1.
Study On Performance Of Broilers Under Different Intensities (Wattages) Of Light And Illuminated Feeders
by Afzal Sajid, M | Ch. Muhammed Saleem | Dr. Nisar | Muhammed Aslam Bhatti.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1988Dissertation note: The study was aimed to find out the effect of different light intensities (wattages) on weight gain, feed consumption feed conversion ratio, dressing percentage, mortality and abnormalities in broiler chicks. 120, one day old chicks were selected and divided randomly in four groups of 30 chicks each. The following light treatments were provided to the chicks of the Groups A,B,C and D. (A) 40 watt bulb at night and natural day light (B) 25 watt bulb at night and natural day light (C) 15 watt bulb at night and natural day light (D) Spot-lighted feeders with 5 watt bulb at night and natural day light. Each chick was given 0.8 sq. ft. floor space. Feeding and watering were provided ad.lib. under indentical managemental conditions.
Weekly data starting from 4th week onwards revealed that at 4th week of age there wa non-significant difference in weight gain, feed consumption and feed convertion ratio among the four treatment groups. Significant differences in weight gai and feed conversion ratio and non-significant differences in feed consumption were noticed among the groups at 8th week of age.
The results indicate that birds of Group A due to more activities under high wattage gained least weight i.e. 1.6937 Kg and sonsumed more feed i.e. 4.8017 Kg and showed poorest feed conversion ratio i.eo 2.84 as compared to the birds of rest of three groups, i.e. B, C and D. The birds of Group B gained less weight i.e. 1.7343 Kg, consumed more feed i.e. 4.7983 Kg and showed poorer feed conversion ratio i.e. 2.77 than the birds of Group C and D. The birds of Group C gained less weight, i.e. 1.8293 Kg consumed more feed i.e. 4.6733 Kg and showed poor feed conversion ratio i.e. 2.55 when compared with the birds of Group D but showed better performance tha the birds of Group A and B. The birds of Group D gained significantly more weight (P<0.05) i.e. 1.8567 Kg, at low feed intake i.e. 4.6510 Kg and showed significantly better feed conversion ratio (P<0.05) i.e. 2.50 as compared to the birds of Group A and B, as the light intensity (wattage) available to the birds of Group D was very low, hence there was less activity due to less movement, as compared to Group A,B and C. Therefore, the birds of Group D converted more available energy into weight gain and showed best performance as compared to other three groups i.e. A, B and C.
Dressing percentage recorded after 8th week of age was 61.85% 62.24% 62.86% and 63.11% for Group A, B, C and D respectively. A non-significant difference was observed among all the groups.
There was no mortality throughout the experimental period and apparently no considerable abnormality was observed.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0016,T] (1).
2.
Fattening Of Lambs With Different Vegetable Protein Sources
by Mohsin Raza Malik | Dr . Muhammad Yapoob Malik | Dr . Nisar Ahmad | Dr . Rashid.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1987Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0055,T] (1).
3.
Study On Various Seminal Characteristics Affected With Aging Phenomenon In Male Nili-Ravi Buffalo
by Mohsin Raza Naqvi, M | Prof. Dr. Rashid Ahmad Chaudhary | Dr. Nisar | Dr. Tayyab Rahil | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1991Dissertation note: The main aim of the present study was to observe the reproductive performance of Holstein-Friesian and Jersey cows, imported from USA, being maintained under the sub-tropical environmental conditions of the Punjab, and then to compare it with their respective local-born progenies. The influence of environmental factors on some parameters of reproductive performance had been studied in order to estimate the level of their adoptability towards local climatic conditions. The reproductive records of the normal breeding local-born Holstein-Friesian, imported Holstein-Friesian, local-born Jersey and imported Jersey cows were studied during 1985-1991. The outcome of the present study in respect of the following parameters of reproductive performance are summarized as below.
1) Local-born Holstein-Friesian and local-born Jersey heifers conceived for the first time at the age of 502.93±11.71 and 496.37±6.64 days. This shows that Holstein-Friesian heifers took 7 days more for their first conception, but this difference was found to be non-significant.
2) The average age at first calving for local-born Holstein- Friesian and Jersey heifers was 787.38±13.61 and 771.48±7.88 days respectively, while their respective dams calved in USA for the first time at the age of 822.46±10.63 and 800.51±8.43 days correspondingly. The data indicate that local-born Holstein-Friesian and Jersey heifers calved for the first time 35 and 29 days earlier than their dams.
3) The average number of services required per conception for local-born Holstein-Friesian, imported Holstein-Friesian, local- born Jersey and imported Jersey were 1.76±0.100, 1.87±0.089, 1.83±0.069 and 1.88±0.072 respectively, whereas the difference among the groups was found to be non-significant. Although the number of services required per conception increased with increasing parity but the difference was non-significant.
4) The service period for local-born Holstein-Friesian, imported Holstein-Friesian, local-born Jersey and imported Jersey averaged 161.48±14.45, 132.92±511, 100.99±4.63 and 107.03±2.77 days respectively. The local-born and imported Jersey cows conceived 60 and 26 days earlier after calving than their contemporary local-born and imported Holstein cows. Effect of season of calving on subsequent service period was not significant.
5) The average gestation periods of 278.65±0.78, 279.92±0.63, 279.26±0.51 and 277.49±0.36 days were found in local-born Hol- stein-Friesian, imported Holstein-Friesian, local-born Jersey and imported Jersey cows respectively. The data shows that imported Jersey cows carried their calves 1.16, 2.43 and 1.77 days less than the local-born Holstein-Friesian, imported Holstein-Friesian and local-born Jersey correspondingly. Moreover in all the genetic groups except local-born Holstein-Friesian, cows carrying male calves had longer gestation length than those carrying female calves.
6) The calving interval for local-born Holstein-Friesian, imported Holstein-Friesian, local-born Jersey and imported Jersey averaged 443.77±18.67, 415.66±5.09, 380.93±6.36 and 387.18±3.0 days respectively. The Jerseys showed significantly (P < 0.01) shorter calving interval than the Holsteins. The shortet calving interval in all the groups was seen after Winter calvings. Minimum calvings in each group occurred during Summer. The maximum calvings in local-born Holstein-Friesian and imported Holstein- Friesian cows were during winter; whereas in local-born Jersey and imported Jersey these were observed during Spring and winter in order of merit.
7) The 305-day milk production averaged 3643.29±121.26, 4114.40±115.96, 2194.52±57.25 and 3150.48±46.16 litres for local- born Holstein-Friesian, imported Holstein-Friesian, local-born Jersey and imported Jersey cows respectively. The results indicate that imported Holstein-Friesian and Jersey cows produced -significantly more milk than their respective local-born progenies.
8) The average dry period for local-born Holstein-Friesian, imported Holstein-Friesian, local-born Jersey and imported Jersey cows was 192.71±16.14, 191.07±13.11, 157.91±9.70 and 133.30±5.77 days respectively. The dry period in the local-born Holstein- Friesian and imported Holstein-Friesian was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than the local-born and imported Jersey cows.
The findings of this study regarding most of reproductive traits indicate that both local-born and imported Jersey performed better than Holstein-Friesian cows under sub-tropical climatic conditions of Punjab. However local-born groups produced less 305 days milk than their imported dams. The production potential in the exotic herd can be increased by breeding the cows with semen of genetically superior sires, through intensive management and with more effective disease control programme.
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4.
To Study The Effect Of Different Dietary Protein & Energy Level On The Growth Performance Of Nili-Ravi Buffalo Male
by Rehman Khan, A | Dr. Nisar ahmed mian | Dr. Jaweed ahmad qureshi | Dr. Muhammad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1993Dissertation note: The buffalo is an important animal in the agriculture economy of our country and the most useful animal for many millions of poor people, especially those living in Asia.
So far, no definite studies with regard to the nutritional requirements of the buffalo at various stages of growth and production (meat and milk) have been conducted. The feeding of buffalo in the sub-continent is based on various cereals and cash crops and are generally subjected to various nutritional imbalances, as a result, the genetic potential with regard to growth and production (meat and milk) of buffalo is not fully exploited.
Thus there is a desperate need for determining the specific feeding requirements of the indigenous dairy buffalo. For the purpose digestibility and metabolic studies for various nutritional needs for growth, fattening and production are to be conducted. Thus the present study was designed to study the effect of different plans of nutrition on growth, efficiency of feed utilization and nutrients digestibility in Nili-Ravi buffalo male calves.
Twenty-seven buffalo male calves of 9-12 months of age were randomly divided into nine groups. Three different levels of protein and metabolizable energy (80, 100 and 120% of NRC, 1976 Standards for beef cattle) were incorporated in the nine experimental rations.
After the trial of 140 days, the buffalo male calves gained weight 102.67, 110.64, 90.33, 36.00, 73.33, 127,34, 98.67, 82.34 and 110.34 Kgs. in groups 1-9, respectively. Maximum growth was recorded in group 6 [CP 100% and ME 120% of NRC (1976) Standards for beef cattle). Weight gain was non-significant due to varying levels of protein in the rations while weight gain was significant (P<0.05) due to varying levels of energy in the rations. Maximum growth rate of 909 gms. per day in group 6 (CP 100% and ME 120%) was recorded. The regression equation for weight gain with the relation to protein and energy intake was as follows: Weight gain (WG) = -297.28 + .425 (Pr) ± 63.67 (En)
The feed consumption decreased with the increase of protein level in the rations while feed consumption increased with the increase of ME level in the ration but the effect was statistically non-significant.
Maximum feed was consumed in group 6 (CP 100% and ME 120%). It was observed from the study that dietary protein had significant effect on feed efficiency and it was improved with the increase of dietary protein in the ration. Feed efficiency also improved significantly with the increase of energy in the rations. It was noted from the study that the dry matter intake reduced with the increase of dietary protein but dry matter intake increased with the increase of ME level in the ration. The effect was statistically non-significant. Protein intake was significantly increased with increase of protein level while ME level in the ration had non-significant effect. ME intake was non-significant with the increase of protein level but it was significantly increased with the increase of ME level in the ration.
The digestibility of crude protein and ether extract increased with the increase of protein and energy level in the rations but the differences were nonsignificant. The digestibility of dry matter was increased at varying levels of protein and energy but the differences were significant (P<0.0l). The digestibility of NFE and crude fibre were also increased at varying levels of energy significantly (P<0.01) but these were low at 100% protein level than 80 and 120% protein level. It was observed that the digestibility of all the nutrients increased at high plan of nutrition (protein and energy).
It was concluded that protein requirements of buffalo male calves were the same as recommended for beef cattle NRC (1976) but metabolizable energy requirements were 20% higher than the recommended level for beef cattle, NRC (1976)
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5.
Effects Of Substitution Of Fish Meal With Soybean Oil Meal On The Performance Of Broiler Chicks
by Khurshid Ahmad | Dr. Nisar Ahmad | Dr. Ehtisham | Dr. Javed Ahmed Qureshi.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1993Dissertation note: The present study was under taken to investigate the effects of substitution of fish meal which is comparatively costly protein supplement with the soybean oil meal on the performance of Broiler chicks. One hundred and eighty day old (Male and Female) hubbard chicks were purchased from local market and were reared on four experimental rations A, B, C, & D upto fifty days of age. The starter rations were fed upto 28 days of age and the finisher rations were fed from 29th to 50 days of age.
Results revealed non-significant difference among weight gain and feed consumption of chicks fed on different experimental rations.
Apparently better feed utilization was noticed by the chicks fed on ration C (8 percent soybean oil meal and 4 percent fish meal. Statistically non significant difference were observed in the feed efficiency value of chicks fed on different experimental rations.
The present result revealed that chicks fed on ration C (8% soybean oil meal and 4% fish meal) apparently showed increased growth of broiler chicks, required less amount of feed per unit weight gain and were economical as compared to birds fed on other experimental rations.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0362,T] (1).
6.
Effect Of Substitution Of Fish Meal With Cotton Seed Meal On Performence Of Broiler Chicks
by Umer Malik, M | Dr. Nisar Ahmad | Dr M. Javed Qurshi | Dr. M. Aslam.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1994Dissertation note: The present study was under taken to investigate the effect of substitution of fish meal which is comparatively costly protein supplement with cheaper cotton seed meal on performance of broiler chicks. As one hundred and eighty Star Bro day old broiler chicks were reared on five experimental rations upto 50 day of age. The control ration contained 12 % fish meal (100 %) which was replaced by the cotton seed meal at 0, 4.17, 7.39, 11.03 and 14.72 % level (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% on Protein equivalent basis). The starter rations were fed upto 28 days of age and finisher rations were fed upto 50th day.
Results revealed however non significant difference among weight gain of chicks fed on different experimental starter rations. But significant differences among weight gain of chicks fed on finisher rations were noticed.
The chicks fed on rations containing 100%,75%, 50% and 25% fish meal were heavier as compared to those chicks fed on rations in which fish meal was replaced by cotton seed meal on protein equivalent basis. Non significant differences in total weight gain were noticed amongst chicks fed on different experimental rations. highly significantly more feed was consumed by the chicks fed on starter and finisher rations containing 100%, 75%, and 50% fish meal as compared to those chicks fed on other experimental rations. Apparently better feed utilization in chicks were noticed by addition of cotton seed meal at different levels i.e 4.17, 7.39 and 11.03 % in the starter and finisher rations. However non significant differences among the feed efficiency values were observed in chicks fed on various experimental rations. However dressing % of all the birds fed on different rations was found non significant. Present study indicated that addition of cotton seed meal did not significantly effect the growth rate, however, slightly decreased growth rate was observed with progressive increase of cotton seed meal in the ration. Feed efficiency was comparable with that of fish meal. Results also indicated that ration containing cotton seed meal were comparatively cheaper and cost per Kg of live weight was decreased. Therefore, net profit per chick was greater.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0394,T] (1).
7.
Influence Of Varying Levels Of Proten & Energy On The Performance Of Broiler Chicks
by Safiq ur Rehman | Dr. Nisar Ahmad | Dr. Ehtisham | Dr. Jawad Ahmad Qureshi.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1994Dissertation note: A study was undertaken to investigate the influence of varying levels of protein and energy on the performance of broiler chicks. The performance of chicks were studied under the heading of weight gain, feed consumption, feed efficiency, dressing percentage, organs weight, abdominal fat and economics.
Nine experimental rations containing metabolizable energy 2600, 2900 and 3200 Kcal ME/kg with 18, 20 and 22% crude protein were tried on two hundred and seventy day old broiler chicks of both sexes for the period of 50 days.
