1.
Comparative Hatching Traits Of Different Broiler Strains
by Muhammad Usman Khan | Dr.Farinea Malik Khattak | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Akram | Prof.Dr.Talat.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2007Dissertation note: Poultry industry of Pakistan contributes a large segment to the national economy with an investment of more than 70 billions of rupees and has become the second largest industry after textile in Pakistan. The present project is designed to study the comparative hatching traits of different broiler strains. There are many commercial poultry companies that rear parent stocks consisting of different broiler parent strains of Hubbard, Hybro, Starbro, Arbor Acres. This sector is presently showing an annual growth rate of about 10-15 percent per annum and playing a vital role in narrowing down the gap between supply and requirement of animal protein foods. The present project is designed to study the comparative hatching traits of different broiler strains Hubbard, Hybro, Starbro, Arbor Acres.
A total of 600 eggs comprising 150 each of the 4 broiler breeder strains viz. Hubbard, Hybro, Starbro and Arbor acres were purchased from local companies maintaining parent breeder flocks. These eggs were divided into three replicates having 50 eggs of each. All the eggs were examined on the basis of their size, shape and shell texture for the selection of settable eggs in each replicate. All eggs were weighed and coded and 3 eggs from each replicate were taken for measuring the egg quality characteristics before setting in the setter part of the incubator for the first 18 days. On day 19 all eggs were transferred to the hatcher room. Prior to shift eggs to the hatcher, all eggs were candled to check the fertility. Chicks were collected after 21 days from hatcher. The parameter such as, egg Weight, shell weight, shell thickness, albumen Weight, albumen height, yolk colour, yolk height, yolk diameter, yolk weight, yolk index, meat spot, blood spot, hatchability percentage, chick weight, infertility percentage, dead in germ percentage, dead in shell percentage were studied.
The result of present study showed that, the mean egg weight indicated significant differences among different broiler strains. The maximum mean egg weight was recorded in Hubbard strain (68.5 gm ± 4.7).The mean shell weight showed significant difference among different broiler strains. The mean shell thickness showed non-significant difference among different broiler strains. The mean yolk colour, yolk diameter, yolk weight showed significant difference (p<O.O5) among four different broiler strains. The mean yolk height and yolk index showed non-significant difference (P>0.05) among different strains. The mean albumen weight and albumin height indicated significant difference (P<0.05) among four different broiler strains. The meat spot percentage showed that the significantly increased (P<0.05) number of meat spots were observed in eggs obtained from Hubbard strain (1.33 ±4.6) compared to all of other strains. The blood spot percentage significantly (P<0.05) higher number were recorded in starbro strain (1.98 ± 0.56) as compared to all other strains. The hatchability percentage of Hubbard strain (71.63 ± 5.71) was significantly (P<0.05) higher compared to Arbor Acre strain (39.71± 4.91) and Hybro strain (33.57+ 6.22) and the hatchability percentage of Hubbard strain (71.63 ± 5.71) and Starbro strain (68.30± 7.21) were with in same ranges. The mean chick weight indicated significant difference (P<0.05) among different broiler strains. The significantly highest (P<0.05) chick weight was recorded in Hubbard strain (45.17±4.6) as compared to all other strains. The infertility percentage of Hybro strain (1.77±0.20) and Arbor Acre strain (3 9.33±5.42) were significantly (P<0.05) higher compared to infertility percentage of Hubbard strain (14.66±6.67) and Starbro strain (24.50 ±4.26).The dead in shell and dead in germ percentage showed significant difference (P<0.05) among four different broiler strains
Based on the finding of this study it may be concluded that the egg quality characteristics like egg weight, shell weight, yolk colour, yolk weight, yolk diameter, albumin weight, albumin height, meat and blood spot percentage have significant differences among different broiler strains. The shell thickness, yolk index, yolk height non-significant difference among four different broiler strains. The Hubbard strain had maximum egg weight, yolk weight, yolk height, albumen height, in comparison to all other three strains. The results with regard to Hatchability traits like chick weight, hatchability percentage, infertility percentage, dead in germ percentage, dead in shell percentage have significant difference among different broiler strains. The Hubbard strain had maximum hatchability percentage and chick weight in comparison to all other three strains. On the basis of this study it may concluded that Hubbard strain have better results as compared to Arbor Acre, Hybro, Starbro strains.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1001,T] (1).
2.
Comparative Evaluation Of Various Canine Parvovirus Vaccine In Dogs
by Muhammad Usman Asghar | Dr.Aftab Ahmad Anjum | Prof.Dr.Masood Rabbani | Prof.Dr.Muham.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1269,T] (1).
3.
Preparation Of Turnip Peroxidases And Its Application To Remove The Phenolic Content Of Sannerty Effluent
by Muhammad Usman Amin | Dr. Abu Saeed Hashmi | Miss. Faiza Masood | Mr. Tanveer.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Peroxidases are heme-containing oxidizing enzymes, which are wide spread in nature. They have the ability to catalyze the oxidation of many organic and inorganic electron donor substrates through a reaction with hydrogen peroxide or organic hydrogen peroxides. In this study peroxidase were purified from turnip using ammonium sulphate precipitation, poly ethylene glycol precipitation and zinc sulphate precipitations in order to find some simple and less expensive procedure for partial purification of peroxidases. Ammonium sulphate and PEG (6000) in the presence and absence of NaCl were used to make aqueous two phase system. Aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) without NaCl purified enzyme most efficiently. (NH4)2SO4 layer was subjected to dialysis and for further purification on sephadex gel which gave maximum enzyme activity of 1544u/mg protein. SD-PAGE analysis was done to determine enzyme purity. Purified enzyme was charged into the tannery waste water along with H2O2 to remove toxic phenolic content up to 98.24%.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1356,T] (1).
4.
Evaluation Of Good Pharmacy Practice In Community Drug Sale Outlets With "A" Category License In The Urban Lahore,
by Muhammad Shahwar | Ms. Huma Rasheed | Muhammad Usman | Prof. Dr.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Pakistan is a developing country, facing many challenges regarding provision of quality health to its people. Community drug sale outlet is the premises where people buy their prescription and Over the Counter (OTC) medicines. Internationally, the concept of community pharmacy is now far beyond the supply of medicines. It also includes drug information services and provision of pharmaceutical care. The international guidelines established for Good Pharmacy Practices (GPP) by WHO and International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP) provide stepwise GPP implementation plans for developing countries. This project was designed for the evaluation of the current pharmacy practices at community pharmacies of Lahore on basis of WHO/FIP guidelines. This assessment was based on 50 indicators in form of survey which fulfills almost all areas of community pharmacy practice. Questionnaire was filled through the verbal communication with drug sale outlet personnel. Total of 200 drug sale outlets were selected on simple random sampling basis from the different areas of urban Lahore. The collected data was used to categorize the drug sale outlets on basis of score in four grades. The drug sale outlets were graded in four categories (A, B, C, and D) according to results obtained. Drug sale outlet having percentage up to 25 were graded D category; drug sale outlet having percentage 26-50 will lie in B category, drug sale outlet having percentage 51-75 and above 75 were graded in A category. 88% of drug sale outlets secured below 50% of the total score .The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics. This was a base line study regarding GPP in Pakistan. GPP guidelines for pharmacy practices need to be established in Pakistan. Ministry of health and current legislation should play a major role in developing these guidelines. Qualified pharmacist should personally supervise the drug sale outlet all the time, to enhance the rational use of drugs, and to take part in provision of health care at community level. The compounding and dispensing section in current community drug sale outlets has a lots of improvement to be done regarding formulation personally by pharmacist and supervision also the compounding and dispensing section premises have to be separate from major area as per law other major areas identified by this study that require improvement include training, premises, storage
system, and service.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1432,T] (1).
