1.
Comparative Efficacy Of Herbal Medicines For The Immuno Modulatory And Antistress Effect Against Infectious Bursal Disease (Gumboro) in Broiler Chickens
by Sajid Hussain Butt | Dr . Saghir Ahmad Jafri | Dr . Muhammad Ovais Omer.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: Main aim of the study was to estimate the immunosuppression induced by Infectious bursal disease vaccination and management of the immunosuppression with indigenous Herbal medicine (nefrone). For this purpose on hundred and sixty day old broiler chicks were procured from the local market. Chicks were kept on floor under standard conditions of management in Experimental Room of Pharmacology Section, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lahore Chicks were divided into four groups comprising of 40 birds in each designated as A (control and vaccinated, B (Vaccinated+Nefrone), C (Vaccinated+Lisovit) and D (Vaccinated+ herbal mixture) for control of vaccine stress and to study the immunomodulatory effect of Nefrone, Lisovit and herbal mixture. Birds were fed commercial feed and water ad libitum
The brides were vaccinated with D-78 and 228-E on day 3rd and 21st. Biochemical substances were examined on 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours at 1st and 2nd post vaccination shots against IBD vaccine. The birds were also vaccinated against Newcastle disease on 10th day and Hydropericardium syndrome on 18th day of the experiment. Blood samples were collected from randomly selected ten birds of each group after 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours post-vaccination for ascertaining the following parameters: (i) Heterophil/Lymphocyte ratio (ii) Serum biochemical substances (protein, glucose and Cholesterol). On day 42nd, adrenal gland/body weight ratio and pathological leions in adrenal gland were noted. An effort was also made to ascertain the economics of flock at the end of the experiment. Vaccine did not cause detectable stress in broilers due to prophylactic use of Nefrone, Lisovit and herbal mixture. Nefrone therapy showed positive effects on the immune response and growth traits of the birds.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0680,T] (1).
2.
Effect Of Diclofenac Sodium On Experimentally Induced Aseptic Arthritis In Equines
by Dr . Aqeel Javeed | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Ashraf | Dr . Muhammad | Dr . Muhammad Ovais Omer.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2002Dissertation note: Aseptic arthritis of the knee joint was induced in 12 healthy donkeys, weighing 60 to 85kg by intra-articular injection ot O.3m1 of turpentine oil. The animals were randomly divided into 2 groups A and B of 6 animals each. Group A served as a control whereas in Group B anti-arthritic drug, diclofenac sodium (Diclocare 5%) was administered intramuscularly at the dose rate of 2.5mg/kg body weight daily for 5-6 days starting one day after the induction of arthritis. In group B, the joint circumference became normal on 6th day after induction of arthritis while in group A (control), the joint circumference took 16 to 20 days to become normal. According to this trial, diclofenac sodium provided an early return to normal stance and weight bearing in treated group B, taking longer time in control group A. No significant change in blood Haemoglobin, Total erythrocyte count, Total leukocyte count, Erythrocyte sedimentation rate and Packed cell volume was observed in control and treated animals. It is concluded that diclolènac sodium is an effective treatment for arthritis in donkeys.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0780,T] (1).
3.
Bioavailability And Pharmacokingetics Of Ampicillin In Volunteeers
by Naseer Ahmad | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2001Dissertation note: The bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of ampicillin were investigated in six healthy male volunteers after intravenous and oral administration of penbritin 500mg and relative bioavailability of ampicap 500mg after oral administration. The blood samples were collected at various time intervals following administration of single dose of 500mg to each individual volunteer. The concentrations of ampicillin in serum samples were determined by using microbiological assay. The serum concentrations of ampicilin at different time intervals were plotted on semi-logarithmic graph paper. The bioavailabilty and pharmacokinetics parameters were calculated and expressed as mean + S.D.
The peack oncerntration of 8.58+0.02 ug/ml reached in 2.30+0.002 hours after oral administration. By calculating the AUC i/v and AUC oral the bioavailability of penbritin 500mg oral was calculated and was 51.60+ 2.2.0 and that of ampicap was 50.00+10.00. The relative bioavailability (Bioequivalence ) of ampicap was determined by dividing the AUC (Ampicap) by AUC (penbritin) and it was 96.94+5.18%. Time to reach the maximum concerntration of penbritin orally was 2.30+0.002 and that of ampicap was 2.31+0.006 hours
The half-live of elimination after i/v administration of penbritin was 1.005+0.00 hours, after oral administration was 1.21+0.001 hours and that of ampicap was 1.21+0.004, respectively. The volume of distribution after pendbritin i/v, penbritin orally and ampicap orally was 11.08+0.091, 25.92+0.76 and 26.64+0.82 liters, respectively. The total body clearance of penbritin was 127.84+10.53, 246.70+104.13 and 254.46+45.32 ml/minutres, respectively after penbritin i/v, penbritin orally and ampicap.
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4.
Effect Of Garlic (Allium Sativum) On The Growth Performance And Immune Styatus Of Broiler Chicks
by Anwar-ul-Haq | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Muhammad Ovais omer | Prof. Dr.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2003Dissertation note: The present research work was undertaken to assess the immuno-modulatory effect of Garlic on different concentrations and Zinc Bacitracin on the antibody titers against ND in NDV vaccinated broiler chicks.
For this purpose 150 day-old broiler chicks were purchased from the local market and divided into 5 equal groups i.e. A (vaccinated, non medicated control), B (administered with ND vaccine and Zinc bacitracin), C (administered with ND vaccine "Lasota" and 1 g/kg Garlic), D (administered with ND vaccine "Lasota" and Garlic 5 g/kg), E (administered with ND vaccine "Lasota" and Garlic (10 g/kg). Each group comprised of 30 chicks. Group E was fed on a ration containing Garlic at the dose rate 10 g/kg of feed and given throughout he study period i.e. upto 42 days of age.
The comparative immuno-modulatory effects of Garlic and Zinc Bacitracin were worked out on the basis of GMT levels in ND vaccinated unmedicated birds alongwith the ND vaccinated, medicated birds. These titers were evaluated by using HA and HI tests on the sera of these experimental chicks. Other parameters i.e. morbidity, mortality, weight gain, FCR, postmortem findings, weight, size and texture of spleen, thymus, bursae and liver were also assessed in drawing the final conclusion. Data was analyzed statistically using one way analysis of variance and least significant difference (LSD) to find out the means of the experimental groups.
The birds that were, NDV vaccinated and Garlic 1 g/kg medicated had the highest body weight and showed best FCR. The birds NDV vaccinated and Garlic 5 g/kg medicated secured second position regarding weight gain and FCR among the three experimental groups (A, B and C). The birds from group B (Z.B. and NDV) had the higher body weight than group (A and C). Feed conversion ratio of group B was also found to be better than group A (NDV vaccinated, unrnedicated) and group C (NDV vaccinated and Garlic 1 g/kg medicated). None of the three treatments (Garlic, Z.B. and control) had any adverse effects on the weight size, and texture of lymphoid organs (bursa of Fabricius, spleen, thymus and liver). The birds belonging to group E (NDV vaccinated, Garlic 10 g/kg medicated) had shown the highest antibody titers on day 42. While the birds of group A (NDV vaccinated, unmedicated control) had the lowest antibody titers. Among the three experimental groups (B, C and D), the birds from group D had higher antibody titers as compared to other treatment groups. Whereas the group B had the higher antibody titers than the group C.
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5.
Plasma Concentration Of Doxycycline After Flock Medication Via Drinking Water In Broilers
by Ayaz Ali Khan | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Khushi | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2004Dissertation note: An experiment was conducted on the bioavailability of doxycycline in broiler chickens after multiple oral administration at the dose rate of 10mg/kg.b.wt. under field condition and comparison was made between the two different pharmaceutical preparations of doxycycline. Stability of doxycycline solution in drinking water was also evaluated in the study. Microbiological assay was used to determine doxycycline concentration in plasma and water samples. Doxycycline was given to 2 groups of 30 chickens. Maximum plasma level of 4.116 0.326 g/ml (group 1) and 4.00 0.280 g/ml (group 2) was obtained after doxycycline administration, having no significant difference. Minimum plasma level of 1.566 0.202 g/ml (group 1) and 1.116 0.116 g/ml (group 2) were observed during the field experiment. Both the formulations attained peak levels of the plasma concentration at the same time which was 6 3.46 hours. Mean SEM of the area under curve (260.933 15.043 g.hr/ml) of group 1 had no significant difference from that (246.383 13.187 g.hr/ml) of group 2. Statistical analysis revealed bio equivalency between the two preparations of doxycycline. The residual doxycycline HCl content of doxycycline HCl solution was 89.72% (group 1) and 81.6% (group 2) after every 4 hours expressed as the percentage of the initial concentration.
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6.
Studies On Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (Nsaids) Toxicity In Broilers
by Asif Farooq Awan | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Khushi | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer | Faculty of Biosciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2005Dissertation note: This project was designed for the evaluation of different effects of toxic dosage levels of NSAIDs (piroxicam, ketoprofen, phenyl-butazone and dipyron) in broiler chickens. For this project two hundred and twenty five healthy broiler chickens were purchased from the market and were reared upto 28 days. Then one hundred and twenty five were divided into five groups A, B, C, D and E having twenty five birds in each group. On day 29th four groups A, B, C and D were medicated with piroxicam, ketoprofen, phenyl-butazone and dipyron twice a day at dose rate of 1, 5, 50 and 50 mg/kg body weight respectively intra-muscularly for four days. Birds from group E were kept as control. Feed and water were provided ad libitum. A physical examination was performed daily. Signs of toxicity and mortality rate in each group was recorded. Blood samples from wing vein (3 ml) was drawn on day 29 before medication and on days 33, 37, 41 after medication from same birds for determination of serum values of Aspartate Transaminase (AST), Alanine Transaminase (ALT), Uric Acid, Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and Creatinine. Postmortem examinationwas performecd after all samples taken.
In second experiment other 100 birds were divided into five groups K, L, M, N and O comprising of 20 birds in each group. Each bird of group K was injected I/M piroxicam 2 mg/kg twice a day. Each bird of group L was injected I/M ketoprofen 10 mg/kg twice a day. Each bird of group M was injected I/M phenyl buazone 100 mg/kg twice a day. Each bird of group N was injected I/M metamizole 100 mg/kg body weight for twice a day upto four days and group 0 was kept as control group. Postmortem examination was performed after medication. Based on the necropsy findings and biochemical analysis it was found that piroxicam was safest drug (NSAIDs) in the avian species. Keeping in view the environmental problem of decline in population and its possible link with Diclodenic sodium,(vultures arises) it is recommended that piroxicam which has good pharmacological effects in human medicines may be used instead of diclofenac sodium in veterinary practice.
