1.
Evaluation Of Vehicles Exhaust Gases And Its Contribution Toward Urban Air Quality In Lahore
by Sadia Ismail Shah (2014-VA-215) | Dr.Saif -ur- Rahman Kashif | Dr. Fariha Arooj | Dr. Muhammad Nasir.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Pollution caused by vehicles is directly released into the atmosphere. It contains carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen, and oxides of sulphur, in comparison to NEQS standards existing situation put alarming air pollution in Lahore Automobile emission is responsible for two third of air pollution in urban areas. It contributed 60-70 % degradation of air quality. The main sources of air pollution are vehicular emission and industrial emission in Pakistan. Vehicular emission can be reduced by using alternative fuels. This study is about to measure the concentration of pollutants (CO, SO2, O2, NO2, NO, HC, H2S) of five vehicles groups (Motor bikes, Qingqi and Rickshaw, Local cars, Imported cars and Vans) through flue gas analyzer. Heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Fe. Ni, Cr, Cu and Mn) have been detected in soil and plants through Hitachi Z-8230 atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Minerals (Na, Ca and K)have been detected by using flame photometer the following site has selected for analysis of vehicle exhaust gases and soil and vegetative sampling e.g. Outfall road, Mall road and Lower Mall, `Lahore. The soil and vegetative samples has been collected from adjacent site of road.The outcome of the study deduced that high concentration of carbon monoxide is emitted from vans; bikes then followed by the motor bikes, qingqi and riskshaw and locally manufactured cars. Qingqi and rickshaw emitted high concentration of sulphur dixode and nitrogen dioxide. High concentration of nitric oxide emitted by locally manufactured cars. High concentration of hydrocarbons emitted by Vans and qingqi and Rickshaw. Locally manufacturing cars, imported cars and vans produce high concentration of hydrogen sulfide. These pollutants emissions have been associated with poor maintenance, wear and tear of the combustion chamber and other mechanical parts of the vehicles, high speed driving, influence of external heat and to unadjusted AFR.Soil samples have been taken from outfall, lower mall and mall road; areas experiencing high traffic loads resulting in direct exposure of soils to vehicular exhaust. These are expected to have greater concentration of heavy metals than reference soil sample taken from within UVAS and standard have been used for comparison. The concentration of Zn and Pb in the soil and vegetative samples are higher in observe sites. Fe and Mn concentration either approach or exceed their prescribed level. Cu, Ni and Cu have been detected in low concentration from site sites. Plants accumulating sodium and potassium at all the three sites greater than in the reference vegetative sample. Sodium concentration is low in soil samples of observe sites than the reference site. Calcium is high in the soil tan in reference soil. It is concluded that Public transport vehicles i.e. qingqi and rickshaw and vans contribute more towards atmospheric pollution. Both locally manufacturing cars and imported cars are comparatively cleaner. All the different types of vehicles emit gaseous pollutant much higher than their standard. It cannot be concluded that vehicular exhaust is the only source of heavy metals in the plants analyzed. Heavy metals in soil and vegetation exposed to vehicular exhausts are higher than their concentration in reference samples. Heavy metals in the soil taken from the three sites (Outfall, Lower mall and Mall road) may not only be coming from vehicle exhaust. All the heavy metals are within prescribed limits expect iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn). Iron and manganese in soil and vegetative samples are particularly high followed by lead and zinc. Among minerals calcium is high in the control soil sample, potassium is lower in control soil sample and sodium is negligible detected in soil sample. High level of potassium is detected in the vegetation sample of mall road, moderate levels of calcium and sodium are present in all vegetative samples
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2752-T] (1).
2.
A Comparative Study Between Composting And Vermicomposting Of Vegetable Waste Using Cow Dunga) Of Cows And Dung
by Umair Rafi(2014-VA-916) | Ms. Isbah Hameed | Dr. Fariha Arooj.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: The term ‘vegetable waste’ can be utilized to describe the plant-tissue waste created on
farming land. It can include the non-consumable parts of plant discarded which are unnecessary
during collection, handling, transportation and processing Vegetable waste is separated from green
waste, which includes the disposable waste from gardens and public parks. Vegetable wastes are
one of the significant sources of municipal wastes. Reusing of these wastes through
vermitechnology turn down the problem of no utilization of wastes. In contrast to chemical
fertilizers, locally available organic wastes of anthropogenic and natural products were used as bio
fertilizers after employing earthworm as decomposers, for debasement and reusing to increase the
production of crops which are free from contamination and health dangers. In spite of different
issues this activity of dumping is similarly a reason of loss of important materials that can be reused
as fuel, plant nourishment and grains. Vermicomposting has been recognized as one of the
probable activities in managing MSW since it is a natural process, finance affective and only
shorter duration needed to finish. Vermicompost in recent years has gained significance because
of its higher supplement ratio such as nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium etc. Most
vermicomposting experiments have used epigeic earthworm species because they hold greater
fertilizing potential. Earthworms are often referred as nature’s cultivators and farmer’s friends.
