1.
A Comparative Study On Clinico -Hemotological & Therapeutic Trails In Indigestion & Lactic Acid In Small Ruminents
by Muhammed Abdul Basit | Dr. Syed Saleem Ahmad | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: The Indigestion and lactic acidosis are most common non infectious managmental problem in small ruminants that have been causing global concern as a potential threat. Some cases shows the clinical signs very early while some shows late clinical signs most of which arc common among these two diseases. So it is a matter of priority to develop quick and efficient methods for differential diagnosis and quick response of the therapeutical agent.
It was found that rectal temperature, Ruminal fluid pH, and ruminal movements decreased significantly in Indigestion and lactic acidosis in sheep and goats before the treatment in comparison to the control group. On the other hand it was observed that pulse and respiration rate were increased in both groups D-l and D-2 as compare to control group. In present study design, 2 groups of animals were designed for Indigestion and lactic acidosis (I for each disease). Each group was divided into 4 sub group each comprising 10 animals (sheep and goats). The group 1-1 of D-l was provided with Acetic Acid Vinegar 500-800 ml per animal per oral while 1-2 of D-l group was treated with Stomach powder @ 50-70 grams per animal per oral. Similarly sub group LA-l of D-2 was treated with sodium bicarbonate 5% 200-3 00 ml per animal intravenously and sub group LA-2 of D-2 group was provided with sodium bicarbonate @ 40-60 grams per animal per oral. On the other hand sub group 1-3 of D-l and LA-3 of D-2 was kept as diseased untreated control and subgroup 1-4 of indigestion group and LA-4 of Lactic acidotic group was kept as healthy control. Mean values obtained after treatment for D- I group (Indigestion) were rectal temperature increases more significantly in I-I than that of 1-2 while pulse rate of 1-2 sub group was significant than I-i. Respiration rate change was also significant in I- I sub group. Blood pH of 1-2 was significant while ruminal fluid p11 increases more significantly in 1-1. On the other hand mean values obtained allcr treatment for D-2 group (Lactic acidosis) were rectal temperature and pulse rate changed significantly in LA-i sub group. Respiration rate change was significant in LA-2 sub group Blood pit of LA-i & LA-2 in similar range while ruminal fluid pH increases more significantly in LA-I that LA-2 sub group.
Ruminal protozoa were not seen in ruminal fluid of both groups. Ruminal movements was rarely observed in indigestion group and not observed in lactic acidotic glol'').
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1167,T] (1).
2.
Epidemiology And Prophylaxis Of Babesiosis In Felidae
by Syed Saleem Ahmad | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Arif Khan.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1425,T] (1).
3.
Prevalence And Chemotherapy Of Schistosomiasis In Cattle
by Mudassar Nazar | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Dr. Syed Saleem Ahmad | Prof. Dr.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1433,T] (1).
4.
Comparative Efficacy Of Herbal Preparations Of Leaves Of Neem (Azadirachta Indica) And Guava (Psidium Guajava) and Anticoccidial Drug on Coccidiosis in Pigeons (Columba livia)
by Abdul Qudoos | Dr. Syed Saleem Ahmad | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: The background of this study is that world health organization (WHO) reports that neurological disorders affect one billion people worldwide, including 50 million affected by epilepsy. Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder characterized by recurrent, periodic, spontaneous and unprovoked seizures. Childhood absence epilepsy (CAE) is an autosomal dominant disorder and a heterogeneous familial condition in which family members express absence seizures initially, and then show multiple phenotypes of myoclonic epilepsy including partial or absence seizures and generalized tonic conic seizures. Molecular genetics techniques have identified various CAE associated mutations in many genes i.e. ion channels (CACNA1H, CACNA1G, CACNA1N), sodium channel genes (SCN2A, SCN1A, and SCN1B) and some GABA receptor genes (GABRG2 and GABRD). CACNA1H ion channels are the principal intermediaries of fast neurotransmission in the CNS and have been frequently reported to play a significant role in a number of seizures. CACNA1H gene encodes the alpha (?) subunit and is usually located in post synaptic.
