1.
Higher Production Of Algnate By A Mutant Of Azotobacter Vinelandii By Fermentation
by Saria Rahim | Ms. Shagufta Saeed | Dr. Muhammad | Ms. Huma Mujahid.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1521,T] (1).
2.
Production Of Azotobacter Vinelandii Mutant To Enhance The Production Of Alginate Through Submerged
by Sobia Saeed | Ms. Shagufta Saeed | Mr. Muhammad | Ms. Faiza Masood.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1523,T] (1).
3.
Bioconversion Of Industrial Wastes To 6-Aminopencillanic Acid With Escherichia Coli.
by Hasan Javed | Ms. Shagufta Saeed | Dr. Abu Saeed Hashmi | Dr. Muhammad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: 6-aminopenicillanic acid is ?-lactam nucleus produced by penicillin acylaseupon hydrolysis of penicillin. 6-APA is main component of semi-synthetic penicillins. Penicillin acylase is most valuable enzyme and is produced by many microbes such as Escherichia coli. Different media and method were used for the isolation, identification an characterization of E. coli. Total 30 strains of E. coli were isolated from fecal matter of equine species and tested for the penicillin acylase activity. About 13 isolates gave the enzyme activity.
For the production of cell mass, different low cost media was used to cut down the price of production. Corn steep liquor, molasses, milk whey and wheat bran was tested for the growth of E. coli. These industrial wastes can minimize the production cost of 6-APA which has a high demand for the production of semi-synthetic penicillins. Corn steep liquor showed better growth of E. coli and can be used as the cheap source of carbon and nitrogen.Phenylacetic acid was also used in the growth medium and it was used as the inducer for enzyme. Without phenylacetic acid in medium, enzyme production decreases.
Corn steep liquor is the best sources for production of cells which is 0.520 mg mL-1 Molasses also better for fermentation and highest value is 0.336 mg mL-1. Milk whey media needs further studies for the better production of cells with using different concentrations.it gave best production 0.112 mg mL-1 Wheat bran is not proper source for cell production and does no showed E. Coli growth. All the strains showed growth in corn steep liquor, milk whey and molasses but not in wheat bran. Among all the strains horse sample (Ho-9) showed better cell production in all the media used.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1571,T] (1).
4.
An Insight Into Mutational Analysis Of B-Cell Lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) Gene And Its Involvement In Pets Cancer
by Asma Irshad | Dr. Muhammad Wasim | Mr. Akhtar Ali | Ms. Shagufta Saeed.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: There are various type of tumors associated with dog (Canis familiaris) and cat (Feline catus) which are responsible for death of these pets. Bcl-2 proto-oncogene was firstly depicted as of the t(14;18) trans-location cut-off point inside human follicular B-cell lymphoma. The Bcl-2 protein is a core control device of planed cell death as well as is concerned within DNA transformation, cell-cycle and differentiation control. Bcl-2 expression within endothelial cells was described en route for enhance cancer metastasis. Mammary gland tumors are the mainly frequent neo-plasms happening into feminine dogs and cats and are malevolent inside more or less 50% of the cases. Bcl-2 expression is not merely interrelated through an enhanced expression but as well by means of an abridged aptitude on behalf of far-away immigration of mammary gland cancer cells. Metastasis to tissues like skin, nasal passage and oral cavity has also been reported in 5-6.9 percent of cases.
Various parameters, used in the present study were aimed to analyze coding regions of Bcl-2gene to study the mutations involved in cancers. Blood samples of unrelated true representative of cancers were collected from Pet center, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore. DNA was extracted with the standard protocol and amplification of the Bcl-2 gene was done with specially designed primers.
Later on, analysis of the results was done by sequencing of amplicons. Sequences were analyzed through BioEdit software and then aligned with reference sequence using clustalW2 software.
In the present study, analysis of mutations was done in Bcl-2gene isolated from Canis familiaris and Feline catus. But not a single nucleotide polymorphism was found in exon 1 and 2 of Bcl-2 gene isolated from blood of affected animals with different cancer types.
