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1. Studies On The Prevalence And Taxonomy Of Paramphistomes In Sheep And Their Effects On Various Blood Parameters

by Gohar Zaman Khattak | Dr. Mubashar Saeed | Dr. Asif Rabbani | Dr. Sagheer | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 1990Dissertation note: The study was conducted to determine the prevalence of Paramphistomes in sheep, taxonomy of the species of the genus Paramphistomum, and their effects on various blood parameters of the infected animals. For this purpose Municipal Corporation Abattoir, Peshawar was visited regularly during the months of May, June and July,1990. A total of 300 sheep were examined for the study purpose. These animals were divided into two age groups each comprising of 150 sheep. Group-I comprised of sheep below one year of age, while Group-II had sheep of more than one year age. Fifty sheep, each from Group-I and Group-II, were examined each month during the course of study. Five ml of blood was collected from the jugular vein of the sheep, prior to slaughter, in a test tube having a few drops of 0.1% EDTA. After its slaughter the compound stomach of the animal was obtained and put into a polythene bag, which was then brought to parasitology Section, Veterinary Research Institute, Peshawar for further investigations. After opening of the compound stomach, each compartment was searched for paramphistomes. Helminths so collected were put into glass jars. Preservation and staining of Paramphistomes was carried out by adopting the prescribed methods. Complete record of worms collected, regarding their number and site of predilection was maintained. The taxonomy of the species of the genus Paramphistomum was studied with the help of keys. All the parasites of the genus Paramphistomum were recovered from the rumen of the infected sheep identified as Paramphistomum cervi. A total of 2,329 helminths (Paramphistomum cervi) were recovered from infected sheep of both the age groups.Average infection rate in these animals was recorded as 7.00%, with an average worm burden of 111 helminths per animal. Out of 150 below one year of age sheep examined, 8 were found infected with Paramphistomum cervi with an infection rate of 5.33%. Three sheep from Group-I were found infected with Paramphistomum Cervi in each of the month of May and June, while in July only two animals were found infected with these parasites. The highest rate of infection with these parasites was observed in May and June, and the lowest infection rate was recorded in the month of July. A total of 727 helminths were recovered from the infected animals of Group-I with a range of 73 to 112, and the average parasitic load being 91 per animal. 150 sheep of above one year age were examined,out of which 13 were found infected with Paramphistomum cervi, with an infection rate of 8.66%. Six animals of Group-II were found infected in May, for in June and three in the month of July. A total of 1,602 parasites were recovered from these animals, ranging from 96 to 140, with an average worm burden of 123 helminths per animal. Blood of infected sheep was exposed to various haematological studies including total erythrocyte count (TEC), Hb estimation, packed cell volume (PCV) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR).These tests were also carried out for worm-free (control) sheep, 10 each from Group-I and Group-II. A decrease of 8.39% and 14.20% was noticed in total erythrocyte count (TEC) of the infected sheep of Group-I and Group-II, respectively. The results revealed that a highly significant decrease in the TEC of these animals had occurred due to Paramphistomum cervi infection. Haemoglobin contents of blood were determined. The results showed a fall in the Hb contents of blood. The results of the study revealed that a non-significant decrease resulted due to paramphistomiasis in the Hb contents of blood of animals with below one year age, while a highly significant decrease occurred in the haemoglobin contents of blood of animals with above year of age. A decrease of 3.35% and 12.25% was recorded in the packed cell volume (PCV) of the infected sheep of Group-I and Group-II, respectively. The results showed that a non-significant decrease occurred in the PCV of infected animals of Group-I, while a highly significant decrease was caused by paramphistomiasis in Group-II animals. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) of worm free (control) as well as sheep infected with Paramphistomum cervi was determined. The results showed a 14.0% and 141.42% increase in the ESR after one hour in the infected animals of Group-I and Group-II, Respectively, while the increase in ESR after 24 hours was recorded as 120.5% and 196% for these groups, respectively. The results revealed that a significant increase occurred in ESR of infected sheep of Group-I, after one hour as well as 24 hours, a highly significant increase was observed. Statistical analysis of the results of the study also revealed that there existed a negative correlation between age of the animal and total erythrocyte count, haemoglobin concentration, and packed cell volume of blood. A positive correlation existed between age of animals and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0004,T] (1).

