Your search returned 10 results. Subscribe to this search

Not what you expected? Check for suggestions
|
1. Seroprevalence And Risk Factors Of Brucellosis In Ruminents In District Skardu Of Gilgit

by Sajid Hussain (2008-VA-77) | Dr. Muhammad Avais | Dr. Iahtasham Khan | Dr. Jawaria Ali Khan | Dr. Shehla Gul Bukhari.

Material type: book Book; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Brucellosis is among the vital zoonotic and transmissible bacterial diseases of most of the animal’s worldwide (Shafee et al. 2011). Various types of brucella species are the causative agents of bovine brucellosis. In bovines, brucellosis is mainly triggered by Brucella abortus, less repeatedly by Brucella melitensis and sometimes by Brucellosis suis. As it is a zoonotic disease so, the public health is near thoughtful risk. According to (Pappas et al. 2006), it is considered to be the collective zoonosis worldwide, moreover 5, 00,000 cases of brucellosis are reported annually in both animals and humans. It is a common problem of under developed countries with poor health programs. This disease has been eradicated from USA, Canada, Japan, and New Zealand however; it is still an uncontrolled hazard in highly endemic regions of Africa, Latin America, Middle East and Asia (Refai, 2002). According to Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), World Health Organization (WHO) and Office International of Epizootics (OIE), brucellosis is considered the most wide spread zoonosis in the world (Schelling et al. 2003). The infection transfers via contact with the body secretions, aborted fetus, contaminated milk feeding, licking of aborted fetuses and also venereal disease. In animals, reproduction, fertility, reduced survival of newborn, decreased milk production and noticed able mortality of the adult are the main effects of brucellosis. (Al-Sous et al. 2004). It is characterized by abortion during 3rd trimester of pregnancy, weak calves, still births infertility, placentitis, epididymitis, orchitis and the excretion of organisms in milk and uterine secretions. According to public opinion brucellosis is work-related disease it has more effects on INTRODUCTION Page 2 Veterinarians, slaughter house and farm workers likely butchers and shepherds (Yagupsky and Baron 2005). Brucellosis occurs in cattle, Sheep, goats, swines, camels, dogs and it may also affect the other ruminants and marine mammals. The other names of brucellosis are Enzootic abortion, Contagious abortion, Bangs disease, Undulant, Malta and Mediterranean fever. It also causes significant losses in those animals which are sexually matured (Forbes and Tessaro 1996). The main causative agent of bovine brucellosis is Brucella abortus (Ali et al. 2014). The animals and persons, who are directly or indirectly in contact with infected animals, its products and by-products, may acquire infection easily. The main source of human infection is the raw milk of the infected animal as it excretes brucella in milk (Shimol et al. 2012). The Serological, Bacteriological and Molecular Methods are used for the diagnosis of brucellosis in the farm animals and humans. Bacteriological method is considered to be the most standard method among all of the above mentioned methods (Sathyanarayanan et al. 2011). However, due to non-availability of ‘BSL-3 laboratory’ for culturing and isolation, time taking nature and because of the safety concerns of the laboratory workers, it is not widely applicable. According to Alton et al. (1998), in Pakistan, at animal and herd level, the molecular tools, like ‘Polymerase Chain Reaction’ (PCR), are not economical for screening due to limited resources. ‘Milk Ring Test’, a serological test, is economical and mostly used for the diagnosis of brucellosis however according to Huber and Nicoletti et al. (1986), its specificity and sensitivity is doubtful even now. In most of the countries, for the control and eradication of the disease the serological diagnosis is widely used. Although, different techniques are used to detect the brucella antibodies but, different antibody isotopes were detected by each one of the technique to INTRODUCTION Page 3 determine seropositive animal to brucellosis (Nielsen et al. 2001). The serological test is more sensitive as compare to the culture techniques but its specificity was quite low (Al-Attas et al. 2000). Diverse studies have been conducted worldwide to evaluate different brucella diagnostic techniques. ELISA was found more sensitive and specific as compared to other serological techniques and the findings confirmed that standard tests, like Rose Bengal Plate test (RBPT) and Serum Agglutination Test (SAT) only detect antibodies to the LPS (lipopolysaccharides) antigen of Brucella abortus so, it has low specificity (Al-Attas et al. 2000). The advanced in specificity and sensitivity levels of the ‘Serological Diagnosis’ as compared to the other conventional technique are due to the introduction of the indirect immuno-enzymatic technique (Mousing et al. 1997). The indirect ELISA uses cytoplasmic proteins to measure the immunoglobulins of classes M, G, and A. The clinical situation can thus be interpreted better further it also overcomes some of the short comings of serum agglutination test. A comparison shows that ELISA is more specific and sensitive than SAT (serum agglutination test) Almuneef and Memish (2003). According to certain studies conducted worldwide and also in Pakistan, it has been proved that ELISA tests are more accurate and reliable than other tests like Serum Agglutination Test (SAT) and Milk Ring Test (MRT), showing high seropositive samples. Shafee et al. 2011 confirmed by using i-ELISA for the prevalence of brucellosis in Quetta city and the result was found to be 3 and 8.5 percent overall prevalence in cattle using MRT and indirect ELISA respectively. The Gilgit Baltistan is at developing stages in the livestock sector, small farmers owning 95% of the Gilgit Baltistan’s livestock and are landless, providing an opportunity for improving INTRODUCTION Page 4 the quality of their livestock. The areas selected for the study were the villages (Shagaribala, Shagari kalan, Kathpanah, Chunda, Kachura, Hussain abad and Sadpara) of Skardu district, which are very important from livestock point of view. There is a dire need of screening these animals for the zoonotic point of view. It is the first time that effort for the diagnosis of brucellosis in Gilgit Baltistan by using the serological test like Rose Bengal Plate Aggulutination Test (RBPT) and Indirect Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) has been made. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2246-T] (1).

