1.
Effect Of Vegetable Oils Blend On Physico Chemical Sensory Characteristics Of Low Fat Ice Cream
by Gohar Abbas Khan | Prof. Dr. Muhammed Abdullah | Dr. Jalees | Muhammed Nadeem.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: Ice cream is the most popular dairy product and equally liked by people of all ages. Milk fat is important to ice cream because t increases the richness of flavor, produces a smooth characteristic texture, gives body to the ice cream and contributes good melting properties. intake of milk fat has been associated with coronary heart disease. Vegetable Cats are used extensively as fat sources in ice cream. Palm oil having low melting point and high iodine value which is also used in ice cream manufacturing as source of vegetable fat. In this research work of ice cream manufacturing, milk fat was replaced with palm oil and sunflower vegetable oil to find out the optimum level at which milk fat could he replaced with vegetable oil blend and to develop a more health friendly ice cream which has lower level of saturated fatty acids and no trans fatty acids.
The experiment was involved in making five types of ice cream and fifteen batches of ice cream were prepared. Mix was heated to 80 °C. homogenized in a clean and sanitized double stage homogenizer. Pasteurized and homogenized mix was cooled immediately to 4 °C and will be aged at this temperature for 24 hours. The mix was then frozen. Analysis of ice cream for chemical tests including pH, acidity, fat, protein, ash, total solids and physical tests including color, flavor, taste and overall acceptability, physical parameters of ice cream for whippingability, hardness, overrun measurement, melting test, viscosity and storage study was determined. The data obtained was statistically analyzed to find out the effect of treatment and storage intervals.
Compositional attributes like fat, protein, ash and total solid contents were not influenced by the addition of vegetable oil blend at all levels i.e from 25% to 100% replacement. Compositional attributes were not influenced by storage period of 60 days. Addition of vegetable oil blend did not have significant effect of pH and acidity of different treatments. During storage of 60 days pH slightly decreased while acidity increased non significantly.
The addition of vegetable oil in different treatments of ice cream tended to decrease the whippingability with increase levels of vegetable oil blend. Whippingability decreased throughout storage period of 60 days in all treatments. Decrease in whippingability may be due to increased level of vegetable oil blend in ice cream. Overrun varied between different treatments of ice cream .The maximum level of overrun was observed in T2 (81.91) and minimum level in T4 (65.11). Decrease in overrun may he due to increased level of vegetable oil blend in mix of ice cream. Effect of storage on treatments was significant. The interaction between treatments and storage was also non significant. Melting resistance varied between different treatments of ice cream and maximum level of melting resistance in T2 (45.83) and minimum level in T0 (2 9.83). l) Decreased in melting resistance may be due increase level of vegetable oil blend in mix of ice cream.
Flavor of different treatments of ice cream varied significantly among each other and the maximum score for flavor was in T2 (8.08) and minimum in T4 (6.74). Flavor slightly decreased throughout storage period of 60 days in all treatments. Statistical data for color of different treatments of ice cream indicated that all treatments varied significantly among each other and the maximum score for flavor was in T2 (8.97) and minimum in 14 (5.64). Color slightly decreased throughout storage period of 60 days in all treatments. The mean scores for taste of modified vegetable fat in different treatments of ice cream showed that maximum level of score of taste was in 12 (8.23) and minimum in 14 (5.89). Decline in flavor score may be due to increase in modified vegetable oil in ice cream.
Overall acceptability scores were affected significantly with different treatments of ice cream with modified vegetable fat addition and storage interval and also significant. Judges placed 12 (8.08) at the top which differed significantly with other treatments of ice cream while the lowest mean overall acceptability scores were assigned to '1,4 (5.77). Storage also had significant effect on overall acceptability scores. The main objective of this research work was to replace milk fat with vegetable oil blend in the production of ice cream. Replacement of milk fat at 12 level i.e (50% milk fat and 50 % vegetable oil blend) did not have adverse effect on fat, protein,ash, total solids, pH and acidity of ice cream. As evident from the sensory scores T2 obtained maximum score for color, flavor, taste and overall acceptability and did not influence significantly from control. It is concluded that satisfactory quality ice cream can be manufactured by replacing 50% milk fat with 50% vegetable oils blend
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2.
