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1. Compaiativ Efficacy Of Different Electrolyte Solutions On Heat Stress And Their Efiect On Hematology And Blood

by Hafiz Tariq Mehmood | Dr. Aneela Zameer Durrani | Dr. Hassan Saleem | Prof. Dr. Azhar.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: The present project had been designed to study the effect of heat stress on cattle calves and to evaluate the efficacy of electrolytes solution (Normal Saline and Ringer Lactate) on various blood parameters. Five groups of calves comprising 10 in each group were selected for experimental study. Group A: Affected calves with heat stress were provided shade after taking TPR and the effect of shade were checked after one hour. Group B: Heat stressed calves of same age group were given Normal Saline IV according to their body weight and the effect were checked through TPR, hematology and blood electrolyte. Group C: Heat stressed calves of same age group were given Ringer's Lactate IV according to their body weight and the effect were checked through TPR, hematology and blood electrolyte. Group D: calves of same age group affected with heat stress were taken as the positive control. Group E: calves of same age group were normal healthy calves (negative control). Temperature was taken at regular intervals of one hour daily. Respiration was observed by placing the hand in front of nostrils. Heart rate was observed by stethoscope daily in morning and evening. The blood sample of each calf was collected both for control and experimental animals through disposable syringe from jugular vein. The blood was shifted to University Diagnostic laboratory, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore. The samples were taken before and after therapeutic trials. Blood samples were taken for blood electrolyte examination and hematology. Serum of the blood was separated by centrifugation for electrolytes measurements. The flame photometer was utilized to measure the serum sodium (Na+) potassium (K+) Chloride (Cl+) and Bicarbonate (HCO3) concentration. The physical sign of experimental group before cooling were noted .sever sweating and panting were observed under physical sign. The pulse rate, respiration and rectal temperature of experimental group before cooling were increased. Changes found in CBC and blood electrolytes like sodium, potassium, chloride and bicarbonate were measure by flam photometry. These all observation showed that the animal of experimental group before cooling were suffering from electrolyte imbalance ,but it was not so serious which may result in death of the animal, however the persistence of that condition might result in heat stroke which is often lethal. It is concluded that serum electrolyte concentration, CBC and pulse rate, respiration and rectal temperature help in accessing the condition of animal suffering form the heat stress. From the present study it can be concluded that heat stress cause changes in biochemical and Hematological parameters in calves. These changes can be overcome by giving animal's fluid therapy and by providing good shade in hot summer. Further studied are required to Conducted on other species of animals to understand the effect of heat stress .Other biochemical and hematological parameters should be studied in bovine calves and other animals for the better understanding the effects of heat stress. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1309,T] (1).

2. Molecular Diagnosis Of Bovine Anaplasmosis In District Lahore

by Aqsa Mushtaq | Dr. Aneela Zameer Durrani | Dr. Hassan Saleem | Prof. Dr. Azhar.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: The present study was designed to determine diagnosis and infection percentage of Bovine anaplasmosis in cattle and buffalo of different age groups in and around District Lahore, and to study the comparative efficacy of diagnostic methods that is Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Microscopic Examination. For this purpose 160 blood samples were collected from cattle and buffaloes ,randomly from eight villages , during the month of May, June, July, August of 2010 in and around District Lahore.80 samples were collected from cattle and 80 were collected from buffaloes and these samples were further categorized into two age groups that is 40 samples were collected from calves of 1 month to 6 month of age and 40 samples were collected from calves of 7 month to 12 month of age of each species. Screening was done by blood smears, stained by Giemsa'wright staining technique and later the blood samples from the same animals were also processed by PCR. The blood smears showed Anaplasma marginale as dense , round, deeply stained body, approximately 0.3-1.0um in diameter. Most of them were located on or near the margin of the erythrocyte.On the basis of Microscopic examination overall 11.25% (18\160) prevalence was recorded. On the basis of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) prevalence of Anaplasma marginale 25.6%(41\160) was recorded, showing the presence of carrier animals in District Lahore. The blood smears showed maximum prevelance in cattle of age 7 months to 12 months of age that is 20% (8\40) than animals of age 1 month to 6 month of age 10% (4\40).The blood smears showed maximum prevelance in buffalo calves of age 7 months to 12 months of age that is 10% (4\40) than animals of age 1 month to 6 month of age 5% (2\40). The blood smears showed that the prevelance of Bovine anaplasmosis is more in cattle 15% (12\80) than buffalo 7.5% (6\80). The overall prevalence 25.6% (41\160) was recorded for Bovine anaplasmosis , during summer season on the basis of PCR. The Polymerase chain reaction showed maximum prevelance in cattle of age 7 months to 12 months of age that is45 % (18\40) than animals of age 1 month to 6 month of age 20% (8\40). The Polymerase chain reaction showed maximum prevelance in buffalo animals of age 7 months to 12 months of age that is 27.5% (11\40) than animals of age 1 month to 6 month of age 10% (4\40). The Polymerase chain reaction showed that the prevelance of Bovine anaplasmosis is more in cattle 32.5% (26\80) than buffalo18.75 % (15\80).The results have shown high efficacy of PCR as compare to Microscopic Examination. It is anticipated that present study was proved helpful in diagnosis of Anaplasma in infected as well as in carrier animals in District Lahore , and will be beneficial for further study. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1346,T] (1).

3. Knowledge, Attitude And Practices Of Mothers Towards Infant Care And Feeding

by Sadia Ashraf | Prof. Dr. Mansur-ur-Din Ahmad | Dr. Hassan Mushtaq | Prof. Dr. Azhar.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Literary form: drama Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1464,T] (1).