Various parameters are used in the present study was aimed to investigate coding regions of CACNA1H gene for analyzing the mutations involved in epilepsy. Blood samples of unrelated true representative of CAE were collected from psychiatry departments of different hospitals of Lahore. DNA were extracted with the standard protocol and amplifications of the CACNA1H regions were done with specially designed primers.
Later on, analysis of the results is done by sequencing of target fragments is carried out. Sequences are analyzed through BioEdit software and then aligned with the help of clustalW2 software.
It has been identified by the recent study on the absence epileptic patients of Pakistan that the gene CACNA1h has SNPs in the exon 9 and 10 at the position (2025G>A) and (4867 G>T) respectively which eventually alters the protein, making it hyperactive as the mutations are in the sensor regions of the protein, thus giving a 'gain in function' property to the ion channel.
In the conclusion, we must say that further study, with much larger sample number, is required to revise the effects of this polymorphism and accurately identifying the associated factors. There is a need to explore the other gene mutations causing epilepsy in local population of Punjab and Pakistan that will ultimately help to develop genetic counseling strategies, gene therapies and prenatal diagnostic procedures for the population of Pakistan.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1622,T] (1).
5.
Comparative Efficacy Of Triclabendazole Ocyclozanide And Nitroxynil Against Trematodes In Bovines Of District Okara
by Abdul wahaab | Dr, Syed saleem ahmad & Col.Dr Rehmatullah | Dr Nisar ahmad | Dr.Muhammad ijaz.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1871,T] (1).
6.
Effectiveness Of Chemotherapeutic Agents In Recovery And Elimination Of Carrier State Of Burkholderia Mallei
by Aslam zab | Dr. Syed Saleem ahmad | Dr. Jawaria ali khan | Dr. Sadaf aslam.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1882,T] (1).
7.
Comparative Efficacy Of Selenium Vitamin E And Ocium Sanctum (Tulsi) Leaves On Sub Clinical Mastitis In Cattle
by Syed waqas hameed | Dr. Syed saleem ahmad | Dr. Muhammad avais | Prof. Dr. Azhar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1888,T] (1).
8.
Prevalence Severity And Treatment Of Balantidiasis In Commercial Dairy Herds
by Fazal karim | Dr. Muhammad avais | Dr. Haroon | Dr. Syed saleem ahmad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1996,T] (1).
9.
Taxonomy And Control Of Flea Infestation In Cats At Lahore
by Umair Tariq (2008-VA-233) | Dr. Nisar Ahmad | Prof. Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Dr. Syed Saleem Ahmad.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: INTRODUCTION
Fleas play an important role in causing clinical skin disorders and diseases transmission in man
and pets animals (Rust & Dryden, 1997). Fleas are one of the most important ectoparasites with
more than 2,000 species worldwide affecting mammals, birds, and reptiles (Hsu, 2003). In some
locations, fleas represent over 50% of all the dermatological cases presented to small animal
clinics. Most are limited to hosts with nests as this can provide conditions for the completion of
their life cycle (Linardi & de Avelar, 2014). While fleas on pets are generally considered a
nuisance that may cause some dermatologic problems, they are also responsible for the
transmission of several important diseases in humans and animals (Dryden & Rust, 1994). They
have been involved in transmission of cat scratch disease (Bartonella henselae) (Chomel et al.,
2006; Comer et al., 2001), Rickettsia typhi (Murine thyphus), Rickettsia felis (Finkelstein et al.,
2002; Rolain et al., 2005), and also serve as the intermediate host for the tapeworm Dipylidium
caninum (Rust & Dryden, 1997) and several trypanosomatids (Coutinho & Linardi, 2007).
The term ‘‘cat flea,’’ which is the approved common name for Ctenocephalides felis felis (C. f
felis), can occasionally cause confusion. When it appears in print, it refers to the specific flea
genus and species and not to fleas recovered from cats. There are four recognized subspecies of
C. felis throughout the world: Ctenocephalides felis damarensis and C. felis strongylus occur
primarily in East Africa, C felis orientis occurs in India and Australia, and the widespread C. f
felis occurs in all continents except Antarctica and is the only subspecies that occurs in North
America (Rust & Dryden, 1997). The cat flea, C. felis, is a clinically important parasite of
domestic pets, being responsible for the production of allergic dermatitis, serving as the vector of
Introduction
2
various bacterial pathogens, and being the intermediate host for filarid and cestode parasites.