Study Of Physicochemcial And Microbioloigcal Quality And Adulteration Of Processed Fluid Milk In Punjab
by Abdul Rehman | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Abdullah | Dr. Jalees | Dr. Muhammad Ayaz.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: Milk production, handling, storage, transportation and marketing of milk is handled in a primitive way in Pakistan. Mostly middle man and contractors are involved in the collection, marketing and distribution of milk. Most of the milk is produced in rural areas and transported to cities where it is supplied to milk plants and also to house consumers. During transportation and distribution there is no refrigeration involved. Middle man adds ice to keep the milk cool and prevent from spoilage. In addition, they also add chemical to kill bacteria and prevent spoilage of milk.
Adulteration of milk is one of the most serious issue in the dairy sector of Pakistan, causing not only major economic losses for the processing industry, but also major health risks for the consumers. Milk is a perishable item and to prevent the spoilage of milk various chemicals are added by the milk collectors. In addition, the microbiological quality of milk is very important which directly concern not only with milk spoilage but also consumer's health
Keeping in view the above mentioned factors, study was conducted to determine the physico-chemical, microbiological and adulterants in processed milk in Punjab. A total of 30 samples of UHT and 30 samples of pasteurized milk were collected and examined from production units in Punjab.
Density in UHT milk ranged from 22.53+0.08 to 28.44+0.27 and in pasteurized milk ranged from 23.43+0.35 to 27.21±0.17. Conductivity in UHT milk ranged from 9.72+0.38 to 11.33+0.28 and in Pasteurized milk ranged from 9.13+0.08 to 10.13±0.18. Freezing point in UHT milk ranged from -0.49+0.006 ºC to -0.45±0.005 ºC and in pasteurized milk brands ranged from -0.47+0.002 ºC to -0.45+0.008 ºC. Fat in UHT milk ranged from 3.74+0.17 % to 3.99+0.31 % and in Pasteurized milk fat ranged 3.46+0.09 % to 3.60+0.01. SNF in UHT milk ranged from 7.65+0.30 % to 8.03+0.66 % and in Pasteurized milk SNF ranged from 7.57+0.13 % to 7.89+0.08 %. Protein in UHT milk ranged from 3.16+0.11 % to 3.24+0.03 %, in Pasteurized milk protein ranged from 2.92+0.09 % to 3.05+0.03.
Lactose in UHT milk ranged from 3.90+0.01 % to 4.08+0.04 %, in Pasteurized milk lactose ranged from 3.69+0.16 to 4.05+0.04. Ash in UHT milk ranged from 0.70+0.003 % to 0.75+0.003 %, in Pasteurized milk ash ranged from 0.54+.08 % to 0.73±0.01 %. Water added in UHT milk ranged from 6.36+0.33 % to 11.11+0.06 % in Pasteurized milk water added ranged from 8.74±0.04 % to 11.54+0.02 %. pH in UHT milk ranged from 6.67+0.01 to 6.82+0.008, in Pasteurized milk pH ranged from 6.38+0.19 to 6.76+0.11. Acidity in UHT milk ranged from 0.15+0.03 % to 0.16+0.06 % and in Pasteurized milk acidity ranged from 0.14+0.003 % to 0.16+0.01 %.
TPC in Pasteurized milk ranged from 5.0 x 104+1.2 x 104 to 6.8 x 104+2.3 x 104 . Coliform count in Pasteurized milk ranged from 62+3.84 to 378+25.98. Staph aureus Count in Pasteurized milk ranged from 63.33+4.41 to 275.32+17.32.
All UHT milk brands were found negative for TPC, Coliform, Staph aureus and Yeast and Mold count.
The qualitative tests adulterants were performed by (M.A.T) Kit.
In UHT and Pasteurized brands the adulterants found were Salt, Sugar, Starch and Hydrogen peroxide.
Conclusion
On the basis of present finding, it is concluded that water addition was one of the major factors present in every segment of milk marketing which decreases the fat and SNF content of milk and markedly effect the physical and chemical quality of milk. Consumers may also be facing potential public health hazards caused by chemical adulteration and food borne pathogens in the milk.
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3.