4. Carrier Status Of Foot And Mouth Disease In Ruminants Through Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain

by Muhammad Usman | Prof. Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmed | Dr. Aftab | Dr. Hassan Mushtaq.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Literary form: drama Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is highly infectious disease of cattle, buffalo, sheep and goats. It is caused by genus Aphthovirus of Picornaviradae family. FMDV is RNA virus having seven serotypes A, O, C, Asia 1, SAT1, SAT2 and SAT3. Serotypes A, O, C and Asia1 are endemic in Pakistan and causes high economic losses to livestock industry .So priority is to apply quick and efficient methods for detection of FMDV infection and to limit the spread of outbreaks of the disease. Although CFT, VNT and ELISA are already being used for the diagnosis of FMDV in Pakistan but these diagnostic techniques are time consuming and their specificity and sensitivity is low. RT-PCR for the identification of FMDV is very much sensitive and specific, can be done within three hours after receiving of samples to the laboratory. Foot and mouth disease (FMD) in adult sheep and goats is frequently mild or unapparent, but can cause high mortality in young animals. The outbreaks of FMD in 1999 in Morocco, in 2001 in the United Kingdom & in 2007 in Cyprus has highlighted the importance of sheep in the epidemiology of the disease, although there have been numerous examples in the past where small ruminants have been responsible for the introduction of FMD into previously disease-free countries. The difficulty in making a clinical diagnosis should encourage the development of more rapid screening tests to assist in future control programs. In Pakistan, no study has been conducted to depict the role of small ruminants in the epidemiology and transmission of FMD virus to the large ruminants. Keeping in view this neglected area of research, present study is planned to apply the sensitive and economical RT-PCR technique for the rapid detection of carrier status of FMD virus in ruminants; and to highlight the importance and need of vaccination to small ruminants against FMD virus in order to control outbreaks of the disease and transmission to the large ruminants population. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1577,T] (1).

5. Epidemiological Investigation About The Risk Factors Associated With Newcastle Disease Outbreaks During Period Of 2011-2012 in commercial broilers in Lahore.

by Rubab Maqsood | Prof. Dr. Athar Khan | Dr. Hassan Mushtaq | Prof. Dr. Tahir.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Literary form: drama Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: The poultry sector is one of the most systematized and vibrant divisions of the agriculture industry of Pakistan. The poultry sector has shown a vigorous growth of 8 to 10 percent annually, which reveals its distinctive potentialNewcastle disease, is an acute, contagious rapidly spreading viral disease of domestic poultry and wild bird of all ages with mortality up to 100% in the infected flocks. It is caused by avian Paramyxovirus serotype-I. This disease is major restraint to attain acceptable production levels in commercial broiler. In Pakistan ND is commonly reported disease in both vaccinated and non-vaccinated flocks. In the current study risk factors which were associated with the outbreak of Newcastle Disease regarding farm practices were identified and recommendations can be given for the control of ND on the basis of comparing current and previous (2011-2012) farm practices in environmentally controlled commercial broiler houses. The results of this study are applicable on all the commercial broiler population which is being reared in environmentally controlled houses in Lahore District.Number of environmentally controlled houses was 128 environmentally control sheds in Lahore District. But only 96 farm managers guven consent for the visit of their farm so the sample was n= 96 environmentally controlled houses. Sampling unit was one environmentally controlled house. A questionnaire was developed about the risk factors which were considered to be associated with ND outbreak. A total n= 96 Environmentally controlled houses of commercial broiler affected and not affected by the ND outbreaks in and around Lahore District were selected with the help of convenient sampling method and their owner/manager were interviewed face to face and information was also collected from the farm record. Out of 96 ECH(Environmentally Controlled Houses) of commercial broiler 79 suffered from newcastle disease outbreak while only 17 ECH were non-infected during period of 2011-2012. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 and odds ratio was calculated for the studied and supposed risk factors. Distance between farms less than 5Km, feed transporting vehicle, method of dead infected birds' disposal and type of labor on the farms were found as risk factors for the newcastle disease out breaks. Water quality, biosecurity, feed storage method, heat source used, farms managers, litter disposal methods showed a negative association with the spread of disease. E. coli and salmonella infection were mostly observed as secondary infections among the ND affected flocks. Avian influenza showed an association with newcastle disease. Infectious bursal disease and hydro pericardium syndrome showed no association with ND epidemics. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1628,T] (1).

6. Prevalence Of Brucellosis In Dairy Animals And Their Handlers In District Bannu, Khyber Pakhtoon Khwa

by Azmatullah Khan | Dr. Amjad Riaz | Dr. Hassan | Dr. Mian Abdul Sattar.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1641,T] (1).

7. Microbiological And Physiochemical Analysis Of Drinking Water From Human And Veterinary Hospitals

by Kiran batool | DR. Arfan ahmad | Dr Hassan mushtaq | DR. jawad nazir.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1958,T] (1).

8. Assessment Of Knowledge Attitudes And Practices Level About Meat And Milk-Borne Diseases In Medical Students

by Muhammad Moeen Athar | Dr. Hassan Mushtaq | Dr. Abdul | Prof. Dr. khushi Muhammad.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2083,T] (1).

9. Active Surveillance Of Wild Birds For Avian Influenza In The Wetlands Of Azad Jammu & Kashkmir

by Adnan Altaf | Dr. Mamoona Chaudhry | Dr. Ali Ahmad | Dr. Hassan Mushtaq.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2176,T] (1).

10. Common Nosocomial Bacterial Isolation And Identification From Veterinary Hospitals

by Muhammad Umar Zafar Khan (2008-VA-255) | Prof. Dr. Aneela Zameer Durrani | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Dr. Hassan Bin Aslam.

Material type: book Book; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: CD not available. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2217-T] (1).

11. Seroprevalence And Associated Risk Factors Of Leptospirosis In Sheep And Goat In And Around Lahore

by Muhammad Awais Akram (2008-VA-230) | Dr.Muhammad Hassan Saleem | Dr. Muhammad Avais | Dr. Hassan Mushtaq.