Flea allergy dermatitis is the most common dermatologic disease of dogs and a major cause of
feline miliary dermatitis (Dryden & Rust, 1994; Rust & Dryden, 1997).
Clinical features vary from asymptomatic to severe hypersensitivity reactions with restlessness,
alopecia from scratching and biting resulting in a pruritic papular dermatitis. Vacuuming of
carpets, furniture cushions, rugs, or other substrata, with a vacuum machine containing a ‘‘beater
bar,’’ will remove many of the flea eggs and larvae. In addition, cocooned pupae at the upper
levels of the carpet can also be affected. The vibration also stimulates adult fleas to emerge from
their cocoons so that they can be collected in the vacuum machine. Therefore frequent
vacuuming, during a flea infestation, can reduce the overall flea burden in the home. It should be
ensured that vacuum bags are disposed of properly, to prevent recolonization of the home with
flea stages previously removed by vacuuming. Because outdoor development of immature flea
life stages is limited to shaded areas, altering outdoor environments to eliminate such habitats
can effectively reduce flea populations. Because urban wildlife, such as opossums, raccoons, and
foxes, are good hosts for cat fleas, pet owners should avoid encouraging visitations by wildlife,
which will affect flea and tick control (see later discussion). Treatment of indoor and outdoor
environments with insecticides requires knowledge of what to use and where to use it. For this
reason, it is suggested that pet owners consult with a licensed pest control specialist for such
applications (Angelbeck-Schulze et al., 2014; Perrins & Hendricks, 2007).
In line with increasing urbanization over the last few decades, flea species that infest pets have
become household pests. Thus, and for reasons of animal and human welfare, the control of fleas
is of great importance worldwide. Despite the increase in the number of products available and
Introduction
3
their use, flea infestation of cats and dogs is still widespread in Europe and on other continents,
whereas resistance of these insects against many chemicals has been detected (El-Gazzar et al.,
1986). Cat fleas are the most important ectoparasite of cats and dogs worldwide. During the past
ten years, topical and oral applications of insecticides such as fipronil, imidacloprid, lufenuron
and, most recently, selamectin have revolutionized cat-flea control. Recent studies show that
these therapies eliminate the need to treat indoor and outdoor environments, and their use
markedly reduces the severity and prevalence of flea allergic dermatitis. Surveys have yet to
reveal the development of insecticide resistance to these chemical compounds. Extending the
longevity of these effective host-targeted therapies should be a major goal of the veterinary
community (Rust, 2005). Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2253-T] (1).
10.
Ethno-Veterinary Therapy Of Gastrointestinal Helminthes Infestation In Camels Of Thal Desert
by Muhammad Usman Ghani (2013-VA-446) | Dr. Syed Saleem Ahmad | Dr. Avais Ahmad | Prof. Dr. Kamran Ashraf.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Gastrointestinal helminths are responsible for wide range of health problems, economic losses in camels and are characterized by impaired milk and meat production, decreased working efficiency and even death of the camel. Gastrointestinal nematodes cause losses through morbidity, decreased feed intake, poor efficiency of nutrient and reduced growth.
To study the gastrointestinal helminths 384 camels of different age, sex and breed were examined coprologically. For this, five gram of fresh faecal sample was carefully collected into a sealed container from each camel and was transported to Disease Diagnostic laboratory Muzaffargarh. Where direct faecal smear method was performed in order to verify positivity of faecal sample. Positive sample was preserved in 10% formalin and transferred to Medicine lab, UVAS, Lahore for further procedure. Faecal samples were scored 1-3 based on the consistency. The individual samples was triturated in saturated salt solution, sieved and examined for helminths eggs by using different techniques i.e. Direct Smear Method, Sedimentation technique and Floatation technique while the eggs count was performed by McMaster technique. The overall prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths in the camels was 40.10%. The study showed that there were frequent infections with different species of helminths. Six different species of helminths were identified in camels, they were broadly classified as nematodes (4 species), Trematodes (1 specie) and Cestode (1 specie). Among these helminths nematodes, trematode and cestode order of intensity are 33.07%, 3.38% and 3.64%. In nematodes Haemonchus spp 9.11%, Trichostrongylus spp 5.98%, Trichuris spp (4.16%), Nematodirus spp (2.60%) and mixed (11.19%).
