1.
Epidemiology And Economic Importance Of Various Livestock Diseases In District Lahore
by Yamin, M | Muhammed Athar Khan | Muhammed | Muhammed Ajmal | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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not fiction
Publisher: 1989Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0120,T] (1).
2.
Comparative Efficacy Of Rose Bengal Plate Test (Rbpt) And Srum Agglutination Text (Sat)
by Shabbir Ahmad | Muhammed Ajmal | Mubasher | Muhammed Amin Sheikh | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 1984Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0152,T] (1).
3.
The Role Of Escherichia Coli As Poultry Pathogen
by Rauf Ahmad | Sheikh Muhammed Amin | Asif Rabbani | Muhammed Ajmal | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1986Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0153,T] (1).
4.
A Comparative Study On The Efficacy Of Two Newcastle Disease Vaccines Administered Through Aerosol Method,
by Saeed, M | Sheikh Muhammed Amin | Muhammed Ajmal | Sheikh Altaf | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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not fiction
Publisher: 1984Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0155,T] (1).
5.
Preliminery Studies On Hydropericardium Syndrome In Broiler
by Khurshid Ahmad | Muhammed Ajmal | Muhammed Akram Muneer | Zafar Iqbal | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 1989Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0156,T] (1).
6.
Poultry Meat As A Source Of Human Salmonellosis
by Saba Mahmood | Muhammed Ajmal | Syed Ata-Ur-Rehman Rizvi | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 1987Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0157,T] (1).
7.
Study Of The Immunomodulatory Effects Of Aflatoxins On The Development Of Immunity Against Newcastle Disease
by Khawar Mahboob | Ata-Ur -Rehman Rizvi | Asif Rabbani | Muhammed Ajmal | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1987Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0159,T] (1).
8.
Comparison Of Indirect Haemagglutination (Ish) And Mouse Protection Test For Measuring Immunity
by Afzal, M | Sheikh Muhammed Amin | Muhammed | Muhammed Ajmal | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1991Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0161,T] (1).
9.
Post Vaccination Antibody Profile Of Haemorrhagic Septicaemia In Adult Cattle
by Anjum Nisar | Muhammed Ajmal | Mubasher | S. Ata- Ur - Rehman Rizvi | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
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not fiction
Publisher: 1988Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0163,T] (1).
10.
A Comparative Study Of Brucellosis In Livestock And Human Beings
by Amra Akram | Muhammed Ajmal | Ata- Ur -Rehman Rizvi | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 1991Dissertation note: Seroprevalence of brucellosis in 541 cattle, 708 sheep, 780 goats and 63 human beings of one farm and 189 cattle, 125 buffaloes, 68 goats and 51 human beings of the other farm was studied. The various serologic tests used for this investigation included the slide agglutination test for initial screening, and the standard tube agglutination test (SAT) and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELIS1) for further processing of the sera i.e. quantitation of Brucella antibodies. The higher prevalence of the disease was observed in cattle than buffaloes while goats outnumbered sheep in this respect. The prevalence of the disease in human beings was found to be related positively with the prevalence of the disease in animals.
The overall prevalence of the disease in sheep of one farm was found to be 35(4.947.), 27(3.817.) and 29(4.097.), respectively, by the slide agglutination, standard tube agglutination test (SPIT) and ELISA. Goats of one farm displayed a prevalence of 202(25.897.), 173(22.187.) and 183(23.467.) and that of the other, 3(4.417.), 2(2.947.) and 2(2.947.), respectively, by the slide agglutination, SPT and ELISA. This remarkable difference in the incidence of the disease in two farms may be attributed to the difference of
sample size.
A prevalence of 127(23.48%), 87 (16.08%) and 91(16.82%) was recorded in cattle of one farm while 30(15.877.), 19(10.057.) and 20(10.587.) cattle of the other proved positive respectively to the slide agglutination, SpiT and ELIS. In buffaloes, a prevalence of 17(13.67.) and 11(8.87.) and 11(8.97.) was noted by the slide agglutination, ST and ELISA tests, respectively. While interpreting the age-group relationship of the disease, it was found that adult and old animals had a higher prevalence than the young animals. Owing to the small number of male serum samples, the sex- based analysis of the disease could not have been adequately discussed
The enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was found to be a sensitive approach in detecting anti-Brucella antibodies than the slide agglutination and standard tube agglutination tests. The ELISA titres were, on average, about 8 times higher than the corresponding SAT titres
The results of this study have revealed an alarming prevalence of brucellosis in animals of farms which calls for an emergent response of experts for reappraisal and reassessment of the present brucellosis control situation, especially when the disease is an important zoonosis and a potential threat to the human health.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0168,T] (1).