They play very significant role in the soil formation; they mix the organic matter personally with
mineral particles during the utilization of organic material as their nutrient. During their feeding;
earthworms increment the working productivity of scale living beings, which balances out soil and
quickens the breakdown of natural material. Participation of earthworm in breaking of organic
wastes makes the process quicker with increased humiliation of natural matter, rate of
Summary
44
mineralization and increased movement of microbes that improves the quality of the end productmanure.
Experiment was performed utilizing Vegetable waste, Cow compost, Earth worms and
Urea differing the amounts of every component in each holder. This waste included the peels,
rotten pieces and scrapped portions of tomatoes, cucumbers, potatoes, cabbage and carrots etc. The
waste was smashed with sledge. Worms (Eisenia fetida); were requested from natural planting
stores. They replicate rapidly. Cow dung; one week old cow excrement was gathered from
cowshed of UVAS. Slurry was set up of this cow compost to use simultaneously. Nine treatment
such as T1 (Vegetable waste), T2 (The bedding will be set up by blending in part rotted vegetables'
waste with halfway rotted cow dung in 1:1 proportion), T3 (The bedding will be the same as of T1
but with the splash of 2 % urea solution.), T4- (The bedding will be the same as of T1 with
expansion of Eisenia fetida), T5 (The bedding will be the same as of T1 with splash of 2 % urea
solution and the Eisenia fetida),T6 (The bedding will be set up by modifying vegetable waste and
cow dung in 2:1 ratio with Eisenia fetida), (T7) The bedding will be set up by modifying vegetable
waste and cow dung in 2:1 ratio with splash of 2 % urea solution and the Eisenia fetida ), (T8) The
bedding will be set up of vegetable waste and cow dung in the ratio of 5:1 individually with the
Eisenia fetida), (T9) The bedding will be prepared with the ratio of 5:1 of vegetable waste and cow
dung individually with splash of 2 % Urea solution and the Eisenia fetida). After these treatments
the samples were digested by using diacid mixture. After digestion potassium (K) was detected by
using Multi-channel Flame photometer. Phosphorus (P), Nitrogen (N) was detected. Temperature,
pH, moisture content, Carbon content was detected before the digestion. The result observed
showed that there is increase in the nitrogen (N), potassium (K) and phosphorus (P). Temperature,
pH and moisture content were in the acceptable limits for the composting. The C: N ratio decreased
during the process and increase in biomass of the worms was also observed. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2758-T] (1).
3.
Evaluation And Extraction Techniques Of Heavy Metal And Minerals In Fruits And Vegetables Using Sugar Solution
by Razia Sajid (2014-VA-224) | Dr. Saif-Ur-Rehman Kashif | Dr. Fariha Arooj | MS.Noor Ul Hudda.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Fruits and vegetables are widely used as well as for nutritional purposes .The texture and firmness in them is due to their composition which is mainly cellulose, hemicelluloses and pectin. In diet fruits and vegetables that are of great importance because they have mineral salts and vitamins in them apart from that they have potash, water, iron, calcium. To avoid and prevent many diseases they are very use full and to maintain health. In a diet the main sources of carotenoids are fruits and vegetables. In carotenoids there is a double conjugate bond present which plays a key role in determining their antioxidant properties. In human nutrition the main role is played by are fruits and vegetables because they have a key role in the regular functioning of a body. As compared to fruits, vegetables are a richer mineral source but both of them are ‘nutrient-dense foods’ that provide extensive amount of micronutrient, minerals, vitamins but only little calories. By contributing vitamins vegetables show vital diet constituents, various nutrients, macromolecule, iron, and metallic element and they act as a buffering agent for acidic materials. Over a substantial range of concentrations they play and important and vital role. The occurrence of metal accretion in vegetables can cause a hazard to human. Amino acids, dietary fibers, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals are provided by fruits that’s why they are measured as protective supplementary food. They are necessary for neutralization of acid, during the digestion in stomach which is formed and apart from that they are very efficient in the management of many diseases due to the existence of antioxidants and other ingredients that are biologically active.