Summary
42
Among the camel population, overall prevalence of Fasciola hepatica and Moniezia expansa was recorded 3.38% and 3.64%.respectively. The prevalence of helminths in relation to sex was 34.55 % in male and 43.14% in females. However there was no statistical difference between the prevalence of females and males (P>0.05). Study was also conducted to determine the influence of age on the prevalence of helminths which revealed that there was no statistical significant association (P>0.05) between those groups. Between the age groups prevalence was 45.09% in <5 Year old and 36.79% in >5 year old. The breed wise prevalence in Mareecha and Brella breeds was 42.85 % and 36.78% respectively which was statistically non-significant (P>0.05). For therapeutic trials, a total of 40 camels positive for helminths and having EPG >400 were randomly selected and divided into four groups A-D each group comprising of 10 animals. The dosage of herbal drugs was calculated on the basis of preliminary trials in other species. The camels of group A were orally treated with Artemisia brevifolia (Afsanteen) at dose rate of 10mg/kg BW, while camels of group B were given Mallotus philipinenesis (Kamela) powder at a dose rate of 375mg/kg BW. Camels in group C were treated with Albenzole granules® (Selmore) at a dose rate of 15mg/kg. b.wt. PO once. Camels in group D were serving as positive control (infected-untreated). Efficacy was determined on the reduction of eggs in feces at day 3, 7 and 14 (post-treatment). In current study A.brevifolia (Afsanteen) and M.Phillippinensis gave satisfactory results in the camels affected with helminths. A.brevifolia (Afsanteen) showed a mild to moderate reduction in EPG count from day 3rd to day 14th in camels. Mean EPG values calculated on days 0, 3, 7 and 14 were 670, 570, 385 and 275 respectively. A.brevifolia (Afsanteen) cured 23.88% of the animals on day 3rd of the drug administration while 42.53% and 58.95% animals cured on the day 7th and 14th respectively. M.Phillippinensis showed mild reduction in mean EPG count on 14th day of post-treatment. Mean EPG values calculated on days 0, 3, 7 and 14 were 440, 400, 355 and 310 respectively. M.Phillippinensis also gave good results
Summary
43
against helminths affected camels. On the day 3rd of the treatment 19.31% of animals cured while 29.54% animals were cured on the 7th day and on 14th day 44.31% animals recovered. Albendazole showed marked dropped in EPG count from Day 3rd to day 14th. Mean EPG values calculated on days 0, 3, 7 and 14 were 560, 195, 95 and 35 respectively. Albendazole efficacy was 31%, 68% and 82% on 3, 7 and 14 days of treatments. Control positive showed consistence increased in EPG count from day 3 to day 14. Data regarding prevalence were measured by non-parametric, chi-square (χ2), while therapeutic trails were analysed by repeated measures one way ANOVA, using SPSS (Statistical package for social sciences) 20.0, P < 0.05 was considered significant. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2403-T] (1).
11.
Comparative Efficacy Of Allopathic And Herbal Drugs Against Nematodes In Equines
by Muhammad Irfan (2008-VA-297) | Dr. Jawaria Ali Khan | Dr. Syed Saleem Ahmad | Dr. Nisar Ahmad.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Parasitic problem has been a major mounting problem of equids which severely creates the
hindrance in performance in equine which leads to weakness, emaciation, colic, diarrhea, anemia,
thriftiness, loss of energy and ultimately death. Looking at the importance of equine and its
utilization by poor farmers there is need to cure the malady.
