1.
Nutritional Evaluation Of Sorghum At Different Stages Of Growth
by Shahid Nadeem | Prof. Dr. Anjum Khalique | Mr. David McGill | Prof. Dr.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: Pakistan's economy is mainly based on agriculture and livestock production. Fodder crops cover 16 to 19% of the total cropped area in the country. The country is still deficient in total digestible nutrients (28.62 million tons) and digestible protein (1.76 million tons), which is still not sufficient to meet the feeding requirement of livestock in the country. The shortage of fodder is a major limiting factor for livestock growth. A study was planned to focus on nutritionally improved high yielding sorghum variety (JS2002) on two different topographically sites viz Okara and Bhakar districts. Initially the soils of the selected sowing sites were analyzed for its type and pH before sowing.
The chemical composition of sorghum fodder was determined to assess the nutritive value at different cutting stage of growth in district Okara and Bhakar. Sorghum samples were analyzed for proximate analysis, macro minerals and In-situ digestibility using fistulated animals. The results of present study showed that average dry matter, moisture, crude protein, crude fiber, ether extract, ash, NDF and ADF values from all the cuts of sorghum fodder were 24.29%, 75.56%, 8.5 1%, 28.26%, 2.34%, 7.5%, 62.95%, 61.04%, 38.41%, percent respectively from district Okara and were 23.48%, 76.53%, 7.95%, 27.5 1%, 2.23%, 8.25%, 61.04%, 37.04 percent respectively from district Bhakar. The dry matter, crude fiber, NDF and ADF also increase as plant gets maturity.
The average In-situ digestibility at 24 hrs and 48 hrs from all the cuts of sorghum fodder were 67.53%, 78.5 1% and 67.16%, 77.90% from Okara and Bhakar respectively. In-situ digestibility decreases as fiber increases.
The average Ca, P. Na, K values from all the cuts of sorghum were 0.40%, 0.11%, 0.05%, 1.86% in Okara district and were 0.32%, 0.14%, 0.03%, 2.02% for Bhakar district. The average yield of sorghum fodder was 21.73 t/ha in Okara and was 18.41% in Bhakar districts.
A significant difference was seen in nutritive value of sorghum fodder from all the cuts from Okara and Bhakar districts. This differenc3e might be due to the temperature fluctuations, water availability and soil fertility.
It was concluded that topographically the Okara district is better for growing sorghum fodder.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1113,T] (1).
2.
Impact Of Various Feeding Regimes On Growth Performance Of Male Buffalo Calves
by Rashid Iqbal | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar | Prof. Dr | Prof. Dr. Anjum Khalique.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: There has been a gradual decline in per capita availability of proteinous food particularly of animal origin for human consumption in our country. The feasible solution of the problem is to increase the production of meat. The potential of buffalo as a food animal to meet present and future demands of rapidly growing population deserves special attention because of its capacity to economically convert course roughages and other cereal by products into meat.
Pakistan is second largest buffalo holding country in the world having 29 million buffalo. Traditional system of buffalo meat production is inefficient; animals destined for slaughter are mostly culled and old stock. Male calves are not reared specifically for producing meat but they are kept only for milk let down in villages and are slaughtered even at 6-7 days of age in pen-urban areas. So far very little work has been done to evaluate the tremendous meat production potential of buffalo calves with a particular plan of nutrition.
Present study consisted of a feeding trial of about three months in duration. Fifteen Nih Ravi calves of approximately the same age and weight were selected for the subject study. The animals were randomly divided into three equal groups which were reared on three different feeding regimes. Group I was fed TMR ad-libitum and 2 kg of green fodder. Group II was fed available green fodder ad-libitum and concentrate ration
@ 1% of body weight. Group III was fed Lucerne hay ad-libitum and concentrate ration @ 1% of body weight. . Weighed quantity of feed was offer to every animal on individual feeding basis in a group and refusal was also recorded individually.
The results of study revealed that animals fed on TMBR performed better as compared to other feeding regimes. Among three feeding groups, highest (124.60 ± 7.82 kg) weight gain was observed in TMBR group while, lowest (108.20 + 5.80 kg) weight gain was found in Hay group. As far as feed intake is concerned, highest (777.42 + 8.87 kg) feed intake was observed in fodder group while, lowest (755.10 ± 16.61 kg) feed intake was found in TMBR group. Out of three feeding groups, calves fed on TMBR showed best feed conversion ratio (6.07 ± 0.47) while, the feed conversion ratio in calves fed on hay and fodder was 7.04 ± 0.39 and 7.01 ± 0.32 respectively. Economic analysis per kg weight gain revealed that TMBR group had the lowest cost of production in rupees (101.43 ± 7.92) per kg weight gain, where as highest cost of production (130.40± 7.40) was found in hay group. Analysis of variance of serum chemistry means revealed that no significant differences were found in total protein, urea, glucose, and creatinine values for all three feeding regimes.
On the basis of results of this study it is concluded that TMBR can be utilized as an alternate for our conventional feeding practices as it can meet all nutritional requirements of the animal. It is easy to handle, transport and store besides having a longer shelf life.
It is suggested that further trials with TMBR be carried out on different age and sex groups of buffalo and cattle in order to evaluate its effects on the performance of the animals.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1227,T] (1).
3.
Effect Of Replacinh Inorhanic With Organic Trace Minerals On Greth Performance Carcass Characteristics And Meat Composition of Broilers
by Zulqarnain | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Prof. Dr | Prof. Dr. Anjum Khalique.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Poultry is one of the vibrant segments of agriculture sector of Pakistan. Its contribution in agriculture and livestock is 4.81% and 9.84%, respectively. Poultry meat contributes 23% of total meat production of Pakistan. Poultry sector has shown a healthy growth at the rate of 8-10 percent annually. For optimum production and health, animal receive a balance diet that supplies nutrient at desired concentration. Organic trace minerals have been used in broiler feeds, showing promise in improving growth performance, bird health, processing yield and meat quality characteristics. Interest is also building in using organic trace minerals in place of a portion of the feed inorganic mineral supplement in order to get maximum growth and health with lower levels of mineral intake, thus lowering the amount of minerals excreted from the birds.
The average feed consumption based on gram/bird at different ages showed that maximum feed consumption was exhibited by group F followed by group E, D, C, B and A. The data of feed consumption when subjected to analysis of variance showed significant difference (P<0.05) feed intake was during first three weeks but during the last two week non significant difference was observed in feed. The feed intake in group supplemented with organic trace minerals was significantly different from that group supplemented with inorganic trace minerals.
The average body weights of broilers at different ages showed that broilers of group A attained maximum weight, which was followed by group B, C, D, E and F, respectively. . Statistical analysis of the data revealed a significant (P<0.05) difference in weight gain due to treatments. The weight gain in group supplemented with organic trace minerals was significantly different from that group supplemented with inorganic trace minerals.
The overall FCR of group A was found to be the best among all groups. Birds in group B performed better than rest groups i.e., C, D, E and F. The analysis of variance among various experimental groups during 1st three weeks revealed a non significant difference between all groups i.e., A, B, C, D, E and F, however, FCR was significant difference (P<0.05) during last two weeks.
Result obtained showed significant differences in carcass characteristics i.e., shank length, keel length, bursa weight while non significant differences in dressing percentage, liver weight, heart weight, spleen weight and gizzard weight due to supplementation of organic minerals. Statistically significant differences were found in shank and keel length with supplementation of organic minerals, however non significant differences were found in shank and keel length in groups feeding inorganic trace minerals. The bursa weight of the birds in group supplemented with organic trace minerals was significantly lower from all groups, however non significant differences were observed in among birds in group supplemented with inorganic trace minerals.
The economics of production of broilers in different experimental groups A, B, C, D, E, and F showed that average cast of production remained 43.40, 43.50, 46.10, 45.36, 44.91 and 45.66 per kg live weight. Higher cast of production was observed in group C (46.10) and F (45.36) while group A (43.40) was having the lowest cast of production which showed significant differences from all other groups.