2. Seroprevalence Of Brucellosis In Pregnant And Aborted Women Of Rural And Urban Areas In Three Selected Districts Of Punjab Pakistan

by Shakeela Anjum (2006-VA-172) | Dr. Iahtasham khan | Prof. Dr. Abdul shakoor | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Younus.

Material type: book Book; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Brucellosis is an important zoonotic disease of animals and human. According to OIE (Office International des Epizooties), it is the second most important zoonotic disease in the world after rabies Brucellosis is more common in countries with Poorly standardized animal and public health programme. Human Brucellosis caused by B. abortus, B. abortus are small, non-motile, aerobic, facultative intracellular, Gram-negative cocobacilli. The symptoms of human brucellosis are undulant fever, headache, weakness, body pain, and sometimes endocarditis, orchitis, or arthritis may develop. Prolonged use of combination of antibiotics and human vaccine is main control measure strategies for human brucellosis. This disease is under investigated and hence people are ignorant of this insidious problem. Serological surveillance is a good and cheap tool to diagnose this problem. There is also need to know that which diagnostic antigen (Pakistani or French) is more sensitive and specific from disease eradication and control point of view. Unfortunately annual incidence of brucellosis in whole Pakistan is unknown but they are expected above 2 per 100,000 people. The hypothesis of present study was that brucellosis is considered to be endemic in Pakistan but there is no data available about seroprevalence of brucellosis in pregnant, aborted, rural and urban women with different risk factors in Pakistan. In present study sero-screening of total 199 serum samples of pregnant and women presenting with abortions from district Jhang, district Chinoit and district Faisalabad. Test was performed on 199 samples which showed 40 (20%) positives by RBPT (Pakistan) and 42 (21%) positives by RBPT (France) (Table 4.4). While the indirect modified ELISA showing 5 (2.5%) positive samples. All sera tested positives (5) with modified i-ELIA were also tested positives with another specific and highly expensive ELISA (Verion Serion) at OIE reference Summary 41 Laboratory for brucellosis, Germany. Prevalence data was analyzed by chi square test using SPSS version 20 Software (Apache License, USA) to find out correlation between risk factors and brucellosis prevalence. Risk factors such as consumption of raw milk, contact with animals, and symptoms were significant. In our opinion, indirect modified ELISA is more sensitive than RBPT (Pakistan) and RBPT (French). RBPT, (Pakistan) can be used for primary screening of brucellosis cases because of cross reactivity present in RBPT antigen and confirmation must be made with a more specific and sensitive serological test, such as B. abortus-specific indirect modified ELISA. The results of present study showed that RBPT, Pakistan antigen showed almost same sensitivity and specificity as that of RBPT (Pourquier, France) antigen. Indirect modified ELISA is more specific as compared to RBPT (Pakistan) and RBPT (French). It is highly suggestive to combine serodiagnostics test with molecular detection including PCR and Real time PCR to increase the detection rate of brucellosis. Human ELISA kit is extremely expensive that cannot be afforded in developing countries like Pakistan to screen the human. PCR technique is highly reliable and less time consuming. It is highly suggestive to conduct the study on human brucellosis on other districts of south Punjab as it is believed that brucellosis is endemic due to lack of awareness and vaccination in these areas. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2359-T] (1).