The results showed that the ration containing 20% C.P. and 2600 KCal ME/kg were best in promoting weight gain, feed utilization and were economical as compared to other experimental rations.
Different energy-protein levels did not influenced the dressing percentage and organs weight, but the diet containing high energy resulted significantly more deposition of the abdominal fat.
It was concluded that low energy and high protein combination in poultry feed formulation improved the growth rate, feed efficiency, feed conversion ratio and could be economical as compared to the high energy and high protein ration.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0395,T] (1).
8.
Studies On The Use Of Sesame Meal (Punjnb Til 90) As A Vegetable Protein Supplement In Broiler Rations
by Safdar Mahmood Saeed | Dr. Nisar Ahmad Supervisor | Dr. Javaid Qureshi Member.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1993Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0399,T] (1).
9.
Improvement In The Nutritive Value Of Fibrous Crop By-Products By Urea Treatment
by Rafaqat Ali | Dr. Nisar Ahmed Mian | Dr. Muhammad | Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1994Dissertation note: Wheat straw and rice straw are two of the largest annually harvested crop by-products in Pakistan, and are commonly fed to buffaloes as well as cattle as a staple roughage source. These coarse roughages are essentially energy feeds in which the cell wall constituents may be as high as 80 percent of the total dry matter. However, productivity in ruminants given such straw diets is limited, primarily due to energy deficiency. Low digestibility and low nitrogen content of these roughages does not adequately satisfy microbial growth requirements, which are therefore major limiting factors responsible for poor efficiency of nutrient utilization.
In the present study, two fibrous crop by-products - wheat straw and rice straw, were treated with urea (as a source of ammonia), at 50 percent moisture level with or without added urease source at two different temperatures (220C and 390C) for three different periods (14, 21 and 28 days). Digestibilities of the treated and untreated feedstuffs were determined by in sacco technique. All the samples were chemically analysed for proximate as well as cell wall constituents before and after any treatment and after incubation in the rumen.
Increasing duration of urea-treatment invariably increased the crude protein content in all the treatments. At 28 days, difference between crude protein values of samples treated with urea alone or urea along with urease source was not statistically significant. Crude fiber contents of wheat and rice straw was inversely effected both by higher temperature and longer treatment period. Both mineral matter contents and ether extract values were not significantly effected by any of the treatment while NFE values were significantly reduced. Decrease in NDF and hemicellulose values after treatment was observed. Addition of urease hastened the process, though at 28 days, the difference between samples treated with or without the addition of urease was non-significant. Treatments increased the in sacco disappearance of DM, CF, CP, NDF, ADF and hemicellulose. Addition of urease and higher temprature increased the rate of change. Difference between urea treated and urea plus urease treatmed samples was relatively more marked in case of wheat straw than in rice straw, though in both the feedstuffs, it was non-significant at the end of treatment i.e., 28 days.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0401,T] (1).
10.
Study Of Comparative Nutritive Value Of Maize, Sorghum And Broken Rice On The Performance Of Broiler Chicks
by Sajid Mohammad Javed | Dr. Nisar Ahmed | Dr. Javed Ahmed Qureshi | Dr.Ashfaq.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 1994Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0402,T] (1).
11.
Effects Of Substitution Of Soyabean Oil Meal With Dried Brewer'S Yeast On The Performance Of Japanese Quails
by Zafar Iqbal Chauhan | Dr. Nisar Ahmed | Dr. Jaweeed Ahmed Qureshi | Prof. Dr.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1994Dissertation note: Dried brewer's yeast (DBY) (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) is a byproduct of the brewing industry and is a valuable food for animals. DBY contains 45% CP and 35% soluble carbohydrate. The amino acid profile of DBY is comparable to other vegetable protein supplement (VPS) like SBM. The present study was designed to study the effect of substitution of SBM with DBY on the performance of Japanese quails..
For the purpose quails were fed with five rations in which SBM was replaced with DBY at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% levels for 42 days. Weekly weight gain and daily feed consumption was recorded. Maximum weight gain (144.61g), feed efficiency (4.01) carcass weight (104.72g) and dressing percentage (69.53%) was observed in quails fed ration in which 100% SBM was replaced with DBY. Minimum weight gain (137.67 g) poor feed efficiency (4.21) lower carcass weight (78.28g) and poor dressing percentage (54.48%) was recorded in quails fed ration in which 100% DBY was replaced with SBM. No adverse effect on internal organs liver, heart and carcass was seen.
From the foregoing study it was concluded that DBY could be successfully incorporated in quails rations upto 10% without any undesirable effect on the performance of quails. It has been demonstrated from the results that DBY improves body weight gain, feed efficiency and dressing percentage which ultimately decreases the cost of quality meat production. The study also indicated that rations containing DBY were comparatively cheaper and cost per kg of live weight was decreased and net profit per quail was greater.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0409,T] (1).
12.
Comparative Meat Production Potentials And Carcass Evaluation Of Buffalo And Different Breeds Of Cattle Calves
by Syed Ahmed | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr. Asif | Dr. Nisar Ahmed.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1995Dissertation note: The most urgent need at present is to derive the maximum beef production from our existing livestock and agricultural byproducts. The present study will help us to select the most suitable livestock breed for beef production. This will further provide information to the persons interested for developing a feed lot industry in the country.
In the present study the meat production potential and carcass composition of buffalo and cattle (Sahiwal, crossbred, nondescript, cholistani and dajal) was evaluted. The breeds were assigned six group I, II, III, IV, V and YI for Sahiwal, crossbred, non-descript, buffalo, Cholistani and Dajal respectively. Ten calves from each group was fattened with a control ration containing CP with a range of 10.91 to 11.23 percent and TND ranging from 66.61 to 68.70 percent, for a period of 91 days. The feed efficiency of group I-VT were 5.73, 5.98, 8.38, 7.47, 6.09 and 7.47 with an average daily weight gain of 0.796, 0.856, 0.746, 0.822, 0.840 and 0.753 kg respectively. The dressing percentage were 49.37, 49.19, 52.06, 48.54, 51.83 and 52.27 for group I to VI respectively and the difference were non significant. The percentage of blood, heart and lungs were 2.54, 2.61, 2.61, 3.06, 2.71, 2.46 percent and 0.34, 0.99, 0.39, 0.55, 0.33, 0.43 percent and 1.10, 1.12, 1.03, 1.05, 1.01 and 0.97 for group I to VI, respectively. Statistically non significant difference were found in these parameters. The percentage of liver spleen and kidneys were 1.55, 1.41, 1.52, 1.32, 1.40, 1.33 percent and 0.32, 0.38, 0.39, 0.26, 0.29, 0.30 percent and 0.28, 0.30, 0.29, 0.32,0.25 and 0.20 percent for group I to VI respectively. The only significant difference (P<0.05) between the value of kidneys. The value for other components like mesenteric fat, feet, head and skin were 0.43, 0.56, 0.54, 0.78, 0.58, 0.57 percent for mesenteric fat and 2.26, 2.29, 2.09, 2.53, 2.07 and 2.04 percent for feet 4.27, 4.10, 4.06, 4.80, 4.38 and 4.24 percent for head 10.27, 9.06, 19.10, 9.33, 10.67 and 8.70 for skin of group I to VI, respectively. The difference among all these values were non significant. The percentage ratio of meat, bone, fat and other tissue were 48.38, 52.33,54.13, 49.36, 51.39 and 53.91 percent, 33.14, 32.87, 32.61, 31.79, 36.11, 31.83 percent, 7.04, 6.05, 8.43, 12.96, 7.22, 9.19, percent and 4.83, 5.13, 4.38, 4.01, 4.61 and 3.73 for group I to VI, respectively. Only highly significant difference (P<0.01) was observed in fat component. The chemical composition of the meat revealed 77.78, 76.86, 75.75, 73.34, 76.53 and 75.90 percent moisture, 20.55, 20.12, 20.91, 21.00, 20.56 and 20.64 percent crude protein, 9.90, 7.76, 8.71, 9.71, 8.16 and 8.54 percent ether extract, 5.18, 5.47, 6.03, 6.18, 6.39 and 6.71 percent ash in group I to VI, respectively. Non significant difference were observed in chemical composition. The cost of one kg meat production (feed cost + cost of animal) from group I to VI, 13.92, 14.13, 17.57, 14.59, 17.50 and 20.25 rupees respectively. This revealed that minimum cost of meat production was in Sahiwal calves, whereas Dajal calves proved most expensive meat producer among the different groups.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0416,T] (1).
13.
Studies On The Use Of Brewer'S Dried Yeast (Saccharomyces Yeast) As Vegetable Protein Source In Broiler
by Zahid Hussain | Dr. Nisar Ahmad | Dr. Jawad Ahmad Qureshi | Dr. M. Aslam.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1994Dissertation note: As about 60% of the total cost of poultry production incurs on feed, therefore, it is the major component, which mostly affects the economical poultry production. Unfortunately the poultry industry of Pakistan is mainly affected by substandard poultry feeding, which is due to limited availability of quality feed resources particularly protein sources. The incorporation of various non- conventional vegetable protein sources in poultry feed, if properly added have given satisfactory results.
Keeping in view a study was conducted to determine the nutritional value of Brewer's dried yeast replacing sesame meal on growth rate and feed utilization of broiler chicks.
Two hundreds and ten day old broiler chicks were randomly divided into seven groups of 30 birds each so as to have three replicate per group, each having ten chicks. The chicks were fed on seven different experimental rations A to G containing Brewer's dried yeast at 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30% of the ration respectively replacing sesame meal.
The results indicated that average weight gain of the chicks fed experimental ration A to G was 1203, 1175, 1175, 1166, 1138, 1127 and 1096 grams respectively. There was a proportionate depression in weight gain as the level of Brewer's dried yeast was increased. The proportionate depression in weight gain with increasing level of Brewer's dried yeast replacing sesame meal could be attributed to poor quality amino acid profile or biological value of the yeast as compared with sesame meal. It could also be attributed to certain anti-nutritional factors or high amounts of nucleic acids of yeast. The feed consumption of the chicks fed experimental ration A to G was 2516, 2484, 2526, 2502, 2436, 2501 and 2469 grams respectively. The chicks fed ration C consumed greater amount of feed, while the chicks fed ration E had the poor feed consumption. The feed consumption showed no proper pattern as was observed in case of weight gain and there was non-significant difference in feed consumption of different groups of chicks The feed conversion ratio of the chicks fed experimental rations A to C was 2.06, 2.11, 2.15, 2.15, 2.14, 2.15 and 2.15 respectively. The results indicated that the chicks fed ration A had the best feed conversion ratio of 2.06 and the feed conversion ratio was adversely affected on account of incorporation of Brewer's dried yeast. The dressed weight of the chicks fed ration A to 0 was 612, 600, 599, 593, 577, 577 and 555 grams respectively. The dressed weight showed the same trend as was observed in weight gain. The dressing percentage was 50.9, 50.1, 50.4, 51.30, 50.80, 51.20 and 50.60 percent respectively and there was hon-significant difference among difference groups. Similarly the weight of internal organs of the chicks per 100 grams of dressed weight i.e. Liver, Spleen, Pancreas, Heart and Gizzard showed non-significant difference among different groups. The economics of incorporation of Brewer's dried yeast revealed that the replacement of sesame meal with Brewer's dried yeast was economically viable.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0417,T] (1).
14.
Use Of Matri As Vegetable Protein Source In Broiler Ration
by Saleh, M | Dr. Nisar Ahmed | Dr. Jaweeed Ahmad Qureshi | Dr. Mohammad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1995Dissertation note: A study was undertaken to find out the appropriate level of matri (Lathyrus sativus linn) as vegetable protein source in broiler ration. Seven experimental rations containing 0, 10, 15 and 20 percent treated and untreated matri were tried on two hundred and ten day old broiler chicks for the period of 50 days. The chicks were randomly divided into seven groups of thirty chicks each. The birds reared on starter ration upto 28 days of age and on finisher ration for rest of the experimental period. The results showed that the starter ration A (control) containing no matri was best in promoting weight gain, feed consumption and feed utilization. The ration B containing 10% matri (autoclaved) gained more weight and consumed more feed and was better in feed efficiency. Finisher ration A (control) containing no matri was the best in promoting weight gain and the ration B containing 10 percent matri (autoclaved) stood second in number as for as weight gain, feed consumption and feed efficiency was concerned. At the end of the experiment dressing percentage and economics of different rations were also calculated Dressing percentage values were statistically non-significant so far as the cost per Kg live weight wasconcerned, ration B was cheaper while ration A was the cheaper while ration A was the cheapest as compared to all other rations. It was concluded that the ration containg 10% matri can safely be used in broiler ration without showing any deleterious effect on growth and feed consumption.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0418,T] (1).
15.
Role Of Synthetic Estrogens (Diethylstilbestrol) On The Performance Of Broiler Chicks
by Waseem Zia, M | Dr. Nisar Ahmed | Dr. Anjum Khalique | Dr. Muhammad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1994Dissertation note: A study was undertaken to investigate the effect of different levels of diethyistilbestrol on the performance of broiler chicks. The performance of the broilers were studied under the headings of weight gain, feed consumption, feed efficiency, dressing percentage, market finishing and carcass quality, Tenderness and juiciness, residual effect of the hormone, economics and mortality.
Four different levels 0mg, 10mg, 15mg and 20mg of diethyistilbestrol hormone were tried on one hundred and eighty day old broiler chicks, divided into four different experimental groups A, B, C and 1). 1-lormone was implanted at the age of 29 days and the birds were kept for further two weeks after the implantation of the hormone upto the age of 42 clays.
Non significant difference was noticed among weight gain, feed consumption and feed efficiency of chicks before the implantation of the hormone upto 28 days of age but presented significant difference among weight gain and feed efficiency after the implantation of the hormone (from 29-42 days of age). Feed consumption showed non significant difference but Dressing percentage, Marketing finishing and carcass quality and tenderness and juiciness presented significant differences after implantation of the hormone.
It was concluded that hormone implantation significantly affected the growth rate, feed efficiency, dressing percentage, market finishing and carcass quality, tenderness and juiciness of the meat and 15 rng level of the hormone proved best for implantation which
was comparatively cheaper and cost per kg. of live weight was decreased at this level. Therefore, net profit per chick was greater. No residual effect of the hormone was detected in the meat.
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16.