Thespurposesofsthesstudyswasstosvaluatesthesamountsofmetalssandsmineralssinsfruitssandsvegetablesstosbessafesforshumansconsumpton. Fruit and vegetable samples were collected randomly from local markets of Lahore. Selected fruits were mango, orange, strawberry, banana,
Summary
115
melon, tomato and apple and selected vegetables were onion, cabbage, lady finger, cucumber, coriander, brinjal and spanich. Five treatments were applied to all the fruits and vegetables. (T1)- Control, (T2)-Sample slices were dipped into tap water for 15 mins, (T3)-Samples slices were dipped into tap water for 30 mins, (T4)-Sample slices were dipped into 2% sugar solution for 15 mins, (T5)- Sample slices were dipped into 2% sugar solution for 30 mins. Samples were digested in fume hood by using the diacid mixture (HClO4:HNO3; 1:3). 1g of air dried sample was taken in Kjeldhal’s digestion tube followed by 10ml of diacid mixture and heated at 150 °C for 30 minutes on digestion block and then at 250 °C until wine green or water clear color reached (John 1984 Method). Sugar solution, tap water and samples were analyzed for Sodium (Na), Calcium (Ca) and Potassium (K) by using Multi-channel Flame photometer (AFP 100). Heavy metals including Pb, Zn, Mn, Ni, Mg, Se, Cr, Cu and Fe in the digested samples were measured using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (Polarized Zeeman Z-8230 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer). The results showed that all the fruits and vegetables shows the value under the permissible limit by WHO for the potassium (K), sodium (Na), zinc(Zn), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni) and magnesium (Mg). Only high concentration of potassium (K) was observed in tomato (1762 ppm) and coriander (2809 ppm). While lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), calcium (Ca) and manganese (Mn) have the values which are very high than the limits. Banana showed the highest value for lead (Pb) and chromium (Cr) which are 20.17 ppm and 3.83 ppm the value are ten times higher than the permissible limit. Copper (Cu) is not detected in any fruit and vegetable. Spinach showed the maximum value for Ca (5885 ppm). The highest value for Mn is observed in Coriander which is 23.5 ppm. All these metals have toxic effects on human being. Lead (Pb) and Chromium (Cr) are carcinogenic and mutagenic and cause serious problems in humans as they cause mutations and also can cause damage to nervous system. The accumulation of these metals in the
Summary
116
fruits and vegetables is because of irrigation with the waste water or because of the unfit water which is used for the irrigation. Heavy metals such as lead (Pb) and chromium (Cr) are accumulated in the fruits and vegetables and impose serious threat to human being. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2755-T] (1).
4.
Evaluation Of The Canned/Packed Fruit Juices From Local And Imported Origin For Their Heavy Metalcontents
by Nazeefa Fatima (2015-VA-14) | Dr.Saifur Rehmankashif | Muhammad Imran Najeeb | Dr. Fariha Arooj.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note:
The increased pollution has affected the quality of soil, air and water resulting in the contamination of food and causing serious problems to human health in all over the world. For example the intake of trace heavy metals in excess quantities by the consumption of contaminated food grown in polluted soil or by polluted water. Fruits and their juices are the part and parcel of the daily human lives. And these are one of the affected by the heavy metal toxicity. This study presents how much amount of heavy metals are present in commercially available fruit juices and not been safe for human use.
Purposeofstudywastoestimatethepresenceofheavymetalscontaminantsincommercially available fruit juice samples oflocalmarketsofLahoreandcomparethevaluesofthemwithstandard valuesrecommendedby WHO andevaluatethetoxiclevelofthem.Di-acid digestionmethodwasappliedtodetecttheheavy metalsandmineralsin commercially available fruit juices.After this,by usingatomicabsorption,spectrophotometerheavy metalswere determined.Finally,byusing statisticalanalysisANOVA SPSSSoftware wasconcludedthe results.Oneway ANOVAwasappliedinpresentstudy.
The presentresultsshowedthatthe concentrationofMn, Cr, Fe, Cu, Ni and Pb incommercial juice sampleswasfoundabovethepermissiblelimit in all the areas of Lahore.TheconcentrationofZinc inwasbelowthepermissiblelimit. So after the investigation it is concluded that commercial juices in Lahore is polluted. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2888-T] (1).