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7.
Bioavailability Of Amoxicilin Trihydrate In Broiler Chickens Administered Through Drinking Water
by Amir Bakhsh | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer | Prof. Dr | Faculty of Biosciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2004Dissertation note: Bioavailability of two oral commercial formulations of amoxicillin trihydrate i.e. oracin-50 (Mediexcel, Pharmaceuticals (Pvt.) Limited Pakistan) and Bioxil-20 (Bioceutica, µµchickens. The birds were divided into two groups A and B and than six replicates of each group were made. The birds were reared upto 30 days. Group A was medicated by Oracin-50 and group B was medicated by Bioxil-20. The medication was continued for three consecutive days and blood samples were collected before and after medication as per schedule. The plasma level of amoxicillin were determined by microbiological assays. The concentrations versus time data were plotted on logrithmic paper and various bio-availability parameters were determined.
Peak concentrations of both oral preparations appeared with in two hours. However Oracin-50 peak concentration revealed 5.26±1.605µg/ml which was not significantly higher than 4.71±0.142ig/ml as depicted by Bioxil-20.
Mean ±SEM of the area under curve (AUC) for Oracin-50 was 296.783±6.331µg. hr/ml and 259.26±4.866 µg.hr/ml for Bioxil-20 statistical analyses revealed no significant different minimum concentration of Oracin-50 revealed 2.550±O.0763µg/ml while 2.450±O.07637µg/ml as depicted by the bioxil-20.
Both the preparations took the same time (2 hour) to attain the peak level of the plasma concentration. The present study also revealed that amoxicillin is not much stable in water. Oracin-50 decreased 34% and Bioxil-20 decreased 35% in 72 hours There was no significant difference (P<O.05) in the stability of both groups. The comparative study of the two Pharmaceutical preparations Oracin-50 (Mediexcel Pharmaceutical Pakistan) and Bioxil-20 (Bioceutica Pharmaceutical Pakistan) revealed that there was no significant difference (P<O.05) between the means of two groups. The statistical evaluation revealed bio-equaleancy between two drugs.
Amoxicillin is broad spectrum antibiotic, its bioavailability is better than other antibiotic. Its MIC is also very low (O.25igIml) but its half 1fe is short. So its repeated doses should be given. As it is somewhat unstable, in case of drinking water. The medicated water should be changed get the maximum efficacy.
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8.
Efficacy Of Livergen And Icterene Aginst Experimentally Induced Hepatotoxicity In Rabbits
by Ahmed Sardar Mirza | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer | Prof.Dr.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2004Dissertation note: The study was conducted on 35 male rabbits weighing from 1-1.5 kg. The study was carried out on the basis of elevation and decline in the levels of Alanine Transminase (ALT/SGPT), Aspartate Transminase (AST/SGOT) by inducing experimental hepatic injury by paracetamol and then treating it with hepatoprortective agents like, Livergen, Icterene and Jetepar. The rabbits were divided into the seven group i.e. A, B, C, D, E, F and G. All animals except animals of group A which is a control group were administered with hepatotoxic dose of paracetamol 2.5g/kg at day zero, while group C, D and E received hepatoprotective dose of Livergen syrup 1ml, 2ml and 3ml/kg respectively at day 2 for five consecutive days in addition to the toxic dose of paracetamol at day zero. The animals of group F received hepatoprotective dose of Icterene tablets 140mg/kg at day 2 for 5 consecutive days in addition to paracetamol toxic dose at day zero. The animals of group G received hepatoprotective dose of Jetepar syrup 1ml/kg at day 2 for five consecutive days in addition to the hepatotoxic dose of paracetamol 2.5g/kg at day zero. The blood samples were collected at day 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10. Concludingly, the drug Jetapar was found to be best effective. While Livergen and Icteren showed equal effective results at normal dose but significantly less than Jetepar. However, Livergen at dose 2ml/kg and 3ml/kg showed equal but almost similar results to Jetepar at last day.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0915,T] (1).
9.
Antimicrobial Activity Of Mentha Longifolia And Artemisia Maritima
by Sakhawat Ali | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer | Prof. Dr.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2005Dissertation note: This study was undertaken to determine the use of medicinal plants as an antibacterial agent and its potential as an alternative medicine against bacterial infections. For this purpose water, methanol and chloroform extract of the Artemisia maritirna and Mentha Ion gifolia were tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. and Bacillus subtilis by Disc Diffusion Method, Well Diffusion method and Micro Dilution Method. After determination of the antibacterial properties the data was analyzed statistically by using paired t-test and it was observed that methanol extract had greater antibacterial activity as compared to chloroform and water extract, whereas, chloroform extract had moderate antibacterial activity but the water extract had negligible antibacterial activity. From the four tested organisms Escherichia coli was more susceptible to methanol extract of Mentha ion gfolia. In general Staphylococcus aureus was more susceptible to both plant extracts as compared to other three tested microorganisms.
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10.
Toxicity Of Flunixin Meglumine In Avian Species
by Muhammad Irfan | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer | Prof. Dr.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2006Dissertation note: This project was designed for the evaluation of different effects of toxic dose levels of flunixin meglumine and diclofenac sodium in broiler chickens. For this purpose one hundered and fifty broiler chicks were purchased from the market and were reared upto day 28 and then were divided into different groups (A, B, C, D E and F). Groups A, B, C and D were treated with flunixin meglumine at the dosage rate of 1.25, 2.5, 5.00 and 10.00mg/kg body weight JIM once daily respectively and group E was kept as Control. The remaining 25 birds of group F were treated with Diclofenic sodium 5.00mg/kg body weight by same route of administration and dosing interval as mentioned for flunixin meglumine. Treatment was continued for five consecutive days. Clinical signs, mortality, liver and kidney function tests were performed by estimation of Aspartate Transaminase (AST), Alanine Transaminase (ALT), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), uric acid and Creatinine in the serum samples. Postmortem findings and histopathological changes of different tissues were also recorded. Toxicity of flunixin meglumine was evaluated through the above mentioned parameters and this toxicity was compared with that of Diclofenac sodium. Based on the mortality data and biochemical analysis it was concluded found that flunixin meglumine was toxic in avian species. Keeping in view the environmental problem (vultures crises) it is suspected that flunixin meglumine may cause some problems in avian species as diclofenac sodium.
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11.
Bioavailability Of Tylosin Tartrate After Flock Medication Via Drinking Water In Broilers
by Shahid Bashir | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Muhammad | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2004Dissertation note: Microbiological assay was used to determine the biological availability of tylosin tartrate in broiler chickens with bascillus subtillus as a test organism. Two groups of birds were made (A & B). Group A was medicated with Tyloexcel and group B with Tyleco soluble. Then blood samples were collected serially. Plasma concentration was found by using microbiological assay and the obtained data was compared with published pharmacokinetic data. Stability of two products (using the same technique) showed both products are equally stable in water and no significant difference is between these two products. In the present research Maximum time (tmax) 2 hours for tylosin obtained after oral administration indicates that using this antibiotic with driking water in broiler chickens is the method of choice. However, relatively, low value of Maxmimum plasma concentration (Cpmax) 1.28±0.030 g/ml (Tyloexcel) and 1.2±0.025 g/ml (Tyleco soluble) after oral administration of tylosin shows that dosing of this antibiotic in chickens should be higher than in other food producing animals.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0944,T] (1).
12.
Effect Of Malathion On Serum Cholinesterase Activity And Lipid Profile In Rabbits
by Muhammad Imran | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Kamran | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2007Dissertation note: Malathion is an organophosphorous compound widely used as pesticide, mostly in spray form. The present project was designed to study the effect of Malathion on lipid profile and inhibition of cholinesterase activity in rabbits. The experimental rabbits were kept at the animal shed of Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and were divided into five groups A, B, C, D, and E, each comprising of five animals. All the animals of each groups were shaved from their dorsal side for the application of Malathion. The animals of group A were treated with Malathion 50 mg / kg body weight, dermally. Group B was treated with 100mg of Malathion per kg B.W., dermally. Rabbits in group C were treated with Malathion at the rate of 200mg! kg B.W. Group D was treated with 400mg/kg B.W., dermally. The application of Malathion was repeated on Day 1, Day 3, Day 5 and Day 7 of the experiment. Group E was as control. Blood samples were collected from each animal separately before and after the experiment from their marginal ear veins. Serum was separated from the blood samples and was further analyzed for cholinesterase activity and lipid profile by spectro photometric method. Specified Randox kits were used for this purpose. Data collected from the experiment showed that Malathion inhibits the activity of cholinesterase enzyme. Also Malathion influences the lipid profile. In group A which was treated with Malathion 50mg/kg, the total cholesterol was increased up to 27.11%, high density lipoprotein (HDL) were increased up to 22.40%, low density lipoprotein were increased up to 175.44% and triglycerides (TGs) were decreased by 14.42%. In group B which was treated with Malathion 100mg/kg, total cholesterol was increased up to 34.46%, HDL increased up to 35.40%, LDL increased up to 183.09% while TGs were decreased by 14.02%. In group C which was treated with Malathion 200mg/kg, total cholesterol was increased up to 31.46%, HDL were increased up to
42.10%, LDL were increased up to 137.44% and TGs were decreased by 15.44%. While in group D which was treated with Malathion 400mg/kg, total cholesterol was increased up to 23.46%, HDL were increased up to 45.76%, LDL were increased up to 82.37% and TGs were decreased up to 14.95%.Activity of cholinesterase was decreased up to 82.74%, 91.59%, 89.63% and 86.64% in different groups like group A, B, C and D respectively. All the results were compared with the values of control group E. All the data obtained from these experiments was analyzed statistically.
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13.