Material type: book Book; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Sheep and goats, although representing an important source of animal protein in third world countries such as Pakistan, seem to have benefited little from veterinary care and production improvement. Sheep and goats are often the main source of daily meat and are used in ceremonial festivities throughout the country. Small ruminants (sheep and goats) are ubiquitous, with important contributions to the subsistence, economic, and social livelihoods of many humans, particularly in developing countries. According to FAO, (2010), approximately 95.7% of all goats and 63.3%of all ewes worldwide are located in developing countries and represent more than 70% of total animal production. Among the various factors that may lead to low productivity in tropical countries, infectious diseases may be very prevalent, impairing milk and meat production. Leptospirosis is an outstanding neglected disease, and since it is usually silent, its effects on livestock are often underestimated. As an example that may be considered for other tropical areas of the world, it was recently described as the most frequent and potentially the major infection impairing productivity in small ruminants. Unfortunately, a definitive diagnosis of leptospirosis is difficult to make. Most of diagnostic laboratories do not attempt to isolate leptospires because of their fragile nature, cost and complexity of the isolation media, and prolonged incubation period. Therefore, recognition of leptospiral infection has been based generally on serological evidence. A wide variety of serological tests, which show varying degrees of serogroups and serovar specificity, have been described. Two tests have a role in veterinary diagnosis: the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A total of 180 serum samples were examined in this study. The animals were included in this study from various sources representing the diverse livestock production system / management conditions i.e. rural subsistence, peri-urban and semi commercia, sheep and goat farms in and around the Lahore. The blood samples were collected from randomly selected animals as well as on the basis of Leptospirosis- like symptoms or any other indication of the disease. The blood samples were collected in clean sterile vacutainers having no anticoagulant. From each animal 5-10 ml blood sample were collected by phlebotomy. For this purpose the area on jugular vein was sterilized with 70% alcohol and blood was collected in the vacutainer. The blood samples were put in slanted position in the refrigerator for two hours. Upon appearance of serum in the tubes usually after three hours of refrigeration, samples were centrifuged at 4000 revolution per minute (RPM) for five minutes. The sera were separated using a sterile pipette for each sample and clean sterilized vials were stored at -20°C in the freezer till used. The standard hygienic measures were adopted during collection and processing of blood samples. The ELISA is performed by the procedure that is described by the ELISA kit manufacturer. The sheep were divided into three categories that were healthy, pregnant and aborted, which account for 0, 3.34 and 26.6%, respectively, positive samples. Whereas, The goat were also divided into three categories that were healthy, pregnant and aborted, which account for 0, 6.67 and 30%, respectively, positive samples. The highest percentage were observed in aborted animals that indicated that the leptospirosis had contribution in the abortion of the goat and sheep. The sheep were divided into four categories that were urban, peri urban, semi-commercial and commercial, which account for 13.3, 6.67, 6.67 and 10%, respectively, positive samples. Whereas, the goat were also divided into four categories that were urban, peri urban, semi-commercial and commercial, which account for 16.7, 13.4, 6.67 and 10%, respectively, positive samples. The highest percentage were observed in urban areas where the sheep and goats were raised together that indicated that the leptospirosis can be spread from animal to animal. Conclusion: From the finding of the current study suggested that leptospirosis can be difficult to diagnosis properly. The proper diagnosis can helpful for the controlling the leptospirosis. The urban area, and physiological conditions, of sheep and goat, are the major risk factors. Suggestion and Recommendations: Proper diagnosis and good management can reduce the risk of leptospirosis in sheep and goat. The infected animal must be isolate and treat with proper medications. The further studies can helpful for more proper disease diagnosis and control. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2274-T] (1).

12. Assessment Of Disordered Eating Attitudes In Relation To Body Image In Female University Students

by Fatima Muslim (2013-VA-280) | Ms. TahreemHussain | Ms. Amina Chughtai | Dr. Hassan Mushtaq.

Material type: book Book; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Disordered eating attitudes and behaviors are on the rise on a global scale as a result of multi-cultural influences on today’s youth. Symptomology of Disordered Eating puts individuals at increased risk of developing clinical eating disorders (Anorexia nervosa, Bulimia nervosa &Other Specified Feeding and Eating Disorder and Unspecified Feeding and Eating Disorder). Negative body image has been regarded as one of the strongest factors which lead to the development of disordered eating attitudes and behaviors. The current study hypothesized that negative body image is the cause of disordered eating and the results of the current study show that negative body image is in fact strongly correlated with Disordered Eating Attitudes. Female university students (n=400), were selected for the study. A number of 100 subjects who were first available from each university were selected for the study. Each participant filled out the questionnaire consisting of Demographic, EAT-26, Emotional Eating, and Body Image questions. The BMI of the participants was also calculated. Participants suffering from certain common chronic diseases were excluded from the study (n = 23) and statistics were applied to the data collected from the remaining 377 participants. Filled questionnaires were analyzed statistically using SPSS version 21. Comparisons were made between the group with normal eating behavior and the group with disordered eating attitude using student’s t-test. Pearson’s correlations was applied to assess relations between, Disordered eating attitudes, Emotional Eating, Body Image and BMI. One way ANOVA was used to determine the differences between Disordered eating, Emotional eating, Body Image and BMI of the participants from the different institutes. The results of the current study showed that disordered eating attitudes were present in 37.7% of the sample, however the behavioral problems of disordered eating were found in 57% of the sample and there was a strong correlation between disordered eating, emotional eating and negative body image (p < 0.01). Body Mass Index (BMI) was not correlated with disorderedeating, however it showed strong correlation with emotional eating (p < 0.05) and negative body image (p < 0.01), which, in turn are strongly correlated with disordered eating attitudes. Therefore, it can be concluded from the current study that there is a positive correlation between Disordered Eating, Emotional eating, being Overweight and a negative Body Image. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2290-T] (1).

13. Seroprevalence Of Dengue Fever In Tehsil Jatoi District Muzaffargarh, Punjab

by Muhammad Shahzad Ahmad Khan (2013-VA-848) | Dr. Mamoona Chaudhery | Dr.Tayyaba Ijaz | Dr. Hassan Mushtaq | Dr. Waseem Shahzad.

