1.
Performance Evaluation Of Nili Ravi Buffalo Calves In Response To Wholemilk Vs Milk Replacer
by Muhammad Atif saeed | Prof. Dr. Talat naseer pasha | Dr. Muhammad Naveed ul Haque.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2072,T] (1).
2.
Evaluation Of The Effect Of Bacillus Subtilis On The Broiler Performance As A Preventive Measure Against Necrotic Enteritis
by Tayyibah Naseem | Prof. Dr. Anjm Khalique | Dr. Muhammad Naveed ul Haque.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2175,T] (1).
3.
Efficiency Of Nitrogen Utilization In Response To Level Of Crude Protein Supplies In Multiparous Lactating Nili-Ravi Buffaloes
by Rizwan Munawar (2008-VA-114) | Dr. Muhammad Naveed Ul Haque | Mr. Murtaza Ali Tipu | Prof. Dr. Anjum Khalique | Dr. Qamar Shahid.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Livestock has a vital role in pakistanʾs economy. Livestock play a key role in alleviating poverty from our rural areas. Nutritional management is of keen importance in livestock business. Optimum supply of nutrients (protein and energy) is very important for precise farming. Establishing protein and energy requirement for animals has a vital role in livestock farming for guaranteeing the optimum supply of these nutrients. Under feeding and over feeding of these nutrients may negatively affect the performance of animal and also may have some adverse effect on environment by production of different types of hazardous gases. Protein requirement of buffalo depends on milk production and milk protein contents together with efficiency of conversion of dietary N to milk N. buffalo is reported to be less efficient converter of dietary N to milk N as compared to cows, however average dietary N conversion to milk still needs further investigation.
This study was conducted at Buffalo Research Institute, Pattoki. Three levels of crude protein were supplied to check their effect on production performance of buffaloes. Design for the experiment was 3×3 latin square including two animals in each treatment. Experiment was completed in 63 days (21 days in each period). During the study different parameters were determined by using different laboratory techniques. Milk parameters included milk yield, milk fat, milk protein and milk lactose. Blood parameters included urea, total protein, triglycerides (TG) and glucose. Fecal sampling was done to check N digestibility and feed analysis were also performed by using standard procedures. Data were analyzed using GLM procedures of SAS.
DMI was similar at all the treatments. DMI at low CP diet, medium CP diet and high CP diet was 14.3, 14.4 and 14.1 kg/d respectively. Milk yield was also identical at all the protein supplies and was 9.90, 10.0 and 9.82 kg/d for low protein supply, medium and high protein
Summary
41
supply respectively. Milk protein contents also showed no response and were 3.99, 3.94 and 3.99 % at low CP, medium CP and high CP respectively. Milk fat contents were also same at all the treatments and these were 6.63, 6.58 and 6.67 % at low, medium and high CP level of diet. Milk lactose concentration was 5.30, 5.26 and 5.31 % at all the three diets. Similarly protein yield, fat yield and lactose yield showed no response of this dietary variation of protein. Body weights of the animals were increased by increasing CP in diet. Body weights of the buffaloes were 478.3, 498.5 and 499.1 kg at low CP, medium CP and high level of CP in diet, respectively. Nitrogen intake was significantly higher at higher CP supplies and was 248.4, 297.3 and 314.3 g/d at low protein, medium protein and high protein levels. Similarly, CP intake was higher at higher protein supplies. CP intake increased from 1.553 to 1.964 kg/d by varying protein from low to high level. Nitrogen efficiency was decreased by increasing level of CP in diet and was decreased from 24.94 to 19.64% by increasing CP from low to high level in diet. BUN was increased linearly by increasing CP in diet, whereas blood glucose and triglycerides showed no response of this dietary manipulation.
In current feeding situation, no effect of increasing protein supply was observed on production status of these buffaloes. Blood urea nitrogen was increased whereas efficiency of nitrogen utilization was decreased by increasing CP in diet. So the recommended level of CP in ration for milk yield of 10 kg with 4% protein and 6.6% fat is 10.9%. But this still needs further investigations. Current experiment served as an opportunity to explore the effect of varying levels of CP on nitrogen utilization efficiency in buffaloes. Further research is required in high forage based diets. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2327-T] (1).
4.
Efficiency Of Nitrogen Utilization In Response To Level Of Crude Protein Supplies In Primiparous Lactating Nili-Ravi Buffaloes
by Saba Anwar (2006-VA-68) | Dr. Muhammad Naveed ul Haque | Dr. Fayyaz Ahmed | Prof. Dr. Anjum Khalique | Dr. Muhammad Qamar Shahid.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Background:
In lactating buffaloes the protein requirements essentially depend on milk production & milk protein content together with the efficiency of conversion of dietary nitrogen to milk nitrogen. Lactating buffaloes utilize crude protein efficiently but still excrete some nitrogen (N) in feces. This inefficient N conversion results in increased feed cost and environmental pollution. There is need for the estimation of optimum level of protein required for lactating buffaloes for its maximum utilization and minimum wastage.