5.
Determination Of Heavy Metals In Raw Milk Samples From Different Areas Of Lahore.
by Hajira Tahir (2011-VA-759) | Ms Saman Sana | Dr. Fariha Arooj | Dr.Zubair Farooq.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: cd crupt Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2887-T] (1).
6.
Comparison Of Different Surfactants On The Quality Of Ozone Bleached Fabric
by Kainat Jamshed (2011-VA-755) | Dr. Fariha Arooj | Dr. Saif Ur Rehman Kashif | Mr. Haroon Jamshaid Qazi.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: This study shows that the raw cotton fabric can be successfully bleached by using surfactant in a ozone bleached bath. Surfactants apparently carry out a lot of functions which increases the reaction rate of ozone. Surfactants help in decreasing bubble size which make ozone more soluble in water, thus decreases the surface tension between fabric and water. Raw fabric was successfully bleached in the presence of maximum ozone doze 10 g/hour for 40 minutes in 150 mL of distilled water. Three types of surfactants (anionic, cationic and nonionic) were analyzed at the constant initial pH 5. Acidic environment improves the result by increasing the whiteness, absorbency and strength of the fabric. The best result was observed at 0.01mL of surfactant concentration due to low micelle concentration in the aqueous medium. In comparison with cationic and nonionic surfactants anionic shows the best outcome in terms of whiteness (64.53%), strength (96.84lb) and absorbency (1.07 sec). Treated effluent analyzed in terms of Chemical Oxygen Demand, Turbidity, Conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids and Total Suspended Solids, clearly indicated that ozone treatment along with surfactants was an efficient technique with respect to the conventional agents being utilized for bleaching. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2913-T] (1).
7.
Effects Of Various Additives On The Quality Of Ozone Bleached Fabric And It’s Effluent
by Aisha Nazir (2015-VA-10) | Dr. Fariha Arooj | Dr. Saif ur Rehman Kashif | Dr. Zubair Farooq.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Bleaching was performed conventionally with Chlorine and its compounds. These bleaching agent yielded high bleaching efficiency at room temperature and with lower consumptions of chemicals but consumed huge amounts of water and resulted immense quantities of water containing numerous hazardous compounds. Hydrogen peroxide replaced these agents but its chemistry restricted its use it requires high temperature and pH control despite which it cause tendering effect. Ozone has now been recognized as an excellent bleaching agent with high efficiency for and sorts of fabrics as well as paper pulp. It consumes lesser water, energy and additional chemicals and saves cost of bleaching. This study examined improvement in ozone bleaching efficiency with the addition of isopropanol and sodium boro hydride and the quality of effluent generated in comparison with hydro peroxide bleached effluent. Absorbency and whiteness and burst strength were the bleaching efficiency parameter and EC, turbidity, TDSand COD were the effluent quality parameters, considered in this study. AATCC standard methods and APHA standard methods were used in the analysis. Absorbency was measured with the stop watch, whiteness was measured withDatacolor SF 600+, burst strength was measured with machine Version 9.0.0.37977, CRT ball burst test. Machine type: Titan- Universal strength Tester by James. H. Heal & Co. Ltd (Standard ASTM D3787) and TDS was measured gravimetrically, COD was measured by titration, EC was measured with EC meter(HI 8633 meter) and turbidity was measured with turbidity was measured with turbidity meter (HI 93703 MICROPROCESSOR TURBIDITY METER).Description and inferential statistical analyses were applied using SPSS 20 and MINITAB-17.Results show that the different additives and their concentrations in the bleached water bath strongly influence the test
SUMMARY
50
parameters except for absorbency.Methanol has been found as the best additive for all the parameter (bleaching efficiency) on the basis of the average performance of the additives. Increase in its dose causes increase in whiteness(65.02 WCIE compared to 50.56 WCIE with blank) and the burst strength (95.5 lbf compared to 87lbf with blank) as well as improvement in absorbency (12sec compared to 50sec with blank) since it increases ozone stability and selectivity assisting it in bleaching. Oxalic acid, due to its acidic nature, has caused decrease in whiteness(40.92 WCIE compared to 50.56 WCIE with blank)and strength (78.24lbf comparedto 87lbf with blank) due to ozone hydrolysis. Isopropanol has shown a trend similar to methanol since it is also an alcohol and acts as scavenger for OH radical. Sodiumborohydride has also shown a similar trend. It help ozone access fabric micro-pores and remove impruties, it has resulted increase in fabric strength (89.39lbf compared to 87lbf with blank)and whiteness(59.54 WCIE compared to 50.56 WCIE with blank)with higher dose. All the additives have shown increase in pollutant concentration in the effluent with increase in their concentration in the bleach water bath since they have assisted ozone in performing its bleaching function. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2911-T] (1).
