microbes etc. Among microbes, BVD virus has been identified during a study conducted on limited number of samples. The source of BVD virus may be carrier status of imported exotic animals or exotic bovine semen. In Pakistan, most of the farmers are availing services of artificial insemination for breeding purposes without knowing the status of BVD virus. Beside the imported semen, it is also being produced at various semen production units and among others, BVD viruses are the main obstacle in generating revenue by exporting quality semen. These issues are leading to a stage of losing trust of the local clients in purchasing substandard semen on one hand and on the other hand not meeting the export requirements of various client countries. This study aims for the detection and molecular characterization of BVD virus in commercially available bovine semen and the comparative status of BVD virus in the semen of local and exotic breeds of cattle. Furthermore, the comparative status of BVD virus in semen of cattle and buffalo will also be observed.
The hypothesis for the current study is that bovine semen used for artificial insemination is a source of BVD virus.
In this study, a total of 84 commercial semen straws were procured and processed. Among these, 45 samples (25 Govt. and 20 Private SPUs) originating from 5 breeds of cattle including Dhanni, Dajjal, Sahiwal, Red Sindhi and Cholistani were procured. Similarly, 39 samples (24 from Buffalos and 15 from Exotic Cattle) were processed. All the samples were tested for confirmation of BVD virus through PCR using BVD virus specific primers.
Summary
35
The samples if found positive for BVD virus were to be further processed for identification of genotype in semen samples. Furthermore, all the samples were also tested to calculate the bacterial load (TVC/mL) by Plate Method of Colony counting. All the samples were cultured on MH agar, and the colonies were counted after an incubation period of 24 hours at 37ºC
The data obtained was analyzed statistically by using Binomial and Chi Square Tests by using the software ‘IBM SPSS Statistics’ (v18)
Actual Data about the status and circulating genotype of the BVDV in the commercial bovine semen of local and imported bovines was obtained, along with the status of bacterial contamination of commercial semen available in Pakistan.
The study showed that 0% percent of the tested semen samples had detectable BVDV RNA..
The Bacterial contamination of the semen samples was also interesting in the sense that a wide range of Bacterial Load was found in the samples; ranging from 600 CFU/mL to 9250 CFU/mL. Overall the Government SPUs showed a higher contamination with an average Bacterial load of 1975.2 CFU/mL in cattle semen and 3424 CFU/mL in Buffalo semen. In comparison; private SPUs had an average load of 1842 CFU/mL for cattle semen and 2482 CFU/mL for Buffalo semen.
Imported semen had an average bacterial load of 1128 CFU/mL Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2876-T] (1).
