1.
Diagnosis Of Surra In Equines By Indirection Fluorescent Anitobody
by Malik Ahsan Nadeem | Dr.Asim Aslam | Dr.Kamran | Prof.Dr.Zafar Iqbal Ch | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 2007Dissertation note: Trypanosomiasis (‘surra) is the most widely distributed arthropod- born protozoan disease affecting the equines. This study was conduàted to check the efficacy of indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) for the diagnosis of Surra. For this purpose 200 blood samples were collected from horses and donkeys from different areas of Gujranwala district. Thin blood smears were prepared on clean glass slides and blood samples were centrifuged to separate the serum. Serum was transferred into the vacutainers and transported to laboratory. The serum was separated by centrifugation and stored at -70°C. 200 thin blood smear slides were fixed with methanol and subjected to Giemsa stain for further microscopic examination. Then the 200 thin blood smear slides were fixed with acetone for further processing in indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT). The prevalence rate of 2% and 6% by using thin blood smear and indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) was obtained respectively. The results helped us to determine accuracy of indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) for diagnosis of Surra.
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2.
Detection Of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis And Mycobacterium Bovis From Spum And Blood Samples Of Human Using a Duplex PCR
by Asma Nawaz | Prof.Dr.Zafar Iqbal Ch | Dr.Azhar | Dr.Muhammad Younas Rana | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2009Dissertation note: Tuberculosis is common infectious disease in the world. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the most common cause of tuberculosis in the humans. Tuberculosis is endemic in Pakistan with about 1.5 million people infected. M.bovis is the major cause of gastrointestinal tuberculosis in humans.
The study was conducted in Lahore to compare 100 blood and 100 sputum samples from patients of active tuberculosis. The methods employed were conventional methods including Ziehl-Neelsen staining, culture on Lowenstein Jenson medium and biochemical tests. The Duplex PCR and conventional methods for diagnosis of tuberculosis caused by M.bovis and M.tuberculosis were compared on the sputum and blood samples. For M.tuberculosis and M.bovis the pncA gene and the species-specific 500-bp fragments were targeted in the Duplex PCR, respectively.
The sensitivity and specificity of Duplex PCR was found statistically significant in comparison to the conventional methods including Ziehl-Neelsen staining and culture for the differential diagnosis of tuberculosis caused by M.tuberculosis and M.bovis. Therefore Duplex PCR is a better choice of diagnostic test in the clinical setups where clinical urgencies necessitate a reliable, sensitive and specific test with the results in a short time period.
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3.
Pathology Of Naturally Infected Broilers With Mycoplasma Gallisepticum And Its Diagnosis Through Pcr
by Aamir Islam | Dr.Asim Aslam | Prof.Dr.Mansur- | Prof.Dr.Zafar Iqbal Ch | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2009Dissertation note: Two hundred broiler birds (200) showing the clinical signs of respiratory signs from fifty (50) poultry farms located in and around Lahore District were analyzed for the detection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum. The tissue samples (trachea and lungs) were subjected to PCR using for Mycoplasma gallisepticum 16S rRNA gene amplification with a set of primers (MG14-F and MG13-R). Out of 200 samples, 86 were found positive with MG. These positive samples were further analyzed for histopathological changes. Lungs showed hemorrhages, congestion and massive necrosis. Lymphocytic infiltration and oedema was also observed in lungs sections. Liver showed coagulative necrosis around the central vein, congestion and infiltration of lymphocytes. Similarly, heart section revealed necrosis and degeneration in cardiac muscles. Trachea revealed the epithelial and mucosal infiltration with lymphocytes. Hypertrophy of epithelial mucosa and catarrhal exudates recorded in trachea. Sloughing of the mucosa and sub mucosa of varying degree was noted in trachea. Few birds showed no obvious changes in the organs but were positive on PCR analysis.
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4.