2. A Comparative Study Of Gastro-Intestinal Helminths In Desi (Indjegenous) & Commercial Layers With Taxonomy Of The Isolates

by Saleem Khan, M | Dr. Asif Rabbani | Dr. M. Sarwar | Dr. Mubashar Saeed Mian | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 1991Dissertation note: The present project was designed to estimate and compare the extent of helminth infestation in Desi (indigenous) and commercial (W.L.H) poultry layers along with taxonomi study of the isolated species. A total number of six hundred (600) gut samples of adult layers i.e. three hundred (300) each of desi (indigenous) and commercial (W.L.H) were collected from June through october 1991. The parasites were recovered from the gastrointestinal tract of birds by adopting described method at the Parasitology Laboratory College of Veterinary Sciences Lahore. The overall prevalence of helminth parasites (netnatodes and cestodes) was 80.3% in desi and 32.6% in commercial (W.L.H) birds. The nematodes were found in 210(70%) in desi (indigenous) and in 62 (20.6%) of commercial (W.L.H) guts. Among the nematodes different species were identified and their infection rate on single and/or multiple basis was established. Ascaridia galli was the most prevailing species 167 (55.6%) followed by Heterakis allinae 38(12.6%), Subulura bruinpti 45 (1b.k) wniie iiojua trachea was very rare and was present only in 5 (1.6%) of desi (indigenous) birds. In commercial (W.L.H) layers the nematodes singly and/or on multiple basis were recorded in 98(32.61) of birds Ascaridia alli alone infected 49(16.3%), HtrJd. gallinae 7 (2.3%) and Subulura brunipti 8 (2.6%) of birds while Svnainus trachea was very rare and present only in 2 (0.6%) of the tracheas. The overall incidence of cestodes was slightly higher than those of nematode parasites. It was found to be 65.0% and 22.6% in desi (indigenous) and commercial (W.L.H) layers respectively. The species of cestode with percentage of infection recovered from the small intestine of desi (indigenous) birds were: Raillietina tetraona 58.0% (174/300) Raillietina cesticillus 12.6% (38/300) Raillietina echinobothrida 14.0% (42/300) Cotugnia digonoora 10.8% (32/300) Choanotaenia infundibulumn 20.0% (60/300) Amoebotaenia sphenoides 3.3% (10/300) While in conimercial (W.L.H) layers Raillietina tetraona Raillietina cesticillus Raillietina echinobothrida Cotunia dionopora Choanotaenia infundibuluni Anioebotaenia sphenoides they were: 22.0% (66/300) 1.0% (3/300) 3.0% (9/300) 1.0% (3/300) 4.3% (13/300) 2.0% (6/300) No trematode parasites was however recovered both in desi (indigenous) and commercial (W.L.H.) birds during the present study. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0356,T] (1).

