1.
Comparative Ealuation Of Melia Azadarch Linn (Neem) For Control Of Coccidiosis In Poultry (Broiler)
by Fouzia Iqbal | Dr. Muhammad Sabir | Dr. Mubasher | Dr. Muhammad Arshad Qureshi.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1993Dissertation note: A study was conducted to evaluate the anti-coccidial activity of Melia azadarch Linn (Neem) , an indigenous plant drug in comparison to synthetic coccicliostats (Esb3) in broilers.
The Meli azadarch Linn (Neem) seed was tried in powder, aquous extract and methanolic extract for anti-coccidial activity in broilers. The birds were artificial infected with coccidial oocyst at the age of 30 days. After 5 days of infection the oocyst counting was carried out in the droppings of the birds. When evidence of coccidiosis outbreak in the infected birds was established than the drug was administered to different groups of the broilers. The group A was kept as control, group B, C & D were administered Powder Melia azadarch Linn (Neem) 10, 20 & 30 mg/Kg body weight respectively and group F was given Esb3, to compare the effect of this plant drug. Similarly aquous extract and Methanolic extract was administered equivalent to 10, 20 & 30 mg/Kg B.W. of Melia azadaich Linn (Neem) to respective group. The OPG (oocyst per gram) was examined after 3, 10 & 15 days after the drug administration. It was observed that OPG (oocyst per gram) was decreased to 0.59%, 0.78% and 0.58% at the dose rate of 10, 20 and 30 mg/Kg 13.W. respectively after 3 clays of treatment with Melia azadarch Linn Powder. Whereas it was reduced to 82.79% in group E treated with Esb3. After 10 days of treatment OPG was decreased to 50.17% and 96.55% in groups B, C, D & E respectively at the dose rate oF 10, 20 & 30 mg/Kg [3.W. in case of Melia azadarch Linn (Powder) and lsb1. After 15 days OPG was decreased to 97.94%, 97.08%, 97.87 and 98.60% in group B, C, D & E respectively in case of Melia azadarch Linn (Powder) at the dose rate of 10, 20 and 30 mg/Kg 13.W. and Esb3. at dose rate of 1g/liter.
In case of Melia azadarch Linn (Neern) (Water extract) OPG reduction after 3 days of treatment was 4.46%, 3,93% and
3.67% in groups B, C and 1). While OPG reduction in case of group E was 83.82%.
After 10 days of post treatment OPG counting was 5 1.33%, 51.18%, 51,10% and 96.76 in groups 13, C, 1) and E respectively. In case of OPG counting after 15 days reduction was 90.62%, 86.61%, 79.77% and 98.30% in groups 13, C, I) and l respectively. Dose rate of group B, C, & 1) is equivalent to 10, 20 & 30 mglKg B.W. and group E ig/liter i.e. Esb3:,.
In case of group treated with Melia azaclarch Linn (Neem) (methanolic extract, OPG reduction after 3 days of treatment was 0.59%, 0.78%, 0.58% and 82.79% in groups B, C, D & E respectively. In case OPG counting after 10 days of treatment was 50.17%, 50.23%, 50.17% and 96.55% in groups B, C, D & E respectively. While OPG counting after 15 clays of treatment was 97.94%, 97.08%, 97.87% and 98.60% in groups B, C, D & E. Dose rate of group B, C, D was equivalent to dose rate of 10, 20 and 30mg/kg .B.W. & group E was t ieated with I1sb at dose rate of ig/liter.
It is concluded that. Melia azadarch Linn (Neem ) is equally effective against coccidiosis in powder, aquous and methanolic extract. Although it took longer to produce similar effect as Esb3 but it is quite comparable with the results shown by 1sb. In addition the Melia azadarch linn (Neem). in either from did not show any adverse effect on the growth rate of the broilers. Any how this plant material can be used as prophylactic measures or to treat the outbreak of coccidiosis. Certainly there is a need for investigation to make this drug more efficacious.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0384,T] (1).
2.
