1.
To Study The Effect Of Different Dietary Protein & Energy Level On The Growth Performance Of Nili-Ravi Buffalo Male
by Rehman Khan, A | Dr. Nisar ahmed mian | Dr. Jaweed ahmad qureshi | Dr. Muhammad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1993Dissertation note: The buffalo is an important animal in the agriculture economy of our country and the most useful animal for many millions of poor people, especially those living in Asia.
So far, no definite studies with regard to the nutritional requirements of the buffalo at various stages of growth and production (meat and milk) have been conducted. The feeding of buffalo in the sub-continent is based on various cereals and cash crops and are generally subjected to various nutritional imbalances, as a result, the genetic potential with regard to growth and production (meat and milk) of buffalo is not fully exploited.
Thus there is a desperate need for determining the specific feeding requirements of the indigenous dairy buffalo. For the purpose digestibility and metabolic studies for various nutritional needs for growth, fattening and production are to be conducted. Thus the present study was designed to study the effect of different plans of nutrition on growth, efficiency of feed utilization and nutrients digestibility in Nili-Ravi buffalo male calves.
Twenty-seven buffalo male calves of 9-12 months of age were randomly divided into nine groups. Three different levels of protein and metabolizable energy (80, 100 and 120% of NRC, 1976 Standards for beef cattle) were incorporated in the nine experimental rations.
After the trial of 140 days, the buffalo male calves gained weight 102.67, 110.64, 90.33, 36.00, 73.33, 127,34, 98.67, 82.34 and 110.34 Kgs. in groups 1-9, respectively. Maximum growth was recorded in group 6 [CP 100% and ME 120% of NRC (1976) Standards for beef cattle). Weight gain was non-significant due to varying levels of protein in the rations while weight gain was significant (P<0.05) due to varying levels of energy in the rations. Maximum growth rate of 909 gms. per day in group 6 (CP 100% and ME 120%) was recorded. The regression equation for weight gain with the relation to protein and energy intake was as follows: Weight gain (WG) = -297.28 + .425 (Pr) ± 63.67 (En)
The feed consumption decreased with the increase of protein level in the rations while feed consumption increased with the increase of ME level in the ration but the effect was statistically non-significant.
Maximum feed was consumed in group 6 (CP 100% and ME 120%). It was observed from the study that dietary protein had significant effect on feed efficiency and it was improved with the increase of dietary protein in the ration. Feed efficiency also improved significantly with the increase of energy in the rations. It was noted from the study that the dry matter intake reduced with the increase of dietary protein but dry matter intake increased with the increase of ME level in the ration. The effect was statistically non-significant. Protein intake was significantly increased with increase of protein level while ME level in the ration had non-significant effect. ME intake was non-significant with the increase of protein level but it was significantly increased with the increase of ME level in the ration.
The digestibility of crude protein and ether extract increased with the increase of protein and energy level in the rations but the differences were nonsignificant. The digestibility of dry matter was increased at varying levels of protein and energy but the differences were significant (P<0.0l). The digestibility of NFE and crude fibre were also increased at varying levels of energy significantly (P<0.01) but these were low at 100% protein level than 80 and 120% protein level. It was observed that the digestibility of all the nutrients increased at high plan of nutrition (protein and energy).
It was concluded that protein requirements of buffalo male calves were the same as recommended for beef cattle NRC (1976) but metabolizable energy requirements were 20% higher than the recommended level for beef cattle, NRC (1976)
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0348,T] (1).
2.
Improvement In The Nutritive Value Of Fibrous Crop By-Products By Urea Treatment
by Rafaqat Ali | Dr. Nisar Ahmed Mian | Dr. Muhammad | Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1994Dissertation note: Wheat straw and rice straw are two of the largest annually harvested crop by-products in Pakistan, and are commonly fed to buffaloes as well as cattle as a staple roughage source. These coarse roughages are essentially energy feeds in which the cell wall constituents may be as high as 80 percent of the total dry matter. However, productivity in ruminants given such straw diets is limited, primarily due to energy deficiency. Low digestibility and low nitrogen content of these roughages does not adequately satisfy microbial growth requirements, which are therefore major limiting factors responsible for poor efficiency of nutrient utilization.
