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Characterization And Phylogenetic Analysis Of Neuraminidase Gene Of Avian Influenza Virus Subtype H9N2

by Muhammad Abid (2014-VA-502) | Prof. Dr. Tahir Yaqub | Dr. M. Zubair Shabbir | Prof. Dr. Aneela Zameer Durrani.

Material type: book Book; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: The H9N2 AIV are endemic in Pakistan since 1998 and causing serious outbreaks in poultry industry leading to increased morbidity and mortality, reduced egg production and reduced weight gain thus causing great economic losses. As these viruses have segmented genome so there is a lots of antigenic shift, antigenic drift and genetic reassortment which results in the production of new AIV subtypes. Besides causing significant losses the poultry industry, the H9N2 AIV pose a significant threat to public health and this issue has been pronounced with the fact that these viruses caused infections in Chinese children in 1999. This primary focus of this study was to characterize and to determine the phylogenetic relationship of the N2 gene of H9N2 AIV prevalent in Pakistan with other H9N2 viruses. A total of 10 H9N2 AIV were isolated from 100 samples and analyzed through serological and molecular tests. N2 gene of three isolates was amplified and sequenced. The isolates showed 99% homology with the H9N2 AIV recently isolated from Pakistan and their phylogenetic analysis revealed that all belonged to the same G-1 lineage and fell in clusters of more recently and closely related H9N2 viruses. There were some amino acid substitutions in different positions of the NA gene as compared to previous H9N2 viruses of Pakistan and these substitutions were the same to other H9N2 viruses isolated in 2015 from Pakistan. Due to the mutating nature of the H9N2 AIV there is need for the continuous surveillance and characterization of the prevailing H9N2 avian influenza viruses as these virus have the potential to cause serious outbreaks in poultry and also pose a significant threat to the public health. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2458-T] (1).

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Monitoring Of Humoral Immune Response Of Monovalent And Combined Ppr And Fmd Serotype “O” Virus Vaccine In Small Ruminants

by Mudassar Hameed (2009-VA-386) | Dr. Jawad Nazir | DR. M. ZUBAIR SHABBIR | DR. MUHAMMAD IMRAN.

Material type: book Book; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: PPR is an acute and highly contagious viral disease of small ruminants caused by morbilivirus. It causes high morbidity and mortality in small ruminants and heavy economical loses to farmers. Live attenuated vaccines are commonly used to control PPR. FMD is another highly contagious viral disease of cloven hoofed animals caused by picorna virus. Its severity is relatively high in large ruminants but carrier status of small ruminants is usually observed. In large ruminants killed FMD virus vaccines are routinely used but in small ruminants it is not practiced in Pakistan. There was need to formulate a combined vaccine containing both PPR and FMD viruses which will help to control both of the diseases in small ruminants. . A total of 100 goats were divided into 10 groups comprising 10 animals in each group. Each of the vaccine such as PPRV, FMDV and PPRV+FMDV was be prepared without adjuvant, gel and oil based. A total of nine types of vaccines were inoculated in the respective groups while one group remained un-inoculated negative control. Each group was subdivided into two subgroups (n=5). One subgroup was received single dose and the other inoculated with two doses of the vaccine. Serum samples from each goat were collected at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 months post vaccination (PV) and kept frozen at -20 ºC. Immune response of the vaccinated animals was monitored by measuring antibodies against PPR and FMD viruses through cELISA and VNT. Results of the present study showed that mean percentage inhibition (MPI) value against PPR virus of non-adjuvant, gel and oil based combined (PPR+FMD) vaccines at six month post-vaccination was 83.46 ± 2.25, 80.27 ± 2.13 and 82.16 ± 1.70 respectively, whereas mean x neutralization antibody titer (MNA) was 4.39± 0.37, 4.06± 0.26 and 4.49 ±0.46 respectively. MPI value against FMD virus of combined (PPR+FMD) non-adjuvant, gel and oil based vaccines at six month post-vaccination was 90.17 ± 1.15, 67.22 ± 3.14 and 72.22 ± 2.04 respectively, whereas mean neutralization antibody titer (MNA) was 2.33 ± 0.27, 1.47 ± 0.10 and 1.83 ± 0.16 respectively. These MPI and MNA values showed that immune response against PPRV of combined vaccines was equivalent but non-adjuvant combined vaccine have evoked higher titer followed by oil and gel based vaccines against FMDV. MPI values of non-adjuvant, gel and oil based monovalent PPRV vaccines at six month post-vaccination was 81.46 ± 2.22, 80.12 ± 2.13 and 81.28 ± 0.70 respectively, whereas mean neutralization antibody titer (MNA) was 4.59 ± 0.17, 4.25± 0.06 and 4.51 ±0.12 respectively. MPI values of non-adjuvant, gel and oil based monovalent FMDV vaccines at six month post-vaccination was 00.00 ± 0.00, 82.23 ± 4.18 and 90.22 ± 0.43 respectively, whereas mean neutralization antibody titer (MNA) was 0.00 ± 0.00, 1.63 ± 0.10 and 2.99 ±0.16 respectively. These MPI and MNA values showed that monovalent PPR vaccines induced equivalent immune response in all three formulations but monovalent FMD vaccines MPI and MNA values showed that oil based vaccine has provoked significantly higher titer followed by gel based vaccine. Whereas non-adjuvant FMD vaccine titer was diminished at one month post vaccination. Booster vaccine shots provoked higher antibody titer than single shots in all various formulations of vaccines. The data thus obtained was analyzed through One Way ANOVA followed by Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2635-T] (1).

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