Effect Of Detomidine And Chloramphenicol On Propofol-Induced Ana Esthesia
by Salamat Ali | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Muhammad | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2007Dissertation note: In clinical practice anaesthetics are of great importance as for as surgeries are concerned whether in human beings or animals. This project was designed to evaluate the effect of Chioramphenicol and Detomidine on Propofol-induced anaesthesia in mice and dogs. The study was conducted in two separate experiments. In first experiment, sixty mice were divided into six groups; group A, group B, group C, group D, group E and group F. Each group comprised of ten mice. Group A was treated with Propofol (100 mg/kg). Chioramphenicol pretreatment (100, 150, 200mg/kg), 15 minutes prior to administration of Propofol (100 mg/kg) were used in Group B, C, D. Group F was treated with normal saline 0.3 ml only. Both the drugs were given as intraperitoneal injection. In second experiment, twelve dogs were divided into three groups i.e. group A, B and C. Each group comprised of four dogs. Group A was treated with Propofol (6 mg/kg, I/V) as a single bolus, while group B was given Detomidine hydrochloride (40 pg/kg body weight) intramuscularly as a premedication 15 mm before Propofol intravenously (6 mg/kg) while group C was treated with 3 mg/kg Propofol along with 40 pg/kg of Detornidine as premedication. After a wash out period of two weeks the dogs of group A were treated with Detomidine hydrochloride (40 jig/kg body weight) intramuscularly as a premedication 15 mm. before the Propofol intravenously (6mg/kg body weight) while, the dogs of group B were treated with Propofol 6 mg/kg body weight intravenously as a single bolus and group C was repeated with the 3 mg/kg Propofol along with 40 pg/kg of Detomidine as premedication. Anaesthetic parameters were noted. Serum level of Calcium, Chloride, Potassium and Sodium fell and were normal after recovery.
The results indicated that induction time remained same and was smooth with these premedication while duration of anaesthesia increased to threefold compare to control groups and uncomplicated recovery was recorded.
The collected results from this study conclude that this premedication gives better results and should be used in clinical practice.
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14.
Evaluation Of The Antidiabetic And Antilipidemic Efffects Of Metformin Alone And In Combination With Ascorbic Acid
by Ansa Taskeen | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Habib ur | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: A randomized prospective study was coducted to evaluate the antidiabetic and antilipidemic actions of metformin alone and in combination with ascorbic acid. Human subjects (n 90) comprising of thirty healthy and sixty diabetic patient (NIDDM) were included in the study. These diabetic patients presented to Diabetic Clinic, Jinnah Hospital, Lahore receiving oral anti diabetic medicine (Metformin) for more than six months were considered for the study taking into consideration the exclusion and inclusion criteria. The selected human subjects were randomly divided: Group A comprised of thirty diabetic patients (NIDDM) on metformin alone, group B is group comprised of thirty diabetic patients (NIDDM) on metformin- ascorbic acid and group-C comprised of thirty apparently healthy subjects having no significant health problem.
The blood samples were drawn, transferred into clot activator vacuum tubes and centrifuged for 3 minutes to separate the serum. The samples were drawn at pretreatment, two, four and six weeks of treatment. Blood sugar level (fasting), lipid profile (fasting) including serum cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein and high density lipoprotein were studied using commercial kits with the help of a semiautomatic Chemistry Analyser (Humalyser 3500, Human mc, USA) to evaluate the effects of metformin alone and in combination with ascorbic acid
Data was analyzed using ANOVA with the help of SPSS program. The results indicate the significant effect of ascorbic acid given to NIDDM patients on lowering of blood sugar level, serum cholesterol, serum triglycerides and serum low density lipoproteins. The NIDDM patients on metformin alone has higher mean level of blood glucose, serum cholesterol, serum triglycerides and serum low density lipoproteins as compared to those NIDDM patients on combination therapy of metformin and ascorbic acid. The mean of high density lipoproteins is higher in NIDDM patients being treated with the metformin-ascorbic acid combination therapy as compared to those on metformin alone.
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15.
Effect Of Strawberry Juice On Angiogenesis Using Chorioallantoic Membrane (Cam) Assay
by Sadia Abrar | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, is a hallmark of almost all neoplastic and non-neoplastic degenerative diseases. Targeting angiogenesis with natural antiangiogenic compounds may lead to safe, effective and low cost budget therapies. Strawberries provide various vital natural substances which have a significant role in human health and disease prevention. In our study, we have focused on the effect of strawberry juice on angiogenesis using chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. Fresh fertilized eggs were taken, sprayed with 70% ethanol and incubated at 37 °C (humidity 55-60%). At day 5 of incubation a small window was made on each egg, 4-5 ml of albumen was removed, windows were sealed with sterile parafilm and eggs were returned to incubator. Strawberry juice was obtained from fully ripened strawberry fruits and various dilutions were prepared in distilled water. Filtered dilutions of the juice were used for experimental analysis and applied to the CAMs on day 6. of incubation. Macroscopic vascular changes were evidently observed among all treated CAMs on day 7 of incubation. Reduction in the total area and diameter of primary, secondary and tertiary blood vessels was observed after treatment with strawberry juice in concentration dependent manner. By using SPIP software 3D surface roughness measurements were carried out which clearly elaborated antiagiogenic effect of strawberry juice on CAMs. Strawberry juice inhibits angiogenesis, which is a common denominator shared by various major disease.
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16.
Comparative Study Of Patent Versus Locally Manufactured Chemotherapeutic Agents Used In Breast Cancer Patients.
by Marriam Sharif | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: The pharmaceutical companies produce anticancer drugs after extensive research and development. Number of generics of doxorubicin, fluorouracil and cyclophosphamide has recently been introduced but their clinical efficacy and toxicity has not been documented in comparison to the brand leader product in Pakistan.
Objective of this study was to compare the toxicity and efficacy of patent FAC (fluorouracil, doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide) chemotherapy combination versus local FAC manufactured by Pharmedic laborteries Pakistan.
Study was conducted on two groups of patients having 15 patients in each group with breast cancer. Median age was 48 years in group "A" and 47 years in group "B".
Patients in group "A" received patent FAC while group "B" received locally manufactured FAC. An inclusion and exclusion criterion was used for patient selection or rejection. Pre-treatment evaluation was done before the start of the chemotherapy. The dosage regimen and route of drug administration was same for both groups.
A median number of two cycles of FAC chemotherapy was given in each group. Toxicity was evaluated with special reference to hepatic function, renal function, hematological profile and S-T changes in ECG on day 14 after the execution of FAC combination of
chemotherapy and on day 21 before the start of second dose of chemotherapy according to Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 3.0 (CTCAE).
Partial response was seen in 83% patients of group "A" and 60% in group "B". Two patients had stable disease in group "A" while three patients had stable disease and one patient had progressive disease in group "B".
In this small series of patients group "A" patients treated with patent or branded FAC appeared to have better response rate at higher cost than group "B" patients treated with locally manufactured FAC combination of chemotherapy.
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17.
Evaluation Of Empirical Therapy In Escherichia Coli Induced Acute And Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infection
by Ijaz Alvi | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Aftab | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: The acute and uncomplicated urinary tract infection is one of the common diseases of
human genitourinary tract, most com~only caused by E.coli, and study in patients
suffering from acute and uncomplicated urinary tract infection was conducted in one
hundred in tertiary care Mayo hospital Lahore. The urine samples from patients were
collected after the diagnosis and were analyzed for its causative/pathogenic organism.
Out of 100 urine samples the Escherichia coli was found as the most common cause of
uUTI (acute and uncomplicated urinary tract infection) (61 %),Jollowed by Pseudomonas
aeruginosa (15%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (11 %), Staphylococcus aureus (7%),Proteus
mirabilis (6%), The urinary tract infections were found most frequent in female (59.9%)
than male (40.1 %).
Only Escherichia coli isolated strains of bacteria were subjected to antibiogram against
nine commonly used antibiotics (Ciprofloxacin, Norfloxacin, Pipemedic acid,
,
Co-arnoxiclave, Co-trimoxazole, Amikacin, Ceftriaxone, Imipenurn, and Meropenum)
for evaluation of bacterial resistance and antibiotic sensitivity, the comparative analysis
showed that among the nine (09) antibiotics used the E. coli strains prevalent in Punjab
especially to the patients at Mayo hospital were maximally resistant to norfloxacin 63.93%
(flouroquinolone), followed by ciprofloxacin 57.37 %, Co-trimoxazole 40.98, Co-
amoxiclave 39.34 %, Pipemedic acid 36.06 %, Ceftriaxone 32.78 %, Amikacin 27.88 %,
meropenum 8.20 % and imipenum found only 4.92 % resistant to E. coli strains.
It was concluded that irnipenurn was found to be most sensitive with 86.88 % followed
by meropenum 77.05%, Amikacin 63.96 %, Ceftriaxone 57.38, co-amoxiclave 57.37 %,
co-trimoxazole 42.63 %, pipemedic acid 31.16 %, ciprofloxacin 24.59 % and norfloxacin
was found to be the least s e n si t i v e drug to E.coli prevalent in Punjab.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1397,T] (1).
18.
Comparative Evaluation Of Mutagenicity And Cyhalothrin, Of Endosulfan, Lambda-Cyhalothrin,
by Umber Saleem | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Imran Altaf | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1460,T] (1).
19.
Effects Of Lycopersicon Esculentum And Citrus Limon Juice On Angiogenesis
by Nausheen Saba Khalid | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Lycopersiconesculentumand Citrus limonumare largely known for their anti cancer activity. Various investigations using various assays have been done regarding anti cancer activity of Lycopersiconesculentumand Citrus limonum. This study wasplanned to estimate the effects of LycopersiconesculentumandCitrus limonumjuice on angiogenesis using the chick chorioallantoic membrane model. LycopersiconesculentumandCitrus limonum wascollected, sliced to squeeze juice, centrifuged and then supernatant was collected. Different dilutions were prepared using distilled water. PH was adjusted in range of 6-7 and filtered using disposable syringe filter. Fertilized eggs wereobtained from local hatchery and sprayed with 70% alcohol then divided in to six groups containing five eggs in each group one group act as control. The eggs were incubated at 37C° and at60_65% humidity. On 4th day postincubationwindows were made in all eggs under strict aseptic conditions, albumin was aspirated (approximately 4 -5 ml) with a disposable syringe, sealed with sterilized adhesive tapes and kept in incubator for 24 hours.After 24 hours windows were opened, 200 ?l of each dilution waspoured on CAM with disposable syringe, sealed again with sterilized adhesive tapes and again kept in incubator till 6th day. After 24 hours pattern of development of new blood vessels were assessed in CAM by taking images with the help of digital camera.Decrease in length and diameter of primary, secondary and tertiary blood vessels were seen in a concentration dependent way. All images were quantified by using scan probing image processing software (IBM- Denmark). 3D surface roughness parameters were calculated that evidently showed antiangiogenic nature of tomato and lemon juice. All the calculated data was subjected to statistical analysis.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1476,T] (1).
20.