In the present study, two fibrous crop by-products - wheat straw and rice straw, were treated with urea (as a source of ammonia), at 50 percent moisture level with or without added urease source at two different temperatures (220C and 390C) for three different periods (14, 21 and 28 days). Digestibilities of the treated and untreated feedstuffs were determined by in sacco technique. All the samples were chemically analysed for proximate as well as cell wall constituents before and after any treatment and after incubation in the rumen.
Increasing duration of urea-treatment invariably increased the crude protein content in all the treatments. At 28 days, difference between crude protein values of samples treated with urea alone or urea along with urease source was not statistically significant. Crude fiber contents of wheat and rice straw was inversely effected both by higher temperature and longer treatment period. Both mineral matter contents and ether extract values were not significantly effected by any of the treatment while NFE values were significantly reduced. Decrease in NDF and hemicellulose values after treatment was observed. Addition of urease hastened the process, though at 28 days, the difference between samples treated with or without the addition of urease was non-significant. Treatments increased the in sacco disappearance of DM, CF, CP, NDF, ADF and hemicellulose. Addition of urease and higher temprature increased the rate of change. Difference between urea treated and urea plus urease treatmed samples was relatively more marked in case of wheat straw than in rice straw, though in both the feedstuffs, it was non-significant at the end of treatment i.e., 28 days.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0401,T] (1).
3.
Effect Of Different Levels Of Protein And Salt On Water Metabolism In Broilers And Layer Chicks
by Faisal Gulzar Ahmad | Dr. Nisar Ahmed Mian | Dr. Jaweed Ahmed Qureshi | Dr. Muhammad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1995Dissertation note: Wet litter in poultry houses is a problem of considerable economic and pathological importance; This is due to the excessive elimination of water in the droppings and that contained in the expired air of the birds. As a result of this excessive moisture the litter becomes wet which in turn encourages the development of various diseases, unnecessary increase in labour and managemental hazards/expenses. Wet litter also encourages fly development, reduces beneficial bacterial population and creates problems in manure handling and removal.
A solution of the problem of wet litter would thus involve determination of those factors responsible for the elimination of excessive amounts of water via renal and alimentary routes. One of these causal factors is diet. The present study was designed to determine the effect of sodium chloride and certain dietary protein levels on water intake, feed consumption, moisture content of various organs as well as that of droppings.
Experiment was conducted at the department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lahore for a period of 8 weeks. Two hundred and seventy day- old chicks each of broiler and layer were randomly divided into six groups i.e. B1, B2 B3, B4, B5, B6 (Broilers) and L1, L2, L3, L4, L5, L6 (Layers) of 45 birds each. Each group was further subdivided into three replicates of 15 birds each. These groups were assigned randomly to six experimental rations having 20 and 23 percent crude protein and salt supplementation of 0.0, 0.75 and 1.0 percent level. Weekly feed consumption, weight gain and water intake were recorded. Moisture contents of crop, intestine, caecum, carcass as well as that of droppings were determined at the end of 4th and 8th weeks of age. Abdominal fat contents of broilers and layers were also recorded at the end of 4th and 8th weeks of age.
In broilers, the feed conversion ratio was significantly (P<0.05) affected by the level of salt supplementation. At 20 percent crude protein level, F.C.R. improved from 2.60 to 2.41 when the salt supplementation was increased from 0.0 to 0.75 percent. But the best F.C.R. (2.33) was obtained at 23 percent crud protein with 0.0 percent salt supplementation level. However, feed efficiency decreased at both the protein levels when level of salt supplementation was increased to 1.0 percent. The feed consuption within the group was not significantly (P<0.05) affected by the increase in crude protein level from 20 to 23 percent or by increae in the level of salt supplementation both for layers and broilers. In layers, the weight gain, feed consumption and F.C.R. followed a similar pattern as was seen in broilers.