3. Seroprevalence Of Camel Brucellosis In Three Selected Districts Of Punjab, Pakistan

by Sana Fatima (2007-VA-455) | Dr. Iahtasham Khan | Dr. Amar Nasir | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Younus.

Material type: book Book; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: This is a representative study from Pakistan conducted in three districts of Punjab i.e., Jhang, Chiniot and Bhakkar which are rich in livestock population. There is a lot of research work on livestock and dairy animals but camels are neglected and under-investigated animals. Nomads mainly depend upon camels for milk, meat, milk byproducts and their earnings. Indeed, it is a precious animal for them and therefore, to ensure the good health of their animals it is essential that owners maintain healthy husbandry conditions. Brucellosis is one of the major and unreported problems amongst the camels of our country. It results in losses to the economics of the farmers/owners in terms of poor health, abortions, long calving interval, production of weak offspring’s and poor quality of milk and meat. This disease is under-investigated and hence people are ignorant of this insidious problem. Serological surveillance is a good and cheaper tool to diagnose this problem. Determination of the seroprevalence is important to know the load of disease and pockets of infections in the areas of central Punjab, Pakistan. There is also a need to know which diagnostic antigen is more sensitive and specific from disease eradication and control point of view. A total of 200 camel serum samples were collected from three districts of the Punjab province and tested by conventional screening test i.e., Rose Bengal Plate Agglutination Test (RBPT) by using two antigens of different countries origin i.e. RBPT (IDEXX, Pourquier, France) and RBPT (VRI, Pakistan) and then tested with confirmatory competitive Enzymelinked Immunosorbent assay (cELISA). The data thus obtained regarding seroprevalence was analyzed by using Chi-square and logistic regression IBM SPSS Statistics 20 (Apache software license,USA). Summary 44 Of the total 200 camels (50 male and 150 female), 5% (10 of 200), 4% (8 of 200) were seropositive for anti-Brucella antibodies. Different risk factors were also included in study like origin (nomadic and organized), area, age, gender, season, type of herd, abortion history and orchitis in male. All of these risk factors were statistically analyzed to reveal the truth about camel brucellosis. Of the various risk factors studied, the risk factors including camels (cows) positive history of abortion (45.5%), orchitis (camel bulls) (33.3%), rearing with other ruminants (9.4%), winter season (11.5%), nomadic production system (2.67-6.67%), and area Jhang (6- 12%) and Chiniot (2-8%) were statistically significant which could be potential source of threat for humans and other animals. The testing was performed using conventional methods as well as using cELISA. It is concluded that cELISA is more specific than conventional screening tests but molecular diagnosis is highly suggestive for future studies. ELISA performed in Pakistan (cELISA, Svanovir) and the ELISA (iELISA, ID VET Kit, France) performed in OIE reference lab for brucellosis in Germany showed perfect agreement between them (both tested four camel sera positive). The current study will help to minimize and eradicate the low prevalence of camel brucellosis by creating awareness amongst the farmers and through vaccination and herd immunization of all camel calves at age of 4-8 months. Adopting the policy of testing and culling of positive reactors will be pivotal to achieve the objectives. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2361-T] (1).

4. Seroprevalence And Molecular Detection Of Brucellosis In Animals In Mirpur, Azad Kashmir Pakistan

by Hadia Mubeen (2008-VA-291) | Dr. Muhammad Hassan Saleem | Dr. Iahtasham Khan | Prof. Dr. Aneela Zameer Durrani | Dr. Hassan Bin Aslam.