Cytocenetic Effects Of Anti-Breast Cancer Drugs, Cyclophosphamide, Doxorubicin, Cisplatin And
by Zainab Batool | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Imran Altaf | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: In this study mutagenicity and cytotoxicity of the chemotherapeutic agents used in breast cancer were evaluated. The drugs included in this study were Cyclophosphamide, Doxorubicin, Cisplatin and 5-Flourouracil. They were tested alone as well as in combination for their cytogenetic effects. The mutagenicity of these drugs was tested by Ames test using two strains of Salmonella i.e. TA100 and TA98 with and without S-9 at different concentrations. While for cytotoxicity evaluation MTT 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) colorimetric assay was selected. 96 well plate and BHK-21 cell lines were used to perform this assay.
This study indicated that cyclophosphamide was mutagenic ( 62.5 µg/plate) to TA 100 with S-9 but non mutagenic to TA 98 with and without S-9, while the concentration of 250µg/ml and above was found cytotoxic. Doxorubicin was mutagenic to TA 100 and TA 98 with and without S-9 at 1 µg/plate and above, while cytotoxic dose was 10µg/ml and above. 5-FU was found non mutagenic in this assay to both test strains with and without S-9 at all test concentrations, however it was found cytotoxic above 5µg/ml in MTT assay. Cisplatin showed mutagenicity to both test strains at 2µg/plate and above , while at 5µg/ml and above it was found cytotoxic.
When the combinations of these drugs were tested for cytogentic effects , it was found that the concentrations which were non mutagenic individually became mutagenic and cytotoxic when combined together.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1481,T] (1).
21.
Effect Of Vitis Vinifera (Grapes) Fruit Juice On Angiogenesis.
by Shahzad Asghar | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer | Prof. Dr.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Angiogenesis, the novel blood vessels formation, is a mark of nearly every neoplastic and non-neoplastic degenerative disease. Thetreatment of angiogenesis with plant derived anti-angiogenic substances may be proved as more efficacious,harmless, and lowbudget therapies. Grapes contain many vital natural compounds which can significantly prevent diseases and maintain human health. In this work, we have studied the effect of grapes juice (Vitis vinifera) on angiogenesis by use of chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. We took Fresh fertilized eggs and sprayed them with 70% ethanol for decontamination and incubated at 37?C and (humidity 65%-70%). At 5th day of incubation small windows were made on all eggs, 4-5 ml of albumin was extracted, windows were sealed with sterile Para-film tape and eggs were reincubated. Grapes juice was obtained from fully ripened grapes and various dilutions were formulated by using distilled water. Dilutions of the juice were filtered by special syringe filters used for experimental analysis and applied to the CAMs on 6th day of incubation. Changes in vessels were clearly observed macroscopically among all treated CAMs on 7th day of incubation. The total diameter & area of primary, secondary and tertiary blood vessels was observed to be reduced after treatment with grapes juice in a concentrationand dose related manner. Scanning probe image processor(SPIP)software was used for 3D surface roughness measurements which clearly demonstrated the antiangiogenic effect of grapes juice on CAM. Grapes (Vitis vinifera) juice inhibits angiogenesis, which is a common denominator of various major diseases.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1501,T] (1).
22.
Effect Of Punica Granatum (Pomegranate) Fruit Extract On Angiogenesis
by Ghulam Jilany Khan | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Angiogenesis is a physiological process which involves the formation of new blood vessels from vessels which are already present. It is a common and most important process in formation and development of vessels, so used in healing of wound and granulation of tissues. To maintain natural balance between formulation and inhibitory factors, body controls angiogenesis. When this balance is disturbed, the body results in either too much growth or extensive inhibition of expansion of blood vessels.
This study was designed to evaluate the effects of Punica granatum (pomegranate) fruit extract on angiogenesis using chick chorioallantoic membrane assay (CAM). The phytochemicals in pomegranate include polyphenoliccatechins, gallocatechins and anthocyanins like prodelphinidins, delphinidin, cyanidin and pelargonidin. CAM assay model is very helpful to proceed in research due to its easy and accurate observation of embryonic development and the process of angiogenesis.
The proposed hypothesis was, is there any Effect of Punica granatum (Pomegranate) fruit extract on angiogenesis? To check the authenticity of this hypothesis pomegranate (Punica granatum) was collected from the locality of Lahore. Aqueous extract was obtained by maceration of dried powder. Forty fresh fertilized eggs were collected from local hatchery and divided into four groups, having 10 eggs in each group. These eggs were incubated and were windowed at day 5 of incubation. On the same day a specified portion of albumin was removed with the help of syringe. On day 6 various dilutions of fruit extract was prepared and applied on developing CAM on day 6 after incubation while the controlled group was treated with distilled CHAPTER-6 65
water only. After 24 hours, the pattern of angiogenesis in the developing CAM was evaluated by taking images with the help of digital camera and SPIP software program.
3D surface roughness parameters showed the clear decline in values as compared to control. The parameters are; Sa (surface area), Sq (root mean square), Ssk (surface deviation), , Sy (lowest valley), Sz ( average absolute height), Smin (minimum height), Smax (maximum Height), Smean (mean height), Sdr (developed surface area ratio), Svk (Reduce valley depth), Sci (ratio of void volume of the unit sampling at core zone over root mean square deviation), Sk (core roughness depth), Stdi (texture index). All of these parameters were assessed thoroughly for the quantification of angiogenesis. The length and diameter of primary, secondary and tertiary blood vessels as well as the area of CAM were measured with the help of calibration and measurement command.
Changes in angiogenesis were observed with different percentage dilutions of fruit extracts and were statistically analyzed by using the analysis of variance where “p-value” of control and treated groups were calculated. With this application, significant differences in the results were observed at p<0.05 which collectively pointed toward antiangiogeic effect of the pomegranate fruit extract.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1514,T] (1).
23.
Determination of in Vitro Antimicrobial Effecacy of Plant Extracts and Antibiotics Against Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (Mrsa) Isolated from Postoperative Wounds of Hospitalized Patients.
by Muhmmad Qamar Zeshan | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Aftab | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Background
Nosocomial infection is a worldwide problem causing high number of deaths. The major causative agent of infection is methicillin resistant Staphylococs aureus (MRSA). Surgical site infections in orthopedic surgery (SSIS) are mainly (48%) caused by Staph. aureus, out of which 68% are MRSA and causes a number of deaths annually.
Hypothesis
As medicinal plants like (Opuntia delinii, Acacia nilotica and Alo vera) have the anti bacterial activity, So these plants may be effective against methicillin resistant Staphylococs aureus (MRSA) And antibiotic like (Moxifloxacillin, Cefipime and Imipenem/Cilastatin and Ampicillin+Cloxacillin) selected in this study have antibacterial activity against gram positive bacteria so may these have effectiveness against methicillin resistant Staphylococs aureus (MRSA).
Material and method
In this study MRSA isolated from the post operative wounds of one hundred hospitalized patients from three hospitals (Mayo Hospital, Services Institute of Medical Sciences and Jinnah Hospital) of Lahore. The isolates obtained from the wound identified as MRSA by cultural and biochemical characteristics. Methicillin resistant Staphylococs aureus strains are resistant to many antibiotics even vancomycin. In the present study the efficacy of three medicinal plants (Opuntia delinii, Acacia nilotica and Alo vera) studied against MRSA using extracts of the plants. The extracts also further used to determine MICs against methicillin resistant Staphylococs aureus isolated strains. MICs of four antibiotics and their combinations commonly used for treatment of post operative wounds like Moxifloxacin, Cefipime, Imipenem/Cilastatin and Ampicillin+Cloxacillin determined using Linezolid and Vancomycin as standards by micro dilution method in vitro.
Statistical Design
The data collected analyzed using SPSS version13.0X soft ware.
Outcome
The prevalence of MRSA found in different hospitals as under 72.5% in case of Mayo, 63.33% in case of Services Hospital and 66.66% in case of Jinnah hospital Lahore. The highest percentage found in Mayo hospital and lowest was observed in case of services hospital.
MIC results found in this study indicate that Acacia nilotica and Alo vera contain antibacterial agents which showed the good results against MRSA while Opuntia dileinii showed not promising results against MRSA and high MICs found put a question mark on its efficacy. Average MICs found in case of acacia leaves and bark are as 84 (µg)/ml and 62.5 (µg)/ml respectively. Average MIC observed in case of Aloe vera is 32.25 (µg)/ml. The highest MIC value calculated in case of Opuntia dillenii is 1228 (µg)/ml.
Antibiotics like Moxifloxacin and Imipenem/Cilastatin showed the good results and the average MICs value found 2.681 And 2.85 respectively closely resembles to the MICs of stander drugs e.i vancomycin and linezolid caluculated as 1.61 and 2.43. Cefipime showed the less activity against MRSA with the average MIC 57.81.The synergistic effects of Ampicillin+Cloxacillin was not so good as compared to the stander drugs and combination of ampicillin and cloxacillin exhibit the average MIC as 11.87.
The lowest MIC in of plants extracts observed in case of Aloe vera and highest found in case of Opuntia dillenii.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1532,T] (1).
24.
Antibacterial & Cytotoxic Evaluation Of Eruca Sativa Seed Exteacts
by Khadijah mansoor | Prof. Muhammad Ashraf | DR. Muhammad Ovais omer.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1943,T] (1).
25.
Evaluation Of Antihistaminic And Anticholinergic Activity Of Aqueous And Alcoholic Extracts Of Equisetum Debile
by Shahrukh Ali | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2097,T] (1).
26.
Evaluation Of Antihistaminic And Anticholinergic Activity Of Aqueous And Alcoholic Extracts Of Piper Betel And Murraya Koenigii Plants
by Hassan Mahmood Qureshi | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2098,T] (1).
27.
Cytotoxicity & Antiviral Profile Of Equisetum Debile (Bansi Booti) Against Food And Mouth Disease Virus In -Vitro Cell Culture
by Naeem Rasool | Dr. Muhammad Ovais omer | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2105,T] (1).
28.
Efficacy Of Cephalosporins Alone And In Combination With Zinc Sulphate In Tients With Post Surgical Infection
by Maria Naeem | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2166,T] (1).
29.