GIT Nematodes are prevalent in Equines in district Jhang. Novel combination of
Abamactin + Praziquantel was very efficacious to subside parasitic load in Equines. GIT
Nematodes have some effects on blood parameters (TEC, HB, and PCV).
A total 200 (100 horses and 100 donkeys) from different areas of district Jhang were
included in the study. For this, fresh fecal sample were carefully collected into a sealed container
from each horse and donkey and were transferred to Medicine lab, UVAS, Lahore in containers
with ice packs. Each samples were examined for nematodes eggs and for larvae by using different
techniques i.e. Direct Smear Method and fecal culture technique while the eggs count was
performed by McMaster technique. To study the effect of Gastrointestinal nematodes on various
blood parameters of equine, blood samples were collected from selected animals and were
analyzed for hemoglobin (Hb), total erythrocytes count (TEC) and packed cell volume (PCV) by
using Hematology Analyzer. For therapeutic trails, a total of 12 horses and 12 donkeys positive
for nematodes were taken and divided into groups A, B and C comprising of 8 animals each. Group
C was comprised of 8 animals as Positive control and fourth group D was comprised of 8 animals
as negative control. Group A was treated with abamactin + praziquantel (EQUITAK) orally @
1ml/20kg bodyweight PO once at 0 day and group B was treated with herbal ingredients
Summary
49
(EVERZAN) @ 1ml/20kg bodyweight PO once at 0 day. Efficacy was determined on the basis of
reduction of eggs in feces at day 0, 7th and 21th day (post-treatment). Data was recorded in a
questionnaire regarding age, sex, breed, nutritional status and disease condition.
The present study was designed to check the comparative efficacy of two different drugs
such as Equitak (Allopathic) and Everzan (herbal) against gastrointestinal nematodes and its
effects on blood parameters in both horses and donkeys. According to therapeutic trial, Equitak
presented very good response against GIT nematodes by fast decreasing EPG in both experimental
animals and showed its efficacy more than 80% but Everzan showed poor response against
nematodes in both experimental animals and its efficacy less than 30%. By administering Equitak
in both experimental animals gave good results regarding blood parameters such as total
erythrocytes count (TEC), packed cell volume (PCV) and Hemoglobin (Hb) and its values had
been continuously increasing in 7th and 21st day since administration. But in contrast to Equitak,
Everzan showed poor response regarding blood parameters and values did not increased at 7th and
21st days. It has been proved that Equitak has its very strong effect against strongylus spp than
other parasites that come under the category of roundworms. So Equitak proved more effective
against nematodes in Equines than Everzan. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2418-T] (1).
12.
Detection of Albendazole Resistance in Commonly Found Gastrointestinal Tract Nematodes of Sheep
by Muhammad Naeem (2007-VA-168) | Dr. Syed Saleem Ahmad | Dr. Muhammad Avais | Prof. Dr. Azhar Maqbool.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: CD Corrupted. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2491-T] (1).
13.
Point Prevalence Of Gastrointestinal Helminthes Along With Their Effect On Various Hematological Parameters In Commercial Dairy Herds In District Kasur, Punjab
by Inam Ullah (2007-VA-145) | Dr. Muhammad Hassan Saleem | Dr. Syed Saleem Ahmad | Dr. Muhammad Haroon Akbar.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Parasitic problem is a major constraint of ruminant production and causes great economic
loss to dairy industry by retarded growth, low productivity and increased susceptibility of
animals to other infections. Gastrointestinal helminthes are prevalent in dairy animals in and
around district Kasur and have significant effect on the hematological parameters of the
infected animals (Hypothesis).
Samples were randomly collected from 200 apparently healthy animals (n = 100
cattle; n =100 buffalo). From each animal a hand full of fecal sample was collected directly
from the rectum in a disposable polythene sleeve. Proper dress was adopted during sample
collection. The samples were kept in refrigerator at 4oC for examination on same day or next
day. Each animal sample was identified, labeled and information about age, sex, body
condition, management, current disease, vaccination, deworming. (Performa attached) are
recorded. Samples were brought to Medicine Lab, CMS, UVAS, Lahore, for examination of
helminthes eggs in the fecal samples. For hematological examination samples were refered to
university diagnostic lab (UDL) UVAS, Lahore.