In the conclusion, we report that no mutations were observed in the Bcl-2 gene isolated from different affected pets. It may be due to limited number of samples and/or require extraction of DNA from tumor tissue. There is a need to explore the other gene mutations causing cancers in population of pets that will ultimately help to develop genetic counseling strategies, gene therapies and prenatal diagnostic procedures for the population of Pets.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1612,T] (1).
5.
Biochemical & Molecular Characterization Of Locally Isolated Extremophile
by Iram Murtaza | Dr. Muhammad Tayyab | Ms. Sehrish | Ms. Shagufta Saeed.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Extremophiles are microorganisms with the ability to survive under extreme of conditions. Due to their extreme stability, these microorganisms produce unique biocatalysts that have been exploited in various industrial processes. These micro-organisms are unique factories for the production of enzymes that have great potential for agriculture, textile, pharmaceutical, poultry and detergent industries.
The present study was conducted for the isolation and characterization of alkaliphile. The sampling was done from spring located in Rawat, Pakistan. Optimization of growth conditions was done by growing the microorganism at various conditions including temperature, pH and salt concentration. The microorganism was identified on the basis of biochemical characteristics as well as on the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence. Regarding the molecular characterization, the genomic DNA was isolated from the strain and was utilized for the amplification of 16S rRNA gene. The PCR product was ligated in pTZ57R/T. The ligation mixture was utilized for the transformation of E.coli DH5-? cells. The presence of insert in recombinant pTZ57R/T was confirmed by single and double restriction with EcoR1 and Hind III which resulted in the liberation of DNA fragment. The gene sequence was utilized for the phylogenetic analysis. The microorganism was found to be Gram positive rods involved in the production of catalase, amylase, protease, enzymes and gave positive results for Mannitol, Voges Proskauer Tests while negative for citrate utilization and nitrate reduction test. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis demonstrated that the newly isolated strain showed maximum homology with various members of genus Exiguobacterium. The newly isolated strain was declared a new member of genus Exiguobacterium and was named as Exiguobacterium UVAS-01.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1706,T] (1).
6.
Bioconversion Of Agricultural Wastes To Polyhydroxybutyrate By Azotobacter Vinelandii
by Tehmina Aslam | Ms. Shagufta Saeed | Dr. Aftab | Ms. Huma Mujahid.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Background
Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is a biopolymer. It can be used as a biodegradable thermoplastic material for waste management strategies. It can be produced by various microorganisms. A bacterium, Azotobacter vinelandii accumulates PHB as intracellular granules inside their cells in response to physiological stress such as excess of carbon sources and limitation of nutrients e.g. nitrogen and phosphorus etc. During this research work PHB was produced from agricultural wastes like wheat bran and rice polishing through fermentation and by the optimization of different parameters like water substrate ratio, incubation time, volume of inoculum, pH and nitrogen concentration.
Methodology
A parent strain of Azotobacter vinelandii was maintained on Jerman agar plate. Fermentation media containing wheat bran and rice polishing as substrates was used to check the production of PHB for the selected bacteria. 0.5 ml of inoculum media was added into sterilized fermentation media and incubated for 24-72 hours. After that, culture media was centrifuged. Further extraction, determination and identification of PHB were carried out by using the pellet.
It was found that Azotobacter vinelandii gave maximum PHB yield (192mg/100mL) at 4% of wheat bran after 48 hours of incubation and at 5% of rice polishing after 36 hours (158mg/100mL). Wheat bran gave maximum PHB production (236mg/100mL) at 1.0mL volume of inoculum and rice polishing gave maximum yield (216mg/100mL) at 2.5mL. For wheat bran optimum pH was observed to be 7 to give higher PHB yield (256mg/100mL) and for rice polishing at pH 8.0 maximum PHB was observed (236mg/100mL). From wheat bran maximum quantity of PHB was produced at 0.2% of peptone (268mg/100mL) and at 0.3% of yeast extract (256mg/100mL) while in rice polishing based media higher PHB yield was studied at 0.25% of peptone (258mg/100mL) and at 0.2% of yeast extract (250mg/100mL). In this study Azotobacter vinelandii produced higher yield of PHB using wheat bran as compared to rice polishing.