11.
Bacteriological Studies On Water Ponds In And Around Lyallpur
by Ashraf, M | Muhammed Ajmal | Manzoor -Ud -Din Ahmed | R.A.Cheema.
Material type: ; Format:
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not fiction
Publisher: 1973Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0174,T] (1).
12.
Study On The Immunomodulatory Effects Of Aflatoxins On The Development Of Immunity Against Fowl Cholera Vaccine In Layer Chicks
by Hamid Jalal Mian | Muhammed Ajmal | Mubasher | S. Ata - Ur -Rehman | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 1988Dissertation note: The irmmunomodulatory effects of aflatoxin on the development or acquired immunity n Layers against fo-wi cholera vaccine were studled A group of 72day old Hybred layer chicks was raised on alfatoxin free feed for 6-weeks, when the experiment was started. On 42nd day of age, the birds were divided into six groups, T1, T2, T3, T4 K1, and K2
With birds in each group. A dose of 2.1 ug/g of feed was added in the ration of all the groups i.e. T1, T2, T3, except T4, which was injected i/c with single LD50) dose of aflatoxin, while K1 and K 2 were kept as vaccine no-toxin and non-toxin - non-vaccine control respectively. Group T1 was fed, toxin continuously for 42 days i.e. 42 nd of age to 84th day of age while T2 and T3 were fed toxin for 21 days, before and after vaccination i.e. 42nd to 63rd dayand 63rd to 84th day respectively. All the groups except K2 were vaccinated on 63rd day.
The antibody titres were measured, using two serological techniques i.e. indirect haemagglutination test and enzyme linked immunosorbant assay.
The results have shown that in group T1 the antibody titires of the birds could not develop to a sufficient level as compared with the vaccine control (K1) group. While in group T2 , the antibody titres rose to a sufficient level in about 14 days post-vaccination (which persisted almost on the same level till 84th day) and were quite comparable with group K but significantly higher than group T. Birds in group T3, showed a temporary increase in antibody titres which sharply decline to a very low level in about 2 weeks post-vaccination and registered a fall after the challenge. In group T4, the birds did not show any immunosuppressive reaction. The titres obtained on 70th, 77th and 84th day of age were comparable with group K1, while significantly higher from the groups T1, T3, and K2.
On the 84th day of age, all the groups were challenged with virulent strain of P.multocida Robert type-IT, which killed 11 out of twelve birds in group K2, one out of 12 in group T and 3 out of 12 in group T4, showing typical lesions of fowl cholera, while the rest 'of the birds of all groups survived one week post challenge, when the experiment was termina- ted by slaughtering the survivors. Their titres were measured and a significant decrease in titres of all the groups was recorded.
The results showed that, when aflatoxin was given continuously before and after vaccination and even if only after vaccination for a certain period of time, could greatly depress the antibody formation, but did not reduce the protective effect of vaccine on birds who despite very low titres of antibodies survived the challenge with virulent P. multocida.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0175,T] (1).
13.
Post-Haemorrhagic Septicaemia Vaccination Serum Antibody Titre Profile In Buffalo Calves
by Shafeeq Baig, M | Muhammed Amin Sheikh | Muhammed Ajmal | Zafar Iqbal | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 1989Dissertation note: A total of 60 buffalo calves, 30 from Military Farm Lahore Cantt and 30 from Livestock Experiment Station Rakh Dera Chahi Lahore were examined for post-haemorrhagic septi- cania vaccination serum antibody titre profile. The animals maintained at Livestock Experiment Station Rakh Dera Chahi were divided into group A (Age-20 months) vaccinated second time and group B (Age 3-7 months), vaccinated for the first time. The Military Farm animals were also vaccinated for the first time. The indirect haemagglutination (IRA) test and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were employed for determination of antibody titres. The animals were vaccinated with alum precipitated formaline killed bacterin. The serum was collected before and after 2,7,12,16,20 and 22 weeks of vaccination from animals of Military Farm. The serum of animals from Livestock Experiment Station Rakh Dera Chahi was collected after 10,12, 16, 20, & 24 weeks of vaccination.