As the proximate analysis of broiler thigh and breast meat is concerned, Dry matter, moisture percentage and ash percentage of both breast and thigh portion of broiler meat for group A, B, C, D and E showed non significant differences among all treatments, while the data on crude protein and ether extract in breast and thigh part of meat of broiler when subjected to analysis of variance showed significant difference (P<0.05) among treatment groups A, B, C, D, E and F group.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1317,T] (1).
4.
Production Of Single Cell Proteins (Yeast) To Fortify Human Food
by Umar Bacha | Dr. Muhammad Nasir | Dr. Aftab | Prof. Dr. Anjum Khalique.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: The production of single cell protein on agricultural wastes is amongst the potential non-conventional protein source for humans in protein deficient countries like Pakistan. Microorganisms in single cell protein have high protein contents and short growth times which lead to rapid biomass production. Moreover, microorganisms are able to utilize cheap sources of nitrogen and abundant carbon sources. Thus, the resulting biomass is usually economical having high potential as a supplement as well as protein fortificant to provide balanced nutrition.
The peels used for yeast biomass production study resulted in variable composition. Orange peel contained significantly highest (38.66 %) moisture content as compared to other peels. Regarding dry matter, the maximum DM (80.66 %) was present in potato peels while, crude protein contents were higher (10.13 %) in orange peels. In biomass production, the maximum growth (5.29 %) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was obtained on potato peels while, lowest growth (0.3 %) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was observed on apple peels. Both apple and potato peels nitrogen free extract were statistically non-significant.
Proximate composition of experimentally produced yeast biomass was comparable with commercial yeast. Biological evaluation of single cell protein (SCP) diet in Sprague Dawley rats was conducted and compared with casein diet to determine the SCP protein quality. The values for SCP protein quality for parameters of TD, NPU, BV, NPR, FER and PER were 93.68 %, 67.02 %, 70.56 %, 4.55 %, 3.62 % and 2.19 % respectively, which were significantly lower as compared to casein diet. Although the scores for biological parameters of SCP diet were lower as compared to casein diet, yet the differences in actual values for both the diets was not much which indicates the overall good quality of SCP protein.
SCP also showed excellent water holding capacity (303.40±0.30 %) and oil absorption capacity (196.50±0.20 %). Similarly, foaming capacity, loose bulk density and packed bulk density were observed as 10.60±0.20 %, 0.65±0.01 % and 0.66±0.01 %, respectively. It also showed good gelling capacity as 0.7 g/20mL of yeast biomass resulted in complete gelling of the solution.
Yeast was used to fortify flour at various concentrations to prepare and evaluate protein enriched sugar-snap-cookies. The cookies, thus prepared, were subjected to physical and sensory evaluation to find out the most appropriate level of SCP fortification for cookies development. The spread factor and diameter of cookies decreased while cookie thickness increased with SCP fortification. There was not much difference in most sensory scores attributed to all fortified cookies with the exception of texture and taste which deteriorated with fortification. Although taste and texture scores were less yet the cookies fortified with up to 4% of SCP were well in high acceptable limit.
In a nutshell, potato peels can serve as a good vehicle for production of single cell proteins. Experimentally produced yeast was chemically comparable with that of commercial yeast; however its growth production varies with carbohydrates present in the industrial waste peels. The overall protein quality of SCP protein was found to be very good and thus can be used in various food formulations to enhance protein quantity and quality. Cookies fortified with up to 4% SCP were found to highly acceptable and thus recommended for fortification.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1325,T] (1).
5.
Effect Of Acidifiers On The Production Performance And Carcass Traits In Japanese Quail
by Sohail Akbar | Prof. Dr. Anjum Khalique | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: There are certain growth promoters like antibiotics, probiotics, prebiotics and organic
acids etc. which can improve feed efficiency in chickens. The use of antibiotics as growth
promoter creates a huge problem for environmental conditions and health of consumers around the world. The use of organic acids as acidifiers is recommended as an alternative to antibiotics to control certain types of acid intolerance bacteria and growth-promoting agents in poultry production. Many studies have been done to study the effects of organic acids on performance of broilers and layers; however, little research has been conducted to study the impact of these growth promoters on quail growth performance. This study was planned to test the effect of organic acid acidifiers i.e. Salkil®® and Sal Curb Dry® on the quail production performance and their effect on blood calcium, phosphorus, cholesterol and quail carcass traits at Avian Research and Training Centre, Lahore. The analysis of feed, blood and meat was performed in laboratory of Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore. One standard (control) quail feed will be prepared (NRC 1994). Two different levels each of Salkil® acidifier i.e. 1 g/kg and 2g/kg of feed and of Sal Curb Dry® acidifier i.e. 1 g/kg and 2g/kg was incorporated in the standard feed to prepare five experimental feeds. A total number of 400 un sexed day old quail chicks were equally divided into five groups having 80 chicks in each group with four replicates having twenty chicks each. The group offered standard feed has served as control. The rest four experimental feeds with two different levels of SaIki!'!!) and with two different levels of Sal Curb Dry® were allotted to four different groups. At the end of
experimental trial which was of 28 days body weight, feed consumption, feed
conversion ratio, giblet weight, serum calcium and phosphorus, carcass traits ( analyzed for
meat moisture %, crude protein % and crude fat %) and blood cholesterol level was analyzed. To test the blood cholesterol level, two birds from each replicate were taken at random and blood samples were collected in heparinzed vacutainers from jugular vein after slaughtering. Dressing percentage was also recorded along with economics value of quail meat. The values of weight gain in group A, B, C, D, E and F was found 140.783 ±6.24,
147.5Sbc ±3.45, 151.56c ±4.84, 143.92ab± 4.98 and 147.88bc ±5.17 respectively .. The group C which was fed Salkil® 2g/kg of feed showed maximum weight gain followed by group E, B, D and A respectively. When the data was statistically analyzed on weekly basis there was non- significant (p>0.05) difference among different treatments groups except at second week. The values of feed conversion ratio in all the five groups were 2.859b ±O.l3. 2.769ab ±O.l90, 2.734a ±O.12, 2.S17ab ±0.093 and 2.772ab ±0.14 respectively. The treatment groups which received the acidifiers significantly (p<0.05) improved the FCR. The values for giblet weight in the above mentioned groups were 9.l7a±0.58, 9.25a ±0.33, 9.44a ±0.26, 9.23a ±0.41 and 9.45a ±0.51 gm respectively. The values for calcium were found to be 10.98a±1.01, 11.33a±0.62, 10.33a±0.S7, lO.95a±1.13 and 11.22a±1.39 mg/dl respectively while for Phosphorous 5.01 a ±0.37, 4.99a ±0.71. 5.2Sa ±0.49, 5.0Sa± O.SI and 5.21 a ±0.21 mg/dl respectively. The values for serum cholesterol
level in the five groups 130c ±5.00, 125bc ±6.00, 113a ±6.00, 127bc ±7.00 and 121 b ±7.27 rng/dl respectively. Serum cholesterol level in group A is significantly higher. The average meat moisture. crude protein did not differ significantly but use acidifiers significantly decreased the fat deposition in meat.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1410,T] (1).
6.
Study On Hepatoprotective Effect Of Camel Milk Against Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced
by Muhammad Aamer Iqbal | Dr. Muhammad Nasir | Dr. Athar | Prof. Dr. Anjum Khalique.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1466,T] (1).
7.
Characterization And In-Vivo Protein Quality Evaluation Of Various Commonly Consumed Legumes In Pakistan
by Fakhar Gulzar | Dr. Muhammad Nasir | Mr. Tariq | Prof. Dr. Anjum Khalique.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1540,T] (1).
8.
Impact Of Dietary Habits, Lifestyle Practices And Preventive Health Care Services On Nutritional Status Of Females of Reproductive Age of Rural Areas in Selected Districts of Punjab
by Rabia Javed | Dr. Muhammad Nasir | Prof. Dr | Prof. Dr. Anjum Khalique.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: The present study was designed to describe the nutritional status of females of reproductive age years from the rural areas of selected districts of Punjab. For this purpose the data was collected for 300 females from rural areas of Lahore, Kasur and Okara district. A questionnaire was established for collecting the data along with that 24 hours dietary recall and food frequency questionnaire were also been established to assess the nutrition status of females in relation to their dietary habits as well as in relation to their life style. The data was analyzed by cross tabs using SPSS version 20.0.