5.
Geographical Distribution Of Dengue Fever Infected Patients And Its Related Risk Factors In And Aroun Lahore.
by Muhammad Usman Zaheer | Dr. Muhammad Hassan Mushtaq | Prof. Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Dengue fever is the most common mosquito-borne viral infection of humans worldwide and is a major public health concern, especially in tropical and subtropical regions (Mackenzie et al., 2004). This life threatening disease is caused by a specific virus (ARBO-Flavivirus) transmitted by the bite of a female mosquito (Aedes aegyptii and Aedes albopictus) which is identified by the white bands and scale patterns on its legs and thorax. Trans-ovarial transmission of dengue virus has also been reported in different studies. The mosquito may bite at any time but the probability of bites increase at dusk and dawn (WHO 2009).
Dengue fever has emerged as a significant public health problem in Pakistan. In Pakistan, the first epidemic of dengue fever was reported in 1994 in Karachi (Anaari et al., 2001). Several years later, in 2006 another epidemic was reported in the southern part of Pakistan, predominantly caused by DENV-2 that led to 58 deaths (khan et al., 2008). In 2007, 22 people died of disease and in 2008 only five people were reported to die from it. Between October 2006 and January 2008, there were 3,242 laboratory confirmed cases of dengue fever in Pakistan. Since January 2009, 224 suspected cases were reported in Sindh province, of which 135 were the confirmed cases. During the epidemic of dengue fever in 2010 more than seven thousand cases were reported in Pakistan, of which 5 thousand cases were from Punjab and resulted in 63 deaths.
The mosquito-borne viral hemorrhagic diseases are prevalent throughout the world. Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is one of the most important diseases widely distributed in the tropics of South East Asia. It is an infectious malady of human beings characterized by fever and non-specific constitutional symptoms. The virus is transmissible to human beings by the bite of female Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. The disease is spreading like a geometric rise of cases in a wide range of geographical regions.
The geographical factors and locality of patients may be a contributing factor to the outbreak of Dengue Fever. Climate change is likely to increase the area of land with a climate suitable for dengue fever transmission, and that if no other contributing factors were to change, a large proportion of the human population would then be put at risk.
The data on address of patients were collected from all the patients admitted in tertiary care hospital from August 01, 2011 to November 30, 2011. The geographical risk factors studied in this project were presence or absence of parks, trees, ponds, swimming pool, service station, tyre shop, source of stagnant water, pond and municipality garbage tank in vicinity of house of the cases and controls. For the study of risk factors we made 2 groups i.e. cases and controls; each comprising of 300 subjects and then data on presence or absence of various hypothesized risk factors in the vicinity of house (400 meters) and area (800 meters) were collected through a well structured and pre-tested questionnaire (Harrington et al., 2005; Honório et al., 2003; Schatzmayr 2000; Muir and Kay 1998; Reiter et al., 1995; McDonald 1977; Hausemann 1971 and Bond et al., 1970).
The statistical analysis of data was done by using SPSS 16.0. Qualitative data were presented in form of tables, bar charts, column and pie- charts. Chi-square test was applied to see the association between dengue fever and various hypothesized risk factors. P-value<0.05 was considered as significant. Odds ratio was calculated at 95% level of confidence (CI) for various hypothesized risk factors of dengue fever.
The results of present study revealed that the season of dengue fever in Pakistan is from August to November and the period prevalence of dengue fever to be 0.11%. Males (59%) were mainly the victim of dengue fever. The main affected age groups were 16-30 year (37.33%) and 31-45 years (29.67%). As far as the geographical distribution of dengue fever infected patients is concerned, it was concluded that dengue fever cases were reported from all the ten towns of Lahore metropolitan, however, most of the cases were reported from Ravi town followed by Data Ganj Baksh town and Cantt.
The results regarding various hypothesized risk factors are as follows: parks/trees/plants in vicinity of house OR=8.81, p-value <0.05; swimming pool in vicinity of house OR=5.O3, p-value <0.05; source of stagnant water in vicinity of house OR=8.25, p-value <0.05; fogging in your area OR=0.50, p-value <0.05; service station in the area OR=5.98, p-value <0.05; tyre shop in the area OR=6.11, p-value <0.05; municipality garbage tank in the area OR=5.88, p-value <0.05; any pond in the area OR=5.69, p-value <0.05.
From the results of this project we concluded that dengue fever is most prevalent from August to November and it is a disease of mainly male gender and mostly affects people of age group 16-45 years. Besides this, dengue fever is almost equally distributed in all the towns of Lahore metropolitan. Also we concluded that presence or absence of parks, trees, plants, swimming pool, stagnant water, pond, service station, tyre shop and municipality garbage tanks in vicinity of house are the risk factors of dengue fever. Fogging proved to be a deterrent to dengue fever.
On the basis of results of this project there is need to implement a control program in which vector control and minimizing the exposure of people to risk factors should be the key points that need to be addressed.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1444,T] (1).
6.
Relationship Of Gender And Body Condition Score On Histomrphometric And Physical Characteristics Of Selected Selected Skeletal Muscles in Kundi Buffalo
by Muhammad Usman Saleem | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Saima Masood.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Introduction: Present study was conducted to study the effect of gender and BCS on selected skeletal muscle properties in Kundi buffaloes. Tenderness, juiciness and water holding capacity are the attributes of meat quality and are related with the muscle fiber number and diameter. Normal pH of the meat is 5.2-5.4 and any deviation from these values show that the animal was under stress before slaughter.
Materials and Methods: Four groups of 10 animals each were taken. The first group was of 10 male animals having BCS 1-4 and the second group was of 10 male animals having BCS more than 4. The third and fourth groups were of 10 female animals each having BCS 1-4 and more than 4 respectively. Samples of muscles trapezius cervices longissimus dorsi and semitendinosus were taken from each animal 24 hours post mortem. pH of the meat was measured with the help of pH meter 24 hours post mortem. Water holding capacity of the meat sample was measured 24 hours post mortem using Honikels gravimetric bag method. Samples were processed for light microscopy and stained by using Eosin and Hematoxylin staining technique. Tissue sections were observed for counting muscle fiber number and measuring the diameter of muscle fiber using a morphometry program.
Statistical Analysis: Statistical analysis was made using independent sample t- tests for the comparison based on gender or BCS between groups, and analysis with in a group was made using one way ANOVA.