Nutritional Evaluation, Processing And Utilization Of Rumen Contents For Fattening Of Male Lohi Lambs
by Muhammad Shakeel Anwar | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr. Jalees | Prof. Dr. M. A. Jabbar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: At present, 121.1 million heads of animals in Pakistan annually require about 10.9 and 90.36 tons of crude protein (CP) and total digestible nutrients (TDN), respectively. However the respective availability of these two nutrients is 6.7 and 69.0 million tons and thus, CP and TDN are 38.10 and 24.02% deficient per annum. For economical production of balanced feed for livestock, poultry, fish and pet animal, non-conventional feed resources need to be explored to find solution to the existing gaps. For this purpose the present study was conducted to determine the nutritional profile, processing and utilization of rumen contents for fattening of male Lohi lambs. The study was conducted in three phases. In phase one, bovine rumen contents were collected from the slaughter house near Bakar Mandi and were analyzed at Nutrition laboratory, UVAS, Lahore in triplicates before ensiling. In phase two, ensiling of wheat straw (Urea treated @4% of DM of wheat straw and also another ensiling without urea treatment) along with rumen contents will be done with or without 7% addition of molasses for minimum 60 days at Ravi Campus, Pattoki. pH of silages1,2,3&4 after 60 days was 4.78,4.70,4.92 and 5.11 respectively. The silage containing rumen contents and wheat straw showed a increase in C.P as compare to simple rumen contents and silages which were urea treated have significant (p<0.05) increase in C.P. In phase three, a metabolic trial was conducted at Ravi Campus Pattoki, in which 25 male Lohi lambs were fed the diets having total mixed ration (100%TMR) (Tc), 70%TMR with 30% silage1 (T1), 70% TMR plus 30% silage2 (T2), 70%TMR with 30% silage3 (T3), and70% TMR plus 30% silage4 (T4). The data thus obtained was statistically analyzed using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique. The significant differences between means were tested by Duncan's Multiple Range test. DM intake was significantly (P<0.05) higher in control group than other groups offered silages containing rumen contents. There was non significant difference (P>.05) in DM intake between T1.T2 & T3. T4 was non significant to all other treatments. Statistical results showed non significant difference (P>.05) in total weight gain among all the treatments however maximum weight gain was observed in control treatment. Feed efficiency was also non significant (P>.05) among all the treatments. So we can use processed rumen contents as cheap protein source in small Ruminant feed. There were no harmful effects on health of lambs during whole trial. So we can replace 30% of conventional TMR with Rumen Contents safely.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1341,T] (1).
4.
Sheep Breeding Options And Role Of Support Services For Landless Mobile Herders In Norther Pakistan
by Muhammad Mudussir | Dr. Jalees Ahmad Bhatti | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Abdullah.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Northern areas of Pakistan are blessed with countless natural resources. One of these resources is small ruminants including sheep and goat. This study was done on sheep population of up and low land areas. This study was designed to investigate the breeding practices followed, perceptions about different breeding strategies by the low and upland pastoralists and support services provided by the livestock promoting authorities (JABA research & experimental station and Local veterinarians). By the help of this study productive, economical and ecological adaptation characteristics of native (Kaghani), exotic (Rambouillet, Afghani) and crossed sheep breeds were also be examined. For this purpose three questionnaires were developed. First questionnaire were carry questions on current number, number in last year and relative proportion of different sheep breeds on breeding strategies, productive characteristics, ecological adaptation and economical characteristics of different pure and cross breeds of sheep. While the investigations on support services provided by the livestock promoting authorities (JABA research & experimental station and Local veterinarians) were covered in second questionnaire. Interviews were be conducted from the low and up land pastoralists for the data recording of first questionnaire, while data recording of third questionnaire was done by interviewing the livestock promoting authorities. Statistical analysis of all the data recorded was done by epi - info software.
The studied parameters presented by various breeds in this experiment elucidated the fact that Afghani breed could be regarded as most economical and successfully adapted breed of the Northern areas of Pakistan in respect of its market value, disease resistance, twining rate, age at puberty and meat quality. The Kaghani breed on the other hand was having an advantage of being native breed of the respective area as it presented one of the best disease resistant characters among the studied breeds; for the same reason, it was the most prevalent breed of the area. Ramboullite is an exotic breed introduced in the area from USA and was kept mostly for having a trait of better and high wool production though its poor disease resistance and low twinning rate renders it less economical. The crossbred animals were produced mostly as a result of deliberate cross between Kaghani and Ramboulette and the maximum heterosis results in many of the better characters, increased wool quantity and quality, increased disease resistance and accelerated twinning rates, to name some of them.