Material type: book Book; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Brucellosis is declared as one of the most widespread zoonoses in the world by the world's reknowned organizations. It is defined as a contagious systemic bacterial disease primarily of ruminants. The disease is manifested by late term abortions, weak calves, still births, infertility and also associated placentitis, epididymitis and orchitis, with excretion of the organisms in uterine discharges and milk. With the intensification of the import of animals and the establishment of big farms in the last few years, the incidence of brucellosis increased sharply in many countries, both in man and animals. In this study 360 serum samples were examined from four groups of animals in district Mirpur Azad Kashmir. Blood samples of 3ml from buffaloes, cattle, sheep and goat (n=30) each were taken from three sub-divisions of Mirpur separately. The serum samples were screened by RBPT which is a screening test for brucellosis, and it was observed that 8.6% animals were seropositive by RBPT. The serum samples of cattle were 17.8%, buffalo were 8.9%, goat were 2.2%, and sheep were 5.6% positive respectively. The serum samples positive by RBPT and some randomly taken samples were further confirmed by the use of most specific and sensitive serological test known as i-ELISA. 6.87% animals were confirmed as seropositive by i-ELISA including cattle (17.5%), buffalo (10%), sheep (0%) and goat (0%). All RBPT positive samples were further subjected to RT-PCR. Among these 31 samples 24 were positive for Brucella genus and only 7 samples were negative. Samples were further tested for confirmation of Brucella species. All 24 samples were having Brucella abortus. The data were analyzed by using the Statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) program version 22. Data were analyzed using Chi-square test and Z-test statistics. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2378-T] (1).

5. Seroprevalence Of Brucellosis In Ruminants At Sale And Purchase Markets And Abattoirs In Three Selected Districts Of Punjab, Pakistan

by Muhammad Tahir (2008-VA-301) | Dr. Iahtasham Khan | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Younus | Dr. Syed Ehtisham-ul-Haque.

Material type: book Book; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: This is a representative study from Pakistan accompanied in three districts of Punjab i.e. Jhang, Layyah and Toba Tek Singh which are rich in livestock population. There is a lot of research work on livestock farms but the sale and purchase markets and abattoirs are neglected. Pakistan is an agricultural country and livestock contribute a major share to agriculture in Pakistan GDP and its economy. Sheep, goats, cattle and buffaloes contribute in the economy of Pakistani people by milk and meat production on majority basis. Livestock contribution to the agriculture value added is 56.3%, while it contributes 11.9% to the national GDP during 2014-15. More than 8.0 million rural families of the country are involved in raising livestock. But productivity of livestock is questioned by a lot of factors. Infectious zoonotic diseases are among these. Brucellosis is one of the major and unreported problem amongst livestock markets and abattoirs of our country. It results in losses to the economics of the farmers or owners in terms of poor health, abortions, long calving interval, production of weak offsprings and deprived quality of milk and meat. This disease is under investigated and hence people are unaware of this deceptive problem. Serological surveillance is a good and cheaper tool to diagnose this problem. Determination of the seroprevalence is important to know the load of disease and pockets of infections in the area of Punjab, Pakistan. There is also a need to know which diagnostic antigen is more sensitive and specific from disease eradication and control point of view. A total of 300 animals serum samples were collected from three districts of the Punjab province and tested by conventional screening test i.e. Rose Bengal Plate Agglutination Test (RBPT) by using two antigens of different countries origin i.e. VRI (Lahore, Pakistan), IDEXX (Pourquier, France) and ID.vet, France and then tested with indirect Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (iELISA). The data thus obtained regarding seroprevalence was analyzed using Chi-square SPSS version -19 (Nahar et al. 2009). Of the total 300 animals (77 male and 223 female), 1.3% male and 35.66% female were seropositive for anti-Brucella antibodies. Different risk factors were also included in study like sex, area, age, gender, abortion, reproductive problems and also history of orchitis in male. All of these risk factors were statistically analyzed to reveal the truth about ruminants brucellosis. Among the various risk factors studied, the risk factors including history of abortion (16.44%), orchitis (1.3%), retained placenta (26.47%), species cattle (35.55%) and in Toba Tek Singh (47.36%) were statistically significant which could be potential source of threat for humans and other animals. The testing was performed using conventional methods as well as using iELISA. It is concluded that iELISA is more sensitive and specific than conventional screening tests but molecular diagnosis is highly recommended for future studies. The current study will help to minimize and eradicate the low prevalence of ruminants brucellosis by creating awareness between the farmers and through vaccination and herd immunization. By implementing the policy of testing and culling of positive reactors will be pivotal to achieve the objectives. For confirmatory diagnosis all the sera were further tested with iELISA. For this purpose an exclusive commercially available iELISA Kit (ID.vet, France) was used which would be able to differentiate anti-Brucella antibodies of B. abortus and B. melitensis and this iELISA kit would be able to be used for multispecies including cattle, buffaloes, sheep and goats. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2556-T] (1).