Results: It was observed that the pH, WHC and muscle fiber number was higher in males as compared to those of females. Muscle fiber diameter was greater in females as compared to those of males. Animals with BCS 1-4 had a lower pH, greater WHC, larger muscle fiber diameter and higher muscle fiber number than those animals having BCS > 4. pH of trapezius cervicalis is higher than longissimus lumborum and semitendinosus but its WHC is lower than semitendinosus and longissimus lumborum. Longissimus lumborum has least muscle fiber diameter however trapezius has got the largest muscle fiber diameter. Number of muscle fibers in semitendinosus muscle is highest.
Conclusion: Through this research we determined that gender and BCS affect meat quality parameters.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1451,T] (1).
7.
Effect Of (Estradiol Benzoate) On Estrus Response And Fertility In Cidr Treated Crossbred Heifers.
by Muhammad Usman Mehmood | Dr. Mian Abdul Sattar | Dr. Muhammad | Prof. Dr. Nasim Ahmad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Commercial dairy farming in Pakistan is rapidly growing. Crossbred dairy animals hold promise because of two reasons, first that they are significantly high producer than buffalo, Sahiwal, Cholistani and Desi cows and secondly that they are much more adaptable as compared to exotic (Friesian or Jerseys) cows. Generally, replacement heifers remain ignored by the owners in term of feeding and early achievement of puberty as they are not producing. Estradiol promotes tighter synchrony and ovulation and provides opportunity for fixed time A.I as reported earlier in Holstein dairy cows. Use of CIDR has been reported to be effective for synchronization in variety of dairy animals including buffaloes, dairy and beef cows. However no such report has been published on crossbred heifers. The objectives of the present study were to investigate the effect of estradiol benzoate (EB) on estrus intensity, response and fertility in CIDR treated cross bred heifers.Crossbred heifers with average body condition of 3 ± 0.5, located at four farms were assigned throughout one year to receive one of the two treatments. Crossbred heifers with EB (n = 50) or without EB (n = 50). All the heifers were treated with Controlled Internal Drug Releasing Device (CIDR; 1.38 mg Progesterone; Pfizer, USA) on day 0 and were administered injection of PGF2?, (0.150 mg; Dalmazine®, Fatro, Italy; 2 ml; i.m.) on day 6 followed by removal of CIDR on day 7. Estradiol benzoate (400µg/4ml, i.m. Sigma Aldrich Germany) was administered 24 h after the CIDR removal. Estrus detection was carried out by visual observation; twice daily for at least 30 min, beginning after CIDR removal till insemination. All heifers were fixed time inseminated with frozen-thawed semen after 48 and 60 h after CIDR removal, respectively. Pregnancy status was determined by ultrasonography (HS 1500V; Honda; Japan, with 7.5 MHz probe) between days 30 and 40 post AI. Estrus response and pregnancy rate were analyzed using Chi-square test. Pregnancy rate was determined by number pregnant/number treated x 100. The estrus response was 100% in both the groups. The estrus intensity was higher 2.9 ± 0.1in the EB heifers compared to the controls 2.0 ± 0.7. The results showed that pregnancy rate was 54% (27/50) in EB and 36% (18/50) in without EB heifers. The overall pregnancy rate was 45% (45/100). It is concluded that estradiol benzoate in CIDR protocol intensified the signs of estrus without affecting the response, with higher fertility in crossbred heifers.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1502,T] (1).
8.
Carrier Status Of Foot And Mouth Disease In Ruminants Through Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain
by Muhammad Usman | Prof. Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmed | Dr. Aftab | Dr. Hassan Mushtaq.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is highly infectious disease of cattle, buffalo, sheep and goats. It is caused by genus Aphthovirus of Picornaviradae family. FMDV is RNA virus having seven serotypes A, O, C, Asia 1, SAT1, SAT2 and SAT3.
Serotypes A, O, C and Asia1 are endemic in Pakistan and causes high economic losses to livestock industry .So priority is to apply quick and efficient methods for detection of FMDV infection and to limit the spread of outbreaks of the disease. Although CFT, VNT and ELISA are already being used for the diagnosis of FMDV in Pakistan but these diagnostic techniques are time consuming and their specificity and sensitivity is low. RT-PCR for the identification of FMDV is very much sensitive and specific, can be done within three hours after receiving of samples to the laboratory.
Foot and mouth disease (FMD) in adult sheep and goats is frequently mild or unapparent, but can cause high mortality in young animals. The outbreaks of FMD in 1999 in Morocco, in 2001 in the United Kingdom & in 2007 in Cyprus has highlighted the importance of sheep in the epidemiology of the disease, although there have been numerous examples in the past where small ruminants have been responsible for the introduction of FMD into previously disease-free countries. The difficulty in making a clinical diagnosis should encourage the development of more rapid screening tests to assist in future control programs.
In Pakistan, no study has been conducted to depict the role of small ruminants in the epidemiology and transmission of FMD virus to the large ruminants. Keeping in view this neglected area of research, present study is planned to apply the sensitive and economical RT-PCR technique for the rapid detection of carrier status of FMD virus in ruminants; and to highlight the importance and need of vaccination to small ruminants against FMD virus in order to control outbreaks of the disease and transmission to the large ruminants population.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1577,T] (1).
9.
Development Of Cottage Cheese Containing Prebiotic Galactooligosaccharides Through The Process of Transgalactosylation
by Muhammad Usman | Dr. Sanaullah Iqbal | Dr. Imran Javed | Prof. Dr. Anjum Khaliq.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: GOS are the prebiotics, indigestible by human, feed for the intestinal microbiota that confers the host's wellbeing and health. GOS, are prebiotics produced from the lactose through a machanistic reaction known as trans-galactosylation. GOS are generally abrevated as GOS and used to relive gastrointestinal problems including prevention of constipation, diarrhea, lowering of blood cholesterol, blood pressure, and colon cancer prevention. They have stability at pH 2 on 37°C for various months so can be fortified in non refrigerated fruit juices, while in the presence of single type of linkages ingredients have resistance in acidic medium. They are not affected on treating for 10min at 160° C pH 7, after treatment for 10min at 120°C pH 3 or for 10min at 100°C pH 2, hence have wide range of food applications. Their sweetness is 0.3 to 0.6 times the sucrose sweetness so are mildly sweet and can be utilized in very sweet food to enhance food flavors.
This study was conducted in three stages. 1st phase was the conversion of lactose, milk sugar, into GOS by the action of enzyme known as ?-galactosidase, through the process of transgalactosylation in the milk after pasteurizing the milk and was followed by heating of milk at 90 oC to denature the enzyme. 2nd stage will be preparation of cottage cheese having galacto-oligosacchrides from the prepared prebiotic milk by citric acid coagulation. 3rd phase will be consist on the physico-chemical analysis including Protein determination, Fat percentage, Moisture percentage, Glucose, Galactose, Lactose, GOS, ?-galactosidase test and sensory evaluation for the parameters i.e. appearance, taste/flavor and over all acceptability by using 9 point hedonic scale.
It was concluded that cottage cheese prepared from the milk containing prebiotics GOS also have GOS and after conducted sensory evaluation prebiotic cheese is more acceptable than cheese having no GOS.