Effect Of Total Particulate Matter From Commercial Cigrettes On Wound Healing In Mice
by Sidra Abdil Rahman | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Ashraf | Dr.Sheryar Afzal | Prof.Dr.Zafar Iqbal Ch.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2009Dissertation note: ACigarette smoking is considered as the most important cause of death in developed countries. Wound healing in the skin is a multifarious orchestration of cellular processes and cigarette smoking may grounds for delayed wound healing. The aim of this study was to investigate, the plausible association between exposures of cigarette total particulate matter (TPM) on wound healing. The invivo mice model of wound healing was customized for determinenation of assorted events of wound healing. A total of 49 adult mice separated in seven groups and kept under standard conditions of ventilation and temperature. Four brands of commercially available cigarette were selected for the current study. All the treated animals were exposed to TPM ointment for 12 days. A highly considerable diminution in wound closure was pragmatic among all TPM treated groups from day 6 to day 8 post-wounding. Histological investigations unveiled a noteworthy impede in the outcome of re-epithelialization, dermal matrix regeneration and maturation of collagen bundles among all TPM-exposed wounds. Delayed commencement of neovascularization was pragmatic among TPM treated groups, at day 12 post wounding. Quantification was done with the help of scan probing image processing software and image processing system. Abbot curve, angular spectrum and different other parameters of 3D surface behavior of wounds revealed a very highly significant reduction in angiogenesis at day 6 and day 8 post-wounding, which points that application of TPM instigate extensive delay in trigging the progression of angiogenesis, resulting delayed onset of wound healing. These annotations validate the damaging effects of TPM on the healing of wounds and excessive use of TPM may lead to the production of chronic wounds and oral ulcers.
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5.
Comparison Of Different Diagnostic Techniques For John'S Disease In Small Ruminants
by Saba Badar | Prof.Dr.Zafar Iqbal Ch | Dr. Mansur-ud-Din | Dr.Asim Aslam | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: Paratuberculosis is one of the most hazardous infectious diseases, causing heavy economic losses due to poor health, low productivity and high fatality rate among domestic and wild ruminants. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis is the etiological agent of Bovine Johne's disease. In this study PCR were used to detect the presence of the Acid Fast Bacillus Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, in the intestinal tissues and Mesenteric Lymph Nodes of small ruminants causing Paratuberculosis. PCR was compared to HEY medium culture on the Herrold's Egg Yolk Media.
The samples were collected from Lahore Slaughter house and brought to the Molecular Pathology Laboratory at the Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore. The study was conducted to compare PCR and the HEY medium culture for the diagnosis of paratuberculosis caused by M avium subsp. Paratuberculosis. A total of 500 tissue samples, 250 of the ileum and 250 of the mesenteric lymph nodes were collected randomly for the identification of Johne's disease. All samples were inoculated on the HEY medium prepared in the same laboratory aseptically. Followed by DNA extraction through the Kit method then run the PCR for insertion sequence IS 900, specific 626 bp fragment, were targetted in the genome of M paratuberculosis.
The results of the study showed more samples detected positive by PCR as compared to conventional culture methodology. Also they showed in the mass of 500 tissue samples that more bacilli are prone to the samples of small intestines than associated mesenteric lymph nodes. Regarding the sensitivity of the two techniques the PCR seemed more sensitive to detect the mycobacterium in the tissues than the conventional, laborious and time consuming HEY medium culture technique; though culture has been used as golden standard in this study also. When statistically analyzed results were insignificant due to small sample size.
The study will help in comparison of the two latest techniques for the diagnosis of M paratuberculosis, to check the validity of the better technique. In this study the sensitivity and specificity of PCR was checked and compared with culture on the HEY medium staining for the diagnosis of paratuberculosis in small ruminants.
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6.
Immunohistochemical And Pathomorphological Studies Of Chronic Granulomatous Enteritis (John'S Disease) in Bovines
by Muhammad Shahid | Prof.Dr.Zafar Iqbal Ch | Dr.Asim Aslam | Prof.Dr.Khushi Muhammad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: Paratuberculosis, a disease caused by Mycobacterium paratuberculosis is a peril for both livestock and human beings. The present project was designed to study the pathmorphological changes induced by the organism and standardize more reliable diagnostic techniques to identify the M paratuberculosis. Tissue samples from ileurn and mesenteric lymph nodes were randomly collected from 1 50 cattle and buffalo, each in present study that was conducted in Lahore.