The results of the study showed the significant variations among the districts, age group, marital status,and appetite and food adequacy in relation to their BMI. The impact of socioeconomic status, education level, blood sugar level, menstrual cycle and family setup were insignificant as the p value in all cases was more than 0.05. The females that were receiving adequate food intake were also consuming adequate protein intake. The females of selected age group that were taking adequate food intake were mostly lie in the normal BMI range while that were receiving excessive food intake were mostly overweight as compared to the others that were receiving adequate food intake. Chi square analysis showed the significant difference among the females receiving adequate and inadequate food intake in relation to their BMI as the p value was less than0.05.
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9.
Humic Acid Efficacy Study Against Aflatoxin B1 In Broiler Rations
by Rana Yasir Arafat | Dr. Saima | Dr. Abdul | Prof. Dr. Anjum Khalique.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Fungus is an important concern in poultry feeds because it can grow at any level of their production right from when grains are in field until the finished product is transported and stored. Therefore it is an immense need to protect raw feedstuff as well as finished feed from the attack of fungus. Aflatoxin is one of the toxins produced by fungi and it causes morbidity and mortality in poultry. In the past different compounds have been employed in order to chelate toxins produced by different types of fungi. Humic acid is produced during the normal decaying process by fermentation of organic materials particularly the plants. Humic acid as a toxin binder is a recent advancement that have got the potential to bind aflatoxins produced by A. flavis and A. Parasiticus. The present study was conducted in order to evaluate efficacy of humic acid to chelate aflatoxin B1.
The study was completed in two phases. In first phase aflatoxin B1 was produced while in second phase the toxin thus produced was employed through feed to commercial broiler chicks. A total of 450 birds were used in five different treatments including positive and negative control. There were 90 birds in each treatment and each treatment was comprised of three replicates of 10 birds in each. In positive control three levels of aflatoxin B1 including 100 ppb, 200 ppb and 300 ppb were added into rations without addition of humic acid. In negative control plain feed was offered without supplementation of humic acid and aflatoxin B1. In rest of three treatments different levels of humic acid including 0.1 percent, 0.2 percent and 0.3 percent were used through feed against three levels of aflatoxin B1 including 100 ppb, 200 ppb and 300 ppb. The parameters including feed intake, body weight gain, feed efficiency, giblet weight, keel length, shank length, dressing percentage, tibial toe ash, gross lesions on carcass, mortality and AFB1 concentrations in serum and liver extracts were studied. The experiment was planned under completely Randomized design with factorial arrangement. The data thus collected on different parameters were subjected to statistical analysis through analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique. The difference among treatment means were compared through Duncan's Multiple Range (DMR) Test at P?0.05.
During first week, birds in all experimental groups showed non-significant difference in terms of feed intake, weight gain and FCR as all the birds in different treatments received plain feed without supplementation of either humic acid or aflatoxin B1. During second week, feed intake, weight gain and FCR were minimum in control group consuming different levels of aflatoxin B1 only, while it was maximum among the birds in group 'B' consuming only plain feed with a non-significant difference in the birds receiving different levels of humic acid. It was observed that with increasing level of humic acid feed intake, weight gain and feed efficiency were linearly improved. Similar pattern was observed in terms of the parameters under discussion during 2nd to 4th week. While during last two weeks of experiment all of the birds in different experimental groups were again put on plain feed without supplementation of aflatoxin or humic acid. During this time period the birds in positive control that had consumed different levels of aflatoxin B1 showed variable levels of improvement in terms of feed intake, weight gain and FCR. Non-significant difference (at P?0.05) was observed among the birds consuming different levels of humic acid as compared to control group consuming plain diet.
Mortalities were maximum in groups 'AD', 'BD' and 'CD' with the highest in 'CD' consuming 300 ppb of AFB1. Dressing percentage was best in 'AK3' and followed to BK2, B, BK1 and CK3. This showed growth stimulant activity of humic acid in addition to anti-AFB1 activity.
Results of giblet weight showed non-significant difference among different groups under study except positive control consuming AFB1. Maximum values were observed in groups 'B' and 'CK3' followed by 'AK2' and 'CK3' while minimum was observed in group 'CD'. Results of heart weight were non-significant among different experimental treatments except 'CD' consuming 300 ppb of AFB1. Results regarding liver weight showed significant difference among the birds in positive control consuming different levels of AFB1. Maximum liver weight was observed in group 'CD' consuming 300 ppb of AFB1. During last two weeks when all of the birds were receiving only plain diet again as withdrawal strategy, the birds in positive control that had consumed purified AFB1 during 2nd to 4th week, showed a reversal effect by exhibiting improvement in giblet weight.
Results obtained regarding ND titres showed maximum titres in group 'AK2', 'B' and 'BK2' while were minimum among the birds in group 'CD' consuming 300 ppb of AFB1. Results were significant with control group consuming different levels of AFB1. The results during last two weeks showed that the birds in different groups consuming different levels of humic acid and particularly in 'CD' that had consumed 300 ppb of AFB1 only during time period of 2nd to 4th weeks showed a reversal effect in developing ND titres. The difference was non-significant (at P?0.05) with control consuming plain diet only.
During the time period of active intoxication of birds with purified AFB1, the results obtained regarding concentration of AFB1 in liver extracts showed non-significant difference among different groups consuming humic acid while significant as compared to control group 'CD' consuming 300 ppb of AFB1. This demonstrated AFB1 chelating activity of humic acid. The results were also significant as compared to group 'B' consuming plain diet only. Maximum concentration was found in group 'CD' consuming 300 ppb of AFB1. After 28th day until 42 days of experiment all of the groups showed a clearance effect of AFB1
Conclusions:
Findings of the current study revealed that addition of increasing levels of humic acid improved the growth and performance of commercial broiler chicks as compared to control group suggesting its potential role in chelating Aflatoxin B1 challenge of different magnitude when given through feed. Therefore, humic acid is recommended for its use as Aflatoxin B1 binder through feed at an inclusion rate of 0.2% of the ration.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1749,T] (1).
10.
Effect Of Fibrolytic Enzyme On Digestibility And Production Performance Of Lactating Nili Ravi Buffalos
by Burhan-e-azam | Dr. Saima | Prof | Prof. Dr. Anjum khalique.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1762,T] (1).
11.
Fiber Levels Durig Different Physiological Stages In Nili Ravi Buffaloes
by Saeed Ahmed | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar | Prof. Dr. Anjum Khalique | Prof. Dr. Khalid.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1779,T] (1).
12.
The Effect Of Different Levels Of Lysine On Body Measu Rements Serum Chemistry And Immune Response In Sexed Broilers
by Rana Muhammad atif | Prof. Dr Anjum khalique | Dr Muhammad | Dr. Muhammad Nasir.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1851,T] (1).
13.
Efficacy Of Toxin Binder In Reducing Induced Aflatoxin B 1 And Ochratoxin A In Broiler Chickens
by Muhammad Umer Zahid | Prof. Dr Anjum khalique | Dr. Saima | Mr. Jibran hussain.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1939,T] (1).
14.
Comparative Study Of Different Levels Of Neutral Detergent Fiber In Sahiwal Cattle And Nili-Ravi Buffalo Heifers
by Usama Tayyab | Prof. Dr. Anjum Khalique | Prof. Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha | Prof.Dr.Khalid.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1979,T] (1).
15.
Slow- Release Non-Protien Nitrogen Impact On Performance Of Weaned Crossbred Calves
by Shahzad naveed | Prof. Dr. Talat naseer pasha | Prof. Dr | Prof. Dr. Anjum khalique.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2030,T] (1).
16.
Effect Of Supplementation Of Choline And Betaine On Performance And Blood Triglyceride Level Of Broiler Chicks Fed Methionine Level
by Nadeem akhter | Dr. Saima | Prof. Dr. Anjum khalique | Prof. Dr. Athar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2040,T] (1).
17.
Efficy Of Symthetic Antioxidant In Stabilizing The Various Levels Of Poultey By Product Meal In Broiler Diet For Subsequent Growth Performance
by Haseeb Ahmad | Prof. Dr Anjum Khalique | Dr. Saima.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2096,T] (1).