Outcomes
So it is concluded that PHB produced in this work can be used in various industries like pharmaceutics, food industry and also in medical fields. It will also be helpful to reduce the pollution caused by other synthetic plastics.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1818,T] (1).
7.
Determination Of Residual Contents Of Pesticide Using Chromatographic Techniques In Rice Samples From Different Geograohical Regions of Punjab
by Abubakar imran | Dr. Tanveer hussain | Dr. Asif nadeem | Ms. Shagufta saeed.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2017,T] (1).
8.
Refolding And Characterization Of Thermostable Recombinant Amylase From Geobacillus Sbs-4S
by Amna jawad | Dr. Muhammad Tayyab | Dr. Sehrish | Ms. Shagufta saeed.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2027,T] (1).
9.
Production, Purification And Characterization Of Exoglucanase By Arachniotus Rubber
by Saira Bano (2012-VA-602) | Ms. Shagufta Saeed | Ms. Faiza Masood | Dr. Tahir Yaqoob.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Cellulose is well thought-out as the major renewable biological resource which is constantly replenished by the photosynthesis (Ragauskas et al. 2006). It is the most plentiful carbohydrate and is considered world’s abundant organic substrate. Cellulose, lignin and hemicellulose are the main components in plant cell walls with cellulose being the mainly abundant part (Saleem et al. 2008). Enzymatic conversion of cellulose is inexpensive. The cellulose hydrolysis is brought about by mixture of β-glucosidase, endoglucanase and exoglucanase. The entire hydrolysis of cellulose is carried out by these enzymes (Mathew et al. 2008).
Biosynthesis of cellulose via land plants as well as marine algae occurs at a rate of 0.85×1011 tons per year (Niranjane et al. 2007). By using it in proper way this vast quantity of cellulose can be used for different purposes with some enzymatic conversions. Cellulose can be transformed into simple sugars that can be used for the production of ethanol or other energy products and for the food purposes.
Lignocelluloses are agro-industrial wastes worldwide. These can be used for the production of different important products that may include renewable sources to accomplish the energy demand by making biofuels and to cover up the high food demand of present century. Cycling and recycling of these materials may also decrease pollutants in the environment (Doran et al. 1984).
Cellulases which are resistant to proteases are preferably used in detergent and soap industries and are also used in detergents for depilling, care agents of colour, washing of stone, biopolishing and smoothing of surface in cotton fabric (Godfrey and West 1996). Cellulase is being used in improving digestibility of animal feed (Lewis et al. 1996).
When cellulases are added in detergents it brightens the color of cotton textiles and smoothens the fabric (Niehaus et al. 1999). Several applications of cellulases include development of the nutritional rate of cellulosic materials and forage crops, improvement of pulp class, and enhanced digestibility of organic matter via elevated fiber content (Garcia et al. 2002).
Cellulases are also used in paper, lumber and textile industries, in making of food and feed supplements for cattle and poultry feed stocks, preparations of baking, brewing, pharmaceuticals, malting, removal of fruit juices, dealing out of vegetables and processing of starch (Petre et al. 1999). The main significant application is in the production of single cell protein, alcohol, beer, biofuels, chemical feedstock, ethanol, and high fructose syrup (Solomon et al. 1999).
Development of an inexpensive method for food production through enzymatic hydrolysis is slowed down by sky-craping rate of cellulase making, low enzymatic behavior and low conc. of sugar syrup obtained on hydrolysis of such materials. However research have been conducted on pure cellulose and cost of isolation of cellulose from lignocellulosic is added up in the overall production cost (Chahal et al. 1985)
Production of Cellulase can be improved by studying media composition and optimizing fermentation parameters, microbial strain and some other factors that control production and growth (Han and Chen 2010). Different lignocellulosic materials are used for economic enzymes production like, corn cobs, bagasse, wheat straw, rice straw, and wheat bran (Hussain et al. 1999). The hydrolysis catalyzed by cellulases has found like a practicable method to make reducing sugar or glucose from cellulose for making biofuels and some other value added goods by means of microbial fermentation (Zhang et al. 2006)
Two important classes of enzymes, Cellulases and hemicellulases are produced by filamentous fungi and secreted into the cultivation medium (Sadia et al. 2008). Cellulose can be degraded by numerous microorganisms like bacteria, fungi and plant cell wall fibers. Degradation of cellulosic biomass is carried out by cellulases in nature. Production of industrial enzymes has been carried out by filamentous fungi for more than 50 years (Saleem et al. 2008). A range of microorganisms have the ability to secrete cellulases including fungi and bacteria (Jiang et al. 2011).