Increase in the level of protein and salt supplementation in the ration increased the water intake of both the broilers and layers, though the difference was statistically non-significant. However, level of salt supplementation had a significant (P<0.O 1) effect on water intake and water-feed ratio.
At 4 weeks of age increase in level of salt supplementation at both the protein levels significantly (P<0.01) increased the faecal moisture percentage. Results of the statisical anlysis of the data at the end of 8 weeks were similar to those obtained at the end of 4 weeks.
It was observed that increased moisture contents of intestines lead to increased moisture in. the faecal material. At the end of 8th week the intestinal moisture content was significantly affected as result of increase in protein and salt levels.
The caecum is the chief site for water reabsorption in birds, and water contents of caecum have direct bearing on the faecal moisture and in turn on the wetting of litter. At 8 weeks of age, borth the protein levels did not exert a significant (P>0.05) effect of protein levels on the caecal moisture contents. Change in the caecal moisture contents as a result of increase in level of salt supplementation was also non-significant (P>O.05). Salt supplementation level significantly (P<0.01) increased the carcass moisture percentage. At the end of 8 weeks all the three factors and their interactions, except breed and salt interaction were significantly (P<0.0 1) different.
At the end of 4th and 8th weeks the abdominal fat contents did not show any significant pattern which could be correlated specifically with salt or protein levels. At the end of 4 weeks all the factors and their interactions except breed and protein interaction significantly (P<0.0 1) affected the abdominal fat contents. At the age of 8 weeks all the factors and interaction had significant (P<0.01) effect on abdominal fat contents.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0455,T] (1).
4.
Performance Of Broilers On Diets Having Different Levels Of Protein While Possessing Adequate Amount Of Critical Amino Acids
by Mirza Yousaf Baig | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr. Nisar Ahmed Mian | Dr.Muhammed.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1996Dissertation note: This experiment was designed to study the effects of different protein levels while maintaining the level of critical amino acids adequate as per requirement. Six broiler starter diets SA, SB, SC, SD. SE & SP containing crude protein 22, 21.5, 21, 20.5, 20 or 19.5%, respectively and metabolizable energy 3100 kcal/kg and six broiler finisher diets PA, Fl3, FC. FD, Fl & FF containing crude protein 19. 18.5, 18, 17.5, 17 or 16.5%, respectively and metabolizable energy 3200 kcal/kg were prepared. The critical amino acids (lysine, methiomne + cystine, tryptophan, arginine & threonine) in all rations were kept at least at recommended level. 240 clay old Hubbard broiler chicks of approximately similar weight were randomly (livided into six equal groups A, B, C, D, E & F. Each group was subdivided into four replicates, each comprising of 10 chicks. These groups were fed ad libitum on above mentioned starter diets from 0 to 4th week and on finisher diets during 5th and 6th week.
The results showed that feed consumption was increased (P<0.05) during finisher phase, 4th and 5th week at lower protein levels in feed. There was no difference (P>0.1) of feed consumption among various groups during the rest of experimental period. Weight gain of all groups from 0 to 6th week was similar (P>0.23). However, during first week the chicks fed on 22% protein level gained more weight (P<0.05). During second week results were inconsistent while (luring fourth week the chicks fed on Iower protein level gained similar weight as compared to the higher protein groups.
The FCR of groups A, 13, C & F during starter phase and A, 13, ( I) & E during finisher phase was not different (P>O.05) which Shows that crude protein level in starter and finisher diet could he reduced to 19.5 & 17%, respectively while maintaining the critical amino acid level as per requirement. However, during first week the FCR of chicks fed on 22% protein was lower (P<O.05) than that of others, which indicate (hat during first week protein level should not be lower than 22%. The protein intake and protein efficiency ratio were not different (P>O.O5) among different groups during starter and finisher phases.
Dressing percentage of different groups was not different (P>O.29). Percentages of gizzard, liver and heart weight were also similar (P>O.22) among different groups. Mortality rate during total experimental period was less than 3% and no significant difference of mortality was observed among the different groups.