18.
Cumulative Effect Of Phytase And Vitamin D On Broiler Performance
by Muhammad Mehran | DR. Saeed Ahmad | Prof. Dr. Anjum Khalique | Prof. Dr. Khalid.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2121,T] (1).
19.
Comparative Efficacy Of Urea And Slow Release Non- Protein Nitrogen On The Performance Of Nili-Ravi Buffalo Calves
by Muhammad Irfan Khan Mayo | Dr. Saeed Ahmad | Dr. Nisar | Prof. Dr. Anjum Khalique.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2167,T] (1).
20.
Impact Of Zinc Supplementation On Growth Performance Carcass Traits And Immune Response In Broilers
by Muhammad Ali | Prof. Dr. Anjum Khalique | Dr. Muhammad Afzal Rashid | Prof. Dr.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2177,T] (1).
21.
Comparative Performance Of Cattle Calves Fattened On Different Levels Of Lucerne Hay Based Total Mixed Ration
by Rana Asif Iqbal (2002-VA-102) | Dr. Jalees Ahmad Bhatti | Mr. Hifz-Ul-Rehman | Prof. Dr. Anjum Khalique.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Feeding management trial of 90 days was conducted to evaluate the growth performance and production economics of cattle calves fattened on different levels of Lucerne hay based mixed ration. Twenty four (24) cattle calves approximately of two years age and same weight were selected from the available young stock and was randomly allocated to three groups i.e. A, B and C, Fattening rations comprising concentrate TMR, LHMR-15(15% hay) and LHMR-25(25% hay) for the calves belonging to group A, B and C was offered @1 % of the body weight on dry matter basis, respectively. Mean daily DMI was 20.62±0.17, 20.66±0.18 and 20.74±0.17 kg per calf on TMR, LHMR-15 and LHMR-25, respectively. Highest dry matter intake (20.74±0.17 kg) was recorded in calves on LHMR-25 diet followed by calves on LHMR-15 and TMR. The data on body weight was recorded on weekly basis during the trial period of 12 weeks. Mean daily body weight gain was 0.82±0.042, 0.77±0.051and 0.70±0.046 kg per calf on TMR, LHMR-15 and LHMR-25, respectively. Highest (0.82±0.042 kg) daily weight gain was recorded in calves on TMR diet followed by calves on LHMR-15 and LHMR-25 diet, respectively. Daily weight gain in calves showed an increasing trend on overall basis in all the treatments during different weeks. The calves on TMR diet comparatively reported higher gain during different weeks and between treatments. Statistically non-significant was observed in mean daily weight gain among different treatments and also during different weeks.The differences in body height, body length and heart girth measurements were statistically non-significant between treatments. Statistically body mass index was non-significant among the all treatments. Feed conversion ratio in calves was highest (9.16±2.231) on TMR diet followed by LHMR-15 (11.18±4.192) and LHMR-25(11.64±2.025), respectively. Statistically feed conversion ratio differences were non-significant between treatments and also during different weeks. The economics of calves fattening was calculated at the end of twelve weeks experiment by using costs of production and value of gain. Gross margin analyses showed statistically non-significant difference between treatments and also during different weeks.
Key words: cattle, fattening, lucerne hay, daily weight gain
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2307-T] (1).
22.
Efficiency Of Nitrogen Utilization In Response To Level Of Crude Protein Supplies In Multiparous Lactating Nili-Ravi Buffaloes
by Rizwan Munawar (2008-VA-114) | Dr. Muhammad Naveed Ul Haque | Mr. Murtaza Ali Tipu | Prof. Dr. Anjum Khalique | Dr. Qamar Shahid.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Livestock has a vital role in pakistanʾs economy. Livestock play a key role in alleviating poverty from our rural areas. Nutritional management is of keen importance in livestock business. Optimum supply of nutrients (protein and energy) is very important for precise farming. Establishing protein and energy requirement for animals has a vital role in livestock farming for guaranteeing the optimum supply of these nutrients. Under feeding and over feeding of these nutrients may negatively affect the performance of animal and also may have some adverse effect on environment by production of different types of hazardous gases. Protein requirement of buffalo depends on milk production and milk protein contents together with efficiency of conversion of dietary N to milk N. buffalo is reported to be less efficient converter of dietary N to milk N as compared to cows, however average dietary N conversion to milk still needs further investigation.
This study was conducted at Buffalo Research Institute, Pattoki. Three levels of crude protein were supplied to check their effect on production performance of buffaloes. Design for the experiment was 3×3 latin square including two animals in each treatment. Experiment was completed in 63 days (21 days in each period). During the study different parameters were determined by using different laboratory techniques. Milk parameters included milk yield, milk fat, milk protein and milk lactose. Blood parameters included urea, total protein, triglycerides (TG) and glucose. Fecal sampling was done to check N digestibility and feed analysis were also performed by using standard procedures. Data were analyzed using GLM procedures of SAS.
DMI was similar at all the treatments. DMI at low CP diet, medium CP diet and high CP diet was 14.3, 14.4 and 14.1 kg/d respectively. Milk yield was also identical at all the protein supplies and was 9.90, 10.0 and 9.82 kg/d for low protein supply, medium and high protein
Summary
41
supply respectively. Milk protein contents also showed no response and were 3.99, 3.94 and 3.99 % at low CP, medium CP and high CP respectively. Milk fat contents were also same at all the treatments and these were 6.63, 6.58 and 6.67 % at low, medium and high CP level of diet. Milk lactose concentration was 5.30, 5.26 and 5.31 % at all the three diets. Similarly protein yield, fat yield and lactose yield showed no response of this dietary variation of protein. Body weights of the animals were increased by increasing CP in diet. Body weights of the buffaloes were 478.3, 498.5 and 499.1 kg at low CP, medium CP and high level of CP in diet, respectively. Nitrogen intake was significantly higher at higher CP supplies and was 248.4, 297.3 and 314.3 g/d at low protein, medium protein and high protein levels. Similarly, CP intake was higher at higher protein supplies. CP intake increased from 1.553 to 1.964 kg/d by varying protein from low to high level. Nitrogen efficiency was decreased by increasing level of CP in diet and was decreased from 24.94 to 19.64% by increasing CP from low to high level in diet. BUN was increased linearly by increasing CP in diet, whereas blood glucose and triglycerides showed no response of this dietary manipulation.
In current feeding situation, no effect of increasing protein supply was observed on production status of these buffaloes. Blood urea nitrogen was increased whereas efficiency of nitrogen utilization was decreased by increasing CP in diet. So the recommended level of CP in ration for milk yield of 10 kg with 4% protein and 6.6% fat is 10.9%. But this still needs further investigations. Current experiment served as an opportunity to explore the effect of varying levels of CP on nitrogen utilization efficiency in buffaloes. Further research is required in high forage based diets. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2327-T] (1).
23.
Effect Of Feeding Two Levels Of Non Fiber Carbohydrate On Production Performance Of Lactating Nilli Ravi Buffaloes
by Nadeem Haider Hammad (2007-VA-065) | Prof. Dr. Anjum Khalique | Dr. Muhammad Afzal Rashid | Dr. Muhammad Qamer Shahid.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: In Pakistan during the past decade, milk production has been increased from 27.811MT to 49.512MT.Nili-Ravi buffalo is one of the best dairy breed of water buffalo; with an average milk yield per lactation 2,430 liters (Bilal et al. 2006).Buffalo population of Pakistan is considered as valuable asset comprising the best dairy breeds of the world. Buffalo’s milk contributes approximately 68% to the total milk production in the country.
The research in dairy cattle indicated that milk production is associated directly to the type of carbohydrates fed in the diet. Carbohydrate fraction contributes approximately 70% of dry matter in the diets for lactating dairy cows. NFC is a major source of energy for lactating dairy animals. According to NRC a typical dairy ration should contain NFC between 35 to 40 % of the total dietary DM to support optimal milk production. Studies in cattle have shown positive correlation of NFC with milk production.High NFC diets have shown improved production performance in cattleTherefore aim of current experiment was to evaluate the optimal level of straw based non fiber carbohydrate TMR on production performance of lactating Nili-Ravi buffalo.