Various fungal strains secrete large quantity of cellulases as compared to bacterial ones. Due to high production rates microorganisms are compatible for the production of cellulases through fermentation of cheap and non conventional sources like cellulosic agro industrial wastes and byproducts (Ghosh et al. 1984).
Most of the cellulases exploited for industrial applications are from soft rot and white rot fungi such as Trichoderma, Penicillium, Phanerochaete (Dashtban et al. 2009). There are different microorganisms which can produce cellulose effectively belonging to genus Cellulomonas, Clostridium, Ruminococcus, Bacillus, Bacteriodes, Microbispora, Streptomyces and Arachniotus (Saratale et al. 2008). Arachinotus sp. is a white rot fungus and had used for economic consumption of many waste products. It act as antagonist to other microbes and prevents contamination (Alexopoulos and Mims 1985).
The earlier period have shown significant progress in separation of microorganisms that produce cellulases, civilizing the yield of cellulases via mutation, purifying also characterizing the cellulase components (Wood TM and McCrae SL. 1977).
Viable production of cellulases had tried by means of solid or submerged culture with batch, fed batch and continous run processes. Production of cellulase on profitable scale is increased via growing the fungus on top of solid cellulose (Persson 1991 et al). Production of these enzymes by culturing Aracniotus sp. on a fibrous substrate like wheat bran would not only reduce the pollutants but will also serve as potential source of energy.
The hydrolysis of cellulose is brought about by mixture of endoglucanase, exoglucanase and β- glucosidase. These enzymes act synergistically to accomplish the entire hydrolysis of cellulose. Endoglucanase works internally on cellulose chain by cleaving 1,4-β associated bonds. The exoglucanase acts processively starting from reducing and non-reducing ends eliminating cellobiose in an order (Mathew GM et al. 2008). β-glucosidase completes the hydrolysis by means of changing cellobiose and also small oligosaccharides in the glucose units (Kumar R et al. 2008).
Use of industrial wastes for making cellulases increases the financial effectiveness of the chief production method. A lot of cellulosic residues including corn stover, corn stalks, bagasse, rice straw, wheat straw, cotton stalks etc. accumulated up to 50 million tones only in Pakistan (Azad 1986) are not wasted properly, it could provide as an cost-effective resource of Cellulase.
The incorporation of inexpensive sources, such as sugar cane bagasse and wheat bran in the media for the manufacturing of lignocellulose enzymes can help in decreasing the production costs of enzyme complexes which can hydrolyse lignocellulosic residues that can be used for the formation of fermented syrups therefore contributing to the cost-effective production of bioethanol. (Camassola and AJP Dillon 2007).
Fungal biomass can also be formed by Solid substrate fermentation (SSF) and submerged fermentation (SMF). Along with a variety of groups of microorganisms used in SSF, the filamentous fungi are mainly exploited as they have ability to grow up on absolute solid substrate. Submerged fermentation is the development of microorganisms in fluid nutrient broth. Industrial enzymes can also be formed with this process. In this type of fermentation the substrate is solublized or suspended as excellent particles in a huge volume of water. In submerged fermentation, substrate concentration from 0.5 to 6% are used which depends upon the concentration of the substrate (Chahal et al. 1982).
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2257-T] (1).
10.
Production Of Single Cell Protein By Arachniotus Ruber Using Remnants Of Carrot As Substrate And Its Biological Evaluation In Broiler Chicks
by Lutfullah Siddiqui (2012-Va-601) | Ms. Shagufta Saeed | Dr. Abu Saeed Hashmi | Dr. Muhammad Wasim.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: CD Error. Summary could not opened. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2371-T] (1).