Effects Of Aflatoxin M1 (Afm1) On Sheep And Efficacy Of Mycotoxin Binders
by Muhammad Akhtar (2008-VA-122) | Dr. Jawaria Ali Khan | Dr. Muhammad Hassan Saleem | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Livestock production is an important part of national economy and it plays a significant role in providing the high quality food for human beings. Dairy industry of Pakistan contributes up to 46.8% in the agriculture and about 10.8% of the GDP in the form of milk, milk products, meat, hides, skin and bone meal (Ghaffar et al. 2007). Molds are fungi consisting of filaments that are present in the feed of animals. Molds can cause many infections in dairy cattle, especially during period of stress when their immune system is depressed. They cause a special disorder that is termed as Mycosis. Specific mycotoxins are produced by these fungi and when these animals eat such type of feed then they also engulf such dangerous mycotoxins. Mycotoxins are produced by a wide range of various molds and can be classified as secondary metabolites meaning that their function is not essential to the mold’s existence (Whitlow and Hagler 2005).
In the European countries, sheep milk is mainly produced in the Spain, and it is about 403000 tons per year. The main purpose of this milk is to produce cheese. Manchego cheese is considered as the best quality cheese in the world. This is the only technique by which we can produce the high quality of cheese (Rubio et al. 2009). These Aflatoxins are the fungal main dangerous constituents that can contaminate the feed of animals very easily. If AFB1 contaminated ration is consumed by animals then metabolism takes place in these toxins and excrete AFM1 in milk which further reduces milk production. More long-lasting aflatoxin poisoning produces very dissimilar signs that may not be clinically superficial and decreased rate of production in young animals. Severe aflatoxicosis causes hepatitis, hemorrhage, and death. Decreased growth rate is the most delicate clinical symbol of chronic aflatoxicosis, and it may be the only readily obvious abnormality. Natural toxins considerably show the greater danger to human and animal health. One large group of natural toxins that are universally
Introduction
2
documented as poisons of food and feed are the mycotoxins. The toxins occur naturally in various animal feeds, including corn and cottonseed. To control AFM1 in milk, it is essential to decrease the feed contamination by AFB1 (Prandini et al. 2009).
The livestock is playing major role in enhancing agricultural productivity and it has also major contribution to decrease the rate of poverty in the rural areas of Pakistan. Most farmers have domesticated sheep in their home which are their major sources of income (Mahmood et al. 2009). Aflatoxins adulterated rations prompted important reduction in daily feed consumption and the means of body weight, body weight increment and feed transformation rates were radically affected during the exposure stage to aflatoxins. Furthermore, serum ingredients and ruminal measurements showed lessened liver function and digestive turbulences in sheep fed aflatoxin (Jouany and Diaz 2005)
Aflatoxins are included in that group of toxins which are considered as highly toxic toxins. Aspergillus parasiticus, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus nomius are those types of fungi which can produce very strong type of toxins. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is considered as the most dangerous type of aflatoxin and it is very strong hepato-toxin (damaging the liver as a whole). It can also cause cancer, can produce teratogens, and may also cause mutation in the both animals and in human beings.
AFB1 being very toxic, can be activated by the special metabolism of liver and through cytochrome P450. The cancer causing ability of AFBI is ten times more than the AFM1. The conversion of AFB1 to AFM1 in the milk producing animals is in the range of half percent to about six percent. In milk producing animals the level of aflatoxin M1 is greatly altered by the contamination rate of aflatoxin B1 (Bognanno et al. 2006).
It is observed that the excretion pattern of aflatoxin M1 in the milk of sheep is lower than the excretion pattern of aflatoxin M1 in the milk of cows. Due to presence of aflatoxin B1 in the feed of animals and hence appearance of aflatoxin M1 in the milk of animals shows that
Introduction
3
milk of such animals becomes more toxic and more un-hygienic. The young ones having milk as their main feed ingredient may have much more chances of getting various infections. (Var and Kabak 2009). To check the level of aflatoxin M1 in the milk of sheep, various experimental studies have been performed in the whole world (Battacone et al. 2005). In Pakistan, there are many favorable environmental conditions in which various types of fungi can easily prompted (Iqbal et al. 2011). The contamination level of aflatoxin M1 in the milk of dairy animals and in the dairy products has been found by (Hussain et al. 2008).
Aflatoxins can be produced from fungal metabolites. Aflatoxin M1 is produced as the complete metabolism of aflatoxin B1 has taken place. Aflatoxin B1, when converted into aflatoxin M1 is appeared in the milk of that animals and the same aflatoxin M1 can also be appeared in the dairy products which can contaminate the feed of human too. Transformation of aflatoxin B1 into the aflatoxin M1 is around one to two percent. This transformation is highly dependent upon the feed of animals, transformation from one affected animal to other healthy animal, transformation from the milking of affected animal to the milking of healthy animal and from one day to another day also. It is also noted that as the level of aflatoxin B1 in the feed of animal is decreased down then the level of M1 in the milk of animals is also dropped down significantly but it takes about 72 hours for this dropped down (Nilchian and Rahimi 2012).
AFM1 had a resistant to thermal inactivation used during food processing procedure such as pasteurization and autoclaving. Storage of various dairy products was not effective in the reduction of this toxin (Ozdemir 2007). Aflatoxin M1 level in the milk of animals can also be found in 12 to 24 hours after the ingestion of aflatoxin B1. After this, its level can be raised within the few days. The estimation of conversion rate of aflatoxin B1 in the contaminated feed of animals into aflatoxin M1 in the milk that animal is elaborated as 1 to 3 percent in a specific range (Ozdemir 2007).
Introduction
4
Aflatoxin B 1 being very much dangerous mycotoxin, it is very much important to know about such methods by which the level of aflatoxin B1 in the feed of animals can be controlled. For this purpose we should first come to know the basic source of feed contamination of animals, and after this we should adapt such easy method to determine the level of aflatoxin B1 in the animal’s feed and such methods should be very cost effective. The best accepted and recognized method to determine aflatoxin M1 level in the milk of infected animals is HPLC high-performance liquid chromatography and TLC thin-layer chromatography (Thirumala-Devi et al. 2002). Aflatoxin M1 can be found in the milk of infected animals and can also be found in the products that are prepared from that contaminated milk. This contamination is the main problem arising now a days in the whole world (Fallah et al. 2009). Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2237-T] (1).
30.
Antibacterial And Cytotoxic Evaluation Of Different Extracts Of Opuntia Dillenii (Ker-Gawl) Haw. Leaves Against Common Poultry Pathogens
by Sadaf Raana | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer | Dr. Muhammad Adil Rasheed | Prof. Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: This project was designed to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of hexane, chloroform, ethanol and aqueous extracts of Opuntia dillenii Haw. stems against common poultry pathogens. Pathogens used were Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Clostridium perfringens type A and Haemophilus species.
This study was conducted to assess antibacterial and cytotoxic activity of O. dillenii Hexane, chloroform, ethanol and water extracts were prepared and antibacterial activity was evaluated by agar well diffusion method in which zones of inhibition were measured. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of plant extracts was evaluated by micro broth dilution method. The extracts which showed the antimicrobial activity were evaluated for cytotoxicity by using MTT assay on Vero cell line. Cell culture media was prepared and cell lines were propagated, monolayer was formed. Monolayer was exposed to plant extract dilutions. After 24-48 hours, MTT dye was introduced and cell survival percentage was calculated.
O. dillenii stems extracts inhibited the growth of both Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria. Chloroform and ethanol extracts of O. dillenii showed significant antibacterial activity against all the pathogens studied as compared to hexane and aqueous extracts. Hexane extract showed maximum zone of inhibition against Haemophilus species (13mm), for chloroform extract maximum zone of inhibition was obtained for C. perfringens (25.6mm), for ethanol extract maximum zone of inhibition was obtained for C. perfringens (23.0mm) and for aqueous extract maximum zone of inhibition was obtained for C. perfringens (23.0mm). Minimum inhibitory concentration for chloroform extract was lowest for all the tested strains. For S. aureus, C. perfringens type A and S. enterica MIC was 1250μg/mL. For E. coli and
CHAPTER 6
SUMMARY
Summary
88
Haemophilus species MIC was 2083.3 and 2916μg/mL, respectively. The extracts were further investigated to test cytotoxic effect on Vero cell line using MTT assay. Only ethanol extract was observed to be cytotoxic.
Statistical analysis was conducted with Statistic Package for Social Sciences (SPSS for windows version 16, SPSS inc, Chicago, IL, USA). The results of antibacterial activity and MTT assay were evaluated for significance of difference using analysis of variance (ANOV). The homogeneity of groups was verified by Duncan’s test at an alpha level equal to 5%.
Chloroform extract of O. dillenii stems possess antibacterial activity and can be used to design traditional medicines for the development of therapeutic agent which will be more safe, effective and economical. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2281-T] (1).
31.
Antinematodal Efficacy Of Ivermectin (Oral) And Extracts Of Coriandrum Sativum In Sheep
by Memrez Khushal Gigyani (2013-VA-564) | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer | Dr. Muhammad Mushtaq | Mr. Qamar Niaz | Dr. Nisar Ahmad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: This project was designed to evaluate the anthelmintic efficacy of Coriandrum sativum plant extracts against sheep nematodes. Anthelmentic resistance (AR) is one of the major problems all over the world. This project was designed to evaluate the anthelmintic efficacy of Chloroformic and methanolic extracts of Coriandrum sativum against sheep nematodes.
For this purpose sixty sheep positive for nematodal infection in BLPRI Kherimurat (Punjab) were selected after fecal examination. Experimental animals were divided into 6 groups (Group A, Group B, Group C, Group D, Group E and Group F) having 10 animals in each group. Group A was Un-treated control. Group B was given Ivermectin (orally), Group C and D was treated with Chloroformic extract of Coriandrum sativum at 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight respectively by oral route. Group E and F was treated with methalonic extract of Coriandrum sativum at 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight respectively by oral route. Percent efficacy of Group A on day 7, 14 and day 28 post treatment was 0%. The percent efficacy of the Group B was calculated on day 7 was 81.4 %, on day 14 was 87.17 % and on day 28 was 92.60 %. The efficacy of Group C on day 7, 14 and 28 was 0. Similarly the efficacy of Group D on day 7, day 14 and day 28 was also 0. Percent efficacy of Group E i.e 50 mg/kg body weight Methanolic extract of Coriandrum sativum was 20.81 % on day 7, 27.14 % on day 14, and 33.48 % on day 28. Percent efficacy of Group F i.e 100 mg/kg body weight Methanolic extract of Coriandrum sativum was 49.76 % on day 7, 56.27 % on day 14 and 60.69 % on day 28.
CONCLUSION
It is concluded that the methanolic extract of the Coriandrum sativum has good anthelmintic effect against nematodes in sheep. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2280-T] (1).
32.