Gross lesions were recorded on a Performa. The samples were subjected to acid fast staining of smears from pellets after density gradient centrifugation and paraffin embedded tissue sections. All the samples also subjected to polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. The smears prepared from bacterial pellets of mucosal and cortical scraping of terminal ileum and MLN were stained indicated 11.4 % small intestine and 12.7% lymph nodes of cattle's and 8.7% and 10.7% lymph nodes of buffalo's tissue samples were positive. ZN staining of paraffin embedded tissue showed 8.0 % small intestine and 10% MLN of cattle's and 6.0 % of small intestine and 8.7% MLN in buffalo's tissue samples were positive. On basis of PCR 5.4% intestinal tissue samples and 6.0% MLN of cattle were positive. 3.4% intestinal tissue samples and 07(4.7%) MLN of buffaloes were positive. In buffaloes 4.0% intestinal tissue samples and 6.0% MLN were positive by IHC. In cattle 6.7% intestinal tissue samples and 8.0% MLN tissue samples were positive by IHC. In cattle, 27/150(18.0%) animals showed lesions in both intestine and mesenteric lymph nodes while 5/32 (15.7%) animals showed lesions in lymph nodes only. Out of 27/150(18.0%) intestinal tissue samples, 20/27 (74.1%) samples showed corrugation of the intestinal mucosa while 7/27 (26%) showed diffuse thickness.
In buffalo, 24/150 (16.0%) animals showed lesion in both intestine and mesenteric lymph nodes while 2/26 (7.7%) animals showed lesion in lymph nodes only. Out of 24 intestinal tissue samples, 19/24(79.2%) with gross lesion, samples showed corrugation of the intestinal mucosa while 5/24(20.9%) showed diffuse thickness.
In histopathology 20/27 samples of cattle showed focal granulomatous lesions while 7/27(26%) samples showed sever infiltration of macrophages and lymphocytes while 28/32(87.5%) lymph nodes showed infiltration of paracortical and cortical region of the lymph nodes with macrophages ,lymphocytes and multinucleated giant cells While 4/32 (12.5%) samples showed moderate infiltration of macrophages.
In buffaloes 19/24 (12.7%) samples showed focal granulomatous lesions while 5/24 (20.9%) samples showed sever infiltration of macrophages and lymphocytes while 22/26 (84.7%) lymph nodes showed infiltration of paracortical and cortical region of the lymph nodes with macrophages ,lymphocytes and multinucleated giant cells While 4/26 (15.4%) samples showed moderate infiltration of macrophages.
The sensitivity and specificity of immunohistochemical method was found significant in comparison Ziehl-Neelsen staining and histopathology for the diagnosis of paratuberculosis in cattle and buffaloes.
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7.
Polymerase Chain Reaction And Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (Rflp) By Using Ssu-r DNA Amplification for the Species Specific Diagnosis of Trypanosomiasis in Horses
by Naveed Sabir | Prof.Dr.Zafar Iqbal Ch | Dr.Asim Aslam | Prof.Dr.Khushi Muhammad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: In the current research project, a pari-trypanosome polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was optimized by using 18S single sub unit ribosomal DNA amplification and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was also optimized and evaluated for the species specific diagnosis of the trypanosomiasis in horses.
Blood samples from one hundred (100) suspected horses were collected aseptically from different localities of Lahore. Fresh blood smear was prepared from each sample. After drying and fixing with absolute methanol, the slides were stained with Giemsa stain. Microscopic examination of stained blood smears revealed 8 positive samples out of one hundred (100) suspected horses. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was carried out on the same trypanosomiasis suspected blood samples to evaluate its sensitivity. Genomic DNA was extracted by using Genomic DNA Purification Kit (Fermentas mci., USA). The PCR was performed in a 50 tl reaction mixture. The tubes containing PCR mix were subjected to amplification cycles in a thermocycier after adjusting the amplification conditions.
After completion of the amplification cycles, the PCR product was characterized by 1.2 % agarose gel electrophoresis along with 100 bp DNA ladder to estimate the size of the PCR product and the gel was photographed with a Polaroid camera. PCR gave a higher percentage of positive cases i.e. 21% as compared to microscopic examination. Semi-nested polymerase chain reaction was carried out on product of the first run amplification by using same reaction mixture and amplification conditions except for template DNA. In case of semi-nested PCR 1 tl of the simple PCR product was used. Semi-nested PCR gave 100% (21/21) results. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis was conducted on nested products of the positive samples. A reaction mixture of 20 1iJ was used and samples were incubated over night at 37 °C in an incubator. The restricted products were characterized by 2 % agarose gel electrophoresis along with 100 bp DNA ladder and photographed with Polaroid camera. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the nested products revealed that none of the species including T. congolense, T. theileri, T. brucei and T. vivax was found in all (2 1%) positive animals having trypanosoma infestation.
It can be concluded from current study that a pan-trypanosome polymerase chain reaction is a superior and sensitive test as compared to Giemsa stained blood smear examination. The test can not only be used for early diagnosis of the trypanosomiasis but it can also be used to screen out the carrier animals those act as a reservoir of the infection for the horses and other susceptible animals. The advantage of this test is its sensitivity, universal applicability and the existence various possibilities for restriction enzyme analysis of the amplified region depending on the trypanosome species.