Out of 100 cattle 24 (24%) were found positive and out of 100 buffalo 37 (37%) were
found to be positive for gastrointestinal helminthes. It can be seen that prevalence was more
in buffalo as compared to cattle. The species wise prevalene for cattle was Toxocara 29.16 %,
Haemonchus 12.5%, Fasciola 4.1%, Strongyloids 12.5%, Trichostrongyloids 12.5%,
Ostertagia species 8.33 % and mixed infections were 8.33% and for buffaloes it was
Toxocara 35.13 % , Haemonchus 16.21%,, Fasciola 5.40%, Strongyloids 13.51% ,
Trichostrongyloids 16.21%, Ostertagia species 10.81% and mixed infections was 8.11%.
Female cattle and buffalo (31.72%) were more prone to infection than male animals
(14.28%). The age wise prevalence for less than 6 month, 6-12 month, 1-2 years, 2-3 years
Summary
47
and more than 3 years was 52.5%, 78.26%, 16%, 14.04% and 20% respectively. The
haemotological values for cattle and buffaloes infected with gastrointestinal helminth for
TEC (%), Hb (g/dl), MCV (fl), MCHC (g/dl), Lymphocyte (%), Monocyte (%), Eosinophil
(%) and Basophils( %) are 4.07±0.065, 7.010±0.052, 48.45 ± 0.20, 28.26 ± 0.074, 53.72 ±
0.112, 3.143 ± 0.117, 4.067 ± 0.021, 0.298 ± 0.031 and 5.09 ± 0.76, 8.012 ± 0.058, 50.56 ±
0.21, 30.71 ± 0.085, 55.82 ± 0.114, 4.167 ± 0.236, 5.076 ± 0.023, 0.301 ± 0.034 respectively.
Data regarding the prevalence and associated risk factors were analyzed using
Pearson’s chi-square test. The data regarding hematological study were analyzed by Students
T-test using SPSS (Statistical package for social sciences) version 20. P < 0.05 were
considered significant. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2531-T] (1).
14.
Comparative Anthelmintic Efficacy Of Levamisole, Piperazine And Pineapple Leaves Extract(Ananascomosus)Against Ascaridiosis In Captive Java Sparrow (Lonchuraoryzivora)
by Muhammad Zia Ur Rehman Latif (2007-VA-26) | Dr. Syed Saleem Ahmad | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Prof. Dr. Azhar Maqbool.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Ascaradia galli imposes major health problems on pet birds including the java sparrows. It retards growth, decrease body condition, and lowers the clutch size which imparts huge economic losses to breeders and birds owner. Over dosage of frequently used anthelmintic increase the risk of adverse effects and stress on birds. So there arises a need to adapt alternative therapeutic approaches.
The present study was designed to compare the anthelmintic activity of frequently used synthetic drugs levamisole and piperazine and herbal drug pineapple leave extracts against ascariasis in java sparrows.To study the comparative anthelmintic efficacy of levamisole, piperazine and pineapple leave extract against Ascaridia galli in captive java sparrows, fecal sample of (n=200) java sparrows captive for breeding purpose were screened for the Ascaridiagalli by direct fecal smear method. Among the all the infected birds 30 infected and 10 healthy birds were selected to conduct the study and divided into 4 groups and included in therapeutic trial.Birds were treated with levamisole, with piperazine and with pineapple leaves extract according to standard dose rate and route of administration in Group A, B & C respectively, Fourth group D comprising of 10 birds waskept as negative control. To evaluate the comparative efficacy of drugs, EPG will be calculated according to McMaster Technique post treatment at day 0 and after treatment on 7th, 14th and 21s. Results revealed that levimosle was the very effective against Ascaradia galli in java sparrows. Levaimsole decrease the average EPG of treated group to 50 from 600 and show 100 percent efficacy against Ascaradia galli and recovered all the infected birds of the group A. Piperazine was less effective as compare to the levamisole but show more effectiveness as compare to the pineapple leave extract. Piperazine reduced the average EPG of treated group B to 150 from 650 and show 70 percent and recovered 7 infected from 10. Pineapple leave extract showed least effectiveness and reduced the EPG of treated group C to 350. Pineapple showed 40 percent efficacy against Ascaradia galli and recovered only 4 infected birds of group C from Ascariasis.Pineapple leaves extract were effective against ascariasis in captive Java sparrows but least effective as compare to levamisole and piperazine having no adverse effects.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2629-T] (1).