The experiment was carried out at Buffalo Research Institute (BRI), Pattokito evaluate the effect of two levels of NFC on; dry matter intake, body weight, body score, fecal score, milk production, changes in milk composition, milk production efficiency. In this experiment twelve lactating Nili Ravi buffaloes of same parity and comparable milk production were selected. Animals were housed on concrete floor and were fed individually. The shed was well ventilated.
The duration of experiment was 50 days. Animals were given adaptability period of 10 days and remaining 40 days for data recording and sample collection. Animals were randomly assigned into two dietary treatments: Treatment 1: Straw based low NFC (32%) TMR as a control and Treatment 2: Straw based high NFC (40%) TMR with n=6 animals per treatment. Diets formulated were iso-nitrogenous. At the start of experiment animals were weighed and then weekly during experimental period. Hand milking was carried out twice daily in the morning and evening at 7.00 and 19.00, respectively. Milk let down was done by calf suckling. During the entire experimental period, ad libitum availability of fresh and clean water to individual animal was ensured. The animals were fed on straw based non-fiber carbohydrate TMR once daily in the morning after milking. TMR offered and refusal was recorded daily.
The effect of treatments on milk yield, milk composition, dry matter intake and other variables was analyzed by two independent sample t-tests using Procttest procedure of SAS ( release 9.1; SAS Institute, Inc, Cary, NC).
Conclusion
In present research animals were given two levels of straw based non-fiber carbohydrate TMR and it was observed that by giving straw based low NFC (32%) TMR the production performance of Nili-Ravi buffaloes were better than NFC (40%). The results of current study should be used cautiously due to the limitations of the trail.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2352-T] (1).
24.
Efficiency Of Nitrogen Utilization In Response To Level Of Crude Protein Supplies In Primiparous Lactating Nili-Ravi Buffaloes
by Saba Anwar (2006-VA-68) | Dr. Muhammad Naveed ul Haque | Dr. Fayyaz Ahmed | Prof. Dr. Anjum Khalique | Dr. Muhammad Qamar Shahid.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Background:
In lactating buffaloes the protein requirements essentially depend on milk production & milk protein content together with the efficiency of conversion of dietary nitrogen to milk nitrogen. Lactating buffaloes utilize crude protein efficiently but still excrete some nitrogen (N) in feces. This inefficient N conversion results in increased feed cost and environmental pollution. There is need for the estimation of optimum level of protein required for lactating buffaloes for its maximum utilization and minimum wastage.
Hypothesis:
To check the efficiency of 3 different levels of crude protein this is better utilized for milk production of buffaloes.
Methodology:
The experiment was carried out at BRI, Pattoki. Six (6) Nili Ravi primiparous buffaloes in mid lactation were used for this experiment. Animals received 3 treatments in a 3×3 latin square design with a 21 days (d) period (total duration of experiment will be 63d). The treatments contain diets are 9% (CP9), 11% (CP11), and 13% (CP13) of crude protein content. Diet distributed as well as orts (refused) was noted on daily basis. Fodder samples were collected after every week in each period for evaluating the DM and for proximate analysis. Concentrate and wheat straw was analyzed once in each period. Milk yield of buffaloes were recorded daily and milk samples were collected for determining composition of milk. Body weights were taken on fortnightly basis. Blood samples were collected for analysis of different physiological metabolites.
Statistical Analyses:
Data was analyzed through General Linear Model by using PROC GLM command (SAS, 2004). Further polynomial linear and quadratic regression were used to determine the effects.
Outcome:
It was concluded from the study that high protein intake in the diet did not increased the DMI and milk parameters except fat contents. Level of BUN increased at high CP diet which depicts the inefficiency of nitrogen utilization by buffaloes. Buffaloes are less efficient in nitrogen utilization than cows. The low protein treatment appears sufficient to support milk production of 9 kg/d. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2453-T] (1).
25.
Comparative Studies of Beta Glucan And Plant Stimulants on the Growth and Immune Response of Labeo Rohita
by Rafia Tayyab (2007-VA-313) | Dr. Noor Khan | Prof. dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Prof. Dr. Anjum Khalique.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Thesis submitted without cd. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2481-T] (1).
26.
Effect of two Feeding Regimens of Sodium Humate on Health and Production Traits of Lactating Nili-Ravi Buffaloes
by Shaheen Iqbal (2004-VA-16) | Prof. Dr. Saima | Prof. dr. Anjum Khalique | Prof. Dr. M. Abdullah.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Thesis submitted with blank cd. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2472-T] (1).
27.
Effect Of Different Sources Of Selenium On Egg Production, Egg Quality And Egg Selenium Concentration In 2ND Phase Of Laying
by Farhat Abbas 92013-VA-891) | Prof. Dr. Saima | Prof. Dr. Anjum Khalique | Dr. Jibran Hussain.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Se is an essential element required for the human body. On the daily basis food consumed by human does not fulfil the requirement of Se for the body. Se cannot be directly consumed as it is harmful for the human body that’s why scientist are trying to produce Se enriched foods for human consumption. In this way eggs are the best medium through which consumable Se can be provided to the human by fortifying eggs when Se given to the birds in feed.
Different sources of Se supplementation in the diet may affect the egg shell quality, albumin height and selenium concentration in the eggs when given to ISA hi-sex white commercial layer.A total of 240 birds from ISA hi-sex fed with two Se sources and having three levels (0.2, 0.4, 0.6 mg/kg) each i.e. organic Selenium Yeast (SY), inorganic Se as Sodium Selenite (SS) and combination of organic and inorganic sources of selenium (SY+SS) one control were used in present study. Daily egg production, egg weight and weekly feed efficiency was recorded. Egg shell thickness, egg shell weight, albumen height, yolk index and haugh unit were measured every week. Whole egg Se concentration was determined 2nd, 4th and 8th week of the experiment.
Data collected were analyzed through completely randomized design (CRD) under one ANOVA technique (Steel et al. 1997). Means were separated through Duncan’s Multiple Range test (Duncan’s, 1955) with the help of SAS 9.1. The results of the observed study showed that supplementation of organic Se in the layer hen’s diet improved the albumen height (mm), Haugh unit score and yolk index. In this experiment different sources and levels of Se did not show the statistically significant difference in the results of egg production, egg weight, egg shell weight and egg shell thickness. All the sources and levels of Se improved the whole egg Se concentration and the organic Se showed much better results in whole egg Se concentration as compared to other sources of Se. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2574-T] (1).
28.