On the basis of indirect haemagglutination test, the immune response was very poor upto 7th week postvaccination. The maximum GMT recorded being 1.751 for animals of Military Farm. An outbreak of the disease took place at this stage killing 4 animals with the consequent revaccination of animals; increasing the GMT upto 23.508 five weeks after revaccination. The Livestock Experiment Station Rakh Dera Chahl animals showed a variable immune response in group A and B animals with a better and quick response in the former as compared to the latter. The response remained unsteady upto 12th week postvaccination and thereafter registered an increase in titres, believed to be due to an antigenic stimulus either through a natural infection or revaccination of the animals.
The absorbence values of the sera obtained through ELISA gave the same immune response profile as detected by
IHA.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0179,T] (1).
14.
Isolation And Serotyping Of Salmonella From Wild Animals And Birds At Lahore Zoo
by Iftikhar Ahmad, Malik | Muhammed Ajmal | Ata_Ur- Rehman | Mubasher | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 1989Dissertation note: The occurrence of salmonellae in a variety of zoo animals including carnivores, primates, ruminants, avifauna, rodents etc was investigated.
The faeoal samples of 500 wild animals and birds examined yielded 9 strains of salmonella, giving an incidence of 1.8%. Of these '7 strains from pigeons and rabbits were confirmed as Salmonella ty-phimuriuni and 2 strains from pheasants were confirmed as Salmonella pullorum. The relative percentage of each species was found to be 1.4% and 0.4% respectively. Salmonella typhimurium have a vex wide host range including human being. It Is therefore recommended to adopt proper hygienic measures at Lahore Zoo. Further work on a much large scale is recommended.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0187,T] (1).
15.
Role Of Doves, Parrots And Quails In The Epizootiology Of Newcastle Disease
by Rauf, A | Muhammed Naeem | Manzoor | Muhammed Ajmal | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 1984Dissertation note: Three species of birds i.e. doves, parrots and quails, 100 from each species were studied to investigate their role in the epizootiology of Newcastle disease. The serum of each bird was examined for the presence of antibodies to Newcastle disease virus by Haemagglutination Inhibition method using a standard Newcastle disease virus obtained from Veterinary & Research Institute, Lahore. It was observed that 46% of parrots, 29% of doves and 7% of quails had experienced Newcastle disease. The average titre for three species of birds was 76 with a range of 20-1280, being highest in parrots and lowest in quails. Attempts were made to isolate Newcastle disease virus from the faecal material and pooled organs of each bird in developing chick embryo. Five isolates of Newcastle disease virus were recovered from parrots, two from doves and none from quails. The recovered isolates possessed a mild to moderate pathogenicity for day old chicks. From these trials it was evident that doves and parrot could act as carriers of Newcastle disease and disseminate the disease to other birds over vast areas while despite their susceptibility the exact role of quails could not be determined in the epizootio- logy of Newcastle disease. Further studies on larger scale were recommended.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0190,T] (1).
16.
Studies On The Isolation And Serotyping Of Salmonella From Faecal Material Of Buffaloes
by Rashid, M | Muhammed Ajmal | Mubasher | S. Ata-Ur- Rehman Rizvi | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 1987Dissertation note: Health of human population alongwith animals is always at risk when Salmonella shedding carriers are present. The modern trend of Farm industry makes it more important to look out for the carriers and treat them to save the other animals and man from Salmonellosis.
The present work Was under-taken to determine the Salmonella carrier state in healthy buffaloes, in an attempt to understand the epidemiological role played by these animals in the transmission of Salmonella infection to other animals and man.
The faecal samples. were collected from 1000 animals. A series of enrichment, selective and differential media, biochemical& 6ro1ogy teste were used for isolation,iden- tification and serotyping of Sa.iionella from the faecal specimens.
It was observed that 18 animals out of 1000(1.8%)were carrier of Salmonella.
Salmonella typhimurium was isolated from 12 cases while Slamonella butantan was isolated from 6 cases. Occurrence of Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella butantan are important from Veterinary Public Health point of view.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0191,T] (1).
17.
Studies On The Occurrence Of Rabies Virus In Saliva Of Apparently Normal Dogs In Lahore
by Aftab-ur-Rehman | Ata-Ur-Rehman Rizvi | Muhammed Ajmal | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 1985Dissertation note: Rabies, is invariably a fatal viral infection of Central Nervous System effecting almost all species of warm blooded animals and man. The disease is causing considerable loss of human and animal life in the country. Sporadic cases of rabies occurred throughout the year, but during the Spring and fall the disease assumes an epidemic form. How the disease perpetuates in nature is not yet clearly understood as mortality rate is almost 100% in affected animals. Some references were available in the literature regarding the possibility of existence of survivors and carriers of' rabies in different animal species.