Effect Of Different Levels Of Protein And Salt On Water Metabolism In Broilers And Layer Chicks
by Faisal Gulzar Ahmad | Dr. Nisar Ahmed Mian | Dr. Jaweed Ahmed Qureshi | Dr. Muhammad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1995Dissertation note: Wet litter in poultry houses is a problem of considerable economic and pathological importance; This is due to the excessive elimination of water in the droppings and that contained in the expired air of the birds. As a result of this excessive moisture the litter becomes wet which in turn encourages the development of various diseases, unnecessary increase in labour and managemental hazards/expenses. Wet litter also encourages fly development, reduces beneficial bacterial population and creates problems in manure handling and removal.
A solution of the problem of wet litter would thus involve determination of those factors responsible for the elimination of excessive amounts of water via renal and alimentary routes. One of these causal factors is diet. The present study was designed to determine the effect of sodium chloride and certain dietary protein levels on water intake, feed consumption, moisture content of various organs as well as that of droppings.
Experiment was conducted at the department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lahore for a period of 8 weeks. Two hundred and seventy day- old chicks each of broiler and layer were randomly divided into six groups i.e. B1, B2 B3, B4, B5, B6 (Broilers) and L1, L2, L3, L4, L5, L6 (Layers) of 45 birds each. Each group was further subdivided into three replicates of 15 birds each. These groups were assigned randomly to six experimental rations having 20 and 23 percent crude protein and salt supplementation of 0.0, 0.75 and 1.0 percent level. Weekly feed consumption, weight gain and water intake were recorded. Moisture contents of crop, intestine, caecum, carcass as well as that of droppings were determined at the end of 4th and 8th weeks of age. Abdominal fat contents of broilers and layers were also recorded at the end of 4th and 8th weeks of age.
In broilers, the feed conversion ratio was significantly (P<0.05) affected by the level of salt supplementation. At 20 percent crude protein level, F.C.R. improved from 2.60 to 2.41 when the salt supplementation was increased from 0.0 to 0.75 percent. But the best F.C.R. (2.33) was obtained at 23 percent crud protein with 0.0 percent salt supplementation level. However, feed efficiency decreased at both the protein levels when level of salt supplementation was increased to 1.0 percent. The feed consuption within the group was not significantly (P<0.05) affected by the increase in crude protein level from 20 to 23 percent or by increae in the level of salt supplementation both for layers and broilers. In layers, the weight gain, feed consumption and F.C.R. followed a similar pattern as was seen in broilers.
Increase in the level of protein and salt supplementation in the ration increased the water intake of both the broilers and layers, though the difference was statistically non-significant. However, level of salt supplementation had a significant (P<0.O 1) effect on water intake and water-feed ratio.
At 4 weeks of age increase in level of salt supplementation at both the protein levels significantly (P<0.01) increased the faecal moisture percentage. Results of the statisical anlysis of the data at the end of 8 weeks were similar to those obtained at the end of 4 weeks.
It was observed that increased moisture contents of intestines lead to increased moisture in. the faecal material. At the end of 8th week the intestinal moisture content was significantly affected as result of increase in protein and salt levels.
The caecum is the chief site for water reabsorption in birds, and water contents of caecum have direct bearing on the faecal moisture and in turn on the wetting of litter. At 8 weeks of age, borth the protein levels did not exert a significant (P>0.05) effect of protein levels on the caecal moisture contents. Change in the caecal moisture contents as a result of increase in level of salt supplementation was also non-significant (P>O.05). Salt supplementation level significantly (P<0.01) increased the carcass moisture percentage. At the end of 8 weeks all the three factors and their interactions, except breed and salt interaction were significantly (P<0.0 1) different.
At the end of 4th and 8th weeks the abdominal fat contents did not show any significant pattern which could be correlated specifically with salt or protein levels. At the end of 4 weeks all the factors and their interactions except breed and protein interaction significantly (P<0.0 1) affected the abdominal fat contents. At the age of 8 weeks all the factors and interaction had significant (P<0.01) effect on abdominal fat contents.
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17.
Effect Of Various Dietary Antibiotics On The Performance On Broiler Chicks
by Ishaque, M | Dr. Nisar Ahmad | Dr. Ashfaq | Mr. Shahid Abbas.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1994Dissertation note: A research study was conducted to find out the effect of virginiamycin, oxytetracycline and Furazolidone as a growth promoter in broiler rations.
Two hundred and forty day old broiler chicks were divided into four groups of 60 chicks each. Each group was further subdivided into three replicates of 20 chicks each.
Two experimental rations (starter and finisher) were prepared and fed to experimental chicks upto 50 days of age.
Virginiamycine, oxytetracycline and Furazolidone were mixed to experimental rations at the level of 10 mg/kg feed. The effects of these additives on weight gain, feed consumption, feed efficiency, mortality, weights of internal organs and residual effect on meat were recorded.
Feed and water were given libitum. Continuous light was provided for 24 hours.
The results revealed non-significant differences among weight gain, feed consumption and feed efficiency of the chicks fed on starter ration.
However the results obtained from 29-50 days showed significant difference (P <0.05) in weight gain, feed consumption and feed efficiency. The best weight gain was obtained with oxytetracycline supplementation followed by virginiamycine, furazolidone and the controlled group. Maximum feed was consumed by the birds fed on control ration. The best feed efficiency was noticed with birds fed on ration supplemented with oxytetracycline.
The results obtained from 0-50 days showed highly significant difference (P < 0.01) in weight gaiu of the birds. Feed consumption and feed efficiency also showed significant difference (P<0.05).
The maximum weight gain was noticed with birds fed on oxytetracycline supplementation followed by virginiamycine and furazolidone supplementation, while the least weight gain was shown by the birds fed on control ration.
Maximum feed was consumed by the birds fed on control ration and the least feed consumption was observed with birds fed on oxytetracycline supplementation followed by virginiamycine and furazolidone. The poor feed efficiency was observed with the birds fed on control ration.
Dressing percentage and weight of internal organs showed statistically non-significant.
The residual effect of antibiotics was not found in the chicken meat.
From the present study it was concluded that the addition of antibiotics in the broiler rations proved economical as compared to control.
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18.
Comparative Study Of Growth Rate And Feed Efficiency Of Buffalo And Sahiwal Cattle On Concentrate Ratios
by Ehsan Mohsin | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr. Nisar Ahmad Mian | Mr. Shahid.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1996Dissertation note: There has been a gradual decline fn per capita availability of proteinous food particularly of animals origin for human consumption in our country. The feasible solution of the problem of meat shortage is to increase the production of meat by fattening the male buffalo calves which are available in the country. These are sold at lower rate when they are weaned. These calves can be fattened by using the rations containing wheat-straw and concentrate mixture available in the country. There is an increased competition between animal and human being for consumption of cereal grains and at the same time there is scarcity of green fodder in different areas of the country. Moreover, there are high prices of conventional energy sources in the country which limits there use in animal feeding. The present experiment was planned to determine the growth rate and feed efficiency of Sahiwal and buffalo male calves fed on different fiber (wheat straw) and concentrate ratios.
A fattening trial was conducted on four groups of 20 Sahiwal and 20 Nih Ravi buffalo male calves, having 10 calves in each group of buffalo and Sahiwal calves, fed on two different rations (A and B). The experiment was continued for 90 days. Feed consumption, weight gain, feed efficiency and economic evaluation of the rations and effect of ambient temperature and relative humidity on the performance of the calves were the parameters under study.
The results of the study revealed significant difference in weight gain and non-significant differences in feed consumption and feed efficiency. The non-significant difference for factor A and interaction but significant difference for factor B was observed during economic evaluation of the rations. The ration (with 40% wheat-straw and 60% concentrate mixture) was most economical as compare to ration A (with 20% wheat-straw and 80% concentrate mixture) in fattening, of Sahiwal and buffalo male calves.
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19.
Effect Of Varying Levels Of Methionine Cystine And Lysine In The Vegetable Protein On The Performance And Growth
by Abdul Haseeb Ahmad | Dr. Nisar Ahmed | Dr. Jawad Ahmed Qureshi.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1996Dissertation note: The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of varying levels of methionine, cystine and lysine supplemented in the vegetable protein diet on the performance of broiler chicks. 180 day old chicks were reared separately on the six experimental starter and finisher rations upto 50 day of age. The starter rations had a 23% protein while the finisher rations with 20% protein. All starter and finisher rations had a similar inetabolizable energy of 3200 k cal/kg. The starter rations were fed upto 28 days of age and for the remaining 22 days finisher rations were fed.
Results revealed highly significant difference amongst wt. gain of chicks fed on different experimental starter rations. A highly significantly less weight (1859.86 grams) was gained by the chicks fed on ration "A" without supplementation of amino acids as compared to all other rations. Similarly the experimental finisher rations had non significant difference amongst the weight gain of chicks. The results of over all weight gain of all groups of chicks fed on rations A,B,C,D,E and F were 1859.86, 1881.65, 1972.44, 2008.32, 2013.20 and 2052.53 gm respectively, while the statistical analysis reveled non significant difference in weight gain of chicks fed on different experimental rations.
Highly significant difference in the feed consumption were noticed in the chicks fed on different experimental starter and finisher rations. Significantly more feed was consumed by the chicks fed on ration A, B, C, D, E as compared to ration "F".
Overall feed consumption of male chicks fed on ration A, B, C, D, E and F were 4826.30, 4735, 4563.16, 4465.36, 4381 and 4298.26 grams respectively, whereas the statistical analysis revealed highly significant difference amongst the feed consumption of chicks fed on different experimental starter and finisher rations.
Approximately better feed utilization in chicks was noticed when fed on "F" and "E" as compared to the other experimental rations A, B, C and D.
Non-significent differences between the dressing percentage, weight of internal organs and abdominal fat deposition of chicks fed on different experimental rations was observed.
The present results indicated that the male chicks can be reared economically on starter ration having 23% protein and finisher ration having 20% protein from vegetable sources alongwith 0.20% supplementation of lysine and methionine. Weight gains, feed consumption and feed efficiency was better in male chicks. The male chicks were economical to grow and cost/kg of live weight of chicks was less which was Rs.17.40/- as compared to that of control which costs Rs.20.52/-.
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20.
Performance Of Broilers On Diets Having Different Levels Of Protein While Possessing Adequate Amount Of Critical Amino Acids
by Mirza Yousaf Baig | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr. Nisar Ahmed Mian | Dr.Muhammed.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1996Dissertation note: This experiment was designed to study the effects of different protein levels while maintaining the level of critical amino acids adequate as per requirement. Six broiler starter diets SA, SB, SC, SD. SE & SP containing crude protein 22, 21.5, 21, 20.5, 20 or 19.5%, respectively and metabolizable energy 3100 kcal/kg and six broiler finisher diets PA, Fl3, FC. FD, Fl & FF containing crude protein 19. 18.5, 18, 17.5, 17 or 16.5%, respectively and metabolizable energy 3200 kcal/kg were prepared. The critical amino acids (lysine, methiomne + cystine, tryptophan, arginine & threonine) in all rations were kept at least at recommended level. 240 clay old Hubbard broiler chicks of approximately similar weight were randomly (livided into six equal groups A, B, C, D, E & F. Each group was subdivided into four replicates, each comprising of 10 chicks. These groups were fed ad libitum on above mentioned starter diets from 0 to 4th week and on finisher diets during 5th and 6th week.
The results showed that feed consumption was increased (P<0.05) during finisher phase, 4th and 5th week at lower protein levels in feed. There was no difference (P>0.1) of feed consumption among various groups during the rest of experimental period. Weight gain of all groups from 0 to 6th week was similar (P>0.23). However, during first week the chicks fed on 22% protein level gained more weight (P<0.05). During second week results were inconsistent while (luring fourth week the chicks fed on Iower protein level gained similar weight as compared to the higher protein groups.
The FCR of groups A, 13, C & F during starter phase and A, 13, ( I) & E during finisher phase was not different (P>O.05) which Shows that crude protein level in starter and finisher diet could he reduced to 19.5 & 17%, respectively while maintaining the critical amino acid level as per requirement. However, during first week the FCR of chicks fed on 22% protein was lower (P<O.05) than that of others, which indicate (hat during first week protein level should not be lower than 22%. The protein intake and protein efficiency ratio were not different (P>O.O5) among different groups during starter and finisher phases.
Dressing percentage of different groups was not different (P>O.29). Percentages of gizzard, liver and heart weight were also similar (P>O.22) among different groups. Mortality rate during total experimental period was less than 3% and no significant difference of mortality was observed among the different groups.
The economic appraisal proved that during starter phase net cash flow increased at lower protein diets while during finisher phase the net cash flow decreased greatly in the last two group E & F'. It revealed that in finisher ration reduction of crude protein level below 17.5% on which group E & F were maintained was not economical. Theses results were confirmed by realistic feed cost values.
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21.
Effect Of Different Levels And Sources Of Fish Meal On The Performance Of Broiler Chicks
by Shahid Raza | Dr. Nisar Ahmad Mian | Dr. Javed Ahmed Qureshi | Dr. M. Saleem.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1996Dissertation note: The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of different levels and sources of fish meals on the performance of broiler chicks. One hundred and eighty day-old hubbard chicks were randomly divided into 18 experimental groups of 10 chicks each. The chicks of two commercially available fish meals with three levels of Gwadar and Sindh fish meals were compared in this study. The chicks were assigned to 6 experimental rations in such a way that there were three groups of 10 birds each under each ration. Th starter rations were fed upto 0-28 days of age while the finisher rations from 29-42 days of age. At the end of experiment three birds from each replicate were taken at random and slaughtered to find out the dressing percentage.
The average weight gain of chicks fed on Rations A, B, and C (containing Gwadar fish neal) were 1879.2, 1770.65 and 1712.82 gms respectively. The maximum weight (1879.52 gms) was observed in ration A (containing 8 percent fish meal). The average weight gain of chicks fed on rations D, E and F (containing Sindh fish meal) were 1697.78, 1644.5 and 1677.9 gms respectively. The maximum weight gain (1697.78 gms) was observed in ration D (containing 8 percent fish meal). The average weight gain by chicks fed on two different sources of fish meals; i.e. Gwadar and Sindh were 1787.844 and 1673.411 gms respectively.
Results revealed significant differences between the two sources and non-significant difference among the various levels of fish meals for weight gain data which showed that Gwadar fish meal was better as compared to Sindh fish meal and apparently 8 percent level was better than 11 and 14 percent levels of fish meals.