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8.
Tissue Residue Studies Of Enrofloxacin In Broilers Chicks
by Irfan Irshad | Prof.Dr.Zafar Iqbal Ch | Dr.Asim Aslam | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Athar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2009Dissertation note: Poultry industry is the second largest industry of Pakistan. Antibiotics are enormously used in poultry both for prophylactic and treatment purpose. Irrational use of antibiotics in poultry industry has led to the serious concern among the general public. It has also resulted in emergence of drug resistance in many susceptible organisms. The present study has therefore been planned for quantitative detection of Enrofloxacin residues; in tissues (liver, kidney, fatty tissues and muscles) of broiler birds. So, the present study was designed to detect Enrofloxacin residues in tissues of birds reared under experimental conditions and routinely slaughtered at different poultry shops. The study was completed in two phases. In phase-I, tissue samples from 75 broiler birds reared at Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore were analyzed for quantitative detection of Enrofloxacin by HPLC. In phase-TI, the 25 broiler birds were purchased from various poultry shops of different local markets of Lahore. Tissue sample (Liver, Kidney and thigh muscles) from these broiler birds were also analyzed for quantitative detection of Enrofloxacin by HPLC. In experimentally reared birds, the highest concentration of Enrofloxacin observed was 306ng/g. In the birds injected with Enrofloxacin intramuscularly the overall highest concentration was 68ng/g. The concentration in kidney, liver and thigh muscles was in the range of 28-64 ng/g, 26-63 ng/g, 26-68ng/g in kidney, liver and thigh muscles respectively in birds injected with drug intramuscularly. The drug residues were detected up to 120 hours post treatment in intramuscularly injected birds. In orally treated birds level of Enrofloxacin in the kidney, liver and muscles were between 56-2 17 ng/g, 29- 306 ng/g ,27- 170 ng/g. The residues were detected up to 96 hours post treatment in birds given Enrofloxacin orally. The result of phase-Il showed that among the 75 market samples, 10 (40%) muscles, 8 (32%) liver and 7 (28%) kidney samples showed the Enrofloxacin residues. Out of 25 samples in which Enrofloxacin residues were detected 20 (80%) samples showed the residues concentration above MRL.
This study helped us in drawing true picture about Enrofloxacin drug residues in poultry meat and it is clearly indicated that proper withdrawal time is not being observed while marketing birds. This poses a great health concern for end consumer.
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9.
Study Of Pathogenesis Of Mycoplasma Gallisepticum In White Leg Horn Layer
by Mubasher Rauf | Prof.Dr.Zafar Iqbal Ch | Dr Aftab | Dr.M.Younus Rana.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: In first part of present study 380 samples were collected from clinically suspected cases of layers suffering from respiratory diseases in and around Lahore. Samples were subjected for mycoplasma isolation by using Frey's medium. Plates with positive growth revealed characteristic colonies on 8th day post inoculation that reached maximum in size and growth at 15th day post inoculation. Out of 380 samples, 104 (27.36%) samples were positive on culture. Isolates were identified through growth inhibition test (GIT) by using hyper immune sera raised in rabbits. Isolates were further confirmed by PCR. Similarly, tracheal swabs and tissue samples of lungs and trachea collected under refrigeration were also subjected for DNA analysis. Out of 380 samples 264 (69.5%) were positive on PCR analysis. By comparing two diagnostic techniques it was found that PCR was more sensitive and reliable technique for screening of Mycoplasma gallisepticum.
In second part of study experiment isolates were analyzed for protein profile of Mycoplasma by standardization of two techniques Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel (SDS-PAGE) and western blotting. These techniques help to find out any antigenic variation in prevailing strain of mycoplasma. During our study five bands of protein were detected with molecular size of 32.35 kDa, 43.65 kDa, 52.48 kDa, 64.56 kDa and 70.8 kDa. These proteins were extracted from whole cell of Mycoplasma gallisepticum isolates. On comparing the molecular sizes it was found that isolated species showed low antigenic variation, analyzed by SDS-PAGE. Western blot was used to determine the specific protein of Mycoplasma gallisepticum with the use of specific polyclonal antibody raised in rabbit. The positive reaction site was shown on nitrocellulose membrane confirming target species of CRD.
