1.
Amelioration Of Pathological Changes Due To Infectious Bursal Disease By The Administration Of Mentofin And Asi-Mirus In Broiler Chicken
by Muhammad Umair Shah (2011-VA-15) | Prof. Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Ghulam Mustafa | Dr. Ali Ahmed Sheikh.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Poultry industry is the second largest industry in Pakistan but despite of its rapid growth rate it is facing huge economic losses due to many infectious diseases. Infectious Bursal Disease is one of them. Huge economic losses in case of infectious bursal disease are due to immunosuppression and high mortality.
In Pakistan, commercially available vaccines are abruptly used to control different viral diseases but unfortunately failure of these products occur from time to time. Hence, current study was designed to determine the immunostimulatory effect of two commercially available products (Mentofin and ASI-MIRUS) against IBD vaccine.
A total 300 broiler chicks were taken, divided into six groups each having 50 birds and were replicated under controlled conditions. A, B and D groups were vaccinated with the IBD live virus vaccine. B and C groups were treated with Mentofin. D and E groups were treated with ASI-MIRUS while F group served negative control. To detect antibody titer against IBDV at every week (0-42 days of age), a commercial ELISA kit, IDEXX Flock Chek standard (IDEXX Corporation, Westbrook, ME, USA) was used. In order to analyze gross and microscopic changes in bursa, postmortem examination and histopathology of bursa was done.
The volatile oils in Mentofin and ASI-MIRUS have effective immunomodulatory effects on humoral immune response in broiler chicks. Eucalyptus and peppermint oils increase bursa to body weight (B/BW) ratio as compared to untreated birds. Results of present study indicated the highest antibody titer in group D supplemented with ASI-MIRUS and vaccinated as compared to group B supplemented with Mentofin and vaccinated. Significantly high bursa to body weight ratio also observed in vaccinated group D (ASI-MIRUS treated) comparing with other
CHAPTER 6
SUMMARY
Summary
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vaccinated groups A and B. In Group B (Mentofin treated), bursal samples showed necrosis at medullary region of bursal follicle. Group D (ASI-MIRUS treated) showed the active follicle consist of lymphoid cells and shown no obvious histopathological lesion. So present study showed that ASI-MIRUS is reduced the severity of IBDV which has more beneficial effect on immune response against IBD vaccinated Broiler Chicken as compared to Mentofin. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2557-T] (1).
2.
Assessment Of Loode Milk Supply Chain In Lahore Throogh Milk quality Analysis And Structured interview Form Milkman And Milk Shops
by Muhammad Asim Shahzad (2008-VA-413) | Dr. Muhammad Nasir | Dr. Azmat Ullah Khan | Dr. Ghulam Mustafa.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Pakistan is currently producing 52.63 billion liters of milk and holds 4th position among world top milk producing countries. Out of the total milkproduced, 97% is in the informal sector (i.e.loose milk sold through “Gawallas” in the villages and in cities which is of poor quality because of the unhygienic conditions and lack of standards). A total of 66.22% of milk is collected by milkmen from farmers and dairy farms in peri-urban areas. Milk collected by milkmen is distributed either directly to the end consumer or it reaches the end consumer through different intermediate channels. The civic population of Lahore city are mostly tend to consume milk from milkmen which is why a total of 41.78% of milk from milkmen is delivered directly to end consumer’s home. Whole sale milk shops and milk sale points are the main source of milk after milkmen as the remaining 58.22% of the milk from milkmen is distributed through these channels in urban areas of Lahore. Some of the milk is also distributed through hotels/restaurants, tea stalls/canteens and halwai which is also a big part of milk supply chain in peri-urban areas of Lahore. This milk is either directly consumed by the end consumer or it is used to make different by-products. The proposed study was expected to assess the current scenario of loose milk supply chain in different regions of Lahore with special reference to food safety knowledge, attitude, practices adopted for handling and gaps among replacing loose milk supply with pasteurized milk by engaging the currently involved people (Gawalas) with this distribution chain.
The results of the physicochemical organization and milk debasement plainly demonstrated that the milk sold at these spots was widely put to the acts of neglect, for example, skimming and defilement of milk with water, urea, formalin, hydrogen peroxide and cane sugarwhich was done amid the treatment of milk beginning from milking till the getting by end buyer. In this way the milk advertised at these spots couldn't be considered as "Milk" in its genuine sense as it was just white milky watery liquid rather than wholesome milk. Most likely everybody required in the milk showcasing affix dilution of milk to some degree specifically or in a roundabout way however deliberately.