3. Effects Of Copper Sulphate Medication On Different Organs & Serum Copper Level In Broiler Chicks

by Azhar Saqib | Dr. Manzoor Ahmed Basra | Dr. Mubashar | Dr. Shakeel Akhtar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 1993Dissertation note: The present work was planned to study the effects of copper sulphate medication in feed in broiler chicken. For this experiment 90 broiler chicks were reared under standard managemental conditions for 30 days. All the birds weze weighed and their weights were recorded. Then these were divided into three groups, i.e., Groups A, B and C, each group comprising of thirty chicks. Group A was given 500 mg and Group B was given 1000 mg copper sulphate per kg of feed, for one week. At the end of the experimental period the birds were again weighed, blood of the birds was collected, the birds were slaughtered and the tissues were taken. The blood was subjected to serum-copper analysis and the tissues of Liver, Kidney, gizzard and intestine to histopathological changes. Clinically the birds showed anorexia. There was increased water intake, severe depression and paralysis in mild case of poisoning. In severe case in addition to the above conditions there was loss of weight, blood stained diarrhoea, ruffled feathers and, the birds lethargy and anaemic. The most important, gross postmortem finding observed was fluid filled abdomen, and peritoneal hemorrhages. There were areas of etosion and necrosis throughout the length of the gastro-intestinai tract. The liver was pale in appearence, with a slight increase in the weight and fragile consistency. The kidneys exhibited severe inflammatory reaction in the form of congestion and swelling. Histologically the liver showed vascular congestion, vacuolization due to fatty degeneration and leucocytic infiltration. The sinusoidal channels were reduced. In severe cases there was proliferation of fibroblasts. The hepatocytes showed margination of the chromatin material. In kidneys the renal epithélium was the most effected portion by necrosis and karyorrhexis. There was vascular congestion and leukocytic infiltration. The intestines and the gizzard both showed wide spread areas of necrosis and erosion with thickened lining showing fibrotic areas and the cells of the lining mucosa and sub-mucosa desquamated. The muscular layer of the gizzard showed dystrophy. The weights of the birds were recorded at the age of 37 days before slaughtering. The results were analysed statistically. There was a significant decrease in the weights in groups A and B as compared to control group C. The serum- copper level was also estimated and analysed statistically. There was a significant increase in serum copper contents in Groups A and B, as compared with the Control Group C. Little work has been reported on the effects of copper sulphate mediation on the different organs and serum-copper level, in Pakistan. The results of the present study has helped us to assess the effects of copper sulphate medication on different organs, serum-copper level and weight gain in broiler chicks. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0358,T] (1).

4. A Study On The Taxonomy Of Sheep Cestodes And The Efficacy Of Albendazole And Miclosamide Against Natural Infections

by Ashraf, M | Dr. Asif Rabbani | Dr. Mubashar Saeed Mian | Dr. Muhammad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 1994Dissertation note: Pakistan has a large population of live stock, which plays an important role in the economy of the country. Parasitism adversally effects the growth and production of livestock. Great economic losses have been attributed to the sheep population in our country due to the parasitic infections including cestodes. A study of cestodal infections with taxonomy of the prevalent cestoctes species affecting sheep at different age groups in and around Lahore was conducted. The taxonomical study was conducted in the month of August, September and October, 1993. For this purpose 200 guts (one hurtdered each from below six month and above six month of sheep) were collected from Lahore Abattoir. Parasites were identitied under the microscope by preparing permanent mounts. The over all incidence of cestodes infection in sheep was 65.5%. The species of various genera of cestodes observed during the present study were: Moniezia pansa (64%), Moniezia benedeni (60%), Avitellina cjj[iur1ctta (49.50%), Avitellina lahorea (40%), Avitellina sudanea (30%), Stilesia vittata (30%), Stilesia globiounctata (50%) and Thvsanosoma actinioides (6%). Monthwise prevalence of cestodes infection was also carried out and it was observed that the highest infection rate was (76%) during the month of August and (66.25%) during the month of September. While the lowest incidence was recorded as (57.14%) during the month of october, 1993. The taxonomy of the prevalent cestode species was carried out. The effect of age of the animals on the intensity of cestodal infection was also studied. There was a significant difference in the prevalence of cestode infections among the two groups. The present work was also aimed to verify the efficacy of two commonly available anthelmintics namely albendazole (valbazen) and niclosarnide (mansonil), in naturally infected stceep with Gastrointestinal cestocJes. Fifty sheep positive for cestods infections were randomly divided into two groups A and B, each group comprising of 25 animals. Group. A was given albendazole (valbazen) at a dose rate of 2.5 mg/kg body weight orally while the group B was administered niclosamide (mansonil) at a dose rate of 100 mg/kg body weight orally. The efficacy of both the drugs was evaluated on the bases of reduction of segments and number of eggs per gram of faeces after medication. The egg counts were made on zero, 3rd and 21st day. Both the drugs revealed a progressive decrease in the faccal egg/segment counts. The efficacy of albenclazole on 3rd and 21st day was 96.02 and 99.23% repectively while the efficacy of niclosamide (mansonil) was 100% on 3rd and 21st day. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0387,T] (1).