Material type: book Book; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Dengue is caused by single stranded RNA virus that belongs to genus flavivirus and is a mosquito born disease. There are four serotypes of dengue virus DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4. Signs and symptoms of dengue virus are high fever, severe headache, rash, muscle pain, retro-orbital pain and leucopenia. Incubation period is 4-7 days. There are three type of dengue fever named as dengue fever, dengue hemorrhage fever and dengue shock syndrome. More severe form of dengue is dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS). Hypothesis of this study was that dengue virus is prevalent in Tehsil Jatoi District Muzaffargarh. Data was collected from individual in a face to face interview. Thirty clusters were selected and in each cluster seven (7) elementary unit (individuals) were sampled. A cross-sectional survey was conducted and blood samples were collected from individuals by using aseptic technique. The blood was drawn from the antecubital vein, from elbow or from the back side of a hand. Swab was applied to avoid bleeding. A total of 210 apparently healthy individuals were sampled from thirsty clusters and serum was observed through ELISA for confirmation of Dengue fever disease. 27 were found positive and 183 were negative for DF out of 210 sera samples. The data analysis was done by using “R” software. Multivariable logistic regression was conducted to estimate the effect of each explanatory variable on the outcome. Overall weighted seroprevalence was recorded as 13.54 %, (95% CI, 8.144-18.92). This means that DENV was circulating in Tehsil Jatoi district Muzaffargarh, while data on risk factors were obtained through Summary 54 a detailed predesigned questionnaire from participants in a face to face interview translated into local language (Saraiki) after taking written consent from the individual. To identify the risk factors for Dengue fever disease seroprevalence, multivariable logistic regression were performed. The result showed that age (OR: 3.084, 95% CI: 1.180-8.061) was risk factors for dengue fever and anti-mosquito spray (OR: 0.349, 95% CI: 0.122-0.997) was protective (OR<1) factor against dengue fever disease. Variable with significant univariable relationship at P < 0.25 were selected for inclusion in the final model The study had provided successful estimate about the risk factors and seroprevalence of Dengue Fever. The finding of above study will be published. These finding could be utilized by the policy maker to control the epidemic of DF in population. Availability: Items available for loan: (1), UVAS Library [Call number: 2293-T] (1).

14. A Study On The Incidence Of Zoonotic Tuberculosis To Assess The Associated Risk Factors And Zoonotic Potential Of Bovine Tuberculosis In Lahore

by Syeda Anum Hadi (2013-VA-04) | Dr. Hassan Mushtaq | Dr. Abdul Majeed Akhtar | Professor Dr.Mansur-ud-din Ahmad | Dr. Aamir Gafoor Bajwa.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: In the review by O’Reiley and his colleagues, Tuberculosis has been defined as a disease that affects the respiratory system foremost and its route of transmission from one animal species to another is by the airborne route along with consumption of un-pasteurized milk (O'Reilly, 1995) (De la Rua-Domenech, 2006) (Thoen et al. 2006). The review states that Mycobacteriumbovis causes tuberculosis in bovines as well as a number of wild animals such as goats, cats, dogs, pigs, buffalo, badgers, possums, deer, bison and non-human primates but most importantly it causes tuberculosis in humans. This makes the disease of significant public health importance due to its zoonotic nature. The study was conducted in two of the largest dairy colonies in Lahore- Rakhchandra and Harbanspura dairy colony. 400 dairy animals (lactating) were selected from the target areas. 200 animals per field were chosen through convenience sampling. The research was divided into two parts. Phase 1 was concerned with screening of animals for bovine tuberculosis through performance of comparative intradermal tuberculin test (CIDTT) and followed by culturing of milk samples from animals that came positive. Phase 2 was concerned with testing of all human subjects who were in contact with the positively screened livestock. Since none of the human subjects showed any of the signs for tuberculosis, no testing of the humans could be performed. The first step to animal testing was concerned with the screening of selected animals with comparative cervical intradermal tuberculin test (CIDTT). This involved the intradermal injection of bovine tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD) and the subsequent detection of swelling (delayed hypersensitivity) at the site of injection 72 hours later (Anonyms, 2008a). The test was considered positive if the difference between the swellings on the two sites was more than 4mm and it was the mammalian site that showed more swelling. Once the results were read, the dairy farmers were asked a set of questions designed to identify risk-factors for zoonotic tuberculosis. The farmers responded to nearly all the questions that were posed to them. Milk sample was collected from the animals that tested positive. 50 ml of milk was collected from the positive animals. Once collected, the milk bottles were quickly capped and labeled and put in the ice-box before being transported to Provincial Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory in Lahore. Staining followed by culturing of milk samples for the isolation of Mycobacterium bovis was then proceeded with. For the purpose of culturing two types of media were prepared before-hand-Lowenstein Jensen (LJ) media and LJ-pyruvate media. LJ medium allows the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, whereas LJ with pyruvate medium allows the growth of Mycobacterium bovis. Petroff’s method was employed for the processing of milk samples which originally is used for sputum processing (Anonyms, 2009). The process was altered to suit our requirements. Once processed 300ul of pipette tips were used to place 100ul of processed sample on pre-marked slides for ziehl-neelson staining and 120ul on pre-made media slants a total of 4 bottles, 2 each of LJ media and LJ pyruvate media for duplication of results and to act as control. The bottles were checked for growth every week on Monday till 8 weeks of time. At Rakhchandra dairy colony the tuberculin test done on 200 animals revealed only three (3) positive animals. Thus the prevalence of TB in Rakhchandra came out to be 1.5%. Out of 200 animals in Harbanspura dairy colony, six (6) animals showed hypersensitivity reaction and were positive. Prevalence of TB in Harbanspura came out to be 3%. Out of 400 animals tested, 90 were cattle and 310 were buffaloes. Only buffaloes showed hypersensitivity reaction to tuberculin. None of the cows tested came out to be tuberculin positive. In this particular study, the prevalence of TB on the basis of tuberculin test in buffalo was 2.9% where as in cattle it was 0%. When milk was collected and processed from the above mentioned nine (9) animals, the results showed a different picture. None of the cultures showed any signs of growth by 8 weeks of incubation. All nine milk samples after cleaning were stained by ZN staining and observed under microscope for the presence of mycobacterium, none came out positive. The Basic Health Units (BHU) in each of the colony were contacted and it was found that in the last 10 years less than 10 patients who were suspected to have tuberculosis were referred to District Health Quarter (DHQ). Even though a higher percentage (44.44%) of farmers in Harbanspura was recorded to have some knowledge about the zoonotic aspect of tuberculosis as compare to those in Rakhchandra (22.22%), yet a higher number of tuberculin positive animals was found in Harbanspura (6 versus 3). The economic status of farmers in Harbanspura was comparatively higher with 33.33% of farmers earning more than 1 lakh rupees per month, whereas in Rakhchandra this figure stood at 27.78%. This might be a mere chance of co-incidence but it also implies the unwillingness of farmers to apply biosecurity measures at their farms. Lack of willingness to take such precautionary steps places the farmers and their animals in great peril, since in the last six months alone 66.67% of the farmers in Harbanspura had purchased at least one animal, which is enough to bring disease in an un-infected herd. Only 27.78% of farmers in Rakhchandra had purchased animals on the other hand. Also only 77.78% of farmers in Harbanspura would clean the dung from the farms twice a day whereas 100% Rakhchandra farmers would cleanup twice a day. The tuberculin positive animals were found to be spending most time of their day in filthy places. Their sheds were not cleaned regularly. Heaps of dung and ground wet with urine was observed on every visit. It exposed animals to numerous infections and 11.11% of animals in Harbanspura and 44.44% of animals in Rakhchandra were suffering from unidentified chronic illnesses. Farmers said that they preferred to sell such animals to butchers (85.8% combined percentage), rather than burying after culling (3.7% combined percentage). Deworming was not considered a mode of disease prevention amongst the farmers since only 22.22% of all farmers bothered to deworm their animals. The animals were seen to not having a score of above 2.5 when their body scoring was done (Scale 1-5). The one blissful factor discovered was the habit of nearly all farmers (92.59%) preferred to boil milk before consumption. Even dairy products were made from boiled milk (81.48%). This single factor could be the reason why the farmers consuming otherwise contaminated milk was still in such a glowing healthy condition. The study allowed us to get a measure of the status of disease in lactating animals and to investigate the conditions that prevail in the two dairy colonies. It showed a difference in the prevalence of disease in Harbanspura and Rakhchandra famous for providing milk to Lahore city. This was scrutinized through a detailed analysis of farmer habits and environment of animals in both the fields. This study would permit upcoming researchers to have an up-to-date status of tuberculosis in the dairy colonies. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2321-T] (1).