Clinico-Pathological And Pathomorphological Studies On Co-Infection Of Avian Influenza (H9n2) With Escherichia Coli In Broiler Chicken
by Shahid Jaleel (2003-VA-93) | Dr. Muhammad Asif Idrees | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Younus | Dr. Muhammad Arshad.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: E.coli is an important pathogen of domestic poultry and is prevalent in commercial poultry. LPAIV H9N2 infections are emerging respiratory problems in poultry industry, causing huge economic losses especially in the presence of other co-infecting pathogens such as E.coli. Co-infections do occur but are not easily detected, and the impact of co-infections on pathobiology is unknown. The mixed infections may provide increased virulence, posing a substantial risk to poultry and public health. Moreover, mixed infections of low pathogenic avian influenza with bacteria can also lead to devastating pandemics and a major threat to poultry health, worldwide in future. Co-infections do occur but are not easily detected, and the impact of co-infections on pathobiology is unknown. The mixed infections may provide increased virulence, posing a substantial risk to poultry and public health. Moreover, mixed infections of low pathogenic avian influenza with bacteria can also lead to devastating pandemics and a major threat to poultry health, worldwide in future. The aim of the present study was to investigate the infection of LPAIV A/chicken/Pakistan/10RS3039-284-48/2010 (H9N2) in chickens challenged with E.coli (O78:K80).
This study had three objectives. First, it is designed to develop co-infection experimental models LPAIV (H9N2) + bacteria (E.coli) in the avian model. Second, it aims to study the hematological and biochemical alterations during co-infection in avian model. Finally to study the pathological and histological alterations during co-infection in avian model, this study will help researchers and veterinarians in implementation of necessary control measures. E.coli stockculture was prepared by inoculating MacConkey’s agar with a loop full of reference E.coli strain culture and incubating at 37°C for 24 h. The estimated colony count was confirmed by plating 0.1 ml of a 104 and a 105 dilution of the final culture onto separate MacConkey’s agar plates. Avian influenza A virus, A/chicken/Pakistan/10RS3039-284-48/2010 (H9N2) was obtained from Poultry Research Institute (PRI) Rawalpindi Pakistan.
Viral stocks were prepared and titrated in 9-day-old to 10-day-old chicken embryonated eggs the median embryo infectious dose (EID50) was computed using previously reported approaches The viral stocks were diluted in medium containing antimicrobials to give a final titre of 106 EID50/ ml The study were ran on 80 broiler chicks (3week old), procured from local hatchery. All fowl were held serologically innocent and free from flu virus by haemagglutination inhibition (HI).
Chicken were infected under experimental conditions with E.coli (O78:K80) and low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) strain (A/chicken/Pakistan/UDL-01/08) (H9N2) alone or in combination. The experimental groups were identified as follows: negative control, E.coli, AI, and E.coli plus AI. Infected birds showed clinical signs of differing severity, with the most prominent disease signs appearing in birds of the E.coli plus AI group. Moreover, birds in E.coli plus AI group showed significant decrease in weight, enhanced macroscopic and microscopic pathological lesions. Specifically, the survival rate was 60%, 90%, and 100% in birds inoculated with E.coli + AI, E.coli and control negative or AI virus alone, respectively. Hematological studies revealed anemia, thrombocytopenia and leukopenia especially in co-infected birds. Biochemical studies revealed a significant decrease in total protein, glucose and albumin concentration with significant increase of activities of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase. Prominent increase in creatinine, urea and uric acid were significantly detected in the infected chicken. The results showed that experimental co-infection of E.coli and H9N2 increased the severity of clinical signs, mortality rate and gross lesions and suggest than E.coli infection can induce higher economic losses and mortality if H9N2 LPAIV is also present. The HI titer against LPAIV infection in the co-infected group was significantly higher than the HI titer of AI group, which may indicate that E.coli could promote the propagation of H9N2 LPAIV or stimulate the immune response. The present study revealed that co-infection E.coli and H9N2 LPAIV caused more serious synergistic pathogenic effects and indicates the role of both pathogens as complicating factors in poultry infections.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2552-T] (1).