The economic appraisal proved that during starter phase net cash flow increased at lower protein diets while during finisher phase the net cash flow decreased greatly in the last two group E & F'. It revealed that in finisher ration reduction of crude protein level below 17.5% on which group E & F were maintained was not economical. Theses results were confirmed by realistic feed cost values.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0488,T] (1).
5.
Influence Of Various Treatments Of Rice Polishings On The Performance Of Broiler Chicks
by Abdul Majid | Prof. Dr. Nisar Ahmed Mian | Dr. Javaid Ahmed Qureshi | Dr. Muhammad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: Increasing cost of feed ingredients and use of cereal grains in poultry feed which are also used for the human feeding, makes it imperative to look for alternative sources for feeding poultry to save grains for human consumption and reduce the cost of feed as well. Ingredients which are cheap, not utilized for human feeding and are readily available, merits consideration for poultry feeding. Rice polishing is one of such ingredient.
Rice polishings is an important by-product of rice milling industry. It is a finely powdered material obtained in polishing the rice kernels after removal of hulls and bran. It furnishes almost equivalent energy as other cereal grains and is a good source of protein and water soluble vitamins specially thiamin and niacin. It however contains certain antinutritional factors which, could be eliminated by various treatments yielding it into a useful feed ingredient for poultry feed.
Present experiment was conducted to observe the influence of rice polishings on the performance of broiler chicks after subjecting it to various treatments. Full fat rice polishings was subjected to extrusion cooking and then divided into 4 equal parts. One part was used in ration as such, second treated with 1 percent acetic acid, third treated with 1 percent calcium hydroxide and fourth treated first with acetic aid and then with calcium hydroxide. Five starter and finisher experimental rations designated as A, B, C, D, and E respectively were prepared. Ration A contained no rice polishings and was kept as control. In rations B, C, D and B treated rice polishings at 15 percent level was used substituting wheat. Starter rations were fed for 35 days and Finisher rations for 21 days to 150 Hubbard broiler chicks divided into 15 experimental units of 10 chicks each reared on floor on deep litter system. Each experimental ration was randomly allotted to 3 experimental units of chicks. Results indicated that maximum weight gain was recorded in birds fed on ration C which contained extrusion cooked rice polishings treated with 1 percent acetic acid. Lowest weight gain was recorded in birds fed on ration A (control). Second best result in weight gain was observed in birds fed on ration D which contained extrusion cooked rice polishings treated with 1 percent calcium hydroxide.
Best feed utilization per unit of gain was observed in birds fed on ration C where as poor feed conversion ratio was noted in birds fed on ration E which contained rice polishings first treated with acetic acid and then with calcium hydroxide.
Results indicated that different treatments improved the nutritional quality of rice polishings and resulted into better weight gain. Use of treated rice polishings did not show any detrimental effect on the performance of birds. Difference in feed consumed and conversion ratio towards higher side might have been due to some managemental errors or weather conditions. Extrusion cooked rice polishings treated with 1 percent acetic acid showed significantly improved growth rate and feed utilization in birds per unit of gain as compared to control and other rations containing rice polishings given other treatments.
It was concluded that various treatments improved the nutritional quality of rice polishings and it proved to be a beneficial feed ingredient for poultry feeding substituting wheat without any deleterious effect. Treatment with 1 percent acetic acid or 1 percent calcium hydroxide were equally good and potent methods to overcome the problem of antinutritional factors present in rice polishings.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0542,T] (1).
6.
Influence Of Varying Levels Of Protein With Constant Level Of Energy On The Performance Of Japanese Quails At Different Stages Of Growth
by Arif, M | Dr. Nisar Ahmed Mian | Dr. Mohammad | Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: Protein level in the ration of quails is considered as an important factor for the efficient growth. But recent studies have shown that besides the protein level, the amino acid profile of feed is more important The present study was conducted to Investigate the optimum dietary protein levels by providing adequate amounts of lysine, methionine, according to the requirements on the performance of quails
Three hundred day old quails were randomly divided into five groups of 60 quails each. Then each group was further subdivided into three replicates of 20 quails each .Five rations A, B, C, D and E containing 22, 23, 24, 25 and 26% protein respectively with Constant Metaholisable energy 2900 Kcal/Kg ration were prepared.