Assessment Of Genotoxicity Of Propofol, Thiopental And Ketamine In Patients Under Balanced Anesthesia With Isoflurane
by Maidah Mehtab (2013-VA-597) | Dr. Muhammad Adil Rasheed | Dr. Tanveer Akhter Butt | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer | Dr. Imran Altaf.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Exposure of anesthetic agents to the patients and operating room staff may involve a genotoxic risk so the knowledge of their effects on genetic material can give valuable support to anesthesia care providers to make better treatment performance and improve patient safety.
Comet assay was used to study the genotoxic actions of three IV anesthetic agents (propofol, thiopental and ketamine) that were used for induction during balanced anesthesia with inhalational anesthetic isoflurane. Three groups consisted of total18 patients who were undergone elective abdominal procedure lasted about 2 hours. Intravenous samples of blood were obtained before anesthesia induction (T0 —baseline), immediately after anesthesia induction (T1), 10 min (T2), 60 min (T3) 120 min (T4), 6 hours (T5) and 12 hours (T6) after anesthesia induction. Lymphocytes were isolated and single-cell gel electrophoresis/comet assay was used in which the cell suspension on agarosed slides was lysed in high salts and detergents containing lysing solution, exposed to alkaline buffer solution for DNA unwinding and then following electrophoresis at 24 volts and 300 mA and stained with ethidium bromide. These preapared slides were analyzed under fluorescent microscope. The anesthetics induced damage to DNA on 50 cells per sample per patient was measured as total comet length (i.e. damage index) categorized as undamaged to highly damaged (class0- class3) cells.
The data collected was analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) Post Hoc Test LSD using Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS).
By comparing the genotoxicity of propofol, thiopental and ketamine, it can be concluded that propofol causes the least or no genotoxicity during balanced anesthesia with isoflurane and could be the best choice for induction when isoflurane is used for maintenance.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2323-T] (1).
33.
In-Vitro Acaricidal Activity of Eucalyptus Camaldulensis Extract(S) in Ticks of Cattle
by Muhammad Atta Ul Mustafa (2013-VA-898) | Dr. Muhammad Lateef | Dr. Muhammad Haroon Akbar | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Theses submitted with blank cd. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2417-T] (1).
34.
Study Of Prescribing Trends And Evaluation Of Therapeutic Effectiveness Of Prescribed Medications For Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus In Tertiary Care Hospital Of Lahore, Pakistan
by Bareera Rana (2008-VA-545) | Allah Bukhsh Awan | Muhammad Faisal Nadeem | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Diabetes mellitus is metabolic disorder resulting from decrease in insulin secretion and insulin action or both. Presently, the prevalence of diabetes is 8.3% and 7.89% in world and in Pakistan, respectively. Pakistan is ranked 7th in diabetes mellitus prevalence making it a major problem in our health care system. The study was based on the prescribing trends and evaluation of therapeutic effectiveness of oral hypoglycemic agents in tertiary care hospital of Lahore. A concurrent observational study of 3 months duration was performed in diabetes management centre of a tertiary care hospital of Lahore under the supervision of an endocrinologist. Socio-demographic data and compliance levels were determined by questionnaire while hyperglycemic control was analyzed by continuous monitoring of HbA1c at the start and the end of the study. Data was finally analyzed by descriptive statistics and SPSS 16. The study demonstrated that the most frequently prescribed oral hypoglycemic agent was metformin which is in accordance with the guidelines, however individualization of treatment is required keeping in view the patient factors respectively. Intensification of current treatment for patients with higher HbA1c values is needed. Data regarding therapeutic effectiveness of the hypoglycemic agents shows that the hypoglycemic agents were effective enough to lower HbA1c values to bring it to normal values but patient factors of non-compliance and not following life style modification patterns are not allowing the values to come up to the mark, that is, the decrease in HbA1c values according to guidelines within three months of the treatment. Presently it is the need of time to run educational awareness programs for awareness regarding diabetes among people to made them know about life style interventions. Moreover the prescribing trends and their relevance with glycemic control must also be documented. It will generate data for knowing which trend of prescribing is producing better results and whether the trends are meeting international standards or not. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2427-T] (1).
35.
Evaluation Of Immunomodulatory Activity Of Ketorolac In Mice
by Mahtab Anwer (2013-VA-846) | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer | Dr. Aamir Ghafoor.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Ketorolac is one of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) commonly prescribed to treat postoperative pain and reduced stress response.The present study was designed to evaluate the immunomodulatory activity of ketorolac.In each assay, 25 mice were used. All the mice were divided randomly into 5 groups. Each group had 5 mice. Negative control group was treated with solvent, positive control group was treated with cyclophosphamide and other three groups were injected intraperitoneally at the three different doses of ketorolac (2mg/kg, 4mg/kg and 8mg/kg). Delayed type hypersensitivity assay (DTH) and cyclophosphamide induced neutropenia assays were performed to evaluate the cell-mediated immune activity of ketorolac. While, the effect of ketorolac on humoral immunity was determined by performing heamagglutination assay and mice lethality test.It was observed that significant reduction in skin thickness and white blood cells and neutropenia in dose dependent manner of ketorolac treated groups (8mg/kg ketorolac > 4mg/kg ketorolac > 2mg/kg ketorolac).Significant reduction in HAtiter values in dose dependent manner of ketorolac treated groups were also evaluated (8mg/kg ketorolac >4mg/kg ketorolac >2mg/kg ketorolac).In mice lethality assay, mortality ratio was maximum in 8mg/kg ketorolac treated group which was 100%. In 4mg/kg ketorolac group and positive control group showed the 80% mortality and 2mg/kg ketorolac treated group showed the 40% mortality. Minimum mortality was observed in negative control group. From these results, ketorolac exhibited the immunosuppressive effect. This study may have potential impacts of ketorolac in clinical applications besides its analgesic and anti -inflammatory properties. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2441-T] (1).
36.
Evaluation Of Antiviral Activity And Embryonic Toxicity Of Doxycycline, Ciprofloxacin Alone And In Combination With Ibuprofen Against Avian Influenza H9
by Aisha Nazir (2013-VA-851) | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Dr. Imran Altaf.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: This project was designed to analyze the antiviral and embryotoxicity of doxycycline,
ciprofloxacin alone and incombination with ibuprofen against H9 virus by using embryonated chicken eggs of 10 days old. The different concentrations of these agents were taken and two fold dilutions were made. Dilutions were mixed with avian influenza H9 virus and inoculated in embryonated eggs. Eggs viability was checked during incubation at 37°c temperature. After overnight chilling, haemagglutinition test was performed for evaluation of antiviral activity. Antiviral activity of these dilutions was calculated as embryo survival percentage and positive and negative hemagglutination activity. For embryotoxicity, dilutions were made in normal saline without virus and checked the results by mortality ratio after 48 hours of incubation.
The study provided information regarding antiviral activity and embryotoxicity of doxycycline, ciprofloxacin alone and incombination with ibuprofen at different concentrations. The present study showed that antiviral activity increased when used doxycycline and ibuprofen incombination. After using incombination it’s antiviral activity was high at these concentrations.
Results of antiviral analysis showed that doxycycline, ciprofloxacin and ibuprofen had mild antiviral activity alone and after using combination of doxycycline and ibuprofen the antiviral activity was increased. So these agents can be used as alternative therapy against avian influenza H9 virus. The outcomes were statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Post-hoc Test was used to compare difference of means.
Comparative analysis of antiviral activity of doxycycline, ciprofloxacin and ibuprofen alone and in combination showed that doxycycline and ibuprofen when used incombination had
comparatively strong antiviral activity. It’s antiviral activity was stronger as compare when these agents used alone. In term of embryotoxicity these agents are not toxic. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2437-T] (1).
37.
Evaluation Of Comparative Antiviral Activity Of Indomethacin, Naproxen & Mefenamic Acid Against Avian Influenza H9 Virus
by Shahida Jamil Ahmed (2013-VA-850) | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer | Dr. Arfan Ahmad.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs play a vital role due to their multi therapeutic approach. In this study, the antiviral activity of indomethacin, naproxen, and mefenamic acid against avian influenza H9 virus was evaluated In ovo. The stock solutions of each drug were prepared in their perspective solvent and preserved. From the stock, three different dilutions (10µg/ml, 20µg/ml, 40µg/ml of indomethacin, 25µg/ml, 50µg/ml, 100µg/ml of naproxen and 20µg/ml, 40µg/ml, 80µg/ml of mefenamic acid) of each drug were prepared. For each of drug to be tested, 25 embryonated chicken eggs were assigned to 5 groups having 5 eggs each, to evaluate both antiviral activity and embryonic toxicity parameters.
For evaluating antiviral activity, the groups of embryonated chicken eggs were inoculated with 4HA virus, antibiotics and different concentrations of indomethacin, naproxen and mefenamic acid. For evaluation of embryonic toxicity, embryos of each group were injected with normal saline, antibiotics and different concentrations of indomethacin, naproxen and mefenamic acid. Two controls i.e. positive control of virus (received 4HA Virus only) and negative control (received normal saline) were also included to validate the test results.
With avian influenza H9 virus the different concentrations of each drug were mixed and 0.2 ml of this suspension was inoculated to 9th to 10th day embryonated eggs along with positive and negative controls having only virus and normal saline respectively. Amantadine, standard drug, was inoculated by following the mentioned manner. These inoculated embryonated chicken eggs were incubated at 37oC and were checked after 12 – 72 hours. After 72 hours of post inoculation, chilling was done by placing all the eggs at 4oC in fridge for overnight section of time and the allantoic fluid was collected.
The embryo survival percentage, positive or negative spot haemagglutination activity and determination of virus titre by haemagglutination test confirmed the antiviral activity. The embryonic toxicity effects of indomethacin, naproxen, mefenamic acid and amantadine were assessed by only inoculating the drug of respective concentrations as used for antiviral activity in embryonated chicken eggs and incubating for 72 hours. Among the three non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), indomethacin showed significant antiviral activity against influenza H9 virus as compared to naproxen and mefenamic acid. Naproxen showed antiviral activity against influenza H9 virus greater than that of mefenamic acid. However, antiviral activity of mefenamic acid as compared to naproxen and indomethacin is negligible against influenza H9 virus when confirmed by Spot Hemagglutination test while reduction in viral titre was observed by Hemagglutination test.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2432-T] (1).
38.