6. Immunomodulatory Effects Of Feeding Allium Sativum Against Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD) Vaccinated Broiler Birds On IBD Vaccine.

by Uzma Riaz (2008-VA-286) | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Younus | Dr. Muhammad Asif Idrees | Dr. Iahtasham Khan.

Material type: book Book; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: A number of feed additives including antibiotics have been extensively used in poultry diets for the purpose of weight gain to improve feed efficiency and growth rate. However, use of antibiotics has restricted due to the bacterial resistance and the issue of residues which make the chicken meat harmful for human consumption. So the medicinal plants are gaining interest as alternative feed strategies now a day because of their low cost, easy availability and presence of no residues. Garlic was used for the medicinal purposes and as a health supplement by the ancient Egyptians. It is a natural feed additive and is antimicrobial, immune stimulator, antiviral, antifungal, anti-parasitic, antithrombotic, antioxidant, anti-cancerous, and vasodilator activities. Previous studies indicate that it has beneficial effects on the immune system and is a best immune stimulator then the other herbal plants and medicines. Therefore, the present study was designed to estimate the immunomodulatory effect of garlic to commercially available IBD vaccine in enhancing the immune system. Total N=99 day old broiler chicks were purchased and kept in the experimental shed of CVAS Jhang. Birds were divided into three groups A, B, C and group B and C were further divided into three subgroups (B1, B2, B3 and C1, C2, C3). Group A was treated as control group and was administered with commercially available IBD and ND vaccine and routine diet while group B was administered with garlic at the rate of 4%, 5%, and 7% along with vaccine to see the impact of different levels of garlic (Allium sativum) on the immune system and to see the toxic effect (if any) of high dose of garlic. Group C was only administered with garlic in fee Summary 44 at the same rate as to group B. At the end of study birds were slaughtered to check the effects of garlic administration. Positive effect of garlic has been reported by many studies. Garlic is a medicinal herb used for the prevention and treatment of many diseases, because of having antiviral, antibacterial and antifungal activities. Also act as a good growth promoting agent and have beneficial effects on the immune system. Results of the study indicate that administration of garlic powder in different doses alone and combined with commercial IBD vaccine have good effects on the growth, blood parameters and the immune system of the broiler birds. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2561-T] (1).

7. Effects Of Aqueous Extract Of Neem (Azadirachta Indica) Leaves Against Colibacillosis In Broiler

by Muhammad Azfar (2014-VA-1111) | Dr. Asif Idrees | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Younus | Dr. Iahtasham Khan.