The present study can be concluded to rate Afghani sheep breed as most economical breed of the Northern areas of Pakistan. This study was lead to explore the breeding practices in sheep in northern areas and future breeding policies making in sheep. The investigators of this trial opine that the Afghani breed being most economical breed of the area be bred and reared on a priority basis with selective breeding and proper management of the parent herds. In context of the wool production and disease resistance, crossbred animals should be investigated in a number of future trials to determine the most productive combination of blood percentage of the two parent breeds, i.e. Kaghani and Ramboullette. In spite of all the measures to improve economical scenario of the mobile herders with reference to sheep production, the gene pool of each pure breed population, i.e. Afghani, Kaghani and Ramboulette, should be maintained via selective breeding to ensure the availability of the parent nucleus. All these healthy and economical practices can be propagated only by the effective and efficient provision of the extension and support services of the local area, implementation authorities and livestock business related institutions.
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5.
Performance Evaluation of Male Cattle Calves Treated Via Injectable, Implant and Oral Growth Promoters Raised Under Intensive Production System.
by Zaheer Ahmad | Dr. Jalees Ahmad Bhatti | Mr. Nisar Ahmad | Prof. Dr | Animal Production and Technology.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Growth hormone study were conducted to evaluate the growth performance, feed conversion ratio and economics of production of male cattle calves under intensive production system at Dairy Animals Training and Research Centre, Ravi Campus, Pattoki. Twenty (20) male cattle calves of approximately same age (20-21 months) and weight (220 kg) were divided into four groups i.e., A, B, C and D according to Completely Randomized Design (CRD) and each group had five calves. The calves on treatment 1 were as injected Bovine Somatotropic Hormone @ 500 mg/animal at 15 days interval, Zeranol was implanted @ 36mg/animal to the calves in group 2, calves in group 3 was on Harmonic Media M2 @ 500 mg/animal/day mixed in concentrate diet and the calves in group 4 was considered as control. The duration of experiment was 84 days. The calves belonging to all groups had free access to maize silage and concentrate with a ratio of 40:60 on dry matter basis. Concentrate ration was prepared using local feed stuffs and free access to Fresh and clean drinking water was ensured to calves. The calves were provided 15 days adjustment period.
The daily mean DMI/kg/day (gm) of calves in treatments 1, 2, 3 and 4 were 28.34±1.40, 29.52±0.55, 29.68±0.51 and 31.22±1.44 gms respectively. Statistically daily dry matter intake/kg/day was significant among treatment. Highest (31.22±1.44 gm) daily dry matter intake/kg/day was recorded in calves on Treatment 4, followed by 3, 2 and 1, respectively. The lowest dry matter intake/kg/day was observed in treatment 1 (Bovine Somatotropic Hormone Injectable).
Weekly weight gain of all the calves were recorded throughout the trial period. Statistically results showed significant differences among the treatments 1, 2, and 4. There was non- significant difference between treatments 1 and 3. Mean weight gain of calves on treatment 1, 2, 3 and 4 was 6.99±3.32, 6.06±1.83, 6.95±1.68 and 3.84±0.79 kg, respectively. Highest (6.99±3.32 kg) weekly weight gain was observed in treatment 1 (Bovine somatotropic hormone) followed by 3, 2 and 4, respectively. Lowest weekly weight gain was observed in calves on treatment 4 (Control).
Daily feed conversion ratio for each calf was recorded on daily basis in calves allocated to different treatments. Mean daily feed conversion ratio of calves on treatment 1, 2, 3 and 4 was11.09±7.71, 11.40±6.22, 9.71±4.50 and15.41±5.82, respectively. Statistically feed conversion ratio showed significant difference among treatments 1, 3 and 4. But non-significant difference was recorded between treatment 1 and 2. Highest (15.41±5.82 kg) weekly feed conversion ratio was observed in treatment 4 (control) followed by 2, 1 and 3 respectively. Lowest weekly feed conversion ratio was observed in animals of treatment 3 (M2 hormone). It means that treatment 3 showed best FCR and treatment 4 showed poorest FCR.