Antibacterial And Cytotoxic Evaluation Of Sequential Extracts Of Astragalus Membranaceus Roots
by Sadia Alvi (2013-VA-595) | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer | Prof. Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: The present study was designed to evaluate antibacterial and cytotoxic evaluation of different extracts of Astragalus membranaceus root against common poultry pathogens. Sequential extraction with hexane, ethanol, chloroform and aqueous solvents was prepared and antibacterial activity was evaluated by using agar well diffusion. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of plant extracts was evaluated by micro broth dilution test. The extracts exhibiting antimicrobial activity were further evaluated for cytotoxicity by using MTT assay on Vero cell line. Cell culture media was prepared and cell lines were propagated, monolayer was formed. This monolayer was exposed to plant extract dilutions. After 24-48 hours, MTT dye was introduced and cell survival percentage was calculated. Statistical analysis was conducted with Statistic Package for Social Sciences (SPSS for windows version 16, SPSS inc, Chicago, IL, USA). Results of antibacterial activity and MTT assay were compared using DMR posthoc test. Growth of Clostridium perfringens, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus species, Salmonella enterica and Staphylococcus aureus inhibited by all extracts of Astragalus except aqueous extract which shows no zones of inhibition against C. perfringes. MIC values were higher for aqueous extract against all selected bacteria and lowest for chloroform against E. coli, S. enterica and Staph. aureus (208.3ug/ml, 156.25ug/ml, 78.125ug/ml respectively) for hexane against Haemophilus species (833.3ug/ml) and for all three extracts against C.perfringes (1250ug/ml). Hexane, chloroform and ethanol extracts were appeared to be safe at all concentrations except ≥ 2000μg/ml, ≥1000μg/ml and ≥3000μg/ml respectively while aqueous extracts showed cytotoxicity at concentrations ≥625μg/ml. Astragalus membranaceus
SUMMARY
104
showed antibacterial activity against all selected pathogens. Chloroform and hexane extracts showed greater antibacterial activity than ethanol and aqueous. Cytotoxicity values for chloroform extract are safer than rest of three extracts. Astragalus membranaceus may be used to design traditional medicines for the development of therapeutic agent which will be more safe, effective and economical. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2444-T] (1).
39.
Antibacterial And Cytotoxic Evaluation Of Sequential Extracts Of Ocimum Basilicum Leaves Against Common Poultry Pathogens
by Shomaila Naz (2013-VA-1001) | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer | Dr. Muhammad Adil Rasheed | Prof. Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Antimicrobial compounds having plant origin inhibit bacteria through different mechanisms and can be used for the treatment of infections against resistant microbes. Majority of antibacterial drugs in clinical use are derived from natural origin. Hence, the present study is designed for antibacterial and cytotoxic evaluation of different extracts of Ocimum basilicum seeds against common poultry pathogens.
The four sequential i.e. hexane, chloroform, ethanol and aqueous extracts of Ocimum basilicum leaves and seeds were prepared by soxhlet extraction. Antibacterial activity of these extracts was determined by agar well diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfringens type A, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica and Haemophilus paragallinarum. Zone of inhibitions were determined by well diffusion method. MICs of plant extracts were determined by micro broth dilution method. Cytotoxic activity was evaluated by applying MTT assay on Vero cell lines. All the results were statistically analyzed by one way ANOVA and compared means by Duncan’s multiple range of posthoc test at significance level of P≤0.05.
The results of zone of inhibitions showed by Ocimum basilicum leaves and seeds extracts ranging from 11.33-20.0 mm values of MIC results ranging from 4.889 μg/ml-2500 μg/ml of hexane, chloroform and ethanol. The aqueous extract of Ocimum basilicum have no activity against any bacterial pathogen. Ethanol extract of Ocimum basilicum leaves was cytotoxic at 500 μg/ml. Hexane extract of Ocimum basilicum seeds was cytotoxic at concentration ≥625 μg/ml, chloroform at concentration ≥19.53 μg/ml and ethanol extract at concentration ≥750 μg/ml.
The indigenous plant Ocimum basilicum have antibacterial activity against common poultry pathogens and helpful to develop new drug from plant origin. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2443-T] (1).
40.
Antibacterial And Cytotoxic Evaluation Of Different Extracts Of Glycyrrhiza Glabra (Liquorice) Roots Against Common Poultry Pathogens
by Javaria Arooj (2013-VA-596) | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer | Dr. Muhammad Adil Rasheed | Prof. Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Majority of antibacterial drugs in clinical use are derived from natural origin. Hence, the
present study is designed for antibacterial and cytotoxic evaluation of different extracts of
Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn. roots against common poultry pathogens.
The four sequential i.e. hexane, chloroform, ethanol and aqueous extracts of Glycyrrhiza
glabra Linn. roots were prepared by soxhlet extraction. Antibacterial activity of these extracts was
determined by agar well diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfringens
type A, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica and Haemophilus paragallinarum. Zone of
inhibitions were determined by well diffusion method. MICs of plant extracts were determined by
micro broth dilution method. Cytotoxic activity was evaluated by applying MTT assay on Vero
cell lines.
The zone of inhibitions showed by hexane, chloroform and ethanolic extracts of
Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn. roots against Staphylococcus. aureus were10.3mm, 13.0mm, 11.6mm;
against Clostridium perfringens type A were20.0mm, 17.3mm, 17.3mm; against Escherichia coli
were11.6mm, 19.3mm, 16.0mm; against Salmonella enterica were13.6mm, 14.0mm,14.0mm;
against Haemophillus paragallinarum were13.0mm, 15.0mm, 17.0mm respectively. Aqueous
extract showed no zone of inhibition against any test bacteria.
MICs values of hexane, chloroform and ethanolic extracts of Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn.
roots against Staphylococcu aureus were 13.0μg/ml, 312.5μg/ml and 104.1μg/ml; against
Clostridium perfringens type A were 9.766μg/ml, 71.61μg/ml and 520.8μg/ml; against
Escherichia coli were 65.1μg/ml, 52.8μg/ml and 156.25μg/ml; against Salmonella enterica were
Summary
86
19.5μg/ml, 130.2μg/ml and 78.12μg/ml; against Haemophillus paragallinarum were 91.1μg/ml,
29.2μg/ml and 130.2μg/ml respectively. Aqueous extract showed no MIC value as no zone of
inhibitions wereobserved against them. Hexane extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn. roots was
cytotoxic at concentration ≥ 650μg/ml, chloroform extract at concentration ≥ 2500μg/ml and
ethanolic extract was not cytotoxic to cell.
The indigenous plant Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn. roots have antibacterial activity against
common poultry pathogens and helpful to develop new drug from plant origin. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2442-T] (1).
41.
Antibacterial Activity Of Piroxicam And Ketorolac Alone And In Combination With Antibiotics Against Bacterial Isolates
by Saba Shahbaz (2013-VA-852) | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer | Dr. Muhammad Adil Rasheed | Dr. Imran Altaf.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Antibiotic resistance has become a global public health problem due to the excessive and indiscriminate use of antibiotics, which has resulted in many emerging multidrug-resistant microorganisms. This study is designed for the evaluation of different dilutions of piroxicam and ketorolac alone and in combination with amoxicillin and tigecycline by using broth dilution method.Different dilutions of piroxicam and ketorolac alone and in combination with amoxicillin and tigecycline were checked for antibacterial activity against Staphylococcusaureus and Escherichia coli.The isolates were obtained from Quality Operations Laboratory. The pathogens were tested for their sensitivity to amoxicillin and tigecycline. The sensitivity was checked by broth/tube dilution method. Dilutions were prepared by two fold dilution method.Collected data was analyzed by using statistic package for social sciences (SPSS, windows version, Chicago, IL, USA). Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and descriptive statistics was applied.This work is designed to observe the effects of piroxicam and ketorolac alone and in combination with amoxicillin and tigecycline against bacterial pathogens to improve the quality of life of patients and will minimize the chances of infections.Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) was determined by broth dilution method. The results suggested that NSAIDs enhanced the antibacterial effect when combined with these antibiotics. Combination of amoxicillin with piroxicam (9.76µg/ml+80µg/ml), and tigecycline in combination with ketorolac (0.156µg/ml+20µg/ml) was effective against Staphylococcusaureus. The combination of amoxicillin with piroxicam (9.76µg/ml+20µg/ml), amoxicillin with ketorolac (4.88µg/ml+20µg/ml), tigecycline with piroxicam (0.3125µg/ml +10µg/ml), tigecycline with ketorolac (0.312µg/ml+20µg/ml) showed efficacy against Escherichia coli. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2448-T] (1).
42.
Evaluation Of Antibacterial Activity Of Ciprofloxacin Alone And In Combination With Diclofenac Sodium Against Different Pathogenic Bacteria
by Mehwish Khan (2014-VA-816) | Dr. Muhammad Adil Rasheed | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer | Dr. Muhammad Nawaz.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Antibiotic resistance is an international public health problem as a result of an excessive and indiscriminate antibiotics usage, which has resulted in emergence of MDR microorganisms. This study is designed for the evaluation of antibacterial activity of different dilutions of Diclofenac sodium alone and in combination with Ciprofloxacin by using well diffusion method against bacterial pathogens to improve the quality of life of patients and minimize the chances of infections.
Different dilutions of Diclofenac sodium alone and in combination with Ciprofloxacin were checked for antibacterial activity againstEscherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebseilla pneumonia and Salmonella enterica. Three isolates of each bacterium were obtained from Microbiology department, University of Veterinary and Animal sciences, Lahore. The pathogens were tested for their sensitivity to ciprofloxacin, amoxicillin and azithromycin. The sensitivity was checked by disc diffusion method. Their zones of inhibition was measured in mm and compared with the CLSI standards. All the available bacteria were sensitive to ciprofloxacin.
Well diffusion method was used to measure the antibacterial activity of ciprofloxacin. For this purpose, 100 µg of ciprofloxacin was used and three concentrations of 100µg, 200µg and 300µg of diclofenac sodium were used. Diclofenac sodium when used with the ciprofloxacin in higher concentrations, it caused the increase in the zone of inhibition significantly among all the bacteria. Maximum antibacterial activity of drugs combination was seen with E.coliamong all the bacteria.Synergism between diclofenac sodium and ciprofloxacin was found to be statistically significant (P ≤ 0.01) when compared with the individual effects of the ciprofloxacin
Collected data was analyzed by using statistic package for social sciences (SPSS, windows version, Chicago, IL, USA). Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and descriptive statistics was appliedusing graphpad prism 5.03.
This study indicates that Diclofenac sodium in combination with Ciprofloxacin against Escherichia coli,Staphylococcusaureus, Klebseilla pneumonia and Salmonella entericamay be effective and used as a synergistic combination to achieve more effective outcomes for disease management. This can be experimented further to evaluate these effects and prove to be major leap towards the increasing antibacterial resistance globally.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2569-T] (1).