15.
Prevalence Of Mastitis And In-Vitro Antibiogram Study Of The Mastitogens In Bhag-Nari Cattle
by Shakirullah (2009-VA-089) | Dr. Muhammad Avais | Dr. Muhammad Shafee | Dr. Syed Saleem Ahmad | Dr. Hassan Mushtaq.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Mastitis creates detectable changes in mammary gland and causes inflammation of the mammary gland. In terms of economic losses it is most expensive disease. Mastitis is a worldwide issue which affects the milking animals in any stage of life. Mainly it is caused by bacterial organisms. A study was designed to detect the mastitis and its mastitogens in Bhag-nari cows at district Naseerabad, Pakistan. Milk samples were collected from Bhag-nari cows. All information of milk samples (n=323) were collected randomly on the basis of designed performa (Annexure.1). Two to three strips of milk from each quarter were drawn on the floor surface to examine the presence of pus, blood clots, flakes and change in colour. Strip cup test was applied to detect the clinical mastitis. Surf Field Mastitis Test (SFMT) was used for the detection of subclinical mastitis in Bhag-nari cows. Aseptic techniques were applied by using cotton swabs dipped into 70% ethanol to clean and disinfect teat end. Sterile tubes of 10ml capacity were used to collect the milk samples. The positive milk samples were kept immediately in an icebox cooler and transported to lab (CASVAB) in Quetta. Primarily each milk sample was cultured on Nutrient agar by spread out technique. Mannitol salt agar was used to culture the Staphylococcus aureus. Multiple streaking was applied to isolate the selected bacteria. On the basis of culture characters, microscopic morphology, staining method and biochemical tests bacterial isolates were identified. Prevalence of mastitis in Bhag-nari cattle in Naseerabad, Balochistan was 15.79%. Areas wise the prevalence of mastitis was 18.5%, 16.2%, 14.1% and 12.9% in DM Jamali, Chattar, Baba kot and Tamboo, respectively. Age wise prevalence in the study was 14.29%, 19.63%, 17.58% and 4.88% in age group of 3-5 years old, 6-8 years, 9-11 years and above 11 years, respectively. On the basis of calving number there was significant difference (P<0.05) among the various parity numbers. The animals milked once daily showed 17.06%
SUMMARY
49
mastitis as compared to 3.33% mastitis in animals daily milked more than once. There was significant difference (P<0.05). The prevalence of mastitis in well fed and under fed animals was 5.63% and 18.65%, respectively. Highly significance relation (P<0.05) was observed between the animals of satisfactory and none satisfactory udder hygiene with 6.94% and 33.64% prevalence. The most common bacterial isolates (staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus agalactiae and streptococcus dysgalactiae) were identified in the study. The most effective drugs against isolated bacteria were Ceftiofur, Oxytetracyclinc, chlortetracycline, Norfloxacin and Cephradine. Other antibiotics (Ciprofloxacin and Amoxicillin) were intermediate to resistive (Penicillin). Bhag-Nari is the only dual purpose cattle breed of Balochistan. The cattle have developed resistance to harsh environmental conditions of its home tract through centuries. The production potential (beef, milk) of the breed may be assessed and practical scientific approaches should be developed to improve the animal and facilitate the farmer. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2671-T] (1).
16.
Estimation And Correlation Of Serum Electrolytes And Minerals Levels During Gastroentritis In Dogs
by Asif Hameed Awan (2008-VA-242) | Dr. Syed Saleem Ahmad | Dr. Muhammad Ijaz.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: In gastroenteritis, there is severe diarrhoea and vomiting occurs, particularly in young dogs, it is a life-threatening condition due to loss of body fluid and vital electrolytes and minerals. Which contributes to high mortality. Fluid therapy in these patients is essential to correct hypovolemia, dehydration, acid-base imbalances and serum electrolyte abnormalities. Diarrhoea means increase in frequency, fluid quantity and volume of faecal excretion. As diarrhoea has different levels of dehydration recognized by their specific signs can lead to abnormal level of serum electrolytes and trace elements (minerals).