15. Comparison Of Two Imported Live Attenuated PPR Vaccines In Local Sheep In Pakistan

by Saliha Saba | Prof. Dr. Aneela Zameer Durrani | Dr. Hassan Salem | Dr. Imran Altaf.

Material type: book Book; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) also famous as goat plaque is of viral origin and is extremely contagious disease of sheep and goat (Dhar et al. 2002; Asim et al. 2009). PPR can cause high mortality about 50 – 80 % in non-immunized sheep and goat population. Due to its similarity with other diseases, Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is being devalued but at the same time it is said to be one of the major constraints to successful small ruminant farming in tropics (Sen et al. 2010). PPR virus is paramyxovirus, enveloped and belongs to the genus morbillivirus. These viruses comprise of 16Kb long, single stranded RNA showing negative polarity (Barrett et al. 2005). The various vaccines like homologous and recombinant vaccines have been manufactured for the management of Peste des petits ruminants (PPR), as no accurate treatment is available for its control. For the immunity of animals against this disease, the tissue culture based, attenuated rinderpest vaccine (TCRV) had been accustomed over a extensive period because of the antigenic association among RPV and PPRV (Diallo et al. 1989).With the help of fresh freeze-drying methods and stabilizing agents the thermostability of the present PPR homologous vaccine has been enhanced significantly (Worrwall et al. 2001). In Pakistan, PPR vaccine was manufactured with the help of PPRV Nigerian 75/I (PPR 75/1 LK 6 Vero 75) for the sheep and goat immunization (Asim et al. 2009). India had manufactured numerous live attenuated vaccines like the PPRV Sungri/96 that has been regularized for use (Hegde et al. 2008). ). The Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPRV-Sungri/96 ) vaccine is being manufactured on small and large scale for prevention of Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) outbreaks in India (Singh et al. 2004). Summary 41 The current study was designed to study the immunogenicity of two imported live attenuated PPR vaccines in local sheep. A total of sixty (60) animals were selected and further separated into two groups, viz. Group-A and Group-B, having thirty (30) animals each. Group-A was further sub-divided into A1 comprising 10 sheep to which Raksha PPR vaccine (Sungri 96) was administered, A2 comprising of 10 sheep to which PPR vaccine (Nigeria 75/1) was administered and A3 comprising of 10 non-vaccinated sheep which served as control. Group B was separated into two sub-groups i.e B1 and B2 having fifteen (15) animals each. The Group-B1 was sub-divided into B1a having 05 sheep to which Raksha PPR vaccine (Sungri 96) was only administered, B1b having 05 sheep to which along with Raksha PPR vaccine (Sungri 96), Vitamin AD3E was administered and B1c having 05 unvaccinated sheep which served as control. Similarly the Group-B2 was sub-divided into B2a having 05 sheep to which PPR vaccine (Nigeria 75/1) was only administered, B2b having 05 sheep to which along with PPR vaccine (Nigeria 75/1), Vitamin AD3E was administered and B2c having 05 non-vaccinated sheep and served as control group respectively. The serum samples were collected and mean antibody titer was calculated by complement fixation test (CFT) at zero day, 7th day, 14th day, 28th day and 48th day post-vaccination. The live attenuated, Raksha PPR (Sungri 96) vaccine induced the mean antibody titers of 0 ±0.00, 4.7±0.48, 4.7±0.48, 4.9±0.31 and 4.9±0.31 which was significantly higher than the mean antibody titers shown by the PPR (Nigeria 75/1) vaccinated animals i.e. 0±0.00, 3.3±0.51, 3.4±0.51, 4±1.15 and 4.1±1.19 at zero, 7th, 14th, 28th, 48th day post-vaccination respectively. Similarly the mean antibody titers shown by the PPR (Nigeria 75/1) vaccinated animals were 0 ±0.00, 10.4± 3.86, 11.2±4.13, 20±11.31 and 21.6±11.80 at zero, 7th,14th, 28th and 48th day post vaccination respectively. Result of present study demonstrated Summary 42 that the mean antibody titer values of animals vaccinated with Raksha PPR (Sungri 96) was significantly higher than animals vaccinated with PPR (Nigeria 75/1) at zero, 7th,14th, 28th and 48th day post vaccination respectively. The study also concluded that the mean antibody titer of animals receiving vaccination along with vitamin supplementation was significantly higher than animals receiving only vaccination. While performing the statistical analysis of data, it was revealed that the results were significant (p<0.05). The present study summarized and concluded that the mean antibody titer values of Raksha PPR (Sungri 96) was significantly higher than PPR vaccine (Nigeria 75/1). As both India and Pakistan are two neighbouring countries, so PPR among them also falls in trans-boundary disease category. It signifies that both being part of Asia subcontinent and PPRV strain of lineage IV prevails in both regions. Keeping these factors under consideration proper vaccination strategy should be followed for the immunization of animals. In past, Nigeria 75/1 strain of PPRV vaccine had been used in Pakistan but the results were not reliable in terms of desired immune response and protection. Although titer was shown by this vaccine but protection is not reliable for proper health care of small ruminants. There was an immense need to come up with the authentic research on PPRV vaccine Raksha PPR (Sungri 96) in Pakistan which is already being used in India with desirable results. The results of present research project were mostly similar with the findings of other scientists. The results of this study were analyzed through Independent t-test for independent samples. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2385-T] (1).