Hypothesis:
To check the efficiency of 3 different levels of crude protein this is better utilized for milk production of buffaloes.
Methodology:
The experiment was carried out at BRI, Pattoki. Six (6) Nili Ravi primiparous buffaloes in mid lactation were used for this experiment. Animals received 3 treatments in a 3×3 latin square design with a 21 days (d) period (total duration of experiment will be 63d). The treatments contain diets are 9% (CP9), 11% (CP11), and 13% (CP13) of crude protein content. Diet distributed as well as orts (refused) was noted on daily basis. Fodder samples were collected after every week in each period for evaluating the DM and for proximate analysis. Concentrate and wheat straw was analyzed once in each period. Milk yield of buffaloes were recorded daily and milk samples were collected for determining composition of milk. Body weights were taken on fortnightly basis. Blood samples were collected for analysis of different physiological metabolites.
Statistical Analyses:
Data was analyzed through General Linear Model by using PROC GLM command (SAS, 2004). Further polynomial linear and quadratic regression were used to determine the effects.
Outcome:
It was concluded from the study that high protein intake in the diet did not increased the DMI and milk parameters except fat contents. Level of BUN increased at high CP diet which depicts the inefficiency of nitrogen utilization by buffaloes. Buffaloes are less efficient in nitrogen utilization than cows. The low protein treatment appears sufficient to support milk production of 9 kg/d. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2453-T] (1).
5.
Comparative Freestall Occupancy Behavior Of Nili Ravi Buffalo And Holstein Cattle
by Sayyad Hussain Magsi | Dr. Muhammad Qamar Shahid | Dr. Nisar Ahmad | Dr. Muhammad Naveed-ul-Haque.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Livestock has great economic importance for our country, with 11.6% share to the total GDP of Pakistan (GOP, 2015-2016). It plays a major role in poverty alleviation in rural area of the country. Buffalo is the major milk producing animal. The share of buffalo milk is 61% of the total milk produced in the country (GOP, 2015-16). Buffaloes are managed under traditional housing where these animals are kept tethered most of the time. The lying surface always remains wet with their urine and feces thereby compromising animal production potential and health. Freestall housing is a better housing option with the specific purpose of providing a comfortable place for dairy cattle to lie down while motivating defecation and urination in the alley outside of the freestall. This system of housing in buffalo can improve their performance and needs to be explored.The current trial was conducted at Dairy Animal Training and Research Center, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Ravi Campus. The comparative freestall occupancy behavior of Nili Ravi buffaloes and Holstein pregnant heifers had been assessed. Thirty Nili Ravi (primiparous and multiparous) pregnant buffaloes and 30 Holstein pregnant heifers was introduced in a naturally ventilated shed having freestall. These animal were given free choice to sit in the sand bedded freestalls, in alleys with concrete floor or in open area with dirt for seven days and their stall occupancy behavior was observed.In second phase, animals restricted under covered area to forcibly (against one’s will) choose between sand bedded cubicles and concrete alley during night. The descriptive statistics was presented in %age of stall usage for every day till maximum stall filling. The logistic regression was used to compare the effect of parity, and weight on stall usage. Kaplan Meier survival curve was estimated to compare stall occupancy between parity.
When buffaloeswere given free choice to lie in freestall, or on concrete floor alleys or to lie on dirt floor in open area, they preferred to lie in open dirt area as compared to freestalls. When
Holstein heifers were given free choice, initially they preferred to lie in open dirt area but gradually the percentage of lying in freestalls increased. Similarly whenBuffaloes and Holstein heifers were restricted under covered area to forcibly choose between sand bedded cubicles and concrete alley during night, Holstein heifers started to lie in cubicles quickly as compared to buffaloes.Holstein heifers prefer to lie in freestalls when given free choice in comparison to buffaloes. Buffaloes having 4th and 3rd parity started to lie in cubicles earlier as compared to buffaloes having 2nd and 1stparty.This study could provide an important bench mark for freestall housing in buffaloes.