The average feed consumption of chicks fed on rations A, B, and C (containing Gwadar fish meal) were 3560.1, 3540.16 and 3373.49 gms respectively. The maximum feed consumption (356b.1)was observed in ration A (containing 8 percent fish meal). The average feed consumption of chicks fed on rations D, E and F (containing Sindh fish meal) were 3535.6, 3374.3 and 3462.73 gms respectively. The maximum feed consumption (3535.56 gms) was observed in ration D (containing 8 percent fish meal). The average feed consumption by chicks fed on two different sources of fish meals i.e. Gwadar and Sindh were 1929.74 and 18&6.777 gms respectively.
Feed consumption of chicks fed on rations containing two sources of fish meal were non-significant. On the other hand there was significant differences in feed consumption of chicks fed on rations containing various levels of fish meals. Apparently better feed consumption was observed in Gwadar fish meal as compared to Sindh fish meal.
Statically non-significant difference was observed in the feed efficiency value for both different sources and various levels of fish meals. Apparently Gwadar fish meal had better feed efficiency than Sindh fish meal while in case of levels 8 percent had better feed efficiency as compared to 14 and 11 percent respectively.
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22.
Study On The Effect Of Different Methods Of Minimizing Heat Stress On The Performance Of Broilers
by Mansoor Ahmed Cheema | Dr. Muhammad Saleem Shaudhary | Prof. Dr. M. Aslam Bhatti | Prof. Dr. Nisar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: The present study was planned to compare desert cooler, water sprinkling and false ceiling and to investigate their effects on performance of broilers during heat stress. Two hundred and forty, one day-old broiler chicks were procured from local market. They were divided into four groups i.e. A, B, C and D. Each group was Further subdivided into three replicates. Each group was reared sepnrnJv in di ITorent, pens. Feed and wiLer were provided Rd 1ibitun. The duration of experimental period was 6 weeks. rFreatn1(it.Is viz desert cooler, water sprinkling, false ceiling and
control were allotted to groups B, C, D and A respectively. The treatments were used from 3rd week of age to onward in the respective groups. Data regarding temperature, humidity, weight gain, feed consumption and feed conversion were recorded and daily average was calculated each week.
The data obtained showed that all the treatments (desert cooler, water sprinkling, and False ceiling) had a effect (P < 0.05) on temperature, with highest cooling efficiency in the birds kept in desert cooler, followed by water sprinkling treatment and false ceiling
Only desert cooler and water sprinkling treatments caused higher(P <0.05) relative humidity than either false ceiling treatment or control group. Although all the treatments showed a difference (P<0.05), group B (desert cooler) had the highest weight gain with maximum feed consumption i.e. 2047.78 g and 4740.74 g followed by group C (water sprinkling) 1857.36 g and 4261.26 g and D (false ceiling) 1443.97 g and 3248.37 g. The poorest weight gain and feed consumption was observed in control group i.e. 1154.35 g and 2487.28 g. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) of control group was better (P < 0.05) than the experimental groups, while no significant difference was observed among the experimental groups. No significant difference was also observed in the dressing percentages of all the groups. There was no mortality in any group throughout the duration of this project. Economics studies suggested that water sprinkling treatment was most. economical, followed by desert cooler treatment, while false ceiling treatment was the most expensive treatment, which cost even more than the control group.
On the basis of results obtained it could be suggested that desert cooler was the best method for minimizing the heal stress Followed by water sprinkling and false ceiling.
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23.
Effect Of Different Antioxidants In Rice Polishing On The Performance Of Broiler Chicks
by Aziz, M | Prof. Dr. Nisar Ahmad Mian | Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha | Prof. Dr.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: The oxidation of rice polishing and complete feed, can significantly decrease nutritional value. The end result is a loss in nutrient quality, impairmeI of health of birds, reduction in performance and increased production cost.
The detrimental effects of oxidation can be minimized by adding antioxidants to rice polishing. Quality antioxidants interrupt the reaction and control subsequent losses in nutrient value. Antioxidant protect the quality of rice polishing and feed as formulated by the nutritionist to achieve maximum growth and feed efficiency.
An investigation was undertaken to study the comparative value of various antioxidants to minimize (Peroxide value, free fatty acid number) the effect of oxidation in rice polishing on the performance of broiler chicks. Six experimental rations viz, A, B, C, D, E and F were prepared for the said purpose. Ration A served as negative control (Fresh rice polishing without antioxidant), Ration B served as positive control (Rancid rice polishing without antioxidant). Ration C (Feedox) 125 gm/ton of rice polishing, Ration D Santoquin 500 gm/ton of rice polishing, Ration E Oxistat 125 gm/ton of rice polishing, Ration F Butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT) @ 500 gm/ton of rice polishing.
One hundred and eighty, day old broiler chicks were randomly divided into six groups having thirty birds in each group and which were further subdivided into three replicates comprising of ten birds in each. The body weight, feed consumption and feed conversion ratio were recorded at the end of each week. Pancreas weight, dressing percentage, mortality percentage and comparative study of antioxidants were determined at the end of experiment. However, the peroxide value of rice polishing at fresh, rancid and on weekly basis was analyzed. The experiment lasts for six weeks.
The weight gain of the birds fed on various experimental rations A, B, C, D, E and F from 5-6 weeks of age were 645.0, 538.33, 655.33,709.17,663.33 and 643.0 gms respectively. Significantly more weight gain (709.17gm) was observed in the birds fed on ration D containing santoquin. Overall total weight gain of birds fed on experimental rations A to F were 1628.8, 1343.7, 1484.2, 1608.8, 1508.1 and 1471.1 gms respectively. However, the results revealed non-significant differences among weight gain of birds.
The results of feed consumption indicated that birds fed on different experimental rations A, B, C, D, E and F from 0-6 weeks of age were 3063.77, 3082.0, 3277.2, 3247.13, 3360.0 and 3223.33 gms respectively. However, apparently the birds fed on ration E containing Oxistat antixodant consumed more feed as compared to other rations.
The data on feed efficiency showed that birds fed on different experimental rations A, B, C, D, E and F from 5-6 weeks of age were 2.558, 2.756, 2.473, 2.334, 2.590 and 2.540 respectively. Significantly (P< 0.05) better feed utilization was observed in birds fed on ration D containing Santoquin as compared to chicks fed on ration E containing Oxistat and B containing rancid rice polishing, but there was no difference in the birds fed on ration E, A, F and C. However, the feed efficiency of birds from 0-6 weeks of age fed on experimental rations A to F were 1.969, 2.209, 2.122, 1.943, 2.133 and 2.191 respectively which revealed non-significant difference among the rations.
Present results revealed that weight of pancreas of birds fed on different experimental rations A, B, C, D, E and F from 0-6 weeks of age were 2.692, 3.735, 3.064, 2.89, 3.232 and 2.839 gms respectively. Significantly more weight of pancreas was observed in the birds fed o ration B containing rancid rice polishing. However, non-significant difference were noticed in the birds fed on other experimental rations.
The peroxide value in rice polishing at first and the end of 6th week of experiment of rations A, B, C, D, E and F 0.8, 61.2, 2.1, 1.4, 2.4 and 2.5, at 6th week 10.3, 80.7, 6.3, 3.3, 5.9 and 7.6 respectively.
It was concluded that Santoquin was the best antioxidant in controlling the oxidation process in rice polishing as compared to other antioxidants, i.e., Oxistat, Feedox and BHT used in the present experiment.
RECOMMENDATIONS
1. For further study various antioxidants with various levels and various sources of fat containing ingredients (rice polishing) at various levels of inclusion should be tested.
2. This type of study should be performed with fresh ingredients.
3. Different methods i.e. control of air, moisture, temp. Of storage period, light etc. should adopted to minimize the development of rancidity.
4. Storage duration of rice polishing should be at least six weeks.
5. Storage of feed should be at controlled environment.
6. Processing of rice polishing should be in such a way that lipase enzyme not become active.
7. Santoquin (Ethoxyquin) antoxidant proved to be best in controlling oxidation process in rice polishing i.e. peroxides formation than Feedox, Oxistat and BHT antioxidants.
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24.
Effect Of Egg Storage Time Under Specific Temperature And Humidity On Fertility And Hatchability Of Japanese Quail
by Atta Ullah Khan Lehri | Dr. Muhammad Saleem Chaudhary | Dr. Muhammad Aslam Bhatti | Dr. Nisar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: This project was planned to study the effect of storage time under specific temperature and humidity on fertility and hatchability of Japanese quail eggs.
A tota1 of' six hundred and thirty (630') eggs were purchased from a local breeding farm. Alter collection the eggs were cleaned and stored at specific temperature (18 °C) and humidity (75%). Eggs were equally divided into six groups i.e. A, B, C, D, E. and F having 105 eggs in each group and each group was further subdivided into three replicates having 35 eggs each. They were stored upto 4th, 7th, 10th, 13th, 16th and 19th day, prior to incubation. After incubation the effect of six different storage periods was studied on the various traits i.e. fertility percentage, hatchability percentage, clear eggs and dead in shell.
Statistical analysis of the data revealed that no differences were observed amongst the groups in case of fertility (P> 0.05) but in case of hatchability there were differences (P<O.O1) among the groups. The results also showed differences (P<O.O1) in dead in shell and no differences were observed in clear eggs.
The overall results, showed that as the storage time increased the Fertility and hatchability percentage decreased. This decrease was significant only in case of hatchability. However results were opposite in case of clear eggs and dead in shell percentage. It was seen that as the storage time increased the clear eggs and dead in shell percentage also increased.
The overall result, showed that as the storage time increased the hatchability percent decreased.
CONCLUSION
By having overall view of the present study it is concluded that for getting best results, quil eggs should not be stored for a longer time. However, for achieving best results the eggs may be set for incubation after every 3rd or 4th day.
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25.
Influence Of Various Treatments Of Rice Polishings On The Performance Of Broiler Chicks
by Abdul Majid | Prof. Dr. Nisar Ahmed Mian | Dr. Javaid Ahmed Qureshi | Dr. Muhammad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: Increasing cost of feed ingredients and use of cereal grains in poultry feed which are also used for the human feeding, makes it imperative to look for alternative sources for feeding poultry to save grains for human consumption and reduce the cost of feed as well. Ingredients which are cheap, not utilized for human feeding and are readily available, merits consideration for poultry feeding. Rice polishing is one of such ingredient.
Rice polishings is an important by-product of rice milling industry. It is a finely powdered material obtained in polishing the rice kernels after removal of hulls and bran. It furnishes almost equivalent energy as other cereal grains and is a good source of protein and water soluble vitamins specially thiamin and niacin. It however contains certain antinutritional factors which, could be eliminated by various treatments yielding it into a useful feed ingredient for poultry feed.
Present experiment was conducted to observe the influence of rice polishings on the performance of broiler chicks after subjecting it to various treatments. Full fat rice polishings was subjected to extrusion cooking and then divided into 4 equal parts. One part was used in ration as such, second treated with 1 percent acetic acid, third treated with 1 percent calcium hydroxide and fourth treated first with acetic aid and then with calcium hydroxide. Five starter and finisher experimental rations designated as A, B, C, D, and E respectively were prepared. Ration A contained no rice polishings and was kept as control. In rations B, C, D and B treated rice polishings at 15 percent level was used substituting wheat. Starter rations were fed for 35 days and Finisher rations for 21 days to 150 Hubbard broiler chicks divided into 15 experimental units of 10 chicks each reared on floor on deep litter system. Each experimental ration was randomly allotted to 3 experimental units of chicks. Results indicated that maximum weight gain was recorded in birds fed on ration C which contained extrusion cooked rice polishings treated with 1 percent acetic acid. Lowest weight gain was recorded in birds fed on ration A (control). Second best result in weight gain was observed in birds fed on ration D which contained extrusion cooked rice polishings treated with 1 percent calcium hydroxide.
Best feed utilization per unit of gain was observed in birds fed on ration C where as poor feed conversion ratio was noted in birds fed on ration E which contained rice polishings first treated with acetic acid and then with calcium hydroxide.
Results indicated that different treatments improved the nutritional quality of rice polishings and resulted into better weight gain. Use of treated rice polishings did not show any detrimental effect on the performance of birds. Difference in feed consumed and conversion ratio towards higher side might have been due to some managemental errors or weather conditions. Extrusion cooked rice polishings treated with 1 percent acetic acid showed significantly improved growth rate and feed utilization in birds per unit of gain as compared to control and other rations containing rice polishings given other treatments.
It was concluded that various treatments improved the nutritional quality of rice polishings and it proved to be a beneficial feed ingredient for poultry feeding substituting wheat without any deleterious effect. Treatment with 1 percent acetic acid or 1 percent calcium hydroxide were equally good and potent methods to overcome the problem of antinutritional factors present in rice polishings.
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26.
Influence Of Varying Levels Of Protein With Constant Level Of Energy On The Performance Of Japanese Quails At Different Stages Of Growth
by Arif, M | Dr. Nisar Ahmed Mian | Dr. Mohammad | Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: Protein level in the ration of quails is considered as an important factor for the efficient growth. But recent studies have shown that besides the protein level, the amino acid profile of feed is more important The present study was conducted to Investigate the optimum dietary protein levels by providing adequate amounts of lysine, methionine, according to the requirements on the performance of quails
Three hundred day old quails were randomly divided into five groups of 60 quails each. Then each group was further subdivided into three replicates of 20 quails each .Five rations A, B, C, D and E containing 22, 23, 24, 25 and 26% protein respectively with Constant Metaholisable energy 2900 Kcal/Kg ration were prepared.
The average total weight gain of chicks fed on experimental rations A, B, C, D and E was 133.89, 133.37, 132.49, 131.73 and 131.49 gms. espectively Apparentlyo the chicks fed on ration A containing 22 percent protein gained more weight. Non-significant difference among weight gain of chicks fed on experimental rations containing various protein levels was observed. The average total feed consumption per chick on experimental rations A, B, C, D and E was 403.04. 395.92, 392.39, 386.81 and 382.38 gms. respectively. The total feed consumption of the chicks fed on ration A containing 22 percent protein was highest. When data was subjected to statistical analysis non-significant difference was noticed among feed consumption of the chicks fed on different experimental rations. The average commulative feed eHicienc on experimental rations A, B, C, D and E was 3.01, 2.97, 2.96. 2.94 and 2.90 respectively. The chicks fed on ration E containing 26 percent protein consumed less feed per unit weight gain as compared to other experimental rations. Statistical analysis revealed non-significant difference among feed efficiency of the chicks fed on experimental rations containing different levels of protein. The averige values of dressing percentage of birds fed on rations A, B, C, D and E respectively were 70.35, 70.17, 69.90, 68.34 and 68.24 respectively The dressing percentage of chicks fed on ration A containing 22% protein was highest. Non-significant differ ence was noticed among dressing percentage on five protein levels. Results also showed that. dressing percentage of females was comparatively higher than males. The cost. per 100 grams of live weight excluding the cost of day old chicks for the rations A, B, C, D and E were Rs 2.30, 2.29, 2.33, 2.36 and 2.40.