5. Comparative Study On Pathology Of Hemic System Of Three Broiler Chicken Strains Suffering From Experimental

by Farrukh Hasan Zaidi | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr Mubashar | Dr. Shahzada Khurram Ashrrf | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 1994Dissertation note: Three hundred day old broiler chicks of three different strains (one hundred of each strain) were obtained from the market. The strains were Hubbard (H) Lohmann (L) and Indian River (IR). The chicks of each strain was divided into two groups of equal number, which were further subdivided into two subgroups. The subgroups Al, A2 ; C1, C2 ; and El, E2 were kept as uninoculated control and subgroups B1, B2 ; Dl, D2 and Fl, F2 where inoculated with HPS antigen subcutanoously at the age of 21 days. The number of diseased chicks who died or slaughtered were counted. The maximum number of chicks showed HPS and died and slaughtered, i.e 66% belonged to H, followed by 30% which were JR and then the L which were 24%. The haematologlcal values of all the broilers affected with lIPS were determined. In Hubbard strain the mean ±S.E of TEC was 2.02 ± 0.06 million percubic millimeters, TLC 12.57 ± 0.51 thousand per cubic millimeter, Thrombocyte count 28.60 ± 0.40 thousand per cubic millimeter, Hb content 6.51 ± 0.16, PCV 26.05 ± 0.58, ESR 3.63 ± 0.21. The thousand per cubic milimeter. The PLC were also determined which included lymphocytes 55.16 ± 0.54, monocytes 3.00 ± 0.32% heterophils 40.26 ± 0.39%, eosinphils 0.89 ±. 0.18% and basophils 0.68 ± 0.15. In Lohznann strain the mean j S.Eof TEC was 2.14 ± 0.11 million per cubic millimeter, TLC 18.85 ± 0.2.4 thousand per cubic millimeter, Thrombocyte count 28.42 ± 0.53 thousand per cubic millimeter, Hb content 7.51 ± 0.21, PVC 27.14 ± 0.68, ESR 3.28 ± 0.28. The DLC were also determined which included lymphocytes 58.28 ± 0.82%, moaocytes 3.80 ± 0.31%, heterophils 36.00 ± 0.90%, eosinophils 1.14 ± 0.24% and basophils 0.7l ± 0.26. In Indian River strain the mean ± S.E of TEC was 2.08 ± 0.07 million per cubic millimeter, TLC 16.10 ± 0.78 thousand per cubic millimeter, thrombocyte count 28.58 ± 0.53, Hb content 7.38 ± 0.15, PVC 26.8 t. 0.58, ESR 3.20 ± 0.24. The DLC were also determined which included lymphocytes 55.60 0.47%, monocytes 3.30 . 0.28, heterophils 39.30 ± 0.49%, eosinophils 0.90 .0.17 amd basophils 0.80 ±. 0.27. Gross pathological lesions in the inoculated bizds were studied. The heart showed ballooning due to distention of pericardial sac with pericardial fluid. Other lesions Included haemorrhages on the epicardium and flabbiness of the mycordium .tJnder the microscope, degenerative changes in myocordial tissue were seen. Lesions in the spleen included splenomegaly and haemorraghic spots. Histopathologically there were degeneration, necrosis, and haemorrhages. Aorta showed flabbiness of the wall. The disruption of endothelium was also discerned. Keeping in view all the above findings, It Is concluded that there is a marked difference in uaceptibility of HPS among three different commercial broiler strains and HPS also effects a lot on the hemic system of the broiler. The Hubbard broiler strain is more susceptible which is followed by the Indian River and Lohmann respectively. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0397,T] (1).