Effect Of Different Selenium Sources On Nutritive Composition Of Breast And Thigh Meat In Varieties Of Aseel Cockerels
by Muhammad Tayyab (2014-VA-809) | Prof. Dr. Anjum Khalique | Dr. Yasir Allah Ditta | Dr. Jibran Hussain.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Poultry industry is second largest enterprise of Pakistan owing to be a major source of food in terms of meat and egg and shares an enough contribution towards national GDP, livestock growth and mass employment. Indigenous poultry breeds also have been playing important role in fulfilling the protein requirements of people. Aseel is one of the famous breed of Pakistan and distributed throughout the country in its different varieties. Selenium enriched food items are gaining public interest due to health benefits and longer shelf life. Production of such enriched food items is requiring latest knowledge about supplementation of micro minerals in the diet of birds. For this purpose, a study was conducted with basic objective to determine the effect of different selenium sources on meat quality and composition in four varieties and Aseel chicken. Two hundred day old Aseel chickens cockerels were procured from Avian Research and Training Center. After three weeks of brooding and adaptation period, 120 Aseel cockerels were then randomly selected and separated into four groups (40 birds/group/variety), every group was further subdivided into three treatment sub groups (A, B, and C) with 10 birds in each treatment and were assigned three dietary treatments. Aseel cockerels were housed individually in cages system. Group A and B were experimental groups while group C was control. The Aseel chickens were slaughtered at 20 weeks of age and meat of breast and thighs were used for proximate analysis (CP, DM, Ash, Fat) and minerals (micro and macro) determination. Values obtained were used to analyze through two-way ANOVA technique using SAS 9.1 software. Means were compared with DMR test. Result of this study showed that DM% of breast was higher (P≤0.05) in Mushki × SS and of thigh meat higher (P≤0.05) in Peshawari × SS. Similarly, CP of breast meat was higher (P≤0.05) in Lakha × SS and of thigh meat Lakha SY
SUMMARY
54
group and fat of breast was higher in Lakha × SY group and of thigh meat was higher (P≤0.05) in Mianwali × SS group. Varieties differed in macro-minerals i.e., sodium, potassium, phosphorus and calcium shown by Lakha variety in breast meat while magnesium was higher in breast meat of Mianwali. In thigh meat, sodium, potassium, calcium contents were prominent (P≤0.05) in Lakha while magnesium was higher in Mushki variety. However, phosphorus was non-significant in thigh meat. In micro-minerals, selenium contents in breast and thigh meat of Aseel chicken were higher (P≤0.05) in Lakha variety while for copper contents, breast of Lakha and thigh of Mushki variety had higher values (P≤0.05). Zn, ferrous and Mn contents were non-significant in breast meat while in thigh meat, Mn among was higher in Lakha variety. In breast meat, pH, Lightness, Chroma, Hue, Redness and Yellowness were higher in Peshawari, Mushki, organic × lakha, Organic× Mushki, Inorganic × lakha and organic × Mushki groups respectively while, in thigh meat, Mianwali, Mushki ×inorganic selenium, Lakha × inorganic selenium, Peshawari × Organic selenium, Peshawari × inorganic selenium and Lakha × organic selenium had highest values. From above results, we concluded that inorganic selenium is more beneficial in indigenous Aseel chicken as it improve the DM and CP contents while organic selenium is more helpful due to more fat contents in meat of chicken breast and thigh parts. While, Aseel Lakha chicken is strongly recommended for micro and macro mineral enriched meat production.
CONCLUSION
Based upon the finding of the present study it can be concluded that:
Organic selenium helps in improving breast fat and thigh protein in Aseel rooster.
Selenium don’t have any detrimental effect on minerals contents, pH and color of meat of Aseel rooster.
55
Organic selenium better retained in breast and thigh meat than inorganic selenium.
Meat of Lakha Aseel is more nutritive than others varieties fed organic selenium.
SUGGESTION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Based upon the result of the present study it is recommended that:
This study would be helpful for poultry meat processing industry because Se not only improve meat quality but also shelf life.
Organic selenium should be added in the diet of chicken to improve the nutritive value of meat.
Lakha and Mushki Aseel should be reared for beneficial effect of meat nutrient on human health.
Selenium yeast enrichment in the Aseel feeds can be very helpful increase in body weight which ultimately increase the profitability. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2729-T] (1).
29.
Comparative Evaluation Of Effect Of Selenium Sources On Growth, Production And Reproduction In Different Varieties Of Indigenous Aseel Chicken
by Muhammad Waseem Zia (2012-VA-652) | Prof. Dr. Anjum khalique | Prof. Dr, Saima | Dr. Jibran Hussain.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Universally, domestic chickens are considered very important due to their better adaptability to the local climatic conditions. Among native poultry breeds of Pakistan, Aseel is a recognized native breed used mostly for backyard poultry production and is famous for its appreciable degree of resistance to various diseases as compared with commercial exotic poultry breeds. In many communities, native chickens are considered very important in breaking the vicious poverty cycle. This breed contains genes and alleles appropriate to their adaptation to the specific environment. On the basis of its characteristic of producing good quality meat, Aseel chicken can be used and further improved as a meat type bird. However, the main limitation in its propagation is its slower growth rate, poorer egg production, smaller egg size, lower fertility and hatchability.Selenium (Se) is an essential micro-mineral for poultry which exists in organic and inorganic forms. Organic Se is reported to be more bio-available which improves the growth performance, productive and reproductive potential of poultry resulting in better egg and meat production as well as the quality. Despite having considerable capabilities, inadequate research work has been so far conducted on Aseel that may be the main bottleneck towards increasing its overall production. In this study, there was a focus on the improvement of growth, productive and reproductive potential of Aseel; also for the development of functional poultry products (eggs and meat, enriched with Se). The present study was planned with the main objectives to investigate the influence of organic (Se-enriched yeast: SY) and inorganic (sodium selenite: SS) Se dietary supplements on growth performance, nutrient utilization, blood biochemical profile, slaughter characteristics, tissue Se concentration, rearing expenditures andmortality as well as the production traits including egg production, egg quality/geometry, hatching traits and egg Se concentration in four recognized varieties namely Lakha, Mushki, Peshaweri and Mianwaliof indigenous Aseel chicken. The study comprised two main experiments conducted at the Indigenous Chicken Genetic Resource Centre (ICGRC), Department of Poultry Production, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (UVAS), Ravi campus, Block-C, Pattoki with the objectives to explore theimpact of dietary Se addition, influence of varieties and their interaction on overall performance of Aseel chickens. For this purpose, in the first experiment, 240 three-week-aged birds (120 males and 120 females) were distributed in a randomized complete block design into four groups, 60/variety (30 males + 30 females). These birds of either sex were further subdivided into three treatment groups A, B and C according to the nature of diet (SY added, SS added and without Se added) with 10 birds/treatment and each treatment was replicated 10 times with one bird in each replicate. Data thus collected were subjected to analysis of variance techniques in a randomized complete block design and means were compared using Duncan’s Multiple Range test. The studies regarding overall response to Se supplementation for growth performance depicted substantial influence. Dietary addition with SY increased the nutrient retention, feed conversion, body weight and decreased the mortality and rearing expenditures, especially in the males of Lakha variety. All body measurementswere improved in the birds received SY supplemented diet, the SY-fed males of Lakha exhibited better response compared to rest of the treatments.SY addition significantly increased the values of glucose, triglyceride, globulin, glutathione peroxidase (GPX) in blood serum, while significantly decreased levels of urea, creatinine, uric acid, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total cholesterol, and thyroxine (T4) in the serum were observed in SY-fed birds, especially in the birds of Lakha and Peshaweri varieties. However, total protein and albumin values in the serumwere foundunaffected by Se supplementation. The significant variations in the slaughtering traits were observed; SY inclusion presented improved live final body weight, dressing weight, dressing percent, eviscerated weight, eviscerated percent and giblet weight. Selenium uptake by the chest and thigh muscles was also enhanced in the male birds of Lakha and Mushki varieties exposed to SY added diet. The rearing cost of the birds in SY-fedgroup was noticed lower than the cost recorded for those got SS supplemented or control diet. The males of Lakha in this regard presented the least rearing cost on receiving SY supplemented diet.
The second experiment was also conducted with the objectives to compare the influence of organic and inorganic Se inclusion, varieties and their interaction on productive performance, egg geometry/quality traits, reproductive performance and the egg Se contents in Aseel. For this purpose, 96 twenty-one-weeks old birds (84 females and 12 Males) from Lakha, Mushki, Peshaweri and Mianwali varieties of Aseel were selected and distributed under randomized complete block design into three groups, 24/variety (21 females + 3 males); further subdivided into three treatment groups, 7 females and 1 male in each treatment according to Se treatments (SY, SS and control) and each treatment was replicated 7 times with one bird in each replicate. Each bird was regarded as an experimental unit. The data thus collected were subjected to analysis of variance in a randomized complete block design and means were compared using Duncan’s Multiple Range test. The results showed that the females of Mianwali variety fed with SY supplemented ration exhibited higher feed intake, enhanced body weight and gained sexual maturity earlier; furthermore, Mianwali variety exhibited better egg production, showed higher egg weight and egg mass. FCR/dozen eggs, FCR/kg egg mass were as observed to be higher in the females of Peshaweri variety. Egg Se concentration was higher in the SY supplemented group as compared with SS or control groups.Dietary Se supplementation significantly influenced the shape index, yolk index, Haugh Units and eggshell thickness. However, non-significant variations were observed in Haugh Units among the females of all varieties. Interaction results presented the significant differences in egg breadth, egg length, egg volume, egg weight, egg shape index, egg shell thickness, yolk index and Haugh Units in the females of all varieties; with significantly higher values in the females of Mianwali variety exposed to SY added ration.The reproductive performance pertaining to hatching traits depicted that the Se supplements, varieties and their interaction influenced the hatching traitssignificantly. The SY-fed females of Peshaweri presented the decreased dead germ percent, dead in shell percent and clear egg percent compared with the females got SS supplemented ration or unsupplemented control ration. Improved hatchability percent and the hatch of fertile percent were noticed in the females of SY supplemented group than those of SS or control groups and the greatest increase was recorded in the females of Peshaweri variety. Similarly, enhanced body weights by the newly hatched chicks of Peshaweri and Mianwali varieties were observed fed with SY supplemented ration and also in the interaction, significant results were recorded.