Recommendations
Cheese is a dairy product very healthy and nutritive product as it contain casein protein, calcium and many vitamins. We produce prebiotics cheese by transgalactosylation in Pakistan. Prebiotics is non-digestible fiber contents which have beneficial effects by stimulating the growth of probiotics in colon. After having results of sensory evaluation and storage analysis it is recommended prebiotics cheese is more nutritional effects and more consumer acceptance. It must be manufactured on industrial scale.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1791,T] (1).
10.
Identification Of Snp Markers For Egg Productionand Egg Quality Traits In Aseel And Naked Neck Chickens
by Muhammad usman | Dr..Atia Basheer | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Akram.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1962,T] (1).
11.
Pathological Studies On Contagious Edthyma In Naturally Infected Small Ruminants
by Muhammad Usman ghani | Dr. Mati ur rehman khan | Dr. Muhammad | Prof. Dr. Asim aslam.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2070,T] (1).
12.
Enhancing Fertility Through Induction Of Ovulation In Mares
by Fayzan sultan awan | Dr. Muhammad Usman Mehmood | Prof. Dr. Aneela | Prof. Dr. Nasim Ahmad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2161,T] (1).
13.
Molecular Epidemiological Analysis Of Pbi-F2 Protein Of Influenza A Virus Reported From Pakistan
by Muhammad Usman Basharat | Dr. Muhammad Hassan Mushtaq | Dr. Aqeel | Dr. Mamoona Chaudhry.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2179,T] (1).
14.
Effect Of Lactic Acid Hot Water And Tap Water Spraying On Microbiological Load And Shelf Life Of Beef Carcasses
by Muhammad Usman Badar | Dr. Muhammad Nasir | Dr. Zubair Farooq | Dr.Nasir Ahmed.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2184,T] (1).
15.
Effect of Timing of Artificial Insemination After Controlled Internal Drug Release (CIDR) Device Removal And Or CIDR + GnRH Based Estrus Synchronization Protocols In Nili Ravi Buffalo
by Muhammad Shafiq Haider (2008-VA-226) | Prof. Dr. Naseem Ahmed | Mr. Muhammad Usman Mehmood | Prof.Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Blank CD Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2240-T] (1).
16.
Comparison of The Effect of Ovsynch and G6G Synchronization Protocols on Ovulation and Pregnancy Rate in Nili-Ravi Buffaloes
by Muhammad Waqas (2008-VA-289) | Dr. Muhammad Usman Mehmood | Dr. Qaiser Shahzad | Prof. Dr. Mian Abul Sattar | Dr. Muhammad Afzal Rashid.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Thesis submitted with blank CD Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2267-T] (1).
17.
Comparative Efficacy Of Anthelmintics Against Gastrointestinal Nematodes In African Lion (Panthera Leo)
by Muhammad Usman Munir (2008-VA-141) | Dr. Aneela Zameer Durrani | Dr. Muhammad ijaz.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: This study was conducted to compare the efficacy of Zental ( Albandazole) and Vermox (Mebandazole) against gastrointestinal nematodes like toxocara canis, toxocara mystax and toxascaris leonina in captive african lion (Panthera leo) kept in Lahore zoo, Lahor zoo safari, Bahawalpur zoo and Zain wildlife breeding farm Lahore because captive African lions are prone to different parasitic infestations.
A survey was carried out to estimate the prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes in captive African lion and it was found that toxocara canis, toxocara mystax and toxascara leonina are the most commonly prevailing gastrointestinal nematodes in captive African lions in above mentioned places. The overall incidence rate of toxocara canis was 82.5 %, of toxocara mystax was 60% and of toxocara leonina was 50% respectively.
The Anthelmintics trials were conducted on 14 animals which were divided into 2 groups A and B each having 7 animals.
Group A was treated with Zental (Albandazole), group B was treated with Vormox (mebendazole), The percentage efficacy of each drug was determined on the basis of reduction on number of eggs per gram of discharged in faeces at day 7, 10, 13, 16 and 22 after deworming.
In group A, decrease in EPG of toxocara canis in group A was 21.1% at day 7, 37.2% at day 10, 54.7% at day 13, 74.6% at day 16 and 88.8% at day 22. Decrease in EPG of toxocara mystax was 15.9% at day 7, 38.1% at day 10, 56.6% at day 13, 70.6% at day 16 and 82.7% at day 22.similarly decrease in EPG on toxocaris leonina was 15.6% at day 7, 29.2% at day 10, 45.6% at day 13, 61.1% at day 16 and 83.1% at day 22 respectively
In group B, decrease in EPG of toxocara canis in group A was 7.24% at day 7, 14.57% at day 10, 23.26% at day 13, 31.27% at day 16 and 38.08% at day 22. Decrease in
Summary
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EPG of toxocara mystax was 16.38% at day 7, 22.4% at day 10, 29.6% at day 13, 34.3% at day 16 and 41.2% at day 22.similarly decrease in EPG on toxocaris leonina was 13.6% at day 7, 21.29% at day 10, 30.8% at day 13, 39.1% at day 16 and 47% at day 22 respectively.
Results showed that efficacy of Zental (Albendazole) against gastrointestinal nematodes in African lion was higher as compared to that of Vermox (Mebendazole). Also it was more effective than Vermox (mebendazole) against different parasitic stages of nematodes as evident from EPG count at various days after medication. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2270-T] (1).
18.
Evaluation Of Antiviral Activity And Embryonic Toxicity Of Momordica Charantia Against Newcastle Disease Virus
by Muhammad Usman Ahmed (2013-VA-565) | Dr. Muhammad Adil Rasheed | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Dr. Imran Altaf.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Plant products play a vital role in the management of various ailments due to their therapeutic activity. A wide range of active phytochemicals peptides have been found to have therapeutic uses against various functionally and genetically diverse viruses. Newcastle disease virus causes respiratory diseases in humans, birds and other mammals, representing one of the foremost threats to public health.
In this study, the antiviral activity of Momordica charantia L. and Ribavirin against Newcastle disease virus was evaluated in-ovo. For each extract of the plant M. charantia and ribavirin 40 embryonated eggs were assigned to 8 groups containing 5 eggs in each group (six groups for antiviral, six groups for embryonic toxicity, and two groups were kept positive and negative control respectively) and marked them with lead pencil. The aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Momordica charantia L. was prepared by using soxhlet extraction technique. From the extract, six different dilutions i.e. 160mg/ml, 80mg/ml, 40mg/ml, 20mg/ml, 10mg/ml and 5mg/ml of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts were prepared in normal saline whereas; six different dilutions i.e. 15μg/ml, 20μg/ml, 25μg/ml, 30μg/ml, 35μg/ml and 40μg/ml of ribavirin were made in normal saline.
With ND virus the different concentrations of the extracts of plant were mixed and 0.2 ml of this suspension was injected to 9th to 10th day embryonated eggs along with positive and negative controls having only virus and normal saline correspondingly. Ribavirin, standard drug, was inoculated by following the mentioned manner. These inoculated embryonated chicken eggs were incubated at 370C and were checked after 12 – 72 hours. After 72 hours of post inoculation, all the eggs were chilled at 40C in fridge for overnight stretch of time and the allantoic fluid was collected.