6. A Study Of Gastro Intestinal Parasitism And Haematological Disturbances Associated With Single Or Multiple Infection In Sheep

by Hafeez, M | Dr. Asif Rabbani | Dr. Mubashar Saeed Mian | Dr. Muhammad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 1996Dissertation note: Nature has blessed Pakistan with a large population of livestock which play an important role in the economy of the country. Parasitism adversely effects the growth and production of livestock. Great economic losses have been attributed to the sheep population in our country due to parasitic infections including gastro-intestinal parasitism. A study of gastro-intestinal parasitism with isolation and identification of the parasite species affecting sheep at different age groups in and around Lahore was conducted in the months of July, August, September and October, 1994. For this purpose 200 G.I. tracts of sheep (One hundred each from below six months and above six months of age) were collected from Lahore Metropolitan Corporation, Abattoir. The overall incidence of gastro-itestinal parasitism in sheep was found to be 68.5%. Age group wise incidence was found to be 71% and 66% in sheep below and above six months of age respectively. Classwise overall incidence was found to be Sporozoan (51%), Trematodes (21%), Cestodes (62%) and Nematodes (68%). Age group wise incidence of Sporozoan, Trematodes, Cestodes and Nematodes was found to be 60% and 42%, 12% and 30%, 71% and 53%, 73% and 63% in sheep below and above six months of age. Month-wise prevalence of gastro-intestinal parasitism was also carried out which was higher in the month of August and lowest in the month of October. Nineteen different species of Parasites were recorded which are detailed as under: 1. Eimeria arloingi 2. Eimeria ninakohlvakimovae 3. Eimerla parva 4. Elmerla intricata 5. Eimeria faurei 6. Paramphistomum cervi 7. Cotylophoron cotvlophorum 8. Moniezia. expansa 9. Moniezia benedeni 10. Avitellina centripunctata 11. Haemonchus contortus 12. Oesophagostomum colunThianum 13. Oesophagostonim venulosum 14. Trichuri 15. Ostertagia circumcincta 16. Ostertagia ostertagi 17. Chabertia ovina 18. Trichostrongvlus colubriformis 19. Nematodirus spathiger The isolation and identification of various collected parasites was carried out. The relationship between the age of sheep and the occurrence of gestro-Intestinal parasitism was also studied. There was a Non Significant difference in the prevalence of gastro-intestinal parasites among the two groups. The present project was also aimed to observe the effect of single or multiple parasitism on certain haematological parameters like, estimation of haemoglobin contents, total erythrocytic count, total leukocytic count, erythrocyte sedimentation Rate, packed cell volume and differential leukocytic count. These heamatological studies were carried out on control (parasitic free) and parasitised sheep of below and above six months of age. The findings of haematological studies showed that there was decrease in haemoglobin contents. total erythrocytic count, packed cell volume, total leukocytic count and increase in erythrocyte sedimentation rate in both sheep below and above six months of age under the effect of single or multiple gastrointestinal parasitism. The values of differential leukocytic count were variable in both age groups. Most of the haematological disturbances on various blood parameters in both age group of sheep were proved to be statistically significant. From the results of the presents study, it has been concluded that the incidence of gastro-intestinal parasitism in sheep below and above six months of age is on the higher side which warrants that certain essential preventive measures must be adopted to safeguard our valuable livestockfrom these serious parasitic infestations. It is also evident from the results that gastro-intestinal parasitism adversely affects the blood components in sheep which may lead to anaemia, loss of growth and loss of production. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0433,T] (1).

7. The Effects Of Induced Coccidiosis On Growth And Blood Parameters In Commercial Quails (Coturnix Coturnix

by Ashraf, M | Dr. Asif Rabbani | Dr. Mubashar Saeed | Dr. Muhammad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 1994Dissertation note: The study was designed to see the effects of experimentally induced coccidiosis op growth and blood parameters in commercial quails (coturnix coturnix japonica). For this purpose 200 day old quail chicks were obtained from a local hatchery and raised under standard, controlled coccidia free conditions. A commercial coccidiostat free feed was provided. At the age of 21 days, birds were divided into 2 groups A and B each comprising 100 birds. Birds of group 'A' were kept as non infected control and birds of group 'B' were infected with I ml of coccidial inoculum having 50,000 sporulated oocysts given directly into crop. After the infection, the OPG of the both groups was recorded. Weekly weight gain/bird of both A and B group was recorded. Meanwhile the morbidity, mortality, clinical finding and post-mortem finding were also observed. At the end of experimental period of 42 day, 20 birds from each group were slaughtered and blood sample were collected for haematology. The weight of birds in group 'B' was significantly lower than that of group 'A' birds. The morbidity and mortality rate in group B were 100% and 38% respectively. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0451,T] (1).