Livestock has great economic importance for our country, with 11.6% share to the total GDP of Pakistan (GOP, 2015-2016). It plays a major role in poverty alleviation in rural area of the country. Buffalo is the major milk producing animal. The share of buffalo milk is 61% of the total milk produced in the country (GOP, 2015-16). Buffaloes are managed under traditional housing where these animals are kept tethered most of the time. The lying surface always remains wet with their urine and feces thereby compromising animal production potential and health. Freestall housing is a better housing option with the specific purpose of providing a comfortable place for dairy cattle to lie down while motivating defecation and urination in the alley outside of the freestall. This system of housing in buffalo can improve their performance and needs to be explored.The current trial was conducted at Dairy Animal Training and Research Center, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Ravi Campus. The comparative freestall occupancy behavior of Nili Ravi buffaloes and Holstein pregnant heifers had been assessed. Thirty Nili Ravi (primiparous and multiparous) pregnant buffaloes and 30 Holstein pregnant heifers was introduced in a naturally ventilated shed having freestall. These animal were given free choice to sit in the sand bedded freestalls, in alleys with concrete floor or in open area with dirt for seven days and their stall occupancy behavior was observed.In second phase, animals restricted under covered area to forcibly (against one’s will) choose between sand bedded cubicles and concrete alley during night. The descriptive statistics was presented in %age of stall usage for every day till maximum stall filling. The logistic regression was used to compare the effect of parity, and weight on stall usage. Kaplan Meier survival curve was estimated to compare stall occupancy between parity.
When buffaloeswere given free choice to lie in freestall, or on concrete floor alleys or to lie on dirt floor in open area, they preferred to lie in open dirt area as compared to freestalls. When
Holstein heifers were given free choice, initially they preferred to lie in open dirt area but gradually the percentage of lying in freestalls increased. Similarly whenBuffaloes and Holstein heifers were restricted under covered area to forcibly choose between sand bedded cubicles and concrete alley during night, Holstein heifers started to lie in cubicles quickly as compared to buffaloes.Holstein heifers prefer to lie in freestalls when given free choice in comparison to buffaloes. Buffaloes having 4th and 3rd parity started to lie in cubicles earlier as compared to buffaloes having 2nd and 1stparty.This study could provide an important bench mark for freestall housing in buffaloes.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2766-T] (1).
6.
Evaluation Of Different Strategies To Improve The Dietary Nitrogen Efficiency In Lactating Dairy Cows In Pakistan
by Muhammad Imran (2005-VA-09) | Prof. Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr. Muhammad Naveed ul Haque | Dr. Muhammad Qamer Shahid.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: The objectives of this study were to optimize the protein supplies and replacement of SBM with locally available ingredients in the rations of high producing Holstein Friesian cows at mid lactation. On the basis of these objectives, three experiments were conducted. Multiparous cows in mid-lactation received three treatments in a 3×3 Latin square design with a period length of 20 d. Number of animals used were nine in 1st and 3rd experiments and 12 in 2nd experiment (Table 6.1). The trials were conducted at a corporate dairy farm. When we compare the initial and final values of milk yield, milk fat and milk protein contents, there is not a big difference of our diets with that currently being practiced in Pakistan (Table 6.1). This also reveals that the experimental milk production was close to pre-experimental milk production indicating that a successful dietary transition was achieved. Table 6.1: Demonstration of parameters before and during the experiments Exp.
Cows
No.
Initial Parameters During Experiment Parameters
DIM Milk
yield (kg)
Milk
fat (%)
Milk
protein (%)
Milk
yield (kg)
Milk fat
(%)
Milk
protein (%)
1 9 113±25 32±4.1 3.65 3.25 29.7±3.1 3.70 3.27
2 12 153±44 23.3±2.1 3.99 3.34 24.7±1.8 3.98 3.31
3 9 109±19 34±3.7 3.71 3.19 30.7±2.5 3.64 3.21
Exp., experiment; DIM, days in milk In the 1st experiment, three dietary treatments were designed to provide similar energy and increasing supply of MP (g/d)—2371 (low), 2561 (medium), and 2711 (high). Increasing the MP supplies did not modify DMI; however, it increased milk protein, fat, and lactose yield linearly. Similarly, FCM increased (9.3%) linearly due to an increase in both milk yield (5.2%) and milk fat content (7.8%). Milk nitrogen efficiency decreased from 0.26 to 0.20, whereas, the
Summary
102