Summary
64
The embryo survival percentage, positive or negative spot haemagglutination activity and determination of virus titre by haemagglutination test confirmed the antiviral activity. The embryonic toxicity effects of Momordica charnatia aqueous and ethanolic extracts and ribavirin was assessed by merely inoculating the extracts of respective concentrations as used for antiviral activity in embryonated chicken eggs and incubating for 72 hours. The outcomes were analyzed by ANOVA by means of SPSS. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2384-T] (1).
19.
Molecular Characterization of Pakistani Common Leopard
by Muhammad Usman Ijaz (2012-VA-908) | Dr. Sehrish Firyal | Dr. Ali Raza Awan | Dr. Muhammad Tayyab.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: CD not available. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2379-T] (1).
20.
Ethno-Veterinary Therapy Of Gastrointestinal Helminthes Infestation In Camels Of Thal Desert
by Muhammad Usman Ghani (2013-VA-446) | Dr. Syed Saleem Ahmad | Dr. Avais Ahmad | Prof. Dr. Kamran Ashraf.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Gastrointestinal helminths are responsible for wide range of health problems, economic losses in camels and are characterized by impaired milk and meat production, decreased working efficiency and even death of the camel. Gastrointestinal nematodes cause losses through morbidity, decreased feed intake, poor efficiency of nutrient and reduced growth.
To study the gastrointestinal helminths 384 camels of different age, sex and breed were examined coprologically. For this, five gram of fresh faecal sample was carefully collected into a sealed container from each camel and was transported to Disease Diagnostic laboratory Muzaffargarh. Where direct faecal smear method was performed in order to verify positivity of faecal sample. Positive sample was preserved in 10% formalin and transferred to Medicine lab, UVAS, Lahore for further procedure. Faecal samples were scored 1-3 based on the consistency. The individual samples was triturated in saturated salt solution, sieved and examined for helminths eggs by using different techniques i.e. Direct Smear Method, Sedimentation technique and Floatation technique while the eggs count was performed by McMaster technique. The overall prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths in the camels was 40.10%. The study showed that there were frequent infections with different species of helminths. Six different species of helminths were identified in camels, they were broadly classified as nematodes (4 species), Trematodes (1 specie) and Cestode (1 specie). Among these helminths nematodes, trematode and cestode order of intensity are 33.07%, 3.38% and 3.64%. In nematodes Haemonchus spp 9.11%, Trichostrongylus spp 5.98%, Trichuris spp (4.16%), Nematodirus spp (2.60%) and mixed (11.19%).
Summary
42
Among the camel population, overall prevalence of Fasciola hepatica and Moniezia expansa was recorded 3.38% and 3.64%.respectively. The prevalence of helminths in relation to sex was 34.55 % in male and 43.14% in females. However there was no statistical difference between the prevalence of females and males (P>0.05). Study was also conducted to determine the influence of age on the prevalence of helminths which revealed that there was no statistical significant association (P>0.05) between those groups. Between the age groups prevalence was 45.09% in <5 Year old and 36.79% in >5 year old. The breed wise prevalence in Mareecha and Brella breeds was 42.85 % and 36.78% respectively which was statistically non-significant (P>0.05). For therapeutic trials, a total of 40 camels positive for helminths and having EPG >400 were randomly selected and divided into four groups A-D each group comprising of 10 animals. The dosage of herbal drugs was calculated on the basis of preliminary trials in other species. The camels of group A were orally treated with Artemisia brevifolia (Afsanteen) at dose rate of 10mg/kg BW, while camels of group B were given Mallotus philipinenesis (Kamela) powder at a dose rate of 375mg/kg BW. Camels in group C were treated with Albenzole granules® (Selmore) at a dose rate of 15mg/kg. b.wt. PO once. Camels in group D were serving as positive control (infected-untreated). Efficacy was determined on the reduction of eggs in feces at day 3, 7 and 14 (post-treatment). In current study A.brevifolia (Afsanteen) and M.Phillippinensis gave satisfactory results in the camels affected with helminths. A.brevifolia (Afsanteen) showed a mild to moderate reduction in EPG count from day 3rd to day 14th in camels. Mean EPG values calculated on days 0, 3, 7 and 14 were 670, 570, 385 and 275 respectively. A.brevifolia (Afsanteen) cured 23.88% of the animals on day 3rd of the drug administration while 42.53% and 58.95% animals cured on the day 7th and 14th respectively. M.Phillippinensis showed mild reduction in mean EPG count on 14th day of post-treatment. Mean EPG values calculated on days 0, 3, 7 and 14 were 440, 400, 355 and 310 respectively. M.Phillippinensis also gave good results
Summary
43
against helminths affected camels. On the day 3rd of the treatment 19.31% of animals cured while 29.54% animals were cured on the 7th day and on 14th day 44.31% animals recovered. Albendazole showed marked dropped in EPG count from Day 3rd to day 14th. Mean EPG values calculated on days 0, 3, 7 and 14 were 560, 195, 95 and 35 respectively. Albendazole efficacy was 31%, 68% and 82% on 3, 7 and 14 days of treatments. Control positive showed consistence increased in EPG count from day 3 to day 14. Data regarding prevalence were measured by non-parametric, chi-square (χ2), while therapeutic trails were analysed by repeated measures one way ANOVA, using SPSS (Statistical package for social sciences) 20.0, P < 0.05 was considered significant. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2403-T] (1).
21.
Morphometry Of Udder, Teat And Milk Vein In Nili Ravi Buffalo (Bubalis Bubalis) And It’s Relationship With Milk Yield.
by Mirza Muhammad Usman (2003-VA-138) | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Dr. Saima Masood | Dr. Asim Khalid Mahmood.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: SUMMARY
Morphological and physiological properties of mammary system are affecting the milk production in dairy animals and the quality and quantity of milk produced by them is dependent on its health particularly the health of its udder. Nili Ravi (Bubalis bubalis) buffalo is a native breed of Pakistan found in irrigated plains of Punjab and is also referred to as black gold because of its vital role in national economics. About two third of the total milk produced nationally comes from the buffalo milk and these animals also contribute to production of meat and draught power. Like for other dairy animals, morphometry of the udder is considered an important tool in the selection of our local buffaloes but the scientific reports regarding the difference of udder morphometric parameters in high and low yielding animals are still lacking. Keeping in mind the importance of this local breed and its huge contributions in fulfilling the daily milk needs of Pakistan, present study was designed to document the differences in the morphometric parameters of udder in two groups of Nili Ravi Buffaloes.
Forty healthy Nili Ravi buffalos having a minimum BCS of 2.5, and in second or above lactation were selected. The animals were housed in a semi closed housing system. Buffalos free from udder pathologies were selected and were hand-milked. These were then equally divided into two groups according to their average daily milk production MP 1 group (4–6.9 liters per day), MP 2 group (7–9.9 liters per day). The morphometry of the udder, teat and milk vein was recorded twice, two hours before and two hours after milking. Teat length, udder depth and udder horizontal circumference were measured with the help of measuring tape. External teat diameter and milk vein diameter were measured with the help of vernier caliper. The external teat diameter and the internal diameter of the milk vein were measured with the help of
Summary
24
ultrasound. The data thus obtained were statistically analyzed by using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) for Windows version 13.3 and presented as mean ± SE. Normal distribution of the data was checked by Kolmogorov Smirnov test. Statistical differences within the group were analyzed by paired T test. The significance of the parameters among the groups i.e., MP 1 & MP 2 made on the basis of low and high milk yield respectively was studied by Independent T test. All the differences were considered significant at P < 0.05.