The data on variable costs involved during the experiment was recorded to calculate the economics of production (Profit) for each treatment. Gross margins regarding different treatments 1, 2, 3 and 4 were Rs. 3742.70±1830.51, 4413.75±1679.28, 1938.70±1394.22 and 404.15±508.07, respectively. Highest (Rs. 4413.75±1679.28) gross margin was observed in treatment 2 (Ralgro implant) followed by 1, 3 and 4, respectively. Lowest margin was observed in calves on treatment 4 (control).
On the basis of above mentioned results it is concluded that the growth promoters are helpful in fattening of calves as they improved growth performance, feed conversion ratio and better economics of production.
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6.
Effect Of Mannan Oligosaccharides On The Performance Of Neonatal Cross Bred Calves
by Muhammad Adeel Khan | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Abdullah | Dr. Imran Javed | Dr. Jalees Ahmed Bhatti.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1418,T] (1).
7.
Managmental Staudies Of Different Liquid Feedin Regimes For Buffalo Calves
by Ray Adil Quddus | Dr. Jalees Ahmad Bhatti | Dr. Afzal Ali | Mr. Qamar Shahid.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1616,T] (1).
8.
Principal Component Factor Analysis Of The Morphostructure Of Aalt Range Sheep
by Muhammad Imran Khan | Mr. Imran Mohisn | Dr. Jalees Ahmed Bhatti | Dr. Saima.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1692,T] (1).
9.
Effect Of Bst On Mid Lactation Milk Production And Composition In Nili Ravi Buffaloes
by Mashhood Ahmed | Dr. Jalees Ahmed Bhatti | Prof. Dr. Mohammad Abdullah.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Background:Agriculture sector being the backbone of economy in Pakistan contributing 21 %to the GDP in which major share of livestock is 55.1 % in the agriculture value added and 11.6 % of the National GDP with an annual growth rate of 4 percent. Livestock wealth in Pakistan is comprised of cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat, camel and other animals. Buffaloes are contributing a major role in livestock sector of Pakistan with a population of 32.7 million heads producing 29,565 metric tons of milk. At present the demand of milk is increasing day by day in Pakistan but our production per animal is much alarming as compared to animal strength. Milk production enhancement through different techniques especiallymodern bio-technologies are thought to be important for the developing countries. Synthetic Bovine Somatotropic Hormone is one of bio-technological product which is helping researchers and scientists in increasing the production of animals. Response to milk yield is noticeable after the administration of Somatotropic hormone in all dairy breeds of different parity and genetic potential.
Hypothesis:Effective use of bio-technological products (bST) can enhance the buffalo milk production.
Methodology:Keeping in view the importance of bST administration for milk production a study was conducted to determine the effect of bST on dry matter intake, milk production, milk composition, blood metabolites, weight gain, feed efficiency and production economics in Nili-Ravi buffaloes at Buffalo Research Institute, Pattoki.
Twenty four early lactating buffaloes in 3rd and 4th lactation and approximately of same body weight were selected from the herd allocated to bST and control injected subcutaneously on fortnightly interval under Completely Randomized Design. Buffaloes were offered green fodder ad-libitum and concentrate was given @ 1 kg per 3 liter of milk produced. The daily dry matter intake, daily milk production (twice a day), fortnightly milk composition, weekly weight gain, hematology and bio-chemistry were collected and analyzed. Milk samples were analyzed using Lacti-check® in the laboratory of Dairy Technology Department, UVAS Ravi Campus Pattoki. Blood sampleswere taken from twelve buffaloes each by puncturing the jugular vein in 10 cc sterilized disposable syringes for hematology and bio-chemistry analyzed at WTO Quality Control Laboratory UVAS Lahore.
Statistical Design:The data obtained were statistically analyzed under Completely Randomized Design through one way analysis of variance. The difference among treatment means were tested through t-test.