Material type: book Book; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: In Pakistan the poultry sector has developed rapidly in the last two decades. The poultry production as practiced today is specialized one and concentrating more on the use of high performance birds. The major factors for successful poultry production are high genetic potential, balanced nutrition and health maintenance (Nayaka et al. 2012). Utilization of immunostimulant is one solution to improve the immunity of animals and to decrease their susceptibility to infectious diseases. Immunostimulation comprises a prophylactic and therapeutic concept aimed at stimulation of the non-specific and specific immune response (Hyde and Patnode, 2001). Most of the commercial poultry growers use antibiotics as growth promoters and to reduce the chance of occurrence of infectious diseases, which usually result in higher costs of production and ultimately lower net returns. There are great concerns about the use of antibiotics as therapeutic immunomodulators and growth promoters as it has given rise to antibiotic resistant bacteria. In this modern world of science, the researchers are once again intending towards exploring the potential benefits of the conventional medicines. Neem (A. indica) is an herbal plant which is known to exhibit various beneficial pharmacological properties including immunomodulatory effect in broilers. Poultry sector is facing some problems one of which is bacterial disease which cause economic loss. Farmers use different antibiotics as growth promoter and to reduce the incidence of different diseases on poultry which increases cost of production and lowers the net returns. In addition, use of antibiotics giving rise to other problems like increasing drug resistant against these antibiotics especially Gram –ve bacteria (Salmonella and E. coli). It’s necessary that antibiotic residues in meat would not adversely affect human health. Specifically, it has been recommended that the penicillins, tetracyclines, tylosin, and Summary 54 sulfonamides as growth promoters should not be use any more. So scientists are giving attention to the use of indigenous medicine instead of antibiotics for better rearing of poultry. Pakistan is blessed with different medicinal plants one of which is Neem (Azadirachta indica). For thousands of years the medicinal properties of Neem have been recognized. Each part of the Neem tree has some medicinal property. Biological Activity of Neem is due presence of different chemicals like nimbolide, nimbin, nimbindin, quercetin among others. Biological activities include Anti-inflammatory; Antiarthritic; Antipyretic; Hypoglycemic; Antigastric ulcer; Spermicidal; Antifungal; Antibacterial; Diuretic; Antimalarial; Antitumour; Immunomodulatory A. indica grow fast and is evergreen tree which has medicinal and nutritive value for broilers. Broilers which are given Neem leaves extract in water have shown improved FCR and weight gain. This medicinal Plants compete with synthetic drugs as it strengthens the immune system by activate Cell mediated immunity and have no residues in meat. Neem extracts also improve performance and hematological parameters However, I did the research work in short-term basis (only 42 days) and modern equipments were also not available. Therefore, an extensive research and development work should be undertaken on Neem and its products to make the findings more accurate and effective for their better economic and therapeutic utilization. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2613-T] (1).

8. Seroprevalence Of Brucellosis In Dairy Cattle In Three Selected Districts Of Punjab, Pakistan

by Ahmad Raza (2008-VA-271) | Dr. Iahtasham Khan | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Younus | Dr. Muhammad Faiz Qamar.

Material type: book Book; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Brucellosis is an infectious disease of domestic and wild animals with serious zoonotic implications in humans. The disease in animals causes tremendous economic losses. Since brucellosis is primarily an animal disease, emphasis should be given to control the disease in animal populations by adopting well organized control strategies to protect the public from the risks of acquiring this zoonosis. A total of 300 blood samples (N=300) were collected randomly from cattle species with one hundred samples (n=100) from each district of Chiniot, Sargodha and Sahiwal. Approximately 04 mL of blood was collected and transferred in a blood Vacutainer having gel containing clot activating factor, stored immediately at 4 °C in an ice box and was transported to laboratory. The serum samples were screened by RBPT which is screening test for brucellosis and it was observed that 38 animals were seropositive by RBPT. Then serum samples were further confirmed by the use of most specific and sensitive serological test known as ELISA. Out of 300 samples, 33 animals were confirmed as seropositive by Indirect ELISA. The overall prevalence in each of this district by RBPT was found to be 12%, 12% and 14 % in Chiniot, Sargodha and Sahiwal respectively. The overall prevalence in each of this district by iELISA was found to be 10%, 11% and 12 %. By RBPT, Seroprevalence in females was 13.57% based on gender, animals having abortion history had high seroprevalence for brucellosis (30%) than the non-aborted animals (10.83%) and the animals with history of retained placenta are 19.30%. Seroprevalence of iELISA based on gender showed 11.79%, cattle having history of abortion 30% and animals having history of retained placenta in cattle (24.57%). The risk factors i.e. sex, abortion, retained placenta and areas are highly significant. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2602-T] (1).

9. Molecular Detection & Isolation Of Benzimidazole Resistant Haemonchus Contortus And Evaluation Of Anthelmintic Activity Of Herbal Extracts

by Kazmi Ali (2009-VA-392) | Prof. Dr. Muhammad FaizwQamar | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Younus | Dr. Iahtasham Khan.