43.
Evaluation Of Antiviral Activity And Embryonic Toxicity Of Ivermectin And Ibuprofen Alone And In Combination Against Avian Influenza H9
by Huma Minhas (2014-VA-499) | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer | Dr. Qamar Niaz | Dr. Imran Altaf.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: This project was designed to analyze the antiviral andembryotoxicity of ivermectin and ibuprofenalone and in combination against H9 virus by using embryonated chicken eggsof 10 days old. Three different concentrations of these agents were selected for current project and two fold dilutions were made. Mixing of drug dilutionnswith avian influenza H9 virus was done and administered in embryonated eggs. They were kept in incubator for 72 hours. Eggs viability was checked during incubation at 37°c temperature. After overnight chilling,haemagglutinition test was done to evaluate antiviral activity. Antiviral activity of these dilutions was calculated as embryo survival percentage and positive and negative hemagglutination activity. To checkembryotoxicity,drug dilutions were made without virus and mortality ratio was checked after 48 hours of incubation.
The study provided information regarding antiviral activity and embryotoxicity of ivermectin and ibuprofen alone and incombination at different concentrations. The present study showed that antiviral activity of ivermectin was very strong at all concentrations however at higher concentration it was toxic for embryo.
Results of antiviral analysis showed that ivermectinand ibuprofen had antiviral activity alone and in combination afterusing combination of ivermectin and ibuprofen the antiviral activity was further increased and embrytoxicity was also diminished by combination therapyso these agents can be used as alternative therapy against avian influenza H9 virus. The outcomes were statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Post-hoc Test was used to compare difference of means.
Comparative analysis of antiviral activity of ivermectin and ibuprofen alone and in combination showed that ivermectin had very strong antiviral activity but it was embryotoxic at higher concentrations when ibuprofen was used in combination then had further strong antiviral activity. It’s antiviral activity was stronger as compare when these agents used alone. In term of embryotoxicity these these agents were not toxic in combination.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2588-T] (1).
44.
Effects And Remedial Measures Of Aflatoxin B1 On Bovine Calves In Punjab
by Omer Naseer (2002-VA-65) | Dr. Jawairia Ali Khan | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Aflatoxins B1 are most toxic metabolites produced by Aspergillus fungi in/on foods and feeds, probably best known and most intensively researched aflatoxins globally. AFB1 have been associated with several diseases, e.g. aflatoxicosis in livestock, pets including humans throughout the world. Occurrence of AFB1 is influenced by certain environmental factors like geographic location, agro-economic practices and susceptibility of feed commodities to fungal invasion during pre-harvest, storage, and processing periods. AFB1 has grabbed greater attention than any other mycotoxins due to their demonstrated potent carcinogenic effect in susceptible animals and their acute toxicological effects in humans. As the absolute safety will be never achieved, most of the world struggled to limit aflatoxin exposure by imposing regulations on feed commodities.
So, in this study, we had collected 67 concentrated samples, thirty six samples from Gujranwala and thirty one from Kasur to examine the occurrence of aflatoxin B1. The aims of this study were to investigate the aflatoxin B1 in calf feed, effect of different concentrations of aflatoxin B1 on productive performance of calves and determine the comparative efficacy of commercially available mycotoxin binders and liver tonics against AFB1 in bovine calves. Feed samples were obtained from different livestock farms and cattle feed mills, toxin levels in each feed sample were determined by HPLC. AFB1 level was higher at feed mills (40.33±2.21 ppb and 49.0±1.95 ppb) than farms (34.96±2.65 ppb and 44.95±2.41 ppb) both in Gujranwala and Kasur respectively. Fungus was isolated and grown on Sabouraud’s dextrose agar on the basis of microscopic characters and species within genus characterized by colony characters/macroscopic characters, mostly Aspergillus species was present in the feed samples which produce mycotoxins. The second most prevalent species were the Fusarium. Mucor and the Pencillium were respectively third and fourth in number. Our results have shown that Alternaria was not present in Gujranwala and Rhizopus was absent in the feed samples collected from the Kasur. Out of mycotoxin contaminated concentrate feed samples, the highest frequency of Aspergillus (43.3%) was observed, followed by Fusaram (38.8%), Mucor (8.9%), Penicillium(5.9%), Rhizopus (1.5%) and Alternaria species (1.5%).
Our results also indicated that growth of Aspergillus spp. can be minimized by controlling the different factors like pH, temperature, light and humidity, which are essential for the proper growth and development. The antifungal activity of methanolic extract of clove, neem and garlic was also determined in which maximum MIC showed by garlic.
Thirty six bovine calves of 6 to 12 months of age were kept in UVAS, Pattoki campus (Ravi Campus) .in four different replicates having 9 animals each. Different concentrations, i.e. 0.6 mg/kg, 0.8 mg/kg and 1.0 mg/kg was administered along with concentrated feed and check out productive performance along with physiological profile. The most pathological concentration of aflatoxin B1 in experiment number 3 was given to the two groups of bovine calves along with two different commercially available mycotoxin binders i.e. Yeast based and second one was clay based HSCAS mycotoxin binder at recommended doses. Efficacy of mycotoxin binders on feed samples was analyzed by using HPLC and also evaluates the productive performance of the animals.Efficacy of two liver tonics i.e.silymarin and choline chloride was observed on CBC, LFT and RFT of bovine calves.
Present study has clearly displayed the adverse effect of aflatoxin B1 on feed consumption, hematological and serum biochemical parameters related to liver and kidney in bovine calf. Results indicated that HSCAS mycotoxin adsorbent was able to fully detoxify aflatoxin B1. Silymarin had great impact on the liver to cope the adverse effects of the AFB1 as compared to the choline chloride, which was proved with the help of CBC, LFT and RFT.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2630-T] (1).
45.
In Vitro Activity Of Selected Biocides Against Fungal Isolates From Production Area Of Pharmaceutical Industry
by Sana Ilyas (2009-VA-238) | Dr. Muhammad Nawaz | Prof. Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Pakistan pharmaceutical industries have grown to grab their position amongst top ten pharmaceutical industries of Asia Pacific region. These are serving with 80% of pharmaceutical needs. The industry on the other hand faces some challenges in terms of sterile pharmaceutical product manufacturing. The fungal contamination causes spoilage to pharmaceutical products, cosmetics, and food products. The fungal contamination to pharmaceutical products has resulted in direct losses to human health and to economy.
A total of 50 air samples were collected from clean area of a pharmaceutical production unit by exposing sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) plates by settle plate method (4 hours exposure). Fungal colonies were purified by sub-culturing and later identified macroscopically and microscopically. Selected biocides included isopropyl alcohol (70%), chloroxylenol (20%), chlorhexidine gluconate (20%), and benzalkonium chloride (20%) were used in this study. A 100 μl of spore suspension of each fungal contaminant (1.0 × 106 to 5.0 × 106 spores/mL) was exposed to 9.9 mL of biocide preparation for 15 and 30 minutes while exposure was stopped by adding 1 mL of mixture (spores exposed to biocide) into 9 mL of respective neutralizing agents The enumeration of colonies was started immediately after the growth was visible and expressed as Mean±S.D. and converted to log10. Antifungal activity of biocides was expressed as log10 reduction and different biocides‟ activity was compared using ANOVA technique by graphed prism 5.0 statistical software.
Total 204 colony forming units (CFU) were identified from filling area (36), solution room (47), and buffers (121). The antifungal activity in terms of log reduction was lowest by isopropyl alcohol at 15 minutes and highest was shown by chlorohexidine gluconate at 30 minutes against
Summary
64
Aspergillus flavus. In case of Aspergillus fumigatus all the biocides presented significant difference of antifungal activity at 15 minutes. The response of Aspergillus niger against different biocides at 15 minutes and 30 minutes was same as was in case of Aspergillus flavus while each biocide‟s antifungal activity was found significantly increased with increase in time of exposure. The similar response of antifungal activity of different biocides at both exposure times was noted against Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The antifungal activity of all biocides against penicillium was found significant different at 15 minutes and 30 minutes exposure time. Similarly, each biocide‟s antifungal activity increased with increase in time of exposure. On overall basis, isopropyl alcohol was found less effective while benzalkonium chloride and chlorohexidine gluconate presented comparatively higher efficacy against fungal isolates. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2705-T] (1).
46.
Nephroprotective Effect Of Nifedipine Against Lead Toxicity In Mice
by Muhammad Mazhar Munir (2010-VA-179) | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer | Dr. Qamar Niaz | Dr. Muhammad Asad Ali.
Material type: Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: This study was designed to evaluate the nephroprotective effect of nifedipine against lead toxicity in mice. Exposure to lead can induce kidney damage, which is related to induction of oxidative damage and disturbance of intracellular calcium homeostasis.
Twenty mice, weighing 20.0 ±2.0 g were selected for the experiment. Twenty mice were divided randomly into four groups having five mice in every group as follows: control, lead, low-dose nifedipine and high-dose nifedipine. Mice of the low- dose and high-dose nifedipine groups were given nifedipine perorally at 10 and 20 mg/Kg/day, respectively. While the mice of the lead and control groups were administrated perorally with isovolumic saline. The mice of the low-dose nifedipine, high-dose nifedipine and lead groups were injected intraperitoneally with lead acetate 40 mg/Kg/day after treatment with nifedipine. Mice in the control group were injected intraperitoneally with isovolumic saline. The whole treatment period remains for ten days. The nephroprotective effect of Nifedipine was assessed by a decrease in histological damage to the kidneys and the concentration of lead in kidney homogenate. Moreover, the levels of creatinine and blood urea nitrogen in the serum were also determined.
Data was examined as mean ± SEM (standard error mean). Data was statistically analyzed using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Statistical significance was considered at P < 0.05.
The current study showed reduction in the concentration of lead in kidney homogenate in nifedipine treated groups compared to control positive. The lead concentration in kidney homogenate was less in the control negative group than control positive group. The level of serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen was remarkably increased in the control positive group as compared to the control negative group. Moreover the treatment with nifedipine decreased the levels of creatinine and blood urea nitrogen in serum. Histopathological study of the kidney tissue also showed that nifedipine could improve the lead induced injury in mice
It was concluded from this experiment that nifedipine has potential to minimize the lead induced nephrotoxicity in mice, as indicated by the lead concentration in kidney homogenate, serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels and histopathological examination.
It is, therefore recommended that nifedipine can further be investigated for nephroprotective effects against heavy metal toxicities in other animal species including livestock.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2863-T] (1).