Outcome:Mean daily DMI regarding green fodder and concentrate in Nili-Ravi buffaloes was higher than control. Mean daily DMI on overall basis in buffaloes under bST treatment was higher (14.291 ± 1.425 kg) as compared to control (13.651 ± 2.174 kg). The differences in daily dry matter intake of concentrate was significantly (P<0.05) different between treatments in Nili-Ravi buffaloes. Mean daily milk production was 8.739 ± 1.115 and 7.573 ± 1.562 lit in buffaloes on bST treatment and under control, respectively. Nili-Ravi buffaloes on bST treatment produced 15.397 % higher milk yield than under control. Significant (P<0.05) difference was recorded in daily milk production among treatments inNili-Ravi buffaloes.Mean daily milk production trend during different weeks in Nili-Ravi on bST treatment indicated increasing trend during the week 4 to 8 and then showed decreasing order during the weeks 9 to 13, respectively.Mean weekly weight gain of buffaloes under bST treatment was 0.321 ± 0.052 kg and 0.241 ± 0.067 kg under control.Mean feed efficiency values in Nili-Ravi buffaloes on bST were comparatively higher as compared to control.
Milk composition regarding solids not fat, fat and proteins showed significant (P<0.05) difference between treatments in Nili-Ravi buffaloes. Mean blood Hemoglobin, RBC, WBC and PCV in lactating Nili Ravi buffaloes on bST and control was 13.297 ± 0.344 10/dl, 7.510 ± 0.269 million/µL, 12.755 ± 0.284 thousand/µL and 33.577 ± 0.607 % and13.358 ± 0.328 10/dl, 7.428 ± 0.336 million/µL, 13.433 ± 2.686 thousand/µL and 33.858 ± 0.489 %, respectively. Mean blood glucose, cholesterol, total protein, urea, albumin and triglycerides in lactating Nili Ravi buffalo on bST and under control was 56.725 ± 1.720, 163.333 ± 3.498, 7.930 ± 0.262, 38.674 ± 2.205, 4.316 ± 0.327 and 42.429 ± 2.175 % and 57.200 ± 1.879, 161.250 ± 6.092, 7.905 ± 0.443, 37.093 ± 2.071, 4.075 ± 0.259 and 37.879 ± 2.407 %, respectively. Daily cost of milk production and income from milk sales per buffalo was Rs 267.333 and 211.830, and Rs 524.757 and 454.131 in Nili-Ravi buffaloes on bST and under control, respectively. Daily gross margin per buffalo under bST and control was Rs 257.423 and 242.301, respectively.
Conclusion: It is clear from the results that bST can be used in Nili-Ravi Buffaloes to boost milk production (upto 15 %) on economical basis in quantitative and qualitative manner.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1792,T] (1).
10.
Qualitative Studies Of Cheese Made By Using Bifidobacterium Bifidum & Lactobacillus Acidophilus
by Abid hussain | Dr. Saima inayat | Dr. Jalees | Dr. Muhammad ayaz.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2042,T] (1).
11.
Excretion Of Aflatoxin M1 In Milk Of Mid Lactating Buffaloes And Its Detoxification Using Organic Andinorganic Toxin Binder
by Kabir ahmad chohan | Dr. Saima | Dr. Jalees | Dr. Naveed ul haque.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2073,T] (1).
12.
Effect Of Feeding Medicated Urea Molasses Block On The Feedlot Performance Of Castrated Beetal Male
by Rameez abid | Mr. Imran mohsin | Dr. Afzal ali | Dr. Jalees ahmad bhatti.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2079,T] (1).
13.