8. Comparative Evaluation Of Tension Band Wire And Steel Suture For Repair Of Transversepatellar Fracture In The Dog

by Sarfaraz Ahmad, M | Dr. Muhammad Arif Khan | Dr. Mazhar Iqbal | Dr. Mubashar | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 1994Dissertation note: The fracture of patella usually falls in a special type of fracture, which is not treated by ordinary limb and bone fixation devices. Hence emphasis is given to counteract the distracting forces and to convert them into compressive forces to achieve the desired effects. Different types of internal fixation devices have been tried in the past for the repair of avulsion fractures like Tension Band wire, compression screws, compression plates, an steel sutures. This study was conducted on 20 mongrel dogs divided into two groups of 10 animals each. These groups were designated as group A and group B. Two methods, Tension Band wire and square steel suture were used for the repair of transverse patellar fracture in dogs. In group A, the right patella was surgically exposed, fractured and repaired by Tension Band wire with Thomas Splint on the same limb when the operated dog started bearing weight on its operated leg, the left patella was exposed and repaired using same technique but without Thomas Splint. In group B the right patella was repaired by square steel suture with Thomas Splint. After six weeks, the left patella was operated and repaired using same technique but without Thomas Splint. The dog of each group was kept for a period of 16 weeks after surgery. The results were obtained on the basis of their clinical and radiographic picture. The results of this study indicate that the use of steel suture is a better fixation device for the repair of transverse patellar fracture. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0475,T] (1).

9. Estimation Of Blood Haemoglobin, Serum Iron And Magnesium Level In Clinical Cases Of Ovine Haemonchosis

by Haneef ur Rehman | Dr . Asif Rabbani | Dr . Mubashar Saeed Mian | Dr . Muhammad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 1985Dissertation note: Haemonchosis is a serious helminthic infection of sheep and goats resulting in the mortality due to excessive blood loss and causes great economic losses. The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of natural infection of Haemonchus contortus in sheep upon blood haemo- globin, serum iron and magnesium level so that it could aid in accurate diagnosis and effective therapeutic measures. Infection was confirmed through faecal examination. Eggs per gram of faeces were calculated by McMaster egg counting technique. To see the effect of severity of infection on these blood components, blood samples of positive cases were taken from jugular vein. Blood haemoglobin, serum iron and magnesium were estimated by using standard diagnostic kits with spectrophotometer. A decreased level of haemoglobin and serum iron was directly proportional to the severity of infection. However, no alteration in serum magnesium level was observed in infected and non-infected animals. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0701,T] (1).

10. Serological Investigations Into Caprine Brucellosis

by Zulfiqar Ahmad | Dr . Khalid Pervez | Dr . Mubashar | Dr . Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 1985Dissertation note: In the present study an attempt was made to measure the incidence of brucellosis in goats. A total number of five hundred blood samples were collected from animals including 237 males and 263 females, belonging to various age groups, different sources and different breeds. The clear serum was separated and subjected to microscopic slide agglutination test and serum tube agglutination test. On the basis of microscopic slide agglutination test 5.2% goats were found positive for brucellosis. By serum tube agglutination test the percentage of positive cases was 1.2%. A total number of 159 milk samples from the individual animals were subjected to milk ring test. Of these samples 5.03% were found positive for the disease. A comparison amongst the methods used for diagnosis of brucellosis indicated that serum tube agglutination test was the most reliable test for diagnosis of caprine brucellosis. Anyhow, the other two test can be used for screening under field condition. The overall incidence of caprine brucellosis recorded in this study was 1.2% Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0702,T] (1).



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