The results of the present study indicated that Japanese quails can be reared efficiently and economically on ration containing 23% protein and 2900 Kcal/Kg M.E under local conditions with better weight gain and feed efficiency.
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27.
Biological Availability Of Betafin For Methionine Sparing In Broiler Chickens
by Majid Rafique | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr. Athar | Dr. Nisar Ahmad Mian.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: Methionine is one of the dietary essential amino acid. In formulating poultry rations methionine is generally deficient and thus supplemented to fulfill the requirement. The level of melhioiiine, recommended by NRC for maximum growth and feed effIciency, estimated as 0.5% in starter and 0.42% finisher rations, respectively. in the body niethionine can also be synthesized from homocysteine through transmcthylation reaction. For methionine to be synthesized, methyl groups are required. Cholinels known as a methyl group donor in the body. But it has to be activated and converted to betaine before methyl groups are liberated. Betafin (Betain Anhydron), a commercial product is available, used to spare choline and methionine in poultry rations.
The experiment was designed to evaluate biological availability of Belafin for methioiiine sparing in broiler chickens. For this purpose 250 day 01(1 chicks were taken, divided into five groups, i.e. (A, B, C, I) and E), then these were further subdivided into five replicates each. Five starter and finisher rations (A) Adequate methionine (B) low methionine LM (C) LM + choline (D) LM + Betafin 1:1 and (E) LM -I- I3etafin 1:2; formulated and fed to their respective groups. The experiment lasted for 42 days in two phases i.e. (Starter and Finisher).
The parameter studied were (1) Feed intake (2) Weight gain (3) Feed conversion ration FCR (4) Mortality (5) Dressing percentage (6) Economics.
Average feed intake per bird was 3942±63.08, 3609±44.75, 3439.21±28.28, 3763.36±58.04 and 3775.46±48.35 (P <0.05), weight gain 2127.59±23.59, 1732.78±4 1.32, 1720.00±34.96, 1911.02±47.16 and 1890.76±39.75 grams (P <0.05), FCR 1.84 ±0.0322, 2.08±0.032, 1.99±0.026, 1.99±0.024 and 1.99±0.025, (1'<0.05), Dressing percentages were observed non-significant (P>0.05), for groups i.e. (A, B, C, D and E) respectively. The adequate methionine (A) feed had higher price per unit, but had significantly higher weight gains and better feed efficiency.
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28.
Effect Of Different Levels Of Formaldehyde And Heat Treatment On In Situ Degradation Of Different Vegetable
by Faran Hameed | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | dr. Nisar Ahmad Mian | Mr. Shahid.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 1998Dissertation note: Protein is one of the most expensive constituents of the ruminant's diet. Under many feeding regimes most of the dietary protein fed to ruminants undergoes extensive modification due to microbial activity in the rumen and the nitrogen used in the synthesis of microbial protein. Consequently, nitrogenous compound with low biological values are upgraded. Conversely a protein having a high availability and biological value in the non-ruminant may be altered in the rumen to lower availability and biological value, or both. (Peter et al. 1971).
The rumen micro-organisms cannot synthesize enough protein to support high level of milk production in lactating cow. Good quality dietary proteins, therefore, should be protected from rumen degradation to improve its bypass value. Different methods have been used to overcome the degradation of protein in the rumen. Of which the two methods i.e. treatment of protein with "Heat" and "Aldehydes" are widely used.
The present study was conducted to determine the bypass values of different vegetable protein meals for ruminants using nylon bag technique on fistulated male buffalo calf. The protein sources were subjected to heating through autoclaving and treated with formaldehyde at various levels. To evaluate their effects, the in situ protein degradation was determined.
It was found that 24 hours incubation in the rumen was the optimum time for digestion of all vegetable protein meals. The data was subjected to statistical analysis only at 24 hours incubation time. Both autoclaving and formaldehyde had significant effect in protecting proteins from rumen degradation of all vegetable protein meals.
Maximum bypass protein value i.e. 97.09 percent of maize gluten meal (60%) was achieved at 1 percent fonnaldehyde treatment as compared with control i.e. 66.82 percent. It was concluded that formaldehyde treatment at 0.5 percent level was better and economical for maximum protein protection of maize gluten meal (60%).The autoclaving treatment of maize gluten meal (60%) for 30 minutes may be considered to be optimum for protein protection. By comparing two treatments it was also concluded that formaldehyde treatment is more effective and economical as compared to autoclaving in case of maize gluten meal (60%).
The bypass protein value of rapeseed meal was observed to be 19.62 percent. The maximum protein protection was observed i.e. 78.0 percent unit increase in bypass protein value at 1.5 percent formalin treatment and this level was found to be the best. Sixty minutes autoclaving of rapeseed meal could be considered the best. While comparing both treatments, formaldehyde treatment was found better than autoclaving.
Maximum rumen undegradable protein (RUP) value of sunflower meal i.e. 79.25 percent was observed at 1.5 percent formalin treatment as compared to control i.e. 7.15 percent. It was recommended that formaldehyde treatment at 0.5 percent level was better and economical for achieving higher RUP value. It could be concluded that autoclaving treatment of sunflower meal for 45 minutes was effective and economical for protein protection. While formalin treatment was noted to be better than autoclaving.
Maximum protected protein value of cottonseed meal was noted to be 50.59 percent at 1 percent formalin treatment as compared to untreated i.e. 20.60 percent. It may be advised that formalin treatment at 0.5 percent of cottonseed meal was optimum and economical to achieve maximum protected protein value. Autoclaving treatment for 60 minutes of cottonseed meal was the best in protecting protein from rumen degradation. It was evident that autoclaving treatment was better than formalin treatment in case of cottonseed meal.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0562,T] (1).
29.
Upgrdation Of Nutritional Value Of Deoiled Rice Polishing By Different Chemical Treatments For Its Use In Poultry
by Saeed Ahmed | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr. Nisar Ahmad Mian | Dr. Shakil.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1998Dissertation note: Two hundred and forty (240) day old male broiler chicks were randomly divided into 6 groups i.e. A, B, C, D, E and F. Each group comprised of 45 chicks except group A which was control and fed commercial ration comprised of 15 chicks with 3 replicates of 5 chicks each. Groups B, C, D, E and F were fed on raw, HC1, NaOH, 11202 and Kemzyme treated deoiled rice polishing, respectively. Each group was sub-divided into 3 sub-groups with 10%, 20% and 30% deoiled rice polishing. Each sub-group was comprised of 15 chicks 3 replicates of 5 chicks each.
The present study was conducted to improve the nutritional value of the deoiled rice polishing by treating it with various chemicals such as HC1, NaOH, H202 and Kemzyme. One group was control i.e. without any treatment of deoiled rice polishing.
Overall results showed that feed efficiency at 10% level was better with HC1 and H202 treatments of deoiled rice polishing. At level feed efficiency was better with HC1, NaOH, 11202 and Kemzyme treatments of deoiled rice polishing. At 30% level feed efficiency was better with 11202 and Kemzyme treatments.
The findings of present study suggest that deoiled rice polishing can effectively be used in broiler diet at 20% level by treating it with 0.4N HC1. Whereas at 30% level the rations become uneconomical due to use of oil to compensate energy value.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0566,T] (1).
30.
Effect Of Different Levels Of Milk And Early Weaning Diet On The Performance Of Buffalo Calves From Birth To 13 Weeks
by Sardar Alam, Maj | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr. M. Aleem | Dr. Nisar Ahmad Mian.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1999Dissertation note: An experiment was conducted to see the effect of different levels of whole milk and early weaning diet (calf starter) on the performance of buffalo calves from birth to 13 weeks of age. Twentyone healthy newly born female buffalo calves were randomly allotted to three different feeding regimes (A, B and C). In feeding regime 'A' whole milk was fed at the rate of 10% of live body weight up to sixth week of age. In 7th week the same quantity of milk was fed and then the quantity of whole milk was reduced every week at the rate of 1/6th of the 6th week allowance. The calves in this group were weaned at the age of 12 weeks. In feeding regime 'B' and 'C' whole milk was fed at the rate of 10% of live body weight up to 30 days then the quantity of milk was restricted to 3 litres per day in group B and 2 litres per day in group C upto the consumption of 800 gram of calf starter and to 1.5 litres per day in group B and 1 litres per day in group C till the consumption of 1.2 kg of calf starter. On the average calves of group A consumed a total of 259.44 litres of whole milk and weaned at 12 weeks of age. On the average the calves in group B and C consumed 214.15 and 167.77 litres of whole milk and were weaned at 72 and 74 days respectively. Calf starter, green fodder and wheat straw was provide ad libitum to compensate the reduced allowance of milk. Calves of group 'C' consumed the minimum quantity of whole milk and the maximum quantity of calf starter, gave satisfactory results. Thus the feeding of milk upto 90 days is not necessary if sufficient quantity of nutritionally balanced diet is provided in addition to limited quantity of whole milk.
The average weight gains in the calves of group A, B and C were 48.78, 46.36, 43.71 Kg respectively. There was non-significant difference in the weight gain and general body condition.
The cost of feeding for a unit ( Kg ) gain in group A, B and C was Rs.5 1.60, 48. and 42.54 respectively. The cost of feeding for a unit gain in group C was significantly (P<0.05) less than in group A and B.
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31.
Effect Of Different Solvent Extraction Systems On Free Gossypol And Available Lysine Of Cottonseed Meal
by Ghulam Mustafa | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr. Nisar Ahmad Mian | Mr. Shahid.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1999Dissertation note: Cottonseed not only provides fiber for domestic textile industry and export (Anonymous, 1996) but also accounts for about 60% vegetable oil (Anonymous,1990). It is also a source of protein- rich meal for poultry which is abundantly available in Pakistan. About 140 Kgs. of cottonseed meats of cotton variety "NIAB-78". were purchased from a solvent extraction plant "TransTech"(Pvt.) Ltd. Multan Road Pattoki. The meats were kept in sunlight for one day and were again cleaned. Then the cottonseed kernels were passed through hammer mill for grinding through 12 mesh size. The ground kernels were divided into five equal parts weighing 28 kgs each for individual treatment. Its inclusion level in poultry diet can be Increased by detoxifying the limiting factor with different solvents. Keeping in view the effect of mixed solvents in the extraction of oil rendering the free gossypol to its non-toxic level, five different solvents were used as a mixture. Maximum free gossypol was removed/detoxified thus enabling the lysine to be available to the birds. Each part was individually treated with respective solvents for the extraction of maximum oil so as to remove a lot of free gossypol. The rations formulated from these solvent extracted meals were biologically evaluated by feeding to the different groups of birds. At the same time free gossypol content and available lysine percentage of different meals were also determined.
180 day old broiler chicks were divided into 6 groups i.e. A, B, C, D, E, and F. They were fed rations R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, and R6 respectively. Group "A" fed ration "Ri" was kept as control. The present study was designed to know the effects of solvent extraction systems on cottonseed meal and to know the effects of treated cottonseed meal (CSM) on feed consumption, weight gain, FCR, mortality and economics. The experiment was conducted upto 4 weeks of age. The data so obtained were helpful in determining gossy-pol content (free gossypol) and available lysine of solvent extracted meals.
The residual free gossypol content of meal (0.01135%) was minimum in case of fourth treatment including hexane, ethanol, petrol and ferrous sulphate. Similarly maximum lysine (1.279%) was made available in last treatment including hexane, ethanol, petrol, iron sulphate and calcium hydroxide.
It was easy and obvious to conclude from the present study that as the number of solvents increased in the treatment, efficient results of weight gain, feed consumption, FOR and economics were observed. Especially by using more solvents in the treatment, cost of feed was reduced as commercial hexane is more costly as compared to all of the other solvents used in the study.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0624,T] (1).
32.
Comparative Effect Of Raw & Stabilized Rice Polising On The Performance Of Broiler Chicks
by Dawood Ahmad | Dr . Nisar Ahmad Mian | Dr . Muhammad | Dr . Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1999Dissertation note: Owing to cheap and abundant availability of rice polishing in Pakistan, researchers are attempting to enhance its inclusion level in poultry ratio. It also compares well with cereal grains in chemical composition. But the prevalence of rancidity due to high fat and other toxic factors limiting its use in poultry. Hence rice polishing was subjected to extrusion cooking for stabilizing the fat and improving its quality. The extrusion cooking of rice polishing was done at National Feed Mill, Sheikhupura.
Present experiment was conducted to observe the comparative effect of Raw and stabilized rice polishing on the performance of broiler chicks. Seven experimental rations (Starter and Finisher) were prepared designated as A, B, C, D, E, F and 0. All rations were isocaloric and isonitrogenous. Starter and Finisher ration "A" was kept as control containing no rice polishing. In rations B, C, and D raw rice polishing was used at levels 20, 25 and 30% respectively while in rations E, F and 0 stabilized rice polishing was used at the same levels. Starter rations were fed for 28 days and finisher ration from 29 days to 42 days.
Two hundred and ten (210), one day old broiler chicks were randomly divided into 7-groups having thirty chicks in each groups and which were further sub-divided into three replicates comprising ten chicks in each.
Results of present study indicated that maximum weight gain was observed in birds fed on ration "E" whereas second best was observed in chicks fed on ration "B". The birds fad on rations E, F and 0 (extruded rice polishing) gained better weight than those fed on rations B, C and D (raw rice polishing) at same levels and of control ration.
Best feed utilization per unit gain was observed in chicks fed on ration "E" and it began to decline as level of rice polishing (raw and extruded) raised to 30%. Overall feed efficiency of birds fed on rations containing (extruded rice polishing) was better than those fed on ration containing raw rice polishing and at the same levels.
During the whole experimental period, 4% mortality was observed In birds fed on different rations. This was due to heat stress .e. due to high ambient temperature (June, July months). The average dressing percentage was 55.20, 56.00, 54.5, 54.40, 54.77, 56.07 and 54.34 respectively. A non-significant difference was observed regarding dressing percentage. The average pancrease weight also showed a non-significant difference among treatments. However, a slight increase in pancrease weight was observed in birds fed on rations containing raw rice polishing. This might be due to secretion of bile (Lipase Enzyme). With respect of cost per kg live weight gain, the rations containing extruded rice polishing were observed slightly economical as compared to ration containing raw rice polishing.