9.1 CONCLUSIONS
Based upon the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that all four varieties of indigenous Aseel responded positively to the dietary addition with SY supplements of Se regarding growth performance of Aseel, especially in the male birds of Lakha variety. SY supplementation also showed the better results regarding productive and reproductive performance, especiallyin the females of Mianwali and Peshaweri varieties with more promising results. Moreover, SY addition displayed the substantial results in shape of production of functional foods such as Se-enriched eggs and meat.
9.2 SUGGESTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
In future, indigenous Aseel chicken raising programs should be given due emphasis while proceeding for poultry farming by using native breeds of poultry.
9.2.1 Recommendations for the farmers
Keeping in mind the results of this study, here are some recommendations for the poultry farmers.
1. Due to the large body size of Aseel and a good ability to show resistance against a variety of infectious diseases, many poultry farmers want to rear and use Aseel as a parent flock for further breeding but are hesitant to go for that because of its slow growth. Slow growth is due to its low feed nutrient utilization and consequently slow gain in body weight. Lower production performance is mainly due to its late sexual maturity, long pauses and short clutch size.In the current situation,the strategic inclusion of Se in the diets of Aseel, being the effective technology, can help the farmers overcome the problems of slow growth and low productive performance in Aseel by synchronizing and consequently bringing the Aseel birds into better growth and production. It can help the farmers to get the production of the Aseel birds, according to their need and situations.
2. In the current study, SY has been substantiated to improve the reproductive performance of Aseel, hence can be used further to elucidate the very old concern of lower fertility and hatchability in Aseel parent flock consequently improving progeny size.
3. Keeping in view the above, the Aseel can be used as a feasible option for the poultry business by enhancing its sluggish growth rate and lower production potential through Se supplementation as well as to lower fertility and hatchability through the supplementation of organic Se supplement (SY) in the diet. Ultimately, it will be remained supportive towards the revival of open- sided poultry farms that have become closed after the trend to establish the environmentally controlled sheds and are lying vacant from a long time.
9.2.2 Suggestions for the researchers
1. In the current study, the fixed levels ofSe supplements were used for supplementation, whereas future researchers can work on different levels of it.
2. Further trials may be planned to check the subsequent effects of different sources of Se supplements on the biochemical profile of meat and eggs; also the immune response in the chicks from hens reared on Se supplemented diets.
3. The evaluation of semen quality in Aseel males and the impact of artificial insemination in the hens by the semen received from Se treated males of Aseel can also be studied.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2780-T] (1).
30.
Comparison Of Carcass Traits And Meat Quality Characteristics Of Four Commercial Broiler Strains Available In Pakistan
by Iftikhar Hussain Badar (2004-VA-38) | Dr. Muhammad Hayat Jaspal | Dr. Sher Ali | Prof. Dr. Anjum Khalique.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: During the last five decades intensive research in the genetic selection resulted in significant improvement in broiler performance. Modern trends in poultry processing lead to a point where success is based on better cut up yield, as a result breeding companies have developed several marketable broiler strains .In Pakistan there are four broiler strains i.e. Hubbard®, Arbor acre®, Ross® and Cobb®. Presently general perception in the industry is that Ross and Cobb strains have higher boneless yield owing to relatively heavy breast as compared to Hubbard. In a country like Pakistan, where only imported strains of broiler are being used, comparative evaluation of different broiler strains and expression of their potential under climatic condition of Pakistan is necessary for mutual benefit of farmers, processors and consumers.
The present study was conducted at department of Meat Science and Technology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore.Total 360 birds from four broiler strains were divided into three body weight categories (Low 1800±50 g, Medium 2100±50 g, and Heavy 2400±50).These birds were procured from R&D Farm, Hi-Tech Pvt. Ltd. 18 km Raiwind Road, Lahore for slaughtering under Randomized Complete Block Design.
For slaughtering, each bird was tagged and transported in specific crates. After bleeding, birds were de-feathered, deskinned and weighed to record deskinned weight. The birds were eviscerated and after removal of heads and shanks birds weighed again to record the carcass weight. After Chilling the carcasses were processed in deboning hall, the birds were weighed and cut in to major parts i.e. first as legs, whole breast, neck, back and wings. Then legs were further cut into drumsticks and thighs.Then each part was deboned to get weight of boneless meat of each cut. Percentage of boneless meat of specific part on the basis of carcass weight was calculated.
The pH of the meat was recorded from pectoralis major muscle with the help of pH meter.Color wasmeasured from the same breast fillet used to measure pH, for drip loss percentage six breast fillet were randomly selected from each strain and each body weight category after deboning.For marination total 18 breast fillet were selected randomly of each body weight category of every strain.
The Cobb broilers showed highest dressing (%). The skin and feathers (%), offals (%), legs (%), drumstick (%), back (%), neck (%), wings (%), leg meat (%) and drumstick boneless (%) were highest in Hubbard broilers. The Hubbard and Arbor acre broilers showed highest thigh (%) and boneless thigh meat (%). The Ross broilers had highest whole breast (%), outer fillet (%), inner fillet (%), wing boneless (%) and total boneless meat (%).Among different broiler strains, Cobb broilers showed significantly higher pH at 4hr and Hubbard showed highest pH after 24 hour .The Ross broilers had significantly higher L* as compared to the other strains.Among different broiler strains Cobb and Ross showed significantly higher drip loss (%),marinade uptake (%) and brine loss (%) as compared to Arbor acre and Hubbard. Whereas, cooking loss (%) and shear force value with marination was significantly higher in Ross broilers.Among different strains, Hubbard broilers had highest cooking yield after marination as compared to rest of strains.
Conclusion
Based on the findings of the present study it can be concluded that:
1. Ross, Cobb and Arbor Acre strains showed better dressing percentage as compared to Hubbard.
2. The Ross broilers has highest whole breast (%) followed by those of Cobb, Arbor acre and Hubbard and among different body weight categories lowest body weight broilers (1800g) has highest breast (%).
3. The Ross broilers showed highest fillet (%) followed by those of Cobb, Arbor acre and Hubbard and among different body weight categories highestbody weight broilers (2400g) has highest breast fillet (%).
4. The Hubbard broilers showed highest whole legs and boneless leg meat (%) followed by those of Arbor Acre and least in Ross and Cobb broilers.
5. The Ross broilers had highest total boneless (%) followed by those of Arbor acre, Cobb, and Hubbard.
6. Hubbard broilers has highest cooking yield after marination as compared to rest of strains.
7. Marination has improved cooking yield and tenderness of meat in all strains.
8. Yellow shank strains ( Ross and Cobb) showed better dressing percentage, whole breast yield, fillet yield and total boneless yield as compared to the white shank strain ( Hubbard)
9. White shank strain (Hubbard) showed better legs meat yield and cooking yield after marination as compared to yellow shank strains (Ross and Cobb).
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2794-T] (1).
31.