In order to understand the epidemiology of disease an attempt was made, in the present work, to look for the possibilities of existance of carriers among dog population in the city.
A total of 214 apparently healthy domestic dogs together with 100 stray dogs were tested for the presence of rabies antigen in the salivary gland and brain by Fluorescent antibody test. In case of stray dog rabies antigen was detected in 5 animals including 2% animals secreting virus in salivary gland and 3% animals with antigen both in salivary gland and brain, while in case of domestic do6 animals showed rabies antigen in saliva and 4 animals both in saliva and brains.
Simultaneously 48 cases suspected for rabies including 3 carcases, one cat two dogs and one human brain were also examined for rabies antigen and 50% cases were found positive.
The presence of rabies antigen in the saliva of 2 stray dogs and 2 domestic dogs was highly significant of the carrier role of dogs in rabies. Further work on much larger scale were recommended.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0194,T] (1).
18.
Studies On The Isolation And Serotyuping Of Salmonella From Mesenteric Lymmphnodes Of Sheep And Goats
by Ahmad Usman Zafar | Muhammed Ajmal | Ata-Ur- Rehman Rizvi | T.M Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 1986Dissertation note: Five hundred samples of mesenteric lymph nodes of sheep and goats , 20 from each species , slaughtered at Lahore abattoir, were bacteriologically examined to determine the Salmonella carrier state in healthy sheep and goats. Nine strains of Salmonellae belonging to two serological types i.e. Salmonella typhimurium (l.40%) and Salmonella anatum (0.40%), were isolated. The incidence of Salmonellosis in sheep and goats were recorded as 2.40% and 1.20% respectively.
The media used for primary isolation and purification were Selenite broth, Bismuth sulphite agar, Brillient green agar, MacConkey agar and Nutrient agar. Results of Triple sugar iron agar and Urease test gave a preliminary confirmation of Salmonella organisms. Sugar fermentation reactions, Methyl red and Voges Proskauer tests were also employed for the confirmation of isolates. The Serological identification was carried out with the help of standard antisera manufactured by ' Research Institute of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases Sofia, Bulgaria. Further work on much larger scale is recommended.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0195,T] (1).
19.
Immunomodulatory Effects Of Coccidiostats In Broiler Chicks
by Khalid Munir, Ch | Muhammed Ajmal | S.Ata- ur- Rehman Rizvi | tufail | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 1991Dissertation note: The birds that received salinomycin at recommended dosage
levels had higher body weight than the monensin treated, cyclophosphamide treated or untreated control birds.
Both salinomycin and monensin treatments did not adversely affect the weights of bursa of Fabricius, spleen, thymus, and livers of birds. Cyclophosphamide treatment of birds in early life resulted in bursal atrophy and slight depression of splenic weight gain.
As compared to cyclophosphamide treated and non-medicated control birds, the sera of NDV vaccinated birds fed salinomycin/monensin had higher antibody titers on day 42. The post-challenge sera of NDV vaccinated birds fed salinomycin, and monensin also had higher antibody titer as compared to NDV vaccinated cyclophosphamide treated birds. The NDV vaccinated birds on salinomycin or monensin medicated rations and those on non-medicated rations did not have any post virulent NDV challenge mortality.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0211,T] (1).
20.
Serosurveillance Of Brucellosis And Leptospirosis In Horses At Lahore
by Amir Altaf, M | Muhammed Ajmal | M. Akram Muneer | Rashid Ahmed | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 1992Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0231,T] (1).
21.
Isolation & Characterization Of Newcastle Disease Virus Strains In Poultry
by Shazia Afzal | Sheikh Muhammed Amin | Asif Rabbani | Muhammed Ajmal | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 1992Dissertation note: A study was undertaken to isolate and characterize Newcastle Disease Virus Strains involved in field outbreaks.
A total of 1000 diseased/dead birds ( broilers, layers arid non-discript birds ) were examined for this purpose. The isolation of the virus was attempted from composite samples comprising lungs, liver, spleen, brain and proventriculus of the suspected birds, which was inoculated in embryonated eggs through allontoic cavity route. Out of the total birds examined only 6(0.06%) yielded ND Virus. All the strains present in allontoic fluid gave a positive reaction to spot haemagglutination test, on fowl RBCs. The isolates were confirmed as Newcastle disease pathogen through a positive reaction to haemagglutination inhibition test conducted with known positive sera against Newcastle disease.
