1.
Effects Of Coccidiosis On Immune Response Of Broiler Chickens
by Farhat Nazir Awan | muhammed Naeem | Muhammed | Muhammed Akram Muneer | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1993Dissertation note: This study indicates that Eimeria tenella and Eimeria necatrix infection (50,000 sporulated oocysts\bird) interfere with the body weight gain of birds, have adverse effects on weights of lymphoid organs such as bursa of fabricius, spleen, thymus and liver, interfere with the development of serum antibody in vaccinated birds only, when the vaccination is done in the presence of organisms, does not interfere with the development of serum antibody in vaccinated challenged birds, results in high post cha1leige mortality of vaccinated birds as compared to the vaccinated control and vaccinated coccidiosis treated birds. The injection to baby chicks on 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th day post hatching with Cyclophosphamide resulted in lower body weight, destruction of the bursa of fabricius, poor antibody response of birds to vaccination against NDV and very high post challenge mortality upon challenge with a virulent strain of NDV.
The weight gain studies inctkated that vaccinated and non- vaccinated coccidial infested birds and coccidiosis treated birds had significantly lower body weight than those of control\coccidiosis free birds at 50 days of age. Coccidial infection had adverse effects on the body weight gain. The study further indicated that vaccinated coccidial infested birds had significantly lower serum antibody titers on day 50 than the vaccinated control and vaccinated coccidiosis treated birds. The serum level of vaccinated coccidiosis treated birds and vaccinated control bird were on same level at day 50.
From the results of this study it is concluded that coccidia are immunosuppressive agent but they suppress the growth performances and immune response of bird temporarily. However, when the birds recover from the infection, they attain their normal immune status.
SUMMARY
The birds that received oocysts of Eimeria tenella and Eimeria necatrix (50,000 sporulated oocysts\bird) and were not treated throughout the experimental period had lower weight gains than the coccidiosis treated cyclophosphamide treated and coccidiosis free\control birds.
Coccidial infection adversely affected the weight of thyrnus, liver whereas bursa of fabricius and spleen had slight depression in their weight. Cyclophosphamide treatment of birds in early life resulted in bursal atrophy and slight depression of splenic weight.
As compared to control and coccicliosis treated birds, the sera of NDV vaccinated coccidial infested birds had lower antibody titers on day 50. The post challenge sera of NDV vaccinated coccidial infected birds had higher antibody titers as compared to NDV vaccinated cyclophosphamide treated birds. The NDV vaccinated coccidial infested and NDV vaccinated cyclophosphamide treated birds had significant post virulent NDV challenge mortality, whereas the vaccinated control and vaccinated coccidiosis treated birds did not have any mortality following NDV challange.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0302,T] (1).
2.
Epidemmiology Of Foot And Mouth Disease In Buffaloes Of Punjab Province
by Farhat Nazir Awan | Prof. Dr. Khushi Muhammad | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Akram Muneer.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2009Dissertation note: This study indicates that the ranking order of buffalo diseases, with respect to their incidence in descending order in Punjab province is Foot and Mouth Disease, Mastitis, Diarrhea, Haemorrhagic Septicemia, Sudden Death Syndrome and haemoglobinuria. Similarly the disease ranking order in cattle in descending order is FMD, Mastitis, Diarrhea, Hemorrhagic Septicemia, Haemoglobinuria and Sudden Death Syndrome. FMD is top most economic important disease both in buffaloes and in cattle in the province.
Morbidity rate in the adult cattle and buffalo was higher as compared to the younger stock. However, the mortality rate was higher in young stock as compared to the adult animals of both the species. Moreover, adult and young males of both the species were more susceptible to the disease as compared to females.
Cross-sectional survey revealed the economic loss of Rs. 41.32 million due to loss of milk, cost of dead animals and treatment cost of sick and complicated cases of FMD. The loss due to milk reduction was 57.3% of the total losses followed by mortality loss (26.4%), morbidity effect expenses (15.2%) and treatment charges in FMD complicated cases (1.0%). The findings of present study clearly indicate the association of age, feeding pattern, vaccination status and season as risk factors in the incidence of FMD in Punjab.
Data obtained from the EPI-Unit Lahore showed that 719 FMD outbreaks occurred in the district of Punjab during 2007-2008. The highest number of outbreaks (212) was recorded in Rahim-Yar-Khan followed by Bhakkar (118), T.T. Singh (81) and Faisalabad (72). Of the total 309 disease outbreaks in buffalo, 174 (56.3%) were recorded in adults, whereas this number in cattle was 169 (61%). The incidences of the outbreaks increased gradually following the post-monsoon period. The greatest number of outbreaks was observed during the winter season, from December to February. Data from FMD Research Center, Lahore revealed the involvement of only FMDV serotype "O" in all the outbreaks during 2007-2008.
Studies of the factors (age, feeding pattern, stage of pregnancy and species) on the immune response of local trivalent FMD vaccine revealed that buffaloes of all age groups responded well to vaccination against disease. It was also observed that 7-9 months pregnant buffaloes elicited significantly lower antibody response to vaccine as compared to the control groups. Similarly, buffaloes on grazing have shown lower anti-FMD-CF GM titer as compared to buffaloes on manger feeding. Sheep and goat were found to be late and poor responder to vaccine as compared to cattle and buffalo.
Analysis of 300 serum samples from FMD affected buffaloes of 12 districts of the Punjab indicated the highest incidence of serotype "O" (62.3%) followed by Asia-1 (32.4%) and "A" (3.30%) in the population tested.
FMD virus was inactivated at 61 ºC within 15 minutes and at pH 4, 8, and 10 within 24 hours. However, ultraviolet radiation was unable to inactivate the virus even after 45 minutes. The disinfectants/chemicals evaluated in this study including sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, citric acid, acetic acid, formalin, sodium hypochlorite, virkon-s, aldekol and Gas-G were effective in inactivating the FMDV at recommended concentration levels of 2%, 4%, 0.20%, 4%, 0.15%, 3.0%, 1.0%, 0.50% and 0.1% after 60, 30, 60, 60, 30, 30, 30, 60 and 30 minutes, respectively, at 300C. Sodium hypochlorite and Gas-G were equally good in inactivating the virus at half (1.5% and 0.05%) of the recommended concentration.
Efficacy trial of local and imported oil based trivalent FMD vaccine in six villages, of the Faisalabad district clearly showed that 81.8% of FMD cases were prevented by the local inactivated vaccine in vaccinated animals whereas; this percentage was 70.6 in case where imported vaccines were employed. Moreover, efficacy of the local vaccine was higher than the imported vaccines.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1537,T] (1).