RECOMMENDATIONS
As extrusion processing holds great promise as a mean to improve efficiency of nutrient utilization, it is therefore recommended that the use of extruded feedstuff, especially for non-traditional, feed ingredients should be promoted in poultry ration. The level of extruded rice polishing can be raised safely upto 25%.
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33.
Effects Of Different Commercially Available Antifungal Compounds On Feed Quality & Broiler Performance
by Abdul Hamid | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr . Masood | Dr . Nisar Ahmad Mian.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: The study was conducted to determine the effects of different commercially available antifungal compounds on feed quality and broiler performance. Six experimental rations i.e. A, B, C, D, E and F were prepared for this trial. Ration A was positive control (containing no antifungal compounds), ration B (containing 0.5 kg Mycostat / ton), ration C (containing 0.5 kg Mycocurb\ ton), ration D (containing 15% moisture without any antifungal compounds), ration E (containing 1 .0 kg Mycostat / ton with 1 5% moisture) and ration F (containing 1 .0 kg Mycocurh/ ton with 15% moisture).
These experimental rations were stored for one month. During storage period the representative feed samples were collected from all the rations and were analysed for mould growth and aflatoxins level.
A total of 240 day-old-broiler chicks were randomly divided into 6 groups having 40 birds in each group and which were further subdivided into 4 replicates comprising of 10 birds in each. The body weight, feed consumption and feed conversion ratio were recorded at the end of each two weeks. Mortality percentage and comparative economic study of antifungal compounds were determined at the end of experiment. The experiment was completed in six weeks.
The results of feed consumption indicated that birds led on different cxperimen(af rations A, B, C, D, E and F from 0-6 weeks of age were 3173, 3230, 3215, 2310, 1972 and 2243 gnis respectively. However, apparently the birds fed on ration B containing Mycostat consumed more Iced as compared to other groups.
The weight gain of the birds fed on various experimental rations A, B, C, D, E and F from 0-6 weeks of age were 1710, 1770, 1 760, 965, 845 and 980 gms respectively. However, apparently more weight gain was observed in the birds fed on ration B containing Mycostat.
The data on feed efficiency indicated that birds fed on different experimental rations A, B, C, D, E and F from 0-6 weeks of age were 1.855, 1.82, 1.83, 2.392, 2.34 and 2.283, respectively. However, better feed utilization was observed in birds fed on ration B containing Mycostat as compared to chicks fed on other rations.
The feed mould count values for groups D, E and F were 4.0 10E4, 1.1 10E4 and 1.0 10E4 respectively, and the Aflatoxins levels for groups D, E and F were (G1<0.1, G2<0.1, B1-33.5 B2-2.4), (GI<0.l, G2<O.1, B1-26.5, B2-1.9) and (G1<0.1, G2<0.l, B1-35.5, B2-2.5) respectively.
It is concluded that Mycostat is comparatively better antifungal compound commercially available as compared to Mycocurb in terms of improving the performance of the broiler birds.
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34.
Study On The Comparative Efficacy Of Phenothiazine, Levamisole And Ivermetin Against Gastro Intestinal Nematodes In Horses
by Ashfaq Ullah Hashmi | Dr . Nisar Ahmad | Dr . Kamran Ashraf | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2001Dissertation note: The study was undertaken to find out the comparative efficacy of Phenothiazine, levamisole and Ivermectin against GIT nematodes in horses at Lahore. For the purpose one hundred horses irrespective 'of age, breed and sex were exam for the presence of various species of gastro-intestinal nematodes in horses. The coprological examination showed a positive percentage of 64% while 36 cases (36%) were found to be negative. The positive cases had mixed infestation of large and small strongyIids, Parascaris equorum and Oxyuris equi species. Forty naturally infested horses divided in four groups (A, B, C and D), were selected for the drug trial. The drugs used were Phenothiazine @ 55 mg/kg body weight, levamisole @ 7.5 mg/kg body weight (1 mI/2 kg b.w) Ivermectin @ 0.2 mg/kg body weight to the groups A, B, C and D, while the animals of group D acted as non-medicated control.
The mean EPG count was carried out pre-medication and post medication of the said anthelmintics.
Based upon EPG count, conducted on 3rd, 7th and 14th day for each anthelmintic; it was revealed that the mean EPG count of group A (Phenothiazine) showed 62.99, 82.67 and 95.27% reduction in ova output while the animals of group D (medicated with levamisole exhibited 53, 82 and 93% reduction in the said equines). The group C (medicated with Ivermectin showed reduction ofEPG as 79.83,95.16 and 100% on 3rd, 7th and 14th day post medication).
From the results of this study it is concluded that Ivermectin was the most effective as compared to Phenothiazine and levamisole. Therefore, it is stressed that Ivermectin should be used in equines for the effective control of gastro intestinal nematodes. The drug is quite safe and without any adverse effects on these animals.
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35.
Effect Of Different Levels Of Lysine In Vegetable Protein Based Rations On The Performance Of Japanese Qualils
by Khalid Siddique | Dr . Nisar Ahmad Mian | Dr . Muhammad | Dr . Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1998Dissertation note: Besides the protein levels, amino acid profile is considered to be more important at the time of ration formulation. The plant protein sources have been proved to be better source of protein because there is no danger of adulteration and also they have appropriate prices but at the same time most of the cereal are deficient in essential amino acids including lysine, methionine, therionine and tryptophane. under practical conditions these limitations may be rectified by judicious use of suitable protein rich ingredients and pure amino acids supplementation. The present study was planed to check the effect of different levels of lysine in vegetable protein based diets on the performance of Japanese quails (courtnix courtnix Japonica).
Three hundred quail chicks were randomly divided into five groups of 60 quails each and each group was further subdivided into 20 quails each. five experimental rations A, B, C, D, and E having lysine levels 1.10%, 1.20%, 1.30%, 1.40% and 1.50% were prepared.
The average total weight gain of chicks fed on rations A, B, C, D and E was 154.53, 148.13, 148.37, 145.73 and 139.86 gms respectively. The chicks fed on ration A having lysine level 1.10% gained more weight than all the other groups. The total feed consumption per chick on experimental rations A, B, C, D and E was 486.23, 503.66, 519.33, 521.00 and 502.60 gms respectively. The total feed consumed by chicks fed on ration D with lysine leveLi.40%was highest. When the data was subjected to statistical analysis, a non-significant difference was observed among the chicks fed on various experimental rations. The average commutative FCR of groups A, B, C, D and E was 3.26, 3.38, 3.40, 3.44 and 3.48 respectively. Best FCR was observed in chicks fed on ration A with lysine level 1.10%. The difference in FCR of ration A was also found to be more significant than all the other groups. The average values of dressing percentage of birds fed on rations A, B, C, D and E was 69.03, 69.65, 69.71, 68.29 and 68.61 gms respectively. The dressing percentage of chicks fed on ration C with lysine level 1.30% was best to all the other rations. Non- significant difference was observed in dressing percentage on five levels of lysine.
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36.
Comparative Evaluation Of Maize Bran, Wheat Bran And Rice Bran In The Fattening Ration Of Male Buffalo Calves
by Zahid Mahmood | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr . Muhammad | Dr . Nisar Ahmed Mian.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: In Pakistan the per capita availability of the proteinous feed especially of animal origin for human consumption is much less than the required levels. So we the animal production professionals have huge task before us in solving this problem of meat shortage. In our country the buffalo is the main dairy animal. The farmers usually prefer to keep the female calves as they can give them good return in the form of milk. The male calves are often considered as a burden and they are weaned at a very early age. As a result most of them die in their early life. Studies conducted in Pakistan and in some other countries have shown that these calves could be fattened by using cheaper sources of agriculture by-products. One way of solving the problem of meat shortage is the fattening of these calves using well- balanced least cost rations.
In Pakistan the farmers normally use wheat bran to feed their animals. As a result of ever increasing demand of wheat bran its price is quite high and also there are complains about adulteration in it. So there is a need to find some alternate products which could replace wheat bran without effecting the performance of the animals. Maize bran is a by-product of starch industry. It is available in Pakistan by the brand name of Buffalo bran. Similarly the rice bran is a by-product of rice industry and is available after the extraction of remaining oil from the rice polishing. Both maize bran and rice bran are cheaper as compared to wheat bran and easily available. The present study was conducted to ascertain the nutritional value of wheat bran, maize bran and rice bran in the fattening ration of buffalo male calves.
A fattening trial was conducted on three groups of buffalo calves with 10 calves each. Three rations namely A, B and C were prepared in which all the ingredients were same except maize bran, wheat bran and rice bran, which were used at the level of 30%. The duration of the experiment was 90 days. The animals were fed in groups and during the experiment the weight gain, feed consumption, feed efficiency and digestibility of different nutrients in the ration were recorded. Economics of the fattening rations was also determined.
It was found that the weight gain on the rations A, B and C was 555 ± 29.21 kg, 755 ± 34.48 kg, 728 ± 31.85 kg, feed consumption was 4339 ± 75.17 kg, 5386 ± 184.82 kg, 5648.5 ± 221.34 kg and mean values for feed ciliciency were 7.82 ± 2.59, 7.13 ± 1.17 7.76 ± 1.67, respectively. The difference (P<0.05) among the groups regarding weight gain, feed consumption and feed efficiency was not significant. For the three rations A, B and C the digestibility of dry matter was 66.88 ± 6.52, 67.85 ± 5.31 and 59.53 ± 12.64 %, digestibility of crude protein was 72.07 ± 5.34,76 ± 4.52 and 69.12 ± 7.54%, digestibility of crude fiber was 55.89 ± 7.35, 49.25 ± 8.36 and 42.16 ± 14.13% and digestibility of ether extract was 85.94 ± 3.47, 87.94 ± 8.36 and 82.24 ± 4.84 %, respectively. Digestion trial also revealed that there was a non-significant difference (P<O.05) anong groups in the digestibility of various nutrients.
The results of the study revealed that although wheat bran had shown good results, yet it could be replaced by rice bran. The maize bran had not expressed good results, however more research is required to determine it's suitable level in the diet of the buffalo calves. The results of the groups fed rice bran were almost similar to that of wheat bran. Moreover economics of the ration revealed that the cost of production was much less in the case of rice bran. So the rice bran can be used in the rations of buffalo calves without any effect on their performance.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0705,T] (1).
37.
Effect Of Phytase On The Low Phosphorus Layer Diets Based On Canola Meal
by Shahid Nadeem, M | Dr . Nisar Ahmad Mian | Dr . Muhammad | Dr . Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: The present study was conducted to asertain the effect of Phytase on the low phosphorus layer diets based on .Canola meal and egg production, egg weights, egg specific gravity, eggshell weights, eggshell thickness, feed consumption, feed efficiency, body weight gain, cost per dozen eggs and mortality were recorded.
Phytase enzyme is primarily responsible for the better conversion of minerals i.e. phosphorus, calcium and zinc. Phyase in tern generally results in the reduction of nutrients excreted with the faeces. It is now known to cause the release of phosphorus from phytic acid by catalysing a series of hydrolysis reactions. Phytate has been recognized as a nutrient because it contains phosphorus. It is also considered as anti-nutritional factor, which binds certain essential metals and reduces their availability for absorption from the diet and re-absorption after their secretion in digestive juices by forming insoluble compounds in the intestine. Phytase can hydrolyse the phytic acid present in canola meal. Canola meal is widely accepted and used ingredient in poultry and is a by-product of oil industry, available after extraction of oil from the seeds by solvent extraction.
Thirty weeks old 162 layers of Babcock 13300 strain were housed in cages (two birds in a cage). Birds were dived into 6 groups and offered different experimental rations having different levels of phosphorus i.e. 0.40%, 0.35%, 0.3%, 0.25%, 0.2% and 0.15% and then further each group was subdivided into 3 replicates having 9 birds in each replicate. Each replicate was reared as an experimental unit.
Phytase level was used as 400 FTU/kg of feed in each group having decreasing levels of phosphorus except control group (A). Seven days preliminary period was observed to remove the effects of previous diets. All the inanagemenial conditions like Feeding, watering, lighting, ventilation and temperature were provided according to requirements of strain.
The results of the study revealed that there was nonsignificant difference in egg weight, egg specific gravity, eggshell weights and eggshell thickness. There was a significant difference in egg production, feed efficiency, body weight gain and Feed consumption. For comparison of means of significant differed parameters, leist significant difference (LSD) test was applied. It was further revealed that there was non-significant difference between groups A (control with 0.4% Avl.P), B (with 0.3 5% Avl.P), C (with 0.3% Avl.P) in egg production and feed consumption and there was also improvement in feed efficiency and body weight gain. Economics analysis of different diets showed that phytase may be used in feeding of layers for getting eggs at low price.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0706,T] (1).
38.
Study Of Combined Effect Of Probiotic And Antibiotic As A Feed Additive On The Performance Of Broiler Chicks
by Major Akhtar, M | Prof. Dr. Nisar Ahmad | Dr. Jaweed Ahmad Qureshi.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2001Dissertation note: The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Fermacto and Flavomycin-80 singly and in combination on the performance of broiler chicks. Two hundred and forty day-old broiler chicks were purchased from Big Bird Hatchary and randomly divided into 4 groups designated as A, B, C and D consisting of 60 birds each. Each group was further sub-divided into 6 replicates of 10 chicks each. Group A was kept as control, group B was fed on ration containing Fermacto at the rate of 2kg/ton feed, group C was given Flavomycin80 at the rate of 0.113 kg/ton of feed whereas group D was given combination of Fermacto and Flavomycin-80 at the same levels. The parameters studied were growth rate, feed intake, feed efficiency, dressing percentage and mortality. Weekly feed intake and body weight gain were recorded. At the end of the experiment 10 birds from each group were randomly selected and slaughtered to determine the dressing percentage. The data collected was subjected to statistical analysis using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the difference between the means was revealed by using least significant different (LSD) test.
It was concluded that the supplementation of Fermacto, Flavomycin-80 and their combination gave significant (P <0.05) improvement in the broiler chicks in terms of weight gain and feed efficiency. However, single use of Fermacto was the most economical as compared to the remaining two treatments.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0709,T] (1).
39.