Results revealed that ejection of milk did not affect the length of teats within the group for both MP 1 and MP 2 groups except in case of right fore-teats of MP 2 group (showing an increase after milking). When the similar parameter was compared between the groups we could not observe the effects of milking on TL. External teat diameter showed a decrease after milk ejection in both the groups except in right hind teat of the low producing group and teats of left sides in high producing animals. However we could not observe the difference of this external teat diameter between two groups of Buffaloes based on milk production. Teat cistern diameter (TCD) did not differ before and after milking, when compared between the high and low yielding Buffalos and within the group of high yielding animals. The TCD within MP 1 group showed variable results for left and right fore- teats. Depth of the udder and udder horizontal circumference did not show any significant difference before and after milking within as well as between the two groups. Milk vein diameter was greater in both the groups before milking, however, the diameter of the milk vein remained unchanged when compared between the high and low yielding animals. Diameter of the milk vein measured with the help of ultrasound remained statistically same between and within the two groups of buffaloes.
In conclusion, this study showed that most of the morphometric parameters of the udder including teat length, external teat diameter, teat cistern diameter, udder depth and diameter of
the milk vein were not different between the groups of Nili Ravi buffalo selected on the basis of difference in their milk production. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2467-T] (1).
22.
Effect Of Alpha Lipoic Acid On Post Thaw Quality Of Jack Semen
by Muhammad Umair (2009-VA-49) | Dr. Mushtaq Ahmad | Dr. Muhammad Usman Mehmood | Dr. Hammad Bin Rashid.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Improvement of post-thaw quality of Donkey (Equus asinus) semen is essential to augment the in-vivo and in-vitro fertilization rate and to be used for mule production. By the help of cryopreservation sperm cells can be stored for the long time but it causes lethal sub-lethal damage to the sperm. In most species including Donkey and horses sperm cryosurvival rates are not optimal because of its plasma membrane composition. One of the major cryopreservation damage is produced by Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generating oxidative stress caused by ROS are important for normal sperm function but in normal concentration. When they are produced in more quantity they cause damage to Acrosome, DNA and plasma membrane. . Alpha lipoic acid is a non-vitamin coenzyme that helps in significant metabolic and antioxidant functions in the body. Alpha lipoic acid has been reported to have extra functions by which they are able to synthesize vitamin C from its reduced form in the presence of glutathione. It is matchless among biological antioxidants, because it is equally lipid and water soluble. This allows it to nullify free radicals almost everywhere in the body, inside as well as outside the cells. Therefore, the objective of present study was to determine the effect alpha lipoic acid on post thaw quality of jack semen. Alpha lipoic acid scavenge on reactive oxygen species formed in semen during the process of cryopreservation, so it maintained good semen quality during post thaw. Two adult donkeys (Equus asinus) (4-6 years old) kept at animal shed Ravi campus pattoki were used in the study. All the animals were managed under optimal condition of feeding and management. Donkeys were offered green fodder with ad libitum supply of water. Semen collection was done twice a week (one ejaculate/collection) using an equine artificial vagina having temperature of 45-50 ºC. Five collection from each donkey were done (n=10). Ejaculates were filtered with muslin cloth to remove gel. Semen volume was measured by collecting semen in a graduated collection tube after
Summary
28
filtration and the sperm concentration was measured by using a phase contrast microscope (40 x, Nikon) and was scored with a coverslip and then immediately was kept in water bath having 37 ºC temperature after collection until evaluation and processing. Semen quality parameters like volume, concentration and motility were recorded. After initial evaluation, semen samples were extended with centrifugation extender in 1:1 and seminal plasma was removed after centrifugation. Supernatant was removed so that seminal plasma up to 20% will remain with sperm pellet and was maintained at 37 ºC temperature in water bath and was extended with extender having different concentrations of Alpha lipoic acid (0mM, 0.5mM, 1mM, 1.5mM, and 2mM) and cooled for 2 hours and then equilibrated for 2 hrs at 4oC. Then, French semen straws of 0.5ml capacity were filled with semen (100x106/straw). All semen straws were arranged on a rack and then placed at 4cm height above liquid nitrogen vapors for 10 minutes. Finally semen straws was put in liquid nitrogen, Total five replicates per donkey were performed. Now post thaw quality was checked in which various tests were performed, like %age motility, Acridine orange assay for DNA integrity, HOST for plasma membrane integrity, FITC-PNA/PI for viability and acrosomal integrity. It was expected that Alpha lipoic acid shown positive effect on post thaw quality of donkey semen, in the meaning of increased percentage motility, Less DNA damage during cryopreservation and incubation, Increased acrosomal and plasma membrane integrity. So alpha lipoic acid shown positive effect by counter acting on ROS during cryopreservation by reducing melondialdehyde production as indicated by MDA test carried out in this study. Results acquired from this study shown that an increase in sperm motility, plasma membrane integrity, DNA integrity, Acrosomal integrity, viability and survival was caused by ALA competences in energy production and anti-oxidant properties, when used at the concentration of 1.5mM. In summary, based on the results
Summary
29
of our study, it can be concluded that an optimal concentration (1.5mM) of ALA improved PMI, sperm motility and viability, minimize DNA damage and improved sperm survival. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2494-T] (1).
23.
Al Quran aur Ilam al Nafas
by Muhammad Usman Nijati.
Edition: 1stMaterial type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: Lahore: Al-Faisal; 2003Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 297.1 Usman 21943 1st 2003 Islam] (1).
24.
Comparative Efficacy Of Ozone And Gentamicin Sulphate On Uterine Infections In Crossbred Dairy Cows
by Muhammad Usman Raza (2014-VA-914) | Prof. Dr. Aneela Zameer Durrani | Mr. Ghazzanffar Ali Chishti | Dr. Muti ur Rehman.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Efficient fertility of lactating dairy cows has always been the doorstep to economically profitable dairy farming. It is mostly agreed that uterine diseases in the cow after parturition have a negative effect on overall reproductive performance. Ozone which is assumed as a very potent oxidant, is one among these alternative techniques. The advantage of using ozone rather than antibiotics is in lowering the incidence of bacterial resistance in consumers of foodstuffs of animal origin, and other advantage is that ozone has no withdrawal period for milk, meat and other products. Ozone breaks through the microorganism (bacteria and germs) cell membrane, and also destroys viruses by diffusing through the protein coat in the nucleic acid core, resulting in damage of the viral nucleic acid.
The study was conducted on 50 animals which were randomly divided in two groups. Both groups were having 25, 25 animals. Group A received Ozone while group B received gentamicin sulphate intra uterine. Uterine lavage was taken twice, once before applying treatment and second after 8 hours of applying treatment. Samples were cultured for bacteriology to detect E.coli, F. necrophorum, A. pyogenes and St. pyogenes. Number of positive cases in Group A was 12, 9, 10 and 7 for E. coli, F. necrophorum, A. pyogenes and St. pyogenes respectively. Number of positive cases in Group B was 10, 8, 11 and 8 for E. coli, F. necrophorum, A. pyogenes and St. pyogenes respectively. After applying certain biochemical tests for each bacteria, bacteria was confirmed.