Material type: book Book; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Recently, DNA-based techniques have been applied for specific identification and characterization of parasites and also to evaluate the level of infections. The most commonly used group of anthelmintics is Benzimidazoles (BZ). BZ includes Thiabendazole, Mebendazole, Albendazole, Oxfendazole, Oxibendazole, Febantel and Netobimin. It binds to β- tubulin and inhibits polymerization of tubulin dimers to microtubules H. contortus involves mutations in β-tubulin genes at specific amino acid sites determine the BZ resistance. This study involves the Haemnochus contortus (barber pole worm) present in abomasums of small ruminants. n= 300 total samples were randomly be collected from the different sampling locations. Out of 300 samples of worms, 30 worms had been subjected to DNA extraction and PCR reaction. PCR recipe was prepared with following composition with total volume of 20μl, Master mix (enzynomics) 10μl, Distilled water 4μl, Forward primer 2μl, Reverse primer 2μl and genomic DNA 2μl. After PCR product has been obtained, gel extraction was done by PureLink Quick Gel Extraction Kit of INVITROGEN for purifying the DNA to allow it for gene sequencing. Only selected positive amplification products had been subjected to DNA gene sequencing and were sent to Philco company for ABI type sequencing. The polymorphic sites had been identified by using the standard set of ambiguity nucleotides through BLAST searches at NCBI/primers used to generate the β- tubulin gene sequence from H. contortus. DNA nucleotide sequences obtained are aligned on BIO EDIT SEQUENCE ALIGNMENT EDITOR software to understand the mutation, deletion, replacement of nucleotides. Genetic variation exists in all the samples sent for gene sequencing. These findings show that genetic diversity and genetic variation existing in β-tubulin isotype 1 of the H. contortus population of small ruminants in Jhang and Toba Tek Singh districts of Central Punjab, Pakistan. Samples exhibits different gene sequence and are from Jhang and Toba Tek Singh district. Genetic sequences are retrieved with the sequence and research papers of previously work done on GENBANK NCBI shows 100% query cover and ident with the isolates and clone of China, UK, USA, Australia, Brazil and somewhat similarity of 94% query cover and 100% ident with isolates of India. Some of those H. contortus worms which have been identified as BZ resistant strains were subjected in vitro anthelmintic activity of the herbal extract. Herbal formulation manifests the anthelmintic activity in dose-dependent manner in AMA and EHT. Mortality of worms was comparable with the reference drug used Levamisole at 200mg/ml concentration just from the start of exposure in AMA. Conclusion drawn from the experiment is that the herbal extract efficacy is comparable with the efficacy of the synthetic anthelmintics and can be marketed as these are field friendly, environment safely, economically and socially efficient. However before starts commercialization and marketing of such products at large scale, these materials must be subjected to standardized protocols and procedures of parasitology to be accomplished. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2792-T] (1).

10. Molecular Diagnosis Of Brucella Zoonosis As Blood Transfusion Hazard In Metropolitan Population Of Lahore And Okara

by Amna Azam (2011-Va-3560 | Dr. Wasim Shehzad | Dr. Iahtasham Khan | Dr. Muhammad Imran | Dr. Imran Rashid.

Material type: book Book Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Brucellosis and Coxiellosis are one of the most spreading zoonotic diseases. They both are facultative, intracellular, Gram negative and involved in bioterrorism and agro-terrorism attacks. Brucella abortus and Brucella melitensisare common among all specie of Brucella. Total two hundred Human Blood transfusion samples were collected from hospitals of Okara and Lahore. Blood was collected in vacutainers (without EDTA). After serum isolation serological test RBPT were performed of all samples. Eighty nine out of two hundred were positive to RBPT with seroprevalence of 44.5% (95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 37.61 – 51.4). DNA extraction was done. The concentration of DNA was analyzed through Nanodrop 2000. Then these samples were subjected to Genus specific Real-time PCR analysis. Forty one out of two hundred were positive to Genus specific Real-time PCR with seroprevalence of 20.5% (95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 14.9 – 26.09). Brucella genus positive samples were subjected to two species specific PCR Brucella abortus and Brucella melitensis respectively. Forty one out of forty one Brucella genuspositive samples were positive to Brucella melitensisand none of the sample was positive to Brucella abortus. These two hundred DNA samples were then subjected to Coxiella specific Real-time PCR analysis and 4 were found positive with seroprevalence of 2% (95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 0.06 – 3.94). Results were recorded in the form of Ctvalue. Results indicate that Real-time PCR is more efficient than RBPT and due to increasing seroprevalence in Blood transfusion samples its screening should be included in normal blood transfusion screening procedure through collaboration with Government to prevent transfusion transmitted infections (TTI’s). Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2873-T] (1).



Implemented and Maintained by UVAS Library.
For any Suggestions/Query Contact to library or Email:rehana.kousar@uvas.edu.pk Phone:+91 99239068
Website/OPAC best viewed in Mozilla Browser in 1366X768 Resolution.