Effects Of Phytase On The Performance Of Broilers Fed On Sorghum Based Diets
by Manzoor Ahmed | Prof. Dr. Nisar Ahmad Mian | Mr. Anjum Khalique | Mr. Athar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2001Dissertation note: In Pakistan, sorghum (jawar) occupies 4th place with a production of 218.6 thousand tons (Economic survey of Pakistan 2000-200 1) after wheat, maize and rice. Its use is limited in poultry feed because it contains antinutritional factor i.e. tannin, phytic acid (68% of Total phosphorus). The low tannin sorghum varieties can replace maize up to 50%, and sorghum high in tannin can replace maize up to 25% in poultry diet.
While considering different nutrients for broiler feed formulation minerals are also very important. Among minerals phosphorus plays an important role for poultry production. Balancing the phosphorus in compound feed is difficult task because less than one third of the phosphorus in the feedstuffs of plant origin is biologically available to monogastric animals (NRC, 1994). The organic phosphorus exists in the bran of grain, consisting mainly of phytic phosphorus,
Phytase is an enzyme that liberates P from vegetable materials, destroys the antinutritional properties of phytate. Phytase was one of the first enzyme to be described in the literature. As early as 1907 the release of phosphorus from an organic phosphorus containing substrate was described by Suzuki and others (Maga 1982). The enzyme "phytase" is now known to cause the release of phosphate from phytic acid by catalyzing a series of hydrolysis reactions.
Keeping in view the above facts an experiment was conducted to study the effects of phytase on the performance of broiler fed on sorghum- based diets.
Two hundred broiler chicks were purchased from Big Bird Poultry Breeders and divided in to five groups. These groups were further subdivided in four replicates, having ten chicks in each. The chicks were kept in starter batteries for the first four weeks and then shifted to grower batteries till the end of experiment (six week). Five starter and five finisher rations (sorghum based) A, B, C, D, and E were prepared. "A" was control having 0.45 and 0.35% AP in starter and finisher rations respectively. While B, C, D and E supplemented with phytase enzyme (600 FTU/kg of feed) having 0.40, 0.35, 0.30 and 0.25% AP in starter and 0.30, 0.25, 0.20 and 0.15% AP in finisher rations respectively. Light, feed and fresh clean water was provided round the clock.
The parameters studied were weight gain, feed consumed, feed conversion ratio, dressing percentage, mortality, phosphorus availability and economic. The data thus collected was subjected to statistical analysis. The results indicated that the weight gain of chicks fed on rations B and C were comparable to ration A (control). The chicks fed on rations D & E significantly (P<O.05) showed poor perfonnance as compared to those fed on rations A, B and C. Significantly (P<O.05) more feed was consumed by chicks fed on ration B as compared to those fed on D and E. However, nonsignificant difference was observed between feed consumption of chicks fed on rations A, B and C. Non-significant differences were observed in feed conversion ratio of chicks fed on different experimental rations (Starter & Finisher). However, the feed conversion ratio of chicks fed on ration "C" was comparable to the chicks fed on ration "A"(Control). The dressing percentage of the chicks showed improvement with supplementation of phytase enzyme but the difference were non-significant between chicks fed on different experimental rations. Phytase supplementation significantly (P<O.05) improved the availability of P in chicks fed on rations B, C, D, & E as compare to those fed on ration A (control). The total cost incurred on one kg live weight for chicks fed on rations A, B, C, D and E were Rs. 31.98, 30.58, 31.86, 33.18 and 33.76, respectively. While net profits per one-kg live weights were Rs. 16.02, 17.41, 16.14, 14.82 and 14.24 respectively. Maximum profit was observed in birds fed on ration "B" supplemented with phytase enzyme. Overall it was found that by using phytase enzyme in broiler ration more profit could be earned.
RECOMMENDATION
1. By the use of phytase in poultry feed phosphorus availability could be increased.
2. Use of phytase enzyme is economical.
3. By the use of phytase enzyme 0.1% available phosphorus can be decreased in the broiler ration.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0741,T] (1).
40.
Influence Of Varying Levels Of Protein & Energy On The Performance Of Broiler Chicks
by Shafiq-ur-Rehman | Dr. Nisar Ahmad | Dr. Ehtisham | Dr. Jawad Ahmad Qureshi.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1994Dissertation note: A study was undertaken to investigate the influence of varying levels of protein and energy on the performance of broiler chicks. The performance of chicks were studied under the heading of weight gain, feed consumption, feed efficiency, dressing percentage, organs weight, abdominal fat and economics.
Nine experimental rations containing metabolizable energy 2600, 2900 and 3200 Kcal ME/kg with 18, 20 and 22% crude protein were tried on two hundred and seventy day old broiler chicks of both sexes for the period of 50 days.
The results showed that the ration containing 20% C.P. and 2600 KCa1 ME/kg were best in promoting weight gain, feed utilization and were economical as compared to other experimental rations.
Different energy-protein levels did not influenced the dressing percentage and organs weight, but the diet containing high energy resulted siginificantly more deposition of the abdominal fat.
It was concluded that low energy and high protein combination in poultry feed formulation improved the growth rate, feed efficiency, feed conversion ratio and could be economical as compared to the high energy and high protein ration.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0749,T] (1).
41.
Effect Of Enzyme (Kemzyme Hf) Supplementation Of Sunflower Meal On The Performance Of Japanese Quails
by Hammad-ur-Rehman | Prof. Dr. Nisar Ahmad Mian | Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2001Dissertation note: The quail has gamed an important place in the poultry farming due to its better growth rate, less space requirement that is 8 or 10 quails occupy the same space on which a broiler can be reared. They mature at an early age and the female birds are usually in full production by about 50 days of age, moreover quail meat has more protein than chicken meat. Its meat is very tasty and tender. It is fortified with nutrients required for human health and has a very low percentage of cholesterol More over quail meat has comparatively more protein percentage as compared to chicken meat and is a good source of certain B. vitamins.
Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) oil meal is a by-product obtained after the extraction of oil from the decorticated sunflower seed. Being good source of vegetable protein (34% CP) the sunflower meal can be developed as a good vegetable protein supplement for different poultry rations.
Sunflower meal is cheaper than soybean meal. It possesses high fiber content and chiorogenic acid an anti-nutritional factor, which can be reduce with the inclusion of enzymes.
Kemzyme is stabilized multi-enzyme product from Kemin Europa NV, Belgium. It contains alpha - amylase beta - glucanase, lipase, protease, cellulase and hemicellulase complex including pentosanase, xylanase, pectinase and cellubiase. The enzyme mixture is claimed to break down the non-starch polysacchardies (NSP), reduces the viscosity of gut content and improves the utilization of feed nutrients,mainly cellulase and hemicellulase complex of Kemzyme by degrading high amounts of crude fiber in the sunflower meal.
The present experiment was conducted to study the effect of enzyme (Kemzyme HF) supplementation on the nutritive value of diets containing different levels of sunflower meal on the performance of Japanese quails.
Two hundred and seventy (270) day old quail chicks of mixed sexes were purchased from local hatchery and randomly divided into six groups of 45 quails each. Then each group was further subdivided into three replicates of 15 quails each and were kept in battery cages. Six isocaloric and isonitrogenous rations were prepared using three levels of sunflower meal viz., 5, 10, 15% without enzyme (Kemzyme HF) supplementation designated as A, B & C and with enzyme (Kemzyme HF) supplementation (500 g/ton) designated as D, E & F.
The data on the weekly feed consumption and body weight recorded during the experiment. The total weight gain and feed consumption were used to calculate feed conversion ration and economics. At the end of the experiment three birds from each replicate were slaughtered to determine the dressing percentage. Proximate analysis of experimental rations were done according to AOAC (1984).
The data collected was analyzed by applying analysis of variance technique using Least Significant Difference (LSD) test to detect the difference among the treatments and means, were compared by using least significant difference test.
The results showed that the maximum weight gain (190 gm) feed consumption (515 gm), feed conversion efficiency (2.71) and dressing percentage (69%) were observed in the quails fed on ration E, containing 10% sunflower meal with enzyme supplementation. While the minimum weight gain (125 gm), lowest feed consumption (427 gm) poor feed conversion efficiency (3.41) and lowest dressing percentage (60%) were observed by the chicks fed on ration C containing 15% sunflower meal without enzyme supplementation.
Economics of different experimental rations fed to birds with and without enzyme supplementation revealed that enzyme supplementation sunflower meal based diets increased the profit margin by the reduction in feed cost per unit gain.
CONCLUSIONS
On the basis of the results of present study the following conclusions may be drawn:
1. The optimum inclusion level of sunflower meal, without dietary modification in quail rations may be below 10 percent.
2. Enzyme (Kemzyme HF) supplementation can improve the weight gain, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio and dressing percentage and was the economical.
3. Enzyme (Kernzyme HF) supplementation of quail diets can only be feasible when sunflower meal used at 10 percent level.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0763,T] (1).
42.
Nutritive Value Of Sunflower Meal For Poultry Feeding As Effected By Heat Treatment
by Zia Karim, M | Dr. Muhammad Yaqoob Malik | Dr. Ehtisham | Dr. Nisar Ahmad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1988Dissertation note: The study was conducted to determine the effect of heat treatment and lysIne supplementation on the nutritive value of sunflower meal (SFM) , through biological trial, on the broiler chicks. It also included the estimation of lysIne contents of sunflower meal processed at different temperatures.
Two research experiments were conducted on day-old broiler chicks to evaluate the nutritive value of sunflower meal processed at different temperatures and subsequently supplemented with lysine. In the first experiment SFM was subjected to various heat treatments at 90°, 10.0°,110°, and 120° for 30 minutes. The results indicated an improvement in growth rate of the chicks fed ration H containing SFM processed at 90°C, while the chicks fed ration III to V containing SFM processed at 1000,1100 and 120°C showed a proportionate depression in weight gain, which might be due to the damage or unavailability of heat labile essential amino acid lysine. There was a non-significant difference in the feed consumption of chicks fed different experimental rations. The chicks fed ration II containing heat treated SFM at 90°C showed the best cumulative feed efficiency as the processing temperature of SFM was increased. The carcase weight of trie chicks fed different experimental rations showed almost the same trend as observed in "weight gain. However, a non-significant difference was observed in the dressing percentage and weight of internal organs of the chicks.
In the second experiment, chicks fed ration I containing SFM processed at 90°C showed the maximum weight gain while chicks fed rations II, IV and VI containing SFM processed at 100°, 1100 and 120°C showed a proportionate depression in the weight gain as well as feed efficiency. It might be attributed to the damage or unavailability of heat labile essential amino acid lysine. The depression in weight gain and feed efficiency of the chicks due to feeding of heat processed SFM was alleviated when fed rations II, V and VII, containing SFM processed at 1000,1100 and 120°C and supplemented accordingly with the synthetic lysine. The carcase weight of the chicks showed almost the same trend as observed in the weight gain. However, dressing percentage and weight of Internal organs of the chicks showed a non-significant difference. The lysine estimation of sunflower meal processed at 90°, 100°, 110° and 120°C revealed that the lysine content was proportionately decreased by 10,10.9,12.15 and 14.55 percent respectively. The results were substantiated through the biological trail of feeding heat processed sunflower meal to the broiler chicks, which showed that the weight gain and fee efficiency of the chicks were significantly improved when the heat processed SFM was supplemented with the corresponding amounts of synthetic lysine.
CONCLUSION
Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of heat treatment at 900, 100°, 110° and 1200 and lysine supplementation of heat processed sunflower meal (SFN) on the growth rate, feed consumption, feed efficiency, dressing percentage and weight of internal organs of the chicks.
The weight gain and feed efficiency were proportionately reduced when processing temperature was increased from 100°C onwards. The lysine supplementation improved the depressions significantly as was reflected in better weight gain and feed efficiency of the chicks. It indicated that heat processing made the lysine unavailable, which was confirmed through the analysis of lysine content of SFM.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0765,T] (1).
43.
Effect Of Suplementation Of Different Levels Of Vitamins On The Production Performance Of Broilers
by Mateen Ahmad | Mr. Anjum Khalique | Dr. Muhamad | prof. Dr. Nisar Ahmad Mian.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2001Dissertation note: Vitamin means vital amines. They are organic regulators of metabolism that are required in the daily diet of bird for normal growth and maintenance of the body. They are mediators of synthetic and degenerative processes and exercise catalytic functions in the body because many of them function as co-enzymes. The present study was conducted in 200 day-old Hubbard broiler chicks to knew the effect of supplementation of different levels of vitamins in broiler starter and broiler finisher ration. The supplemented ration tested were ration A (NRC), ration B (NRC+l0%) ration C (NRC+20%), and ration D (NRC+30%). The experiment had a completely randomized design.
The chicks were randomly divided into 4 major groups comprising 50 chicks each. Each major group was further sub-divided into 5 replicates containing 10 chicks each. The supplemental rations were prepared according to NRC (Nutrient Requirement of domestic animals, 1994) requirement and with the addition of 10%, 20% and 30% vitamin. The four treatments were allotted to different groups of birds at random. The chicks were housed in a room compartment provided with battery cages-Experimental room temperature was 95F(35C) in the first week and then it was reduced SF each week. The birds were offered experimental rations and fresh clean water at ad libitum. The overall results showed that weight gain, FCR, weight gain per unit protein intake, liver and gizzard showed significant difference among the treatments. However feed consumption, protein intake and heart weight showed non-significant difference. The incidence of deficiency diseases was observed to be 8, 2, 0 and 0 percent fed on ration A, B, C and D respectively. However there was no mortality in any group. Net profit gain was higher for ration "D".
These results might be on account that supplementation improved the digestibility of dietary organic matter, protein fed and nitrogen free extract, thereby resulting in better utilization of these nutrients that ended to better performance. So in conclusion dietary vitamin inadequacy suppressed broiler performance and impaired the cellular mediated immunity. The recommendations for vitamin requirements and vitamins supplementation practices vary considerably throughout the world. So the updates of vitamin requirements extensively used in NRC journals are not always based on recent experiments. There is therefore a danger, that requirements stated for some vitamins might not reflect the need of modern poultry.
CONCLUSION
1. Experimental diet consistently showed better performance so vitamins in control diet are not optimal.
2. Normal needs of the birds and the recommended levels of the vitamins vary considerably.
3. The Official recommendations of the NRC cover only the lowerst possible needs so we will have to add substantional safety margins in the ration.
4. Improved performance in this experiment enable us to consider that further research is required to discover more efficient modalities of vitamin supplementation.
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44.