metabolic efficiency of MP decreased from 0.70 to 0.60 at low to high MP supplies and it average value across the treatments was 0.64 (Table 6.2). In conclusion, increasing the MP supplies resulted in increased milk protein yield; however, a higher BUN and low MNE indicated an efficient utilization of dietary protein in low MP supplies. Milk nitrogen efficiency ranges from 20 to 30% in dairy cows at mid stage of lactation. Milk nitrogen efficiency increases slightly but linearly with the increase of dietary protein up to a certain level of supply of protein. At high protein levels of dietary protein MNE is low and vice versa. In the 2nd experiment, the response of balancing metabolizable Lys to Met ratio (3:1) in low protein diets was investigated. Three experimental diets; 1) LP−: low protein diet (13.6% CP) with imbalanced Lys to Met ratio (3.33), 2) LP+: low protein diet (13.5% CP) with balanced Lys to Met ratio (2.94) through HMBi; and 3) HP−: high protein diet (14.7% CP) without balancing Lys to Met ratio (3.39) in a 3×3 Latin square design were designed. Milk yield of LP- was 0.85 kg/d less as compared with the average milk yield of LP+ and HP-. Dry matter intake decreased by 0.7 kg/d in LP+ compared to HP- treatment whereas milk yield tended to be higher by 0.7 kg/d and protein yield by 23 g/d. Balancing the Lys to Met ratio by supplementing HMBi through feed increased feed, N, and MP conversion efficiencies to milk by 4.4, 1.6, and 13.1% respectively compared to the HP- diet. Similarly, 4% FCM was increased by 4.4% in LP+ diet as compared to HP- diet. Moreover, plasma urea concentration was numerically less in LP+ compared to LP- and HP- treatments whereas no effect was observed on plasma glucose and TG concentrations. In the 3rd experiment, three diets 1) Control: with low protein with SMB as a protein source, 2) SBMD: high protein diet with SBM as a major protein source and 3) CGMD: high
Summary
103
protein diet with CGM as a major protein source. Increasing the protein supplies did not affect DMI, milk fat yield, and milk fat and lactose contents in SBMD and CGMD diets compared to the control diet. Similarly, MP balance and MP/NEL increased by 31.5 and 9.1%, respectively. Increasing the protein supplies tended to increase milk yield. Similarly, milk protein and lactose yield increased by 3.5 and 3.3%, respectively. Milk protein contents tended to increase by 1.5% in SBMD and CGMD treatments compared to the control. Increasing the dietary protein supplies increased FE in SBMD and CGMD treatments compared to control, whereas, MNE decreased by 10.9%. No effect was observed on DM, N and NEL intakes when SBM was partially replaced with CGM. Consequently, milk yield, milk components’ yield, milk composition and feed efficiency remained unaffected. Contrary to this, MNE decreased by 5% in CGM treatment compared to SBM. There were no dietary treatment effects on blood metabolites including BUN, glucose and TG concentrations, which means neither replacement of SBM nor concentration of protein in the diet affected the blood metabolites profile. There was no change in lactation performance of cows by the partial replacement of SBM with CGM. Therefore, SMB could be partially replaced with CGM with urea without affecting animal performance, and saving the feed cost. Table 6.2: Effects of experimental diets on different parameters Exp.
MP
efficiencies
Δ MP
efficiencies (%)
Δ MY
(kg)
Δ DMI
(kg)
Δ milk
fat (%)
Δ milk
protein (%)
1 0.64 14.3 5.20 0.10 7.80 5.30
2 0.65 11.6 1.20 0.70 3.93 1.50
3 0.68 9.85 1.10 0.20 2.18 1.10
Exp., experiment; MP, metabolizable protein; MY, milk yield; DMI, dry matter intake
Summary
104
In conclusion, balancing Lys to Met ratio at low protein diets and partial replacement of SMB with CGM is a mean to improve the MNE and reduce feed costs. 6.1 Conclusion and Recommendations Diets with low MP supply result in high MNE and better utilization with low levels of BUN. Although there was less milk yield in low protein diets but utilizing efficiency was high. Low protein corn-soy-based diets supplemented with rumen protected Met (HMBi) result in increased utilization of protein and low levels of BUN. Partial replacement of SBM with CGM plus urea showed no change in DMI, milk yield. Milk nitrogen efficiency was slightly decreased in CGM diet as compared to SBM diet. Feed cost could be saved by replacing 35% SBM with CGM provided that RDP is balanced by using NPN sources. Diets should be given with possible lowest protein levels having balanced AA particularly Lys and Met, which should be 3:1. High levels of protein could result into increased emission of gases to the environment. Soybean meal replacement with CGM along with some NPN source results in similar outcomes. First strategy is the best out of three currently tested and it can save money. 6.2 Future Perspectives Studies must be conducted to investigate the effects of further lowering the dietary protein levels without affecting milk production in Holstein cows. It will help to improve the dietary N utilization for milk synthesis. The above-mentioned strategies can also be tried simultaneously for improved protein/N utilization in dairy cows. Lysine can also be tried along with Met to balance the low protein corn-soy-based diets. On the basis of RDP and RUP values, other ingredients can also be tried to partially replace SMB. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2920-T] (1).