Moringa Oleifera As Feed Additive In Poultry: Influence On Production Efficiency, Meat And Egg Profile
by Shakeel Ahmad (2011-VA-542) | Prof. Dr. Anjum Khalique | Prof. Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr. Shahid Mehmood.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Phytogenic feed additives gained considerable interest in the strategic replacement of antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) after European regulations for animal feed production which imposed a complete ban on antibiotics in animal feed used as growth promoters. Natural phytogenic growth promoters modify animal metabolism and gut microbiota population and positively affect the production and growth performance. Research in the animal feed production has established the basis for better feed efficiency, desired carcass traits and manipulation of bioactive compounds in the poultry eggs and meat, which resulted in the idea of functional foods and phytogenic feeds additives. In response to the above challenges a lot of research on aromatic plants, herbs, and spices was conducted in comparison with conventional antibiotic growth promoters. The data were recorded and analysed regarding gut morphology, gut ecology, feed digestibility, nutrients availability and meat and eggs bioactive compounds index of meat and eggs. Moringa oleifera might be used as phytogenic feed additives on the basis of diverse volatile compounds present in its leaves, pods and roots. Moringa belongs to family Moringaceae and is commercially grown in many tropics and subtropics countries globally. Moringa oleifera leaves and pods are very nutritious and retain their nutrients even when dried and converted to leaf powder. They can be utilized in both fresh as well as dried forms. Moringa leaves contain bioactive compounds like β-carotene, Quercetin and selenium in addition to basic nutrients (crude protein, metabolizable energy, ether extract, and ash). Moringa leaf meal contains 29.7, 22.5, 14.7, 4.3, 2.7, 0.26, 10.6% and 7.86Mj/Kg of CP, CF, Ash, EE, Ca, P, NFE and ME respectively. On the basis of above nutritional and bioactive compounds Moringa oleifera leaves meet the needs of a growth promoter and phytogenic feed additive as lot of studies on antimicrobial, anti-coccidial, AGP replacer and feed ingredient attributes have been conducted. Even then, very limited data was available regarding its phytogenic feed additive attributes. On the basis of above addressed issues the below experiments were designed. For this purpose following experiments were planned and executed. In the first experiment, authors took 200 day old broiler chicks and assigned to four dietary treatments in a completely randomized design replicated five times having ten birds each. Four iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous diets were formulated for both the starter as well as finisher phases of production and four levels (0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5%) of Moringa leaf meal (MLM) were used over and above. Data regarding growth performance were collected and subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) techniques under Completely Randomized Design and means were compared using Duncan’s Multiple Range (DMR) test. Growth was monitored by feed intake, body weight, total gain, FCR and liveability. Feed intake was linearly decreased whereas quadratic response was observed in FCR (P≤0.05). Body weight, total gain and liveability remained same among the treatment groups. Dressing percentage showed quadratic response and highest values was observed in the group offered 0.5% of supplementation, whereas all other parameters including live weight, carcass weight, digestive organs (liver, gizzard) and heart size showed no effect. Bioactive compounds β-carotene, Quercetin and selenium in breast meat samples were lineally increased resulting in higher DPPH values (P≤0.05). Cholesterol, SGPT, creatinine and glucose levels in serum and breast meat samples were linearly decreased resulting in improved animal as well as consumer health. Moisture level of breast meat samples was linearly decreased whereas all other nutrients including Crude protein (CP), Ash, Ether extract (EE) and all minerals were linearly increased with the supplementation level (P≤0.05). Newcastle dis□ease titers remained unchanged while linear increase in IBD titers was observed. In second trial Moringa oleifera pods meal was added in the diet (starter and finisher) with same levels 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5%. Two hundred broiler birds were purchased from commercial market and assigned to four treatments with five replicates and ten birds per replicate. Feed conversion ratio and feed intake was decreased (P≤0.05) with the increase in the supplementation level, whereas total gain was improved. Dressing percentage was negatively affected (P≤0.05), whereas organs weights (liver, hear & gizzard) were improved with the supplementation levels. β-carotene and Quercetin content of broiler breast meat were respectively 0.08μg/100g and 8μg/100g breast meat samples. Cholesterol level was decreased whereas selenium content was significantly increased (P≤0.05) in the treatment groups. Highest DPPH radicals scavenging activity was recorded in the treatment groups. When proximate analysis of meat was done, the moisture, ether extract, crude protein and ash contents were decreased (P≤0.05). Moreover biochemical indicators SGPT, Creatinine, Glucose and cholesterol were recorded significantly lowest (P≤0.05) in the treatment groups. In the third experiment Moringa oleifera leaf meal was used as feed additive in layers diet to its impact on performance, bioactive compounds and nutrient profile of eggs. For this purpose two hundred, fifty weeks (50) old, HyLine W36 layers were purchased from the commercial market and assigned to four treatments in a completely randomized design with five replicates and ten birds per replicate. Four iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous diets were formulated and Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MLM) was supplemented at 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% over and above of basal diet. Results of this experiment significantly affected the production. Egg mass, production percentage and FCR were significantly affected whereas total feed intake and egg weight remained unchanged (P≤0.05). Egg shape and yolk index showed a quadratic response, whereas Haugh units and shell thickness was linearly decreased (P≤0.05). Bioactive compounds like β-carotene, Quercetin and Selenium content were enriched up to the levels 4906 and 241 and 56.82 μg/100g of egg yolk respectively (P≤0.05). Linear decrease in the serum biochemical compounds SGPT, Glucose, Creatinine and cholesterol
SUMMARY
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levels (serum and eggs) at 4th and 6th week of supplementation was recorded (P≤0.05). Antibody titers against Newcastle disease were also significantly improved
(P≤0.05). Nutrients and minerals profile of egg yolk was also significantly changed (P≤0.05). In experiment No 4, effect of Moringa oleifera pods meal was investigated on 200 HyLine W36 layer birds of 50 weeks age. Diets were formulated having same caloric and protein levels and Moringa oleifera pods meal was added at top with the dose levels of 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% of basal diet. The results of this study showed quadratic response on egg mass and FCR per dozen eggs whereas feed intake, egg weight and production percentage remained same. Haugh unit showed a quadratic response whereas shell thickness was decreased linearly in the treatment groups (P≤0.05). Antioxidants like, β-carotene, Quercetin and Selenium showed same trend as in the previous experiment. Serum biochemical profile (SGPT, Glucose, Creatinine and cholesterol) were improved along with lower cholesterol content in egg yolk (P≤0.05). Proximate analysis of egg yolk showed that moisture and ether extract was decreased whereas CP, Ash and minerals (Na, K, Ca, Mg, P) profile was improved with the supplementation (P≤0.05). Results of all these four experiments support our hypothesis that Moringa oleifera can be a good phytogenic functional feed additive and can even perform at these lower supplementation levels. Moreover it can also be stated that eggs and meat produced from Moringa oleifera leaf and pods supplemented birds may serve as a functional food.
Conclusion
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On the basis of above experiments, it can be concluded that Moringa oleifera leaf and pods meal could be used to enhance the growth and production performance of broilers and layer bird along with bioactive compounds, like antioxidants, minerals and vitamins index of meat and eggs which could meet the advance concept of phytogenic feed additives.
Suggestions and recommendations
Outcomes of the present study including positive impact on growth performance, carcass traits, serum biochemical profile, immunity in broilers, and production percentage, egg geometry, and egg quality in layers in addition to enrichment of β-carotene, Quercetin and selenium in meat eggs suggest that Moringa oleifera can be considered as phytogenic feed additive.
Recommendations for the farmers
Keeping in view the above study following recommendation are given for the poultry producers
1. Moringa oleifera on the basis of its availability and nutrient profile can be a good phytogenic feed additive but there are multiple limitations most important are anti-nutritional compounds like saponins, phytosterols and high fibre and ash content in the leaves and pods meal inclusion in the feed.
2. Moringa pods are available once in a year and its availability is scarce so proper storage should be monitored.
3. Depending on the soil composition and climatic condition and varieties the nutrient especially ash content and bioactive compounds differ in its concentration so proper validation of nutrients is required before supplementation.
4. Supplementation is dependent on the nutrient profile so proper protocol and care must be considered while its use.
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5. In present study it is suggested that Moringa oleifera could be an option to be used as phytogenic feed additives to meet the condition including ban on AGP, better growth, production performance and safe and healthy meat and eggs.
Suggestions for the researchers
1. In the present study four levels of supplementation were used but future researchers can explore different levels in their studies.
2. Comparative studies with synthetic antioxidants, carotenoids and organic selenium can be designed.
3. Effect on shelf life can be studied in the animal products can be investigated in future studies.
Subsequent effect on acceptability of consumers regarding effect on the health including cholesterol levels, hypertension and cancer diseases can be studied. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2940-T] (1).