Prevalence Of Toxocariasis In Dogs And Its Treatment With Nigella Sativa Saussurea Lappa And Ivermectin
by Adnan Mushtaq | Dr. Nisar Ahmad | Dr. Kamran Ashraf | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2002Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0773,T] (1).
45.
The Chick Growth Inhibition Of Soybean Meal (Sbm) As Affected By Autoclaving Under Varying Conditions
by Hafiz Anwar Ahmad | Dr Muhammad Yaqoob Malik | Dr Nisar Ahmad | Dr Tufail Muhammad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 1987Dissertation note: Soybean meal (SBM) is the by-product left after extraction of oil from the seeds either by solvent extracton or mechanical expeller. After animal protein sources, SBM is the best vegetable protein supplement for feeding of poultry. It is now commercially available in the country, but its use in different poultry feeds is limited due to its growth inhibitory factor(s).
The present study was planned to find, out suitable methods of heat treatments to reduce/remove the growth inhibitory factor(s) present in indigenous SBM. Effect of different levels of supplementation of methionine, the limiting amino acid was also studied. Two experiments were conducted using day old 'Hubbard" broiler chicks as experimental birds. In the first experiment effect of different levels of moisture and autociaving time on the nutritional value of SBM was studied. Growth rate, feed consumption and efficiency of feed utilization of the chicks were recorded. Effect of the heat-treatments of SBM on the dressing percentage and internal organs of the chicks was also studied.
Heat treatments of SBM involving different levels of moisture andautocalving time significantly (P< 0.01) improved its nutritional value as was reflected by better growth rate of the chicks. The improved quality of the treated SBM was sub stantiated by the reduced urease activity of the meal. Both moisture and autoclaving had linear effect in improving the nutritional value of SBM. Higher moisture levels with lower heating time was equally effective as lower moisture level with higher heating time in improving the nutritional value of SBM. The chicks fed rations containing SBM with 10 percent moisture and autoclaved for 45 minutes or 20 percent moisture and autoclaved for 30 minutes showed the best growth rate of the chicks; fed ration containing raw SBM might be due to the presence of growth inhibitory factor(s) which was partially/completely removed by heat treatment of the meal.
The second experiment was designed to study the effect of supplementation of different levels of methionine, on the nutritive value of heat treated soybean cake (SBC). For the purpose, methionine was supplemented at 0.05, 0. 15, 0.25, 0.35 and 0.45 percent of the rations containing heat treated SBC as the sole source of protein.
Methionine supplementation of heat treated SBC significantly (P <0.01) improved the growth rate and feed efficiency of the chicks as compared to the control ration, without methionine supplementation. Best weight gain and feed efficiency was found in the chicks fed ration containing 0. 35 percent methionine supplementation. This indicated that methionine was the most limiting amino acid in SBC and 0. 35 percent supplementation of methionine was enough to compensate the deficiency of the amino acid.
CONCLUSION
i) Results of the experiments indicated a significant chick growth depression along with poor utilization of feed by chicks fed ration containing raw SBM.
ii) Heat treatment involving additional moisture and autoclaving significantly improved the nutritive value of SBM, as indicated by better growth rate and feed utilization of the chicks. Lower moisture level (10% along with higher autoclaving time (45 minutes) was equally effective as the higher moisture (20%) along with lower autoclaving time (30 minutes) in improving the nutritive value of raw SBM. The improvement in the nutritive value of heat treated SBM was substantiated by the reduced urease activity of the meal.
iii) Methionine supplementation of heat treated SBC further significantly improved its nutritive value. The best level of methionine supplementation was 0. 35% of the ration containing heat treated SBC as the sole source of protein.
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46.
Effect Of High Dietary Fat On Serum Cholesterol And Fatty Liver Syndrome In Broiler
by Imran Ahmed Qureshi | Dr. Zafar Iqbal Chaudhry | Dr. H. A. Hashmi | Prof. Dr. Nisar | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2003Dissertation note: The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of high dietary fat on serum cholesterol and fatty liver syndrome in broiler. For this purpose 90 (day-old) chicks were procured from local hatchery. They were divided into three groups A, B and C having 30 chicks each. The birds of group B were fed on diet containing plant and animal fat while birds of group C were fed on diet containing animal fat. Group A acted as control. Experimental parameters included serum cholesterol values and pathological changes in liver. The serum cholesterol values in chicks of groups B and C were higher than that of control group. Furthermore, the serum cholesterol value was greater in birds fed on animal fat that on plant fat. Grossly the livers of group B and C were enlarged in size, paler in colour, soft in consistency, having petechial haemorrhages, deposition of fat and fibrin. The livers of group A were grossly normal. Histopathologically, livers of group B and C showed fatty infiltration, haemorrhages and mass of eosinophilic materials. The vacuoles coalesced to create clear space that displaced the nuclei to the periphery of the cell. Addition of dietary fat from animal and plant sources in the diet of broiler chicks not only resulted in increase in serum cholesterol but also in marked macroscopic and microscopic changes in liver.
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47.
Effect Of Different Dietary Energy & Perfomance Of Broiler Chicks
by Muhammad Azam Chaudhri | Dr Nisar Ahmad | Dr Muhammad Yaqoob Malik | Mr Muhammad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1989Dissertation note: A research project was undertaken to study the effect of different dietary energy and protein ratios on the performance of broiler chicks. The performance of chicks were studied under the headings of weight gain, feed efficiency, feed consumption, dressing percentage and economics. Four starter rations containing calorie protein ratios of 167, 149, 136 and 123 and four finisher rations containing calorie protein ratios of 199, 178, 159 and 145 were tried on one hundred and twenty day old broiler chicks of both sexes for a period of 50 days. The starter rations were fed up to 28 days of age and remaining 22 days the finisher rations were fed.
The results showed that the starter rations containing calorie protein ratios of 136 and finisher ration containing calorie protein ratio of 159 were best in promoting weight gain, feed utilization and were economical as compared to other calories protein ratios. Different calorie protein ratios did not influence the dressing percentage of broiler chicks.
It was concluded that careful combinations of energy and protein in poultry feed formulations
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0886,T] (1).
48.
Studies On The Incidence Of Iodine Deficiency In Lahore
by Farrukh zahoor | Dr. Muhammad Yaqoob Malik | Dr. Nisar | Dr. Saghir Ahmad Jafri.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1983Dissertation note: The iodine which is so necessary for normal thyroid function is obtained from the food we eat, and to a much less extent: , from the water we drink4 Iodine deficiency is the commonest cause of goitre. Deficient dietary intake is the most important single cause of iodine deficiency, and its role is especially important in districts with a high prevalence of simple goitre. The best known areas of high prevalence of iodine deficiency in the world are mountanious, e.g. the Alps, the Himalayas and the Andes, but high prevalence was also found in certain low lying areas. In countries where most of the population receive iodized salt and where iodine-containing foods are widely distributed, this condition is becoming less common.
Pakistan is one of the developing countries of the world which faces malnutrition as a serious public health problem. Trace mineral imbalance and deficiency are one of the causes of malnutrition in people of the country. Surveys carried Out in recent years have shown goitrous areas particularly North-West of Pakistan. Iodine prophylaxis has been introduced in some of such areas with success and the disease has been practically controlled.
The present study was therefore designed to determine the iodine status of the people of Lahore city and collect information of the factors that interfere with the availability and utilization of iodine.
A total number of 1,000 patients of thyroid dysfunction were selected at random at the Atomic Energy Medical Centre, Mayo Hospital Lahore. The observations on the incidence of iodine deficiency and its relation to age, sex, type of thyroid diseases and financial status of the patients were recorded.
The map of Lahore city was divided into five experimental areas and the numbers of patients from each area were counted.
Clinical tests showed a wide variety of thyroid problems including iodine deficiency goitre, simple goitre, Hyperthyroidism, Hypothyroidism, puberty goitre, thyroid cancer,etc. Some patients were proved to be normal.
Results of the survey showed that there was a highly significant (P/ 0.01) occurrence of thyroid patients in the experimental area II, i.e. North West of Lahore city. It showed the highest frequency of 42.1% of thyroid patients, as compared to other experimental areas I, III, IV and V having 19.3, 18.8, 9.0, 10.8% frequency respectively.
Comparison of different thyroid diseases showed that there was highest profusion of iodine deficiency goitre in the patients. There was highly significant (PLO.01) occurrence of iodine deficiency goitre of 37.0% as compared to simple goitre, hypothyroidism and miscellaneous thyroid diseases, which were 14.2, 13.5, and 4.2% respectively. Prevalence of iodine deficiency goitre was also significantly (PLO.05) higher i.e. 37.0% in occurrence as compared to hyperthyroidism)i.e. 27.0%. Only 4.1% patients were found normal.
It was revealed that there was highly significant (L 0.01) occurrence of iodine deficiency goitre in the patients of the experimental area II as compared to the experimental areas IV,V,III and I.
The survey revealed that there was highly significant (L 0.01) occurrence of the patients having thyroid problems from 30-40 years of age as compared to the patients of thyroid dysfunction from 0-10, 10-20, 20-30, 40-50 and 50-above years of age.
It was observed that there was a much higher occurrence,i.e 76.2 % of thyroid complaints in females than in males.i.e 23.8%. The results showed that there was a higher occurrence of iodine deficiency goitre in females, i.e 30.2% as compared to males,i.e 6.8%. )
The survey revealed that thyroid dysfunction was prevalent in the patients belonging to the three categories of incomei.e upper class, middle class and lower class. But there was no significant difference between the three classes.
Out of a total number of 50 samples of drinking water from the five experimental areas 30 samples were found deficient in iodine,i.e having lower than 40 microgram of iodine per liter. 20 Samples were found normal in iodine level having more than 40 microgram of iodine per liter of water. The highest iodine level of 44.0 microgram per litre of water was found in the experimental area V and the lowest iodine level,i.e 20.0 microgram per litre of water was found in the experimental area II, having the highest thyroid dysfunction rate of 40.3% of the patients.
There was highly significant (P/_0.01) occurrence of iodine deficiency in the blood of the patients having thyroid dysfunction. Iodine deficiency in the blood was highly significant (P/_0.01) in the patients of group II as compared to the patients of group III.
The results of water test and blood test were in agreement with the findings of the general survey of the patients suffering from thyroid dysfunction. The experimental area II had the highest number of patients suffering from thyroid dysfunction, i.e 42.1% and the larger number of patients having deficiency of blood iodine was also observed in the same' area,i.e 70%. The lowest iodine level of 20.0 microgram per litre of water was also found in the same experimental area.
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49.
Effect Of Storage, Pre-Heating & Turning During Holding Period On The Hatchability Of The Eggs Of Broiler
by Muhammad Jamshed | Dr. Athar Mahmud | Dr. Kamran | Dr. Nisar Ahmed Mian.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2004Dissertation note: This project was planned to study the effect of storage, pre heating & turning during holding period on the hatchability of the eggs of broiler breeder of 32 weeks. For this purpose 240 feritle eggs (52-5 gm weight) of 32 weeks old breeding flock were purchased form a reputable hatchery. After collection the eggs were cleaned and stored at specific temperature (16 C) and humidity (75%). Eggs were equally divided into four groups i.e. A, B,C, and D having 60 eggs each. The eggs of group A were neither turned nor preheated before setting in the incubator. The eggs of group B were preheated for 6-7 hours until the temperature reached 85 F before setting in incubator but were not turned. The eggs of group C were not pre heated but were turned for 6-8 times in each day during storage period before setting in the incubator. The eggs of group D were pre heated before setting in incubator and turned simultaneously during holding period (storage period). After these specific treatments the eggs were placed in the incubator for 21 days. After the incubation the hatchability percentage of all the groups were noted and the chicks were brooded for 8 days. At the end of second week of age the FCR, weight gains total feed consumed and common causes of mortality were calculated. The data was subjected to statistical analyses (2 x 2 Factorial, Steel and Torrie 1980). Statistical analyses of the data revealed that no differences were obsedved amongst the groups in case of pre heating but in case of turning there was a significant diference (P<0.05) among those groups for hatchability percentages. Although the hatchability percentage for the group D was highest than those of groups A, B, and C. The groups were significantly different in case of weight gain in first week of age. The group D showed significant difference (P<0.05) from the group A. In case of FCR in first and second week of age there was no significant difference (P<0.05) among the all groups i.e. A,B,C and D. The weight gain in second week of age did not significantly showed a difference (P<0.05) among the groups A,B,C and D. The early mortality percentage was highert in group A and lowest in group D. This shows that the turning has a major effect to reduce the sticky chick number. The over all results showed that as we give the turning to the fertile eggs the day old chick weight, weight gain in first week of age and number of sticky chicks were reduced and healing did not contribute to the day old chick weight, weight gain and FCR but reduced the early mortality losses.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0952,T] (1).
50.
Effect Of Group Size On Growth Performncl Of Nili Ravi Buffalo Calves During Winter Months
by Rafiuddin | Prof. Dr. Nisar Ahmad | Dr. Falak Sher Khan | Prof. Dr.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2007Dissertation note: The study was performed to investigate the effect of group size on growth performance of Nih Ravi buffalo calves during winter months. For this purpose, 39 weaned calves were reared in different group sizes. Group A having single calf, group B having four number of calves, and group C having eight number of calves, with three replicates in each group .Space was provided 16 square feet per calf, while manger length 18 inch per animal for a period of 12 weeks (24 November2006 to 15 February2007). During this period it was observed that ambient temperature ranged from 14°C to 17°C and relative humidity (RH) 59 to 64 %. Green fodder was offered adlibitum and concentrate
@ 1% of body weight. During the experimental period, the following parameters were recorded i.e., daily feed intake, weekly weight gain, weekly feed efficiency, daily water consumption ,rumination, fortnightly body measurement, rectal temperature twice daily, respiration at morning, incidence of diarrhea and respiratory illness. The data indicated that calves in group C showed significantly (P<0.05) more weight gain, increased feed intake increased body measurement and the higher percentage of respiratory illness when compared with all other groups .Where as no difference in water consumption, daily rectal temperature, respiration, feed efficiency, rumination and diarrhea between the groups A, B and C was observed. This study clearly indicated that the overall performance of group C, having eight numbers of calves is better than that of others A, having single calf and B, having four numbers of calves. The calves assessed in term of increased time spend in eating of fodder / concentrates with increased dry matter consumption, full social interaction and greater access to space in group housing reflects better welfare as compared to that in individual housing and calves kept in groups of more than four calves preferable from health and growth perspective.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0971,T] (1).