The average total weight gain of chicks fed on experimental rations A, B, C, D and E was 133.89, 133.37, 132.49, 131.73 and 131.49 gms. espectively Apparentlyo the chicks fed on ration A containing 22 percent protein gained more weight. Non-significant difference among weight gain of chicks fed on experimental rations containing various protein levels was observed. The average total feed consumption per chick on experimental rations A, B, C, D and E was 403.04. 395.92, 392.39, 386.81 and 382.38 gms. respectively. The total feed consumption of the chicks fed on ration A containing 22 percent protein was highest. When data was subjected to statistical analysis non-significant difference was noticed among feed consumption of the chicks fed on different experimental rations. The average commulative feed eHicienc on experimental rations A, B, C, D and E was 3.01, 2.97, 2.96. 2.94 and 2.90 respectively. The chicks fed on ration E containing 26 percent protein consumed less feed per unit weight gain as compared to other experimental rations. Statistical analysis revealed non-significant difference among feed efficiency of the chicks fed on experimental rations containing different levels of protein. The averige values of dressing percentage of birds fed on rations A, B, C, D and E respectively were 70.35, 70.17, 69.90, 68.34 and 68.24 respectively The dressing percentage of chicks fed on ration A containing 22% protein was highest. Non-significant differ ence was noticed among dressing percentage on five protein levels. Results also showed that. dressing percentage of females was comparatively higher than males. The cost. per 100 grams of live weight excluding the cost of day old chicks for the rations A, B, C, D and E were Rs 2.30, 2.29, 2.33, 2.36 and 2.40.
The results of the present study indicated that Japanese quails can be reared efficiently and economically on ration containing 23% protein and 2900 Kcal/Kg M.E under local conditions with better weight gain and feed efficiency.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0548,T] (1).
7.
Comparative Evaluation Of Maize Bran, Wheat Bran And Rice Bran In The Fattening Ration Of Male Buffalo Calves
by Zahid Mahmood | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr . Muhammad | Dr . Nisar Ahmed Mian.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: In Pakistan the per capita availability of the proteinous feed especially of animal origin for human consumption is much less than the required levels. So we the animal production professionals have huge task before us in solving this problem of meat shortage. In our country the buffalo is the main dairy animal. The farmers usually prefer to keep the female calves as they can give them good return in the form of milk. The male calves are often considered as a burden and they are weaned at a very early age. As a result most of them die in their early life. Studies conducted in Pakistan and in some other countries have shown that these calves could be fattened by using cheaper sources of agriculture by-products. One way of solving the problem of meat shortage is the fattening of these calves using well- balanced least cost rations.
In Pakistan the farmers normally use wheat bran to feed their animals. As a result of ever increasing demand of wheat bran its price is quite high and also there are complains about adulteration in it. So there is a need to find some alternate products which could replace wheat bran without effecting the performance of the animals. Maize bran is a by-product of starch industry. It is available in Pakistan by the brand name of Buffalo bran. Similarly the rice bran is a by-product of rice industry and is available after the extraction of remaining oil from the rice polishing. Both maize bran and rice bran are cheaper as compared to wheat bran and easily available. The present study was conducted to ascertain the nutritional value of wheat bran, maize bran and rice bran in the fattening ration of buffalo male calves.
A fattening trial was conducted on three groups of buffalo calves with 10 calves each. Three rations namely A, B and C were prepared in which all the ingredients were same except maize bran, wheat bran and rice bran, which were used at the level of 30%. The duration of the experiment was 90 days. The animals were fed in groups and during the experiment the weight gain, feed consumption, feed efficiency and digestibility of different nutrients in the ration were recorded. Economics of the fattening rations was also determined.