Comparative Performance Of Cattle Calves Fattened On Different Levels Of Lucerne Hay Based Total Mixed Ration
by Rana Asif Iqbal (2002-VA-102) | Dr. Jalees Ahmad Bhatti | Mr. Hifz-Ul-Rehman | Prof. Dr. Anjum Khalique.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Feeding management trial of 90 days was conducted to evaluate the growth performance and production economics of cattle calves fattened on different levels of Lucerne hay based mixed ration. Twenty four (24) cattle calves approximately of two years age and same weight were selected from the available young stock and was randomly allocated to three groups i.e. A, B and C, Fattening rations comprising concentrate TMR, LHMR-15(15% hay) and LHMR-25(25% hay) for the calves belonging to group A, B and C was offered @1 % of the body weight on dry matter basis, respectively. Mean daily DMI was 20.62±0.17, 20.66±0.18 and 20.74±0.17 kg per calf on TMR, LHMR-15 and LHMR-25, respectively. Highest dry matter intake (20.74±0.17 kg) was recorded in calves on LHMR-25 diet followed by calves on LHMR-15 and TMR. The data on body weight was recorded on weekly basis during the trial period of 12 weeks. Mean daily body weight gain was 0.82±0.042, 0.77±0.051and 0.70±0.046 kg per calf on TMR, LHMR-15 and LHMR-25, respectively. Highest (0.82±0.042 kg) daily weight gain was recorded in calves on TMR diet followed by calves on LHMR-15 and LHMR-25 diet, respectively. Daily weight gain in calves showed an increasing trend on overall basis in all the treatments during different weeks. The calves on TMR diet comparatively reported higher gain during different weeks and between treatments. Statistically non-significant was observed in mean daily weight gain among different treatments and also during different weeks.The differences in body height, body length and heart girth measurements were statistically non-significant between treatments. Statistically body mass index was non-significant among the all treatments. Feed conversion ratio in calves was highest (9.16±2.231) on TMR diet followed by LHMR-15 (11.18±4.192) and LHMR-25(11.64±2.025), respectively. Statistically feed conversion ratio differences were non-significant between treatments and also during different weeks. The economics of calves fattening was calculated at the end of twelve weeks experiment by using costs of production and value of gain. Gross margin analyses showed statistically non-significant difference between treatments and also during different weeks.
Key words: cattle, fattening, lucerne hay, daily weight gain
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14.
Productive And Physiological Performance Of Nili-Ravi Buffaloes Under Various Housing Management Practices During Summer
by Umair Younas (2002-VA-58) | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Abdullah | Dr. Jalees Ahmad Bhatti | Prof. Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Back ground: Among various factors that are affecting buffalo productivity, heat stress is challenge for the dairy farmers of Pakistan since the geographical location of Pakistan is sub-tropic as it is situated 23.6 degree above the line of equator between Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn and summer season prevail for long duration with high ambient temperature and relative humidity. Information on production potential of mature Nili-Ravi buffalo against hot-dry and hot-humid season and its adaptability to the sub-tropical conditions of central Punjab has not been documented before. In this regard, study is designed to understand the relationships of environmental stress with physiological, behavioral and production responses in Nili-Ravi buffaloes under different housing and cooling conditions.
Hypothesis: Developing and implementing housing and cooling systems to mitigate heat stress may decrease this effect but must be cost effective. To test these hypotheses, the proposed study was carried out at Buffalo Research Institute (BRI).
Methodology: Four experiments were conducted to evaluate the physiological, productive, serum biochemical and behavioral profile of mature Nili Ravi buffaloes under subtropical conditions, at BRI (Buffalo Research Institute), Pattoki. Experiments were conducted during proposed duration of March-April; May-June; July-August and September-October on various physiological and productive parameters. Lactating Nili Ravi buffaloes (n=20) were divided in to four groups with five animals in each group. Group A buffaloes were kept under roof shades
EXPERIMENT 4
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only (control). Group B was supplemented with yeast powder under roof shade; C group buffaloes were raised under ceiling fans and group D was treated with ceiling fans and showers.
During all summer periods, fans with showers (D) showed highest milk production followed by fans only (C), then control A and B have been similar for most of times. However, in early summer (March-April), the additional cost of supplement feed and cooling strategies was higher than revenue generated from increased milk. Cost per liter of milk produced was higher and thus marginal revenue was lower than expected. Whereas, shaded group A showed comparatively less milk production which was offset by low production cost as there were no additional costs of supplementing feed or cooling strategies.
In all other periods of mid-summer (hot-dry: May-June and hot-humid: July-August) and late summer (July-August), higher milk production was noticed in group D followed by group C despite additional costs of cooling strategies. Lower cost/ liter of milk were noticed as well as high marginal revenue. During these periods, fans were noticed as more effective strategy to alleviate thermal load compare to supplemental feed as cost per liter was high and marginal revenue was less in group B. Looks like feed additive may only be applicable in early summer compare to fans group but shaded group A had best performance in terms of cost per liter and revenue. Group D was found best followed by C in terms of lower cost per liter and high marginal revenue in mid and late summer.