16. Poultry Waste Management And Its Impact on Public Health In Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan

by Muhammad Nauman Akhtar (2006-VA-150) | Dr. Hassan Mushtaq | Prof. Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad | Dr. Muhammad Ijaz.

Material type: book Book; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Theses submitted with blank cd. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2383-T] (1).

17. Seroprevalence And Molecular Detection Of Brucellosis In Animals In Mirpur, Azad Kashmir Pakistan

by Hadia Mubeen (2008-VA-291) | Dr. Muhammad Hassan Saleem | Dr. Iahtasham Khan | Prof. Dr. Aneela Zameer Durrani | Dr. Hassan Bin Aslam.

Material type: book Book; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Brucellosis is declared as one of the most widespread zoonoses in the world by the world's reknowned organizations. It is defined as a contagious systemic bacterial disease primarily of ruminants. The disease is manifested by late term abortions, weak calves, still births, infertility and also associated placentitis, epididymitis and orchitis, with excretion of the organisms in uterine discharges and milk. With the intensification of the import of animals and the establishment of big farms in the last few years, the incidence of brucellosis increased sharply in many countries, both in man and animals. In this study 360 serum samples were examined from four groups of animals in district Mirpur Azad Kashmir. Blood samples of 3ml from buffaloes, cattle, sheep and goat (n=30) each were taken from three sub-divisions of Mirpur separately. The serum samples were screened by RBPT which is a screening test for brucellosis, and it was observed that 8.6% animals were seropositive by RBPT. The serum samples of cattle were 17.8%, buffalo were 8.9%, goat were 2.2%, and sheep were 5.6% positive respectively. The serum samples positive by RBPT and some randomly taken samples were further confirmed by the use of most specific and sensitive serological test known as i-ELISA. 6.87% animals were confirmed as seropositive by i-ELISA including cattle (17.5%), buffalo (10%), sheep (0%) and goat (0%). All RBPT positive samples were further subjected to RT-PCR. Among these 31 samples 24 were positive for Brucella genus and only 7 samples were negative. Samples were further tested for confirmation of Brucella species. All 24 samples were having Brucella abortus. The data were analyzed by using the Statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) program version 22. Data were analyzed using Chi-square test and Z-test statistics. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2378-T] (1).

18. Evaluation Of Risk Factors And Molecular Diagnosis Of Dermatophytosis In Dogs

by Muhammad Haseeb Saeed (2008-VA-241) | Prof. Dr. Aneela Zameer Durrani | Dr. Hassan Saleem | Prof. Dr. Azhar Maqbool.

Material type: book Book; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Dogs are most kept and beloved pets in Pakistani society. Dermatophytosis is among the common disease of the pets. Many predisposing factors are involved in development of clinical cases of dermatophytosis including climatic conditions, housing condition of dogs and physical attributes such as coat hair size. Dermatophytosis is not only of concern as being infection of pets but also of its zoonotic importance hence it is very crucial to diagnose dermatophytic infection well in time. Dermatophytosis is caused by Dermatophytes,Microsporum, Trichophyton and Epidermophyton, the fungal species. It is difficult to diagnose the Dermatophytosis from other skin infections by routine tests in most of the cases especially subclinical. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is advanced and the most reliable technique to detect genome of Dermatophytes even in minute quantities specifically and can efficiently detect the presence of any Dermatophyte specie on the skin of dog. The current study was planned to develop and validate a diagnostic assay which could be able to detect and distinguish tree important dermatophytes species including Microsporum, Trichophyton and Epidermophytonby a uniplex PCR reaction. Analysis of involvement of certain predisposing factors in dermatophytosis was second goal to be worked on in this study. Samples of suspected pet dogs (n=50) were collected by scraping the skin at affected areas over skin. DNA was extracted from the skin scraping samples by organic Phenol Chloroform Isoamyle Alcohol method. Primers, specific to the 18-S ribosomal RNA region of genomes of the Dermatophytes, were designed after alignment of available sequences of Microsporum,Trichophyton and Epidermophyton at NCBI. Annealing temperature and recipe of PCR reaction was optimized by gradient PCR in BIO-Rad thermal cycler. Amplification reaction of all samples collected was carried out as per optimized reaction conditions, afterwards. Amplified products obtained were subjected to genotyping by agarose gel electrophoresis for size based separation of the amplified products. The specific amplified bands of desired genomic region of dermatophytes were seen in UV light transilluminator. The data of results of predisposing factors involved in dermatophytosis wasanalysedby using Pearson’s chi squared test with the help of Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) Program. Genome specific product sizes of Microsporum and Trichophyton i.e. 366 bp and 351 bp in respective positive samples were observed. Out of 50 suspected samples 46 samples were positive for dermatophytosis out of which 38 samples (82.6%) were positive for Microsporum, 6 samples (13%) for Trichophyton and 2 samples (4.4%) were positive for both Microsporumand Trichophyton. This study will help to validate a diagnostic technique for Dermatophytosis with greater efficacy and reliability. Moreover, this investigation may become basis for the future research activities in this field in Pakistan. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2528-T] (1).