It was found that the weight gain on the rations A, B and C was 555 ± 29.21 kg, 755 ± 34.48 kg, 728 ± 31.85 kg, feed consumption was 4339 ± 75.17 kg, 5386 ± 184.82 kg, 5648.5 ± 221.34 kg and mean values for feed ciliciency were 7.82 ± 2.59, 7.13 ± 1.17 7.76 ± 1.67, respectively. The difference (P<0.05) among the groups regarding weight gain, feed consumption and feed efficiency was not significant. For the three rations A, B and C the digestibility of dry matter was 66.88 ± 6.52, 67.85 ± 5.31 and 59.53 ± 12.64 %, digestibility of crude protein was 72.07 ± 5.34,76 ± 4.52 and 69.12 ± 7.54%, digestibility of crude fiber was 55.89 ± 7.35, 49.25 ± 8.36 and 42.16 ± 14.13% and digestibility of ether extract was 85.94 ± 3.47, 87.94 ± 8.36 and 82.24 ± 4.84 %, respectively. Digestion trial also revealed that there was a non-significant difference (P<O.05) anong groups in the digestibility of various nutrients.
The results of the study revealed that although wheat bran had shown good results, yet it could be replaced by rice bran. The maize bran had not expressed good results, however more research is required to determine it's suitable level in the diet of the buffalo calves. The results of the groups fed rice bran were almost similar to that of wheat bran. Moreover economics of the ration revealed that the cost of production was much less in the case of rice bran. So the rice bran can be used in the rations of buffalo calves without any effect on their performance.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0705,T] (1).
8.
Effect Of Storage, Pre-Heating & Turning During Holding Period On The Hatchability Of The Eggs Of Broiler
by Muhammad Jamshed | Dr. Athar Mahmud | Dr. Kamran | Dr. Nisar Ahmed Mian.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2004Dissertation note: This project was planned to study the effect of storage, pre heating & turning during holding period on the hatchability of the eggs of broiler breeder of 32 weeks. For this purpose 240 feritle eggs (52-5 gm weight) of 32 weeks old breeding flock were purchased form a reputable hatchery. After collection the eggs were cleaned and stored at specific temperature (16 C) and humidity (75%). Eggs were equally divided into four groups i.e. A, B,C, and D having 60 eggs each. The eggs of group A were neither turned nor preheated before setting in the incubator. The eggs of group B were preheated for 6-7 hours until the temperature reached 85 F before setting in incubator but were not turned. The eggs of group C were not pre heated but were turned for 6-8 times in each day during storage period before setting in the incubator. The eggs of group D were pre heated before setting in incubator and turned simultaneously during holding period (storage period). After these specific treatments the eggs were placed in the incubator for 21 days. After the incubation the hatchability percentage of all the groups were noted and the chicks were brooded for 8 days. At the end of second week of age the FCR, weight gains total feed consumed and common causes of mortality were calculated. The data was subjected to statistical analyses (2 x 2 Factorial, Steel and Torrie 1980). Statistical analyses of the data revealed that no differences were obsedved amongst the groups in case of pre heating but in case of turning there was a significant diference (P<0.05) among those groups for hatchability percentages. Although the hatchability percentage for the group D was highest than those of groups A, B, and C. The groups were significantly different in case of weight gain in first week of age. The group D showed significant difference (P<0.05) from the group A. In case of FCR in first and second week of age there was no significant difference (P<0.05) among the all groups i.e. A,B,C and D. The weight gain in second week of age did not significantly showed a difference (P<0.05) among the groups A,B,C and D. The early mortality percentage was highert in group A and lowest in group D. This shows that the turning has a major effect to reduce the sticky chick number. The over all results showed that as we give the turning to the fertile eggs the day old chick weight, weight gain in first week of age and number of sticky chicks were reduced and healing did not contribute to the day old chick weight, weight gain and FCR but reduced the early mortality losses.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0952,T] (1).