Various value values obtained for mean death time (MDT) were 48, 60, 70, 72, 48 and 62 hours for isolates.
No. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and £ respectively.. Values of intracerebral pathogencity index far isolated No. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 were 1.71, 1.68, 1.58, 1.46, 1.7 and 1.65 respectively. The intravenous pathogenecity index varies recorded were 230, 200, 1.91, 1.88, 2.08 and 1.93 for isolate No. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 respectively.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0242,T] (1).
22.
Bacteriological Study Of Enteritis In Broiler Breeders In And Around Lahore
by Imtiaz ul Haq | Muhammed Naeem | Mubasher | Muhammed Ajmal | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 1993Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0286,T] (1).
23.
Toxigenic Properties Of Staphylococcus Aureus From Human And Animal Origin
by Tayyaba Rashid | Ata-Ur-Rehman Rizvi | Manzoor | Muhammed Ajmal | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 1984Dissertation note: A total number of hundred strains of Staphylococcus aureus including 50 human and 50 horse wounds strains, were isolated on Staphylococcus medium No.110. The isolated strains were maintained on nutrient agar slants. The strains of Staphylococcus aureus were examined for the production of coagulase, fibrinolysin, alpha haemolysin,beta haemolysin and delta toxin. The isolated strains were coagulase positive but a variable coagulase activity against the plasma of human, sheep and rabbit. Human plasma gave better results than rabbit and sheep plasma. brinolytic activity of Stapylococcus aureus was tested in oxalated plasma of human, sheep and rabbit. Strains isolated from human surgical wounds were found to be more fibrinolytic as compared to horse isolates. Human and rabbit plasma were a better indicators for checking fibrinolytic activity. None of the isolated strains showed fibrinolytic activity against sheep plasma.
The isolates of Stphlococcus aureus were cultured for alpha haernolysin production in nutrient broth culture. Alpha toxin was purified and its haemolysin activity was determined qualitatively and quantitatively against human, sheep and rabbit erythrocytes. Maximum haemolytic activity was observed against rabbit erythrocytes. Out of hundred strains, sixty-eight produced alpha haemolysin including 45 from human and 23 from horse wounds.
The isolates of Staphylococcus aureus were cultured in semi-solid Heart infusion agar for the production of eta haemolysin. This toxin was purified and its haemolytic activity was determined qualitatively and quantitatively against human, sheep and rabbit erythrocytes. Naximum haemolytic activity was observed against sheep erythrocytes. Out of the hundred strains, beta haemolysin was produced by sixty-two strains including 15 from human and 47 from horses.
The isolates of Staphylococcus aureus were cultured in Brain Heart infusion agar for .the production of delta toxin. This toxin was purified and its haernolytic activity was observed qualitatively and quantitatively against human, sheep and rabbit erythrocytes. Maximum haemolytic activity of dlta toxin was observed against human erythrocytes. Out of the hundred strains, seventy-one produced delta toxin including 43 from human and 28 from horses.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0288,T] (1).
24.
Sero-Epidemiological Studies On Bovine Viral Diarrhoea In Buffaloes And Cattle At L.P.R.I. Bahadarnagar And Qadirabad
by Hameed Awan, A | Muhammed Ajmal | Sheikh Muhammed Amin | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 1991Dissertation note: Serological examination of 1800 serum samples, consisting of 1242 sample, from apparently healthy cattle, and 558 samples from apparently healthy buffaloes, by agar-gel diffusion method, revealed that 181 samples were positive for antibodies against Bovine Virral Diarrhoea-Mucosal- Disease Virus giving an overall incidence of 10.087..
The incidence was higher in buffaloes (10.397.) as compared to cattle (9.907.). Sex based analysis of the data revealed that the incidence was higher in females (10.237.) as compared to males (9.307.) in both the species. The percentage of positive cases was higher in adult cattle (11.297.) as compared to young animals (7.207.). Similarly the age wise incidence of the disease in buffaloes was also found to be higher in adults (13.467.) than in young (3.127.).
The occurence of antibodies against bovine viral diarrhoea-mucosal disease virus in apparently healthy unvaccinated animals in such a large number was indicative of the prevalance of the disese in Pakistan. Since the virus is capable of producing acute disease syndromes and subsequently causing heavy mortalities, it is suggested that it is high time that appropriate measures, to control the malady, be taken for saving the heavy losses in livestock sector due to this disease.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0341,T] (1).