19. Isolation Of E.Coli O157: H7 From Cattle And Buffalo Meat From Slaughterhouse Of Two Different Management Systems In Lahore

by Ali Hassan Rehman (2008-VA-144) | Dr. Aamir Ghafoor | Prof. Dr. Masood Rabbani | Dr. Hassan Mushtaq.

Material type: book Book; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: The present study was designed to identify the presence of E. coli O157:H7 in buffaloes and cattle carcasses that were slaughtered in two different management systems in Lahore. In Management system A, proper risk assessment and hazard analysis was done and food safety protocols were followed in contrast to Management system B in which animals slaughtered on ground and no hygienic practices were followed. The present study was attempted to detect presence of E. coli O157:H7 in carcasses that were slaughtered in these management systems. For the confirmation of whether E. coli O157:H7 is present or not serological test were performed. For this Latex agglutination Kit method was used. A total of 100 meat samples, in which 50 (25 Cattle and 25 Buffaloes) were collected from management system A and 50 (25 Cattle and 25 Buffaloes) were collected from management system B. These samples were pre-enriched with Modified E. coliBrothand afterward cultured on Cefixime - tellurite Sorbitol MacCkony Agar. The colonies which were colorless and small were selected for confirmation with Latex agglutination test. For confirmation of E. coli O157 latex agglutination kit reagentswere allowed to come to room temperature. A pipette was used to transfer 0.2 ml normal saline into a 12 x 75-mm test tube.Using a sterile loop or needle, pick sufficient colonies from the plate and suspend them in the saline to achieve turbidity. One drop of the Prolex™ E. coli O157 Latex Reagent(Blue color) was placed in a test circle on the test card. Using a Pasteur pipette one drop of the test suspension was added into the same test circle and mixed by using stick provided. The card was gently rocked and examined for agglutination for up to two minutes. Isolates that were positive result with the test latex were tested further by repeating the procedure using the Prolex™ Negative Control Latex Reagent. The positive samples that showed agglutination were declared as positive for E. coli O157:H7. 1 cattle was positive for E. coli O157:H7 in management system A and 4 Cattle were positive in management system B, no buffalo meat sample positive in both systems. The results showed that E. coli O157:H7 was present in our meat value chain and a food safety hazard also. In management system A 1 meat sample was positive for harmful pathogenic bacteria. In management system B, 4 meat samples were positive for E. coli O157:H7. The conclusion of this study, Management system A is better than Management system B to minimize the occurrence of E. coli O157:H7. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2647-T] (1).

20. Prevalence Of Mastitis And In-Vitro Antibiogram Study Of The Mastitogens In Bhag-Nari Cattle

by Shakirullah (2009-VA-089) | Dr. Muhammad Avais | Dr. Muhammad Shafee | Dr. Syed Saleem Ahmad | Dr. Hassan Mushtaq.

Material type: book Book; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Mastitis creates detectable changes in mammary gland and causes inflammation of the mammary gland. In terms of economic losses it is most expensive disease. Mastitis is a worldwide issue which affects the milking animals in any stage of life. Mainly it is caused by bacterial organisms. A study was designed to detect the mastitis and its mastitogens in Bhag-nari cows at district Naseerabad, Pakistan. Milk samples were collected from Bhag-nari cows. All information of milk samples (n=323) were collected randomly on the basis of designed performa (Annexure.1). Two to three strips of milk from each quarter were drawn on the floor surface to examine the presence of pus, blood clots, flakes and change in colour. Strip cup test was applied to detect the clinical mastitis. Surf Field Mastitis Test (SFMT) was used for the detection of subclinical mastitis in Bhag-nari cows. Aseptic techniques were applied by using cotton swabs dipped into 70% ethanol to clean and disinfect teat end. Sterile tubes of 10ml capacity were used to collect the milk samples. The positive milk samples were kept immediately in an icebox cooler and transported to lab (CASVAB) in Quetta. Primarily each milk sample was cultured on Nutrient agar by spread out technique. Mannitol salt agar was used to culture the Staphylococcus aureus. Multiple streaking was applied to isolate the selected bacteria. On the basis of culture characters, microscopic morphology, staining method and biochemical tests bacterial isolates were identified. Prevalence of mastitis in Bhag-nari cattle in Naseerabad, Balochistan was 15.79%. Areas wise the prevalence of mastitis was 18.5%, 16.2%, 14.1% and 12.9% in DM Jamali, Chattar, Baba kot and Tamboo, respectively. Age wise prevalence in the study was 14.29%, 19.63%, 17.58% and 4.88% in age group of 3-5 years old, 6-8 years, 9-11 years and above 11 years, respectively. On the basis of calving number there was significant difference (P<0.05) among the various parity numbers. The animals milked once daily showed 17.06% SUMMARY 49 mastitis as compared to 3.33% mastitis in animals daily milked more than once. There was significant difference (P<0.05). The prevalence of mastitis in well fed and under fed animals was 5.63% and 18.65%, respectively. Highly significance relation (P<0.05) was observed between the animals of satisfactory and none satisfactory udder hygiene with 6.94% and 33.64% prevalence. The most common bacterial isolates (staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus agalactiae and streptococcus dysgalactiae) were identified in the study. The most effective drugs against isolated bacteria were Ceftiofur, Oxytetracyclinc, chlortetracycline, Norfloxacin and Cephradine. Other antibiotics (Ciprofloxacin and Amoxicillin) were intermediate to resistive (Penicillin). Bhag-Nari is the only dual purpose cattle breed of Balochistan. The cattle have developed resistance to harsh environmental conditions of its home tract through centuries. The production potential (beef, milk) of the breed may be assessed and practical scientific approaches should be developed to improve the animal and facilitate the farmer. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2671-T] (1).

21. Cross Sectional Survey Of Avian Infleunza In Poultry Butchers Of Sentinel Live Bird Markets In Lahore District

by Gul Naz Namat (2014-VA-1120) | Dr. MamoonaChaudhary | Dr. Hassan Mushtaq | Dr. Shafqat Fatima Rehmani.