8.
Phytoremediation Of Landfill Leachate Water Contaminants By Floating Bed Technique
by Zohaib Abbas (2014-VA-540) | Dr. Fariha Arooj | Dr. Saif Ur Rehman Kashif | Dr. Waseem Shahzad.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Under present study the effectiveness of the two aquatic plants water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) and water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes) were tested for the removal of five heavy metals Zinc, Copper, Lead, Iron and nickel by using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Biological Oxygen demand, Chemical oxygen demand and pH of landfill leachate before and after treatment were also investigated. The reduction in the pH after the treatment with both these plants was > 1 percent, average reduction of BOD and COD by P. stratiotesE. crassipes was 35% to 45%. Results revealed revealed E. crassipes as the more proficient candidate for the removal of chosen heavy metals followed by P. stratiotes. Pistia stratiotes was able to accumulate highest concentration for Zinc and Cu with the removal efficiency of 79% and 78% respectively, meanwhile Eichhornia crassipes verified as best accumulator as it shows highest efficiency for the selected heavy metals Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni and Fe i.e 89%, 88%, 86%, 85% and 84% respectively. Translocation factor was also calculated from root to shoot concentration. TF calculation revealed higher accumulation of heavy metals in roots then shoots of the tested plants. Significant correlation exists between the accumulation of heavy metals by the plants and the metal concentration in final leachate wastewater. Both these plants accumulate heavy metals inside their body without showing any reduction in growth and showing tolerance to all the chosen metals. Thus the results obtained from the study suggest that aquatic plant can be better candidate for phytoremediation technology due to the cost effectiveness. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2907-T] (1).
9.
Evaluation Of Particulate Matter And Noise Levels During The Construction Of Lahore Orange Line Train In Relation To Public Health
by Hafiz Abdur Rehman (2011-VA-754) | Dr. Fariha Arooj | Ms. Isbah Hameed | Mr. Haroon Jamshaid.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Construction industry is major contributor of Air and Noise Pollution which leads to many severe and adverse health impacts on the workers and community. Due to Particulate Matter (PM10 and PM2.5) from the crushing and grinding machines are of great concern due to their ability to reach respiratory track and damages the lungs. Similarly, sound from heavy machinery like cranes and bulldozers are a constant cause of Noise pollution which leads to stress and hypertension apart from its auditory effects. The results of the research showed that
Particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations in different construction sites has been found in following trend, Lakshami Chowk > Samanabad > Shalamar > Awan Town > Dera Gujjran > Cavalary Ground > Ali Town. Particulate matter (PM10) concentration in different construction sites is in following trend, Shalamar Bagh > Ali Town > Lakshami Chowk > Awan Town > Samanabad > Dera Gujjran > Cavalary Ground. Noise levels in different construction sites in following shows the following trend, Dera Gujjran > Shalamar Bagh > Samanabad > Lakshami Chowk > Awan Town > Ali Town > Cavalary Ground. The systolic blood pressure level in the community was of different areas is in the following trend, Shalamar Bagh > Lakshami Chowk > Samanabad > Ali Town > Dera Gujjran > Awan Town > Cavalary Ground. The diastolic blood pressure level in the community was of different areas is in the following trend, Shalamar Bagh > Ali Town > Samanabad > Lakshami Chowk > Awan Town > Dera Gujjran > Cavalary Ground. This research concluded the levels of Particulate Matter (PM2.5/10) and noise pollution at the construction site and also relates these levels with the increasing disease rate of hypertension, cardiovascular problems, asthma and other respiratory problems. The results were significance, evaluated using the SPSS 16 package using GraphPad Prism version 5.0 (GraphPad Software
SUMMARY
49
Inc., San Diego, CA) for Windows. One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with posttest (DunnettTs multiple comparison tests). Statistically significant differences between in control site particulate matter and experimental sites and significance were defined by P < 0. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2928-T] (1).