During third part of present study, it was concluded that aerosol route of infection causes early disease, followed by intra tracheal and per-oral route respectively. The severity of infection was found more in aerosol and intra tracheal routes of inoculation than per-oral route which was found to be very mild. The general gross lesions observed in the above two groups were hemorrhages in trachea with mucous plug. There was air sacculitis, hemorrhages in the lungs, salpingitis and putrefied eggs in the ovary. On histopathological examination lesions were found in trachea, lungs and oviduct.
Re-isolation was carried out to confirm antigen in experimentally inoculated birds. Paraffin embedded sections of trachea, lungs and oviduct were processed for immunohistochemical examination in order to confirm the antigen of Mycoplasma gallisepticum within tissue. A positive immunochemical reaction was found in lungs and oviduct. Which represents that antigen was same as inoculated during study of pathogenesis.
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10.
Epidemiology And Controls Of Coccidiosis In Cattle
by Razia Sultana | Prof. Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Prof.Dr.MAnso | Prof.Dr.Zafar Iqbal Ch.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2009Dissertation note: Field study was conducted from September, 2007 to August, 2008 and a total of 2700 rectal faecal samples were collected from cattle farms of 3 categories i.e. Government Dairy Farm, Military Dairy Farm and Peri Urban Dairy Farms (Gawala Colonies) Lahore. Seventy five random samples were collected from each category of farms on monthly basis. The results of field study showed that overall prevalence of coccidiosis in cattle was 54.55%. Prevalence of coccidiosis in cattle at Military Dairy Farm Lahore was the highest (65.33%) during Autumn followed by summer (52.66%) then winter (47.66%) whereas the lowest (34.00%) during spring season. The highest (56.66%) prevalence was observed in animals between 6 & 12 month, whereas the lowest (46.33%) in animals under 6 months age. Prevalence of coccidiosis above 1 year of age was 50.66%. No coccidial oocysts was detected in calves less than 15 days old. In female animals prevalence was 51.22%.In the present study, the maximum oocyst per gram of feces (OPG) count was 65,000 whereas the minimum count was as 2000. The count was variable in different age groups and found to be decreasing in adult animals. The mean OPG in group A (under 6 month), group B (6 month to one year) and C (above one year) was 44000, 38000, and 22000, respectively. The four species of Eimeria were identified in all age groups i.e. E.bovis (29.28%) E.zuernii (26.03%) E. cylindrica (23.42%), E. ellipsoidalis (21.25%).
The results of field study showed that prevalence of coccidiosis at Government Dairy Farm, Lahore was the highest during autumn (49.33%), followed by summer (44.33%), then winter (38.33%) where as the lowest during spring (30.33%). The highest (62.66%) month wise prevalence of coccidiosis was noted during August whereas the lowest (28.00%) during April. The highest ( 45.33%) prevalence of coccidiosis was observed in animals aged between 6 to 12 months, followed by 41.35% in animals under 6 months of age whereas the lowest (36.00%) above I year. Female animals were more frequently affected (41.28%) than males (39.50%).In the present study, the maximum OPG count observed was 55,000 and the minimum count as 2500. The counts were variable in different age groups and found to be decreasing in adult animals. The mean OPG of group A, B, C was 42,000, 35,000 and 20,000 . In the present study five species of Eimeria were E.bovis. E. zuernii E. cylindrica, E. subspherica, E. ellipsoidalis.
The results of field study showed that prevalence of coccidiosis at Peri Urban Dairy Farms (Gawala colonies), Lahore was 71.55%. Month wise prevalence was the highest during August (90.66%) whereas the lowest (48%) during April. The seasonal prevalence indicated that it was the highest during autumn (84.00%), followed by summer (78.33 %), then winter (69.33%) whereas the lowest during spring (50.00%). The highest prevalence of coccidiosis (80.66%) was observed in animals under 6 months of age, whereas the lowest (62.33%) in animals above I year. Prevalence of coccidiosis in animals aged between 6months to 1 year was 71.66%. No coccidial oocysts were detected in calves less than 25 days old. Prevalence of coccidiosis was higher (74.61%) in females than in males (63.60%). In this study, the maximum OPG count observed was 65,000 and the minimum count as 2800. The counts were variable in different age groups and found to be decreasing in adult animals. The mean OPG of group A, B,C was 48,000, 38,000 and 23,000 respectively.