Material type: book Book; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: 6.1 Background: Influenza is a highly contagious, acute illness in humans. Influenza viruses have negative-sense RNA genomes and are placed in the Orthomyxoviridae family grouped into three types A, B and C on the basis of the internal nucleocapsid or the matrix protein. Droplet and airborne are the most common modes of transmission. In Humans infection appears to be direct or indirect exposure to infected live or dead poultry or contaminated environments, such as live bird markets. 6.2 Hypothesis: Avian influenza virus is prevalent in poultry butchers working in live bird markets with domestic and pet, wild, exotic birds. 6.3 Parameter/Methodology: A cross sectional survey of poultry butchers in Lahore was conducted in order to determine seroprevalence of avian influenza Disease. A target population was the poultry butchers/retailers in the District Lahore. A study population was the apparently healthy butchers in Lahore. A sample of 300 butchers was collected. Blood sample from apparently healthy butchers was collected from brachial veins as described in WHO (2010). Three ml blood was collected in the syringe and was allowed to clot to separate serum. Collected sera was stored in freezer at -70°C for further laboratory analysis. Data was gathered by simple random sampling technique. A total of 300 samples were collected. Haemagglutinationinhibition (HI) test applied to detect antibodies sensitivity. The test was followed as described by WHO (2013). 6.4 Statistical Design: The weighted proportion estimate with 95% Cl (confidence intervals) of the overall seroprevalence was computed by using R-software. Logistic regression was conducted to estimate the effect of each study variable on the outcome. 6.5 Outcomes: Out of 300 blood samples of butchers of sentinel live bird markets, 171 blood samples are sero positive for H9 virus after HI Testing. The sero prevalence of H9 virus in butchers of live bird markets is found to be 57 %. The results of H5 and H7 are found to be negative. In univariable analysis, following risk factors which were significant as per criteria of selection in current study (p-value < 0.25); Education, Age, Smoking, Sticks smoke/day, Years of smoking, Having chronic disease, Birds sold/day, Keep birds at home, Access of stray dogs, Access of stray cats, Wash instruments after slaughtering, Do not clean cutting boards, Wearing of aprons.Multivariate analysis determined one factor i-e having birds other than broiler as significant factor having p-value < 0.001. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2804-T] (1).

22. Comparative Pathological Association Of Slc11a1 (Nramp1) Gene With Susceptibility And Resistance To Brucellosis In Local Pakistani Buffaloes

by Azmat Ullah (2015-VA-1057) | Dr. Raheela Akhtar | Dr. Muti Ur Rehman | Dr. Hassan Saleem.

Material type: book Book; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Nearly 32.7 million population of buffaloes present in Pakistan which makes about 15% of the world buffalo population. For water buffaloes Brucellosis is a pricey disease (Bubalus bubalis). In Pakistan 5 known breeds of buffalos are; Ravi, Nili, Kundi Nili-Ravi and Aza Kheli. The study was conducted on 200 animals of two breeds including Nilli-Ravi and Kundi around farms of Punjab. 200 serum samples from two breeds were screened for brucellosis. Dormant infections and lengthy incubation of the pathogens bounded the effectiveness of programs based upon the elimination of infected animals. As comparative genomics is playing a pivotal role in the genetic dissection of complex traits such as infectious diseases resistance using this information we can oppressed for disease resistance with genetic choice as a method to the regulator of brucellosis in our local breeds such as Nili-Ravi buffalo. Blood sample (5mL) was collected in EDTA vacutainers from each animal. Serum from blood samples were collected in 3 mL eppendorf tubes with the help of sterile pipettes. Serum samples were screened out for brucellosis by Rose Bengal Plate Tetst (RBPT). Rose Bengal Antigen was purchased from Veterinary Research Institute (VRI), Lahore. The antigen was stored at 40C in refrigeration during the study according to manufactures recommendation. DNA quantification was performed on “Thermo Scientific NanoDrop spectrophotometer ND-2000” and by running extracted DNA on 0.8% agarose gel. Nanodrop spectrophotometer provides direct and easy measurements within a 5 second only by using just a pipette and wipe. PCR for amplification was done with a total volume of 20μl by adding primer pair and extracted DNA to the PCR master mix in following concentrations. 2μl of forward and reverse primer was taken respectively. 4 μl of PCR grade water was added and DNA was taken in 2 μl Summary 32 Quantity. The total volume of master mix obtained was 10 μl. The thermocycler (Bio-Rad, CFX ™, Singapore) was set with the conditions for the total of 35 cycles of PCR. Initial denaturation of DNA samples were performed at 940 C for 5minutes. Then in 2nd cycle denaturation was performed at 94 0C for 30 seconds. Annealing step was performed at 63 0C for 30 second. Then, initial extension of DNA samples was conducted at 720 C for 30 second. Finally, extension was performed at 720 C for 5 minutes to get results. The PCR product was confirmed by running the PCR product on 1.5 % Agarose gel electrophoresis was performed at 110 Volts for 30 minutes. In Nilli-Ravi, among 12 positive samples by PCR, 08 were found resistance to brucellosis through sequencing study of Nramp 1 BB, only one sample was found to be susceptible to brucellosis through genotypic study of Nramp1 AA and 3 samples were found to be neutral may be susceptible or resistance to brucellosis. In Kundi, among 38 positive samples by PCR, 03 were found resistance to brucellosis through sequencing study of Nramp 1 BB, and 6 sample were found to be susceptible to brucellosis through genotypic study of Nramp1 AA and 29 samples were found to be neutral may be susceptible or resistance to brucellosis. This research clearly demonstrates that Kundi is more susceptible to brucellosis then Nilli-Ravi. Conclusion: We concluded that Nilli-Ravi is more resistant to brucellosis as compare to Kundi breed Natural resistance against brucellosis in cattle is linked to the Nramp 1 gene. Polymorphisms at the bovine Nramp 1 3/ untranslated region (3 UTR) are associated with natural resistance against brucellosis. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2952-T] (1).



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