Difference of the colony forming units of before and after applying treatments for each bacterium in both groups was calculated. This difference was compared with difference of the colony forming units for same bacteria of other group by using Independent 2 samples T-test with the help of Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS Inc.) for the windows Version 13.3 (Chicago IL, USA).
Results were interpreted on the basis of level of significance. Differences among the groups were considered significant at P < 0.05. E. coli, F.necrophorum and St. pyogenes were highly significant as the P value for group differences was less than 0.05. Group differences among S.pyogenes showed no significance as the P>0.05.
The results showed that ozone is better in efficacy as compared to gentamicin sulphate on uterine infections in cows.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2685-T] (1).
25.
Effect Of Age On Lipid Peroxidation Of Fresh And Frozen-Thawed Semen Of Nili-Ravi Buffalo Bulls
by Sohail Ahmed (2014-VA-917) | Dr. Muhammad Irfan-ur-Rehman Khan | Dr. Sajid Iqbal | Dr. Muhammad Usman Mehmood | Dr. Muhammad Ijaz.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Buffalo spermatozoa are rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids and prone to lipid peroxidation. Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a byproduct of lipid peroxidation and causes irreversible damage to sperm structure and function. In buffalo, blood plasma MDA level increases with age. Therefore, we hypothesized that MDA level in buffalo bull semen will increase with age and will affect the semen quality. The objective of the study was to compare MDA level and quality of fresh and frozen-thawed semen in aged vs. young Nili-Ravi buffalo bulls. Single ejaculate was collected on weekly basis for four weeks from aged (13.6±1.0 years; n=3) and young (3.4±0.3 years; n=3) Nili-Ravi buffalo bulls. MDA level was estimated through thiobarbituric acid assay (TBA) in fresh and frozen-thawed semen. The quality of fresh and frozen-thawed semen was estimated through sperm motility, viability, DNA and acrosome integrity. MDA level (nmol/ml) did not differ (P>0.05) between aged vs. young bulls in fresh (2.3±0.2 vs. 2.9±0.7) and frozen-thawed (53.1±2.8 vs. 48.4±2.6) semen, respectively. In fresh semen, sperm motility and concentration did not differ (P>0.05) in aged vs. young bulls; however, the volume of fresh semen increased (P<0.05), while sperm viability and DNA integrity decreased (P<0.05) in aged vs. young bulls. In frozen-thawed semen, sperm motility, viability, and DNA integrity decreased (P<0.05) in aged vs. young bulls. In frozen-thawed vs. fresh semen, MDA level (nmol/ml) increased within young (48.4±2.6 vs. 2.3±0.2) and aged bulls (53.1±2.8 vs. 2.9±0.7), while motility and viability decreased (P<0.05) within the age groups. In conclusion, 1) lipid peroxidation (MDA) does not increase due to age in buffalo bull semen, and 2) freezing causes increase in lipid peroxidation irrespective of age and deteriorates semen quality of Nili-Ravi bulls.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2707-T] (1).
26.
Effect Of Insemination Timing Following 5 Vs. 7 Day Cidr + Co-Synch In Nili Ravi Buffalo Heifers
by Sajjad haider(2014-va-767) | Dr. Muhammad usman mehmood | Dr.Muhammad usman mehmood | Dr.Muhammad zahid tahir | Dr.Muhammad awais.
Material type: Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Pakistan’s economy is agricultural based in which livestock has a major contribution. Livestock contributes 11.8% to total national GDP. Nili Ravi is established breed of Pakistan. Nili Ravi has high lactation yields (1800-2500 liters with a 6.5% fat) and their males are more suited to ploughing and drafting on dry plane land. Increased calving interval and estrus detection are the biggest bottleneck in achieving the goal “a calf per 13 months” and high conception rate in dairy animals ultimately this leads to in economic losses. To overcome the problem of poor breeding in buffalo various exogenous hormonal intervention have been made to control estrous cycle of buffalo. Several ovulation synchronization protocols offer to bypass the estrus detection and artificially inseminate the animal at pre-established time. Co-synch is modified form of ovulation synchronization. Incorporation of CIDR in Co-synch improves the efficacy of protocol. It is easier in management and cost effective.
Present study was designed to compare the efficacy of 5 or 7 day CIDR + Co-synch in Nili Ravi buffalo and find appropriate time of A.I in Nili Ravi using 5 or 7 day CIDR + Co-synch protocol. Study was conducted on Military Dairy Farm Okara. Selected animals (N = 80) were divided into two treatments. Treatment 1) 7 day CIDR + Co-synch (n =40): The animals received an intravaginal CIDR insert containing 1.38 g of progesterone (P4) for 7 days. On the day of CIDR removal, 150 µg of PGF2α was injected intramuscularly (IM); Half of these animals (n=20) received 100 µg of GnRH IM and TAI after 72 hrs of CIDR removal/ PGF2α administered, the remaining half (n=20) received GnRH and TAI after 84 hrs of CIDR removal/ PGF2α administration. Treatment 2) 5 day CIDR + Co-synch (n=40): The animals received an intravaginal CIDR insert containing 1.38 g of P4 for 5 days. The animals were administered 150 µg of PGF2α IM at the time of CIDR removal. Half of these animals (n=20) received 100 µg of GnRH IM and TAI after 72 hrs of CIDR removal/ PGF2α administration, the other half (n=20) received 100 µg GnRH and FTAI after 84 hrs of CIDR removal/ PGF2α administration. Data is analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics 20 software program. Follicular growth rate, pre-ovulatory follicular size is analyzed through independent t-test. Interval from CIDR removal to ovulation and interval from GnRH to ovulation is analyzed by Mann Whitney U test. Pregnancy rate is compared by binary linear regression. Ovulation rate and estrus response is analyzed through Chi square. A probability level of (P < 0.05) is considered as significant.
The results of this study showed the pregnancy rates were high (P < 0.05) in buffalo heifers of subgroups of both treatments inseminated after 84 hrs of CIDR removal (50% in 5 day CIDR + Co-synch and 65% in 7 day CIDR + Co-synch) than the subgroup inseminated after 72 hrs interval of CIDR removal (30% in 5 day CIDR + Co-synch and 25% in 7 day CIDR + Co-synch).