Statistical Analysis: The recorded data was subjected to statistical analysis by using analysis of variance technique (ANOVA) under completely randomized design (CRD). The difference of means among treatment groups were determined by using Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT;
SUMMARY
EXPERIMENT 4
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Steel et al., 1997) for the interpretation of results and portraying conclusions with the help of statistical software (Statistical packages for social sciences; SPSS).
Conclusion: However, it is noted that during March and April control group buffaloes performed better economically but they had lower production and higher physiological responses. Improved performance and health of animals under fans with or without showers did not produce enough marginal income to pay for the additional costs. Shaded group A showed comparatively less milk production which was offset by low production cost as there were no additional costs of supplementing feed or cooling strategies. Therefore, small scale farmers may use shade only for their buffaloes during early summer only but progressive farmers better go for shower and fans strategy since early summer as this approach works best throughout other periods of summer season. Since, the group D was found best followed by C in terms of lower cost per liter and high marginal revenue therefore, fans with showers would be a quite useful technique for progressive farmers and also necessary from animal’s health point of view. Also, small scale farmers may use fans to avoid drastic decrease in milk production and take maximum achievable measures according to their affordability during mid and later summer.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2490-T] (1).
15.
Effect Of Drinking Water Quality On Growth Performance Of Post Weaned Holstein Friesian Calves
by Hina Tahir (2006-VA-119) | Dr. Nisar Ahmad | Dr. Jalees Ahmad Bhatti | Dr. Saeed Ahmad.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Information on production potential of Holstein Friesian calves raised under various
sources of drinking water with different levels of TDS as well as its adaptability has not been
documented yet in central Punjab. In this regard, this study was designed to evaluate the effect of
drinking water sources on physiological and production parameters in Holstein Friesian calves.
Holstein Friesian calves exposed to increasing level of TDS water conditions at dairy
farms may exhibit variation in water intake and reduce dry matter intake that might ultimately
lead to deviation in growth performance from normal range. In order to test this hypothesis, the
proposed study was carried out.
To evaluate the physiological and productive profile of Holstein Friesian calves subjected
to various sources of drinking water with different levels of TDS and minerals concentration
under subtropical conditions, the proposed experiment was conducted at Dairy Training and
Research Demonstration Farm Ravi Campus B Block, Pattoki, University of Veterinary and
Animal Sciences, Lahore. For this purpose, 18 Holstein Friesian calves of the similar age and
weight were randomly selected from the herd maintained at Dairy Training and Research
Demonstration Farm and were divided into three groups i.e. A, B and C with 6 Holstein Friesian
calves in each group. The calves from group A were provided turbine water for drinking
purpose.
CHAPTER 6
SUMMARY
Summary
32
Similarly, calves from group B and C were subjected to normal tap water and processed water
from reverse osmosis unit, respectively. The availability of water was made possible for 24 hours
in front of animals. The water was provided under the shed to these calves. The water troughs
were kept neat and clean during whole of the experimental period. The calves were given free
approach to water trough. The water from three sources were supplied to study the comparative
performance of calves. The data on water intake and dry matter intake were observed daily.
Whereas, weight gain was calculated on fortnightly basis. Feed digestibility was done at end of
trial. Blood mineral profile sampling was done at start and end of trial, all serum samples were
analyzed by spectrometer. The data thus collected were analyzed using analysis of variance
(ANOVA) techniques through (SAS, 2004). Difference among treatment means will be tested
through least significance difference.
The results of experiment were helpful to determine the appropriate water quality (1632.0
TDS to 172 TDS) to enhance the growth of Holstein Friesian calves in central Punjab. This will
also provide useful guideline for safe use of drinking water in the areas having water quality
problems. Calves exposed to low TDS water showed higher water, feed intake and weight gain.
Feed digestibility and blood calcium, phosphorus and magnesium levels were not affected with
increase in salinity of water while ALT values are slightly higher in high TDS water group.
It was concluded that provision of different sources of water with varying levels of TDS
(1632.0 to 172 ppm) had no significant affect on growth of post weaned calves. More research is
to be required to investigate the effect of water quality on growth at different stages of calves for
more prolonged duration. Similar studies are suggested for the indigenous animals for long
Summary
33
period of time. So that a comprehensive findings may be achieved in this regard. It is suggested
that livestock may be offered water of same quality which is consumed by human beings. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2894-T] (1).