Age wise analysis of Eimeria species showed that above mentioned five species were found in all age groups and most predominant species was E.bovis (26.39%) followed by E. zuernii (19.87%), E. cylindrica (23.60%), E.ellipsoidalis (18.63%), whereas the lowest prevalence of E.subspherica (11.49%)was noted (Table 16). The counts were variable in different age groups and found to be decreasing in adult animals. There was inverse correlation of OPG and the age of animals.
The overall prevalence of coccidiosis was the highest during autumn (66.22%) followed by summer (59.66 %) then winter (51.77%) whereas the lowest in spring (38.22). The role of Meteorological data i.e. temperature, humidity and rain fall on the prevalence of disease was also studied. The bionomical showed that humidity and rain fall played a very important role in the causation and spread of disease and also help in the development of sporulated oocyst. Increased temperature showed higher prevalence of disease.
The results of histopatholgical studies showed that there was an increase cellular infiltration of leukocytes, cellular debris in most of intestinal portion.
Results of therapeutic trials by using toltrazuril, amprolium, sulphaquinoxaline, lasalocid are presented in table 17. The result of therapeutic trials showed that efficacy of toltrazuril was better than amprolium, sulphaquinoxaline and lasalocid. No clinical signs of disease were observed in treated animals while in diseased animals signs of disease were observed i.e. animals showed diarrhoea, loss of weight gain. From the results it was noted that efficacy of toltrazuril was better than other drugs . Statistically, there was no significant difference between efficacies of all four drugs. The efficacy of per oxygen based disinfectant was higher as compare to oocide while non- treated animals showed clinical signs of disease. Statistically, there was no significant difference between efficacies of both disinfectants
Result of chemo prophylactic products are presented in table 19. It was noted that sonicated vaccine showed high antibody titer as compare to non- sonicated vaccine.
Result of the challenge experiments revealed that the inactivated sonicated vaccines gave 100% protection to the challenge calves. Their faeces were normal and no clinical sign was recorded even 42 days post vaccination. Few remaining live oocysts were not able to produce the disease in calves.
The weight gain of treated animals was higher as compare to non-treated animals. The FCR value in treated animals was better than non treated animals
" Prevalence of coccidiosis was the highest during autumn followed by summer where as the lowest during spring. Farm wise prevalence of coccidiosis indicated that it was higher in Peri Urban Dairy Farms followed by Military Dairy farm where as the lowest at Government Dairy farm.
" Prevalence of coccidiosis was higher in calves below 9 months of age than above 9 months. All the animals examined for coccidian were naturally infected with coccidiosis. These animals were not experimental calves and prevelance of infection was based on random selection of animals. Overall Prevalence of coccidiosis was slightly higher in females than male. Species wise prevalence indicated that Eimeria bovis is more pathogenic than other species.
" Results of chemotherapeutic trials showed that among the four drugs used i.e. Toltrazuril, Amprolium, Sulfaquinoxaline and Lasalocid. Toltrazuril showed the highest efficacy followed by Amprolium, where as Lasalocid showed the lowest efficacy. No side effects of these drugs were noted when were given at their recommended dose rate and marked clinical improvement in animals was noted after treatment.
" Two disinfectants were tried. Per oxygen based disinfectant showed better results than. Oocide disinfectant.
" Histopathological studies showed inflammatory granulocytic infiltration of the mucosa and cellular debris in most of intestinal portions. There were necrosis of villi and degeneration of villi. Haemorrhages in mucosa and sub-mucosa were noted. Some of the glands in the sub-mucosa of intestine showed degeneration & necrosis.
" Indirect Haemagglutination (IHA) antibody titer was higher in calves vaccinated with inactivated sonicated vaccines as compared to the calves vaccinated with inactivated sporulated vaccine. Results of the challenge experiments revealed that the inactivated sonicated vaccines gave protection to the challenge calves. Their faeces were normal and no clinical sign of disease were observed even 42 days post vaccination.
" Weight in infected group was reduced. After treatment, high weight gain was reported in treated animals than control group.
Recommendations:
" Overcrowding should be avoided.
" Provide good hygienic and managemental conditions in farms.
" Proper drainage of rain.
" Feeders and wateres should be above the level of the ground.
" Regular use of coccidiostats is the need of the day.
" Diseased animals particularly with diarrhoea should be separated from healthy animals.
" Stocking density should be according to recommended of world Association of Parsitologists.
" Contaminated faeces should be properly disposed off.
" Grazing of animals during rainy season should be avoided.
" Animals should be provided well balanced nutritive food.
" Entry of visitors in the livestock farms should be restricted
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