Follicular growth rate (mm/day) was tended to be high in 7 day CIDR treatment as compared to 5 day CIDR treatment (1.5±0.3 vs. 1.3±0.4, P=0.06). Pre-ovulatory follicle size in 7 day CIDR + Co-synch was significantly high in animals inseminated after 84 hrs as compared to subgroup inseminated after 72 hrs interval of CIDR removal (12.29mm vs. 10.74mm, P < 0.05). Similar trend was found in 5 day CIDR + Co-synch, the subgroup inseminated after 84 hrs of CIDR removal had larger pre-ovulatory follicular size than subgroup inseminated at 72 hrs interval (10.63mm vs. 11.73mm, P < 0.05). Interval from PG/CIDR removal to ovulation in 7 day CIDR treatment was 99 ± 0.9 hrs while in 5 day CIDR treatment it was 96 ± 1.6 hrs which did not differ significantly (P = 0.14). The interval from A.I/GnRH administration to ovulation in 7 day CIDR + Co-synch was significantly lower in animals inseminated after 84 hrs as compared to subgroup inseminated after 72 hrs interval of CIDR removal (15±1.2 vs. 27.±1.4, P < 0.05). Similar trend was found in 5 day CIDR + Co-synch, the subgroup inseminated after 84 hrs of CIDR removal/PG administration had lower A.I/GnRH administration to ovulation interval than subgroup inseminated at 72 hrs interval (16.2±1.3 vs. 21.6±1.6, P < 0.05). Ovulation rate was significantly high (P = 0.05) in 7 day CIDR treatment (95 %) than the 5 day CIDR treatment (80%). The estrus response in buffalo heifers was not significantly different between the treatments (90% in 7 day CIDR vs. 80% in 5 day CIDR treatments, P > 0.05).
In conclusion higher pregnancy rates were achieved in 7 day CIDR + Co-synch when animals were inseminated after 84 hrs interval of CIDR removal/PG administration. Acceptable pregnancy rates were resulted when timed AI was done after 84 hr of CIDR removal/PG administration using 5 day CIDR + Co-synch regimen. However further studies with larger sample size may be carried out to establish a strong statistical analysis between 5 and 7 day CIDR + Co-synch while inseminating animals after 84 hrs of CIDR removal/PG administration. Results of this study suggest that high pregnancy rate is primarily attributed to larger pre-ovulatory follicular size and appropriate time of AI in relation to time of ovulation. This study provides a way out to large dairy farmer to increase fertility with optimized management.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2778-T] (1).
27.
Molecular Characterization Of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (Bvdv) In Commercially Available Bovine Semen In Pakistan
by Muhammad Usman Sajjad khan (2010-VA-223) | Dr. Arfan Ahmad | Prof. Dr. Masood Rabbani | Dr. Mati-Ur-Rehman Khan.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: The production potential of livestock is showing some compromising trends. This may be due to multiple factors including management, nutrition, stresses, microbes etc. Among microbes, BVD virus has been identified during a study conducted on limited number of samples. The source of BVD virus may be carrier status of imported exotic animals or exotic bovine semen. In Pakistan, most of the farmers are availing services of artificial insemination for breeding purposes without knowing the status of BVD virus. Beside the imported semen, it is also being produced at various semen production units and among others, BVD viruses are the main obstacle in generating revenue by exporting quality semen. These issues are leading to a stage of losing trust of the local clients in purchasing substandard semen on one hand and on the other hand not meeting the export requirements of various client countries. This study aims for the detection and molecular characterization of BVD virus in commercially available bovine semen and the comparative status of BVD virus in the semen of local and exotic breeds of cattle. Furthermore, the comparative status of BVD virus in semen of cattle and buffalo will also be observed.
The hypothesis for the current study is that bovine semen used for artificial insemination is a source of BVD virus.
In this study, a total of 84 commercial semen straws were procured and processed. Among these, 45 samples (25 Govt. and 20 Private SPUs) originating from 5 breeds of cattle including Dhanni, Dajjal, Sahiwal, Red Sindhi and Cholistani were procured. Similarly, 39 samples (24 from Buffalos and 15 from Exotic Cattle) were processed. All the samples were tested for confirmation of BVD virus through PCR using BVD virus specific primers.
Summary
35
The samples if found positive for BVD virus were to be further processed for identification of genotype in semen samples. Furthermore, all the samples were also tested to calculate the bacterial load (TVC/mL) by Plate Method of Colony counting. All the samples were cultured on MH agar, and the colonies were counted after an incubation period of 24 hours at 37ºC
The data obtained was analyzed statistically by using Binomial and Chi Square Tests by using the software ‘IBM SPSS Statistics’ (v18)
Actual Data about the status and circulating genotype of the BVDV in the commercial bovine semen of local and imported bovines was obtained, along with the status of bacterial contamination of commercial semen available in Pakistan.
The study showed that 0% percent of the tested semen samples had detectable BVDV RNA..
The Bacterial contamination of the semen samples was also interesting in the sense that a wide range of Bacterial Load was found in the samples; ranging from 600 CFU/mL to 9250 CFU/mL. Overall the Government SPUs showed a higher contamination with an average Bacterial load of 1975.2 CFU/mL in cattle semen and 3424 CFU/mL in Buffalo semen. In comparison; private SPUs had an average load of 1842 CFU/mL for cattle semen and 2482 CFU/mL for Buffalo semen.
Imported semen had an average bacterial load of 1128 CFU/mL Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2876-T] (1).
28.
Relationship Of Estradiol And Progesterone With Standing Estrus, Size Of Preovulatory Follicle And Interval To Ovulation In Beetal Goats
by Dr. Muhammad Irfan-ur-Rehman Khan | Dr. Muhammad Usman Mehmood | Dr. Muhammad Avais.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: The objective of the current study was to determine follicular dynamics and plasma
concentrations of ovarian steroid in response to single PGF2α, given randomly during the luteal
phase in Beetal goat. A total of seven Beetal goats were given a single dose of PGF2α at the
unknown day of luteal phase upon confirmation of corpus luteum via ultrasonography during the
breeding season (November). Follicular dynamics were monitored using 7.5MHz transrectal
transducer at every 12 h following PGF2α (0 h) until ovulation. Plasma samples for estradiol 17β
and progesterone were collected at 0, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84 and 96 h. An apronized buck was
used at every 6 h to detect standing estrus. Relative to PGF2α, all goats (n = 7) exhibited onset of
standing estrus at 50.6 ± 4.8 h and ovulation occurred at 82.3 ± 4.0h. However, the onset of
standing estrus and ovulation staggered (P < 0.05) among the goats. The onset of standing estrus
after PGF2α varied (P < 0.05) among early (n = 3), intermediate (n = 2) and late (n = 2)
responding goats i.e., 44 ± 2.0 vs. 51 ± 3.0 vs. 60 ± 0 h, respectively. The ovulation time among
early, intermediate and late responding goats was 72 vs. 84 vs. 96 h, respectively. The peak
plasma concentration of estradiol 17β was observed 12 h prior to ovulation in the goats. Mean
diameter of ovulatory follicle and duration of standing estrus were similar among the groups.
The corpus luteum regressed rapidly following PGF2α in early responding goats followed by
intermediate and late responding goats. Although plasma concentration of progesterone did not
differ (P = .065) among early, intermediate and late responding goats, but the change in
progesterone concentration over time differed (P < 0.05) among the groups. In conclusion, this
study indirectly shows that the onset of standing estrus and interval to ovulation following PGF2α
may vary in Beetal goats due to follicular and hormonal dynamics during the luteal phase. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2947-T] (1).
29.
Alla-ud-Din Khilji
by Muhammad Saeed Ahmad | Muhammad Usman Ajmal.
Edition: 1st ed.Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: Lahore: Dua Publications; 2018Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 954.91 Ahmad 33178 1st 2018 History] (1).