Milk samples from Milkmen and Milk shops in all regions showed10.46% and 5.56% less protein; 16.4% and 17.4% less fat; 31.56% and 29.67% less SNF and 33.69% and 32.83% less lactosethan that of standard milk composition described in APPENDIX II (12.1.1 & 12.1.8) of The Punjab Pure Food Rules, 2011.Keeping in view the current milk analysis situation it is hard to believe the universally accepted statement that "milk is a perfect food". This statement is not applicable to the milk obtained from various regions of Lahore city. It is very unfortunate that the consumers are enforced to consume that milky colored fluid. That milk has loosened its wholesomeness, color, taste and nutritive value due to deceivable skimming and fraudulent adulteration when ultimately it reaches to the consumer.Milk samples were analyzed to detect adulterants from milk samples. According to the results some of the adulterants have been detected in these milk samples which are formalin, detergent, cane sugar, sorbitol, quaternary ammonium compound while the others such as urea, starch, salt, hydrogen peroxide, glucose, hypochlorite, boric acid, and carbonate were not detected in 180 milk samples that were collected from all nine towns of Lahore city.
The highest proportion of milk which was sold was as mixed, followed by buffalo and cow milk. The data shows that 3.11% of milkmen use bicycle, 65.78% use motor bike, 4% use animal carts, 7.11% use rickshaw, 8.89% use van and 11.11% use other means of transportation. The largest portion of milk is supplied to households by the milkmen which are 41.78% and a significantly less portion of milk from milkmen is supplied to hotel/restaurants. According to the data 10.67% sensory evaluation, 4.44% chemical testing and 13.78% other testing procedures are adopted by milkmen while the other 71.11% do not perform any quality testing in Lahore city. The data showed that 60.89% of the leftover milk is used for the production of dahi, 19.56% is used for khoya production, 5.78% for both and 13.78% is used for domestic purposes. The total average price of loose milk sold is 75.7 Rs. by milkmen and 70.1 Rs. by milk shops in Lahore city. It took an average of 2.09 hours to supply milk by milkmen and 11.96 hours to complete sale of milk by milk shops in Lahore city. The total average of consumers that buy milk from milkmen is 16.03 and that of milk shops is 142.49 in Lahore city.
Poor literacy rate, lake of professional trainings, inefficient enforcement of food safety policies by the government, absence of organized setups to control unhygienic malicious practices, negligence of end consumer regarding milk handling concerns etc. are the main causes for such malpractices and poor condition of milk supply chain.Milkman and milk shopkeepers are so involved in these malpractices that they take it as their right and will not stop doing that until enforced by legal framework. The incorporation of pasteurization facilities in the loose milk supply chain is not feasible until and unless the competent authority take necessary actions to bring all stockholders on board and spread awareness about the comparative benefits of pasteurized milk as compare to loose milk.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2768-T] (1).
3.
Histopathological And Biochemical Evaluation Of Chemical Castration In Rabbits
by Hadia Uzair (2010-VA-205) | Prof Dr. Zafar Iqbal Chaudhry | Dr. Ghulam Mustafa | Dr. Muhammad Zubair Shabbir.
Material type: Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Overpopulation of companion animals accounts for millions of deaths, billions of spending and hundreds of serious bites to humans each year. In order to cope this over growing population of stray animals, several sterilization programs have been devised.
Rabbits will be subjected to intra-testicular 10% and 20% calcium chloride solution. Clinical observation and testicular volume measurement will be done on weekly basis throughout the study. Blood and testicles (by orchiectomy) will be collected after every 10 days, hematology and histopathology be done thereafter. Serum testosterone would be quantified by using radioimmunoassay to assess testicular function according to standard protocol.
In our study, the efficacy of injecting intra-testicular calcium chloride solution in alcohol, was compared for chemical-sterilization in 24 adult rabbits. 10% and 20 % solution of calcium chloride were administered, intra-testicularly in testicle bilaterally which were removed, with the open technique surgically after 30 days, these harvested testicles are than evaluated histopathologically. Serum testosterone was quantified by using radioimmunoassay to assess testicular function according to standard protocol .Blood picture of the rabbits was also observed for any clinical and subclinical complication.
Swelling of testicles was marked in both groups following injection of 10% and 20% calcium chloride and within 48 hours swelling reached to its maximum level. Though volume of the testicles reduced significantly treated group after three weeks of treatment. Treated testicles with calcium chloride underwent atrophy at the 30th day in studied experimental group, with no noticeable modification in control group. Testosterone level dropped significantly even after 15 days of post injection and on 30th day testosterone activity seems to be diminished.
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The method is considered as applicable with no major adverse effects in general health of the animal. Results were considered satisfactory and this method can be applied as mass scale particularly, where the feasibility of surgical castration doesn’t exist. Extensive necrosis, sloughing off epithelium, infarction following fibrosis of tissue, shrinkage and germ cell apoptosis are presumed to be due to calcium chloride. In our study; severe diffuse necrosis of tubular structure along with progressive degrees of inflammatory response were observed as a main finding Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2851-T] (1).