Serum concentration of electrolytes and minerals varies during gastroenteritis in dogs and its values change dramatically at different dehydration levels. Which could cause death in dogs.
The present study was designed to check the effect of diarrhea on different electrolyte and mineral. Total 40 dogs was included in this study from different private pet clinics and Pet Centre, UVAS, Lahore suffering from clinical diarrhea and vomiting irrespective of cause, These dogs were divided into four groups A, B, C and Control, comprising of 10 dogs in each group. Group A, B and C will be categorized according to dehydration state i.e. 0 - 5%, 5 -8% and 8 - 10% respectively. These groups were made on basis of clinical signs and Packed Cell Volume, (PCV), whereas Group D was be kept as a control, comprising of normal and healthy dogs. These were further subdivided on the basis of age. 5 dogs were included having less than 1 year age and 5 dogs were included having more than 1 year age with the same dehydration level.
PCV was checked to diagnose the level of dehydration. The PCV value, which comes in desire category, were further proceeded for serum collection to check the concentrations of serum electrolytes and minerals like Na, K, Cl, Cu, Zn and Fe through different methods like Na
CHAPTER 6
SUMMARY
Summary
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and K were checked by flame photometer, Fe, Zn and Cu were checked by atomic absorption and Cl were determined by titration at WTO Laboratory and the Laboratory of Environmental Science, Department at University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore.
Analysis of variance ANOVA (1 way factorial) technique were used with Random Complete Block Design (RCBD) to compare serum electrolytes and trace elements concentration in gastroenteritis with the concentration of healthy one. Considering the importance and utilization of dogs in our country and substantial losses occur due to deficiency of vital electrolytes and minerals at different dehydration levels due to diarrhea and vomiting irrespective of the cause, the present project were planned to give proper guidance to dog’s owners for their treatment and quick recovery by knowing about the decreasing serum concentration of essential electrolytes and vital minerals during different dehydration levels have different age groups.
From the present study the value of sodium was observed significantly reduced (P<0.05) in all test groups (A, B, C) as compared to control unhydrated group of dogs when serum chemistry was done/ According to result of present study, the concentration of Na in healthy dog was 146.47 ± 3.06 (mmol/l) in infected dogs the concentration was Na= 144.40 ± 3.61 (mmol/l) while normal range of Na= 142-150mmol/l.
Chloride value was observed significantly reduced (P<0.05) in all test groups (A, B, C) as compared to control unhydrated group of dogs when serum chemistry was done. This Chloride value was also significantly reduced (P<0.05) in group A as compared to the groups B and C, while chloride value in group B was significantly reduced (P<0.05) as compared to group C. Potassium is another vital electrolyte that can be affected by dehydration. Potassium is important for muscle contraction and the heart’s rhythm. Small changes in the concentration of K in the bloodstream can have serious health hazards. Potassium value was observed significantly
Summary
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reduced (P<0.05) in all test groups (A, B, C) as compared to control unhydrated group of dogs when serum chemistry was done. Copper value was observed significantly increased (P<0.05) in all test groups (A, B, C) as compared to control unhydrated group of dogs when serum chemistry was done. This copper value has been increased as the dehydration increases from group A to group C such that Control>A>B>C. Iron value was observed significantly reduced (P<0.05) in all test groups (A, B, C) as compared to control unhydrated group of dogs when serum chemistry was done. This value was also significantly reduced (P<0.05) in group C as compared to the groups A, but the iron value has no significant effect between group A and group B. Zinc value was observed significantly reduced (P<0.05) in all test groups (A, B, C) as compared to control unhydrated group of dogs when serum chemistry was done. Zinc value was also significantly reduced (P<0.05) in group C as compared to the groups A, but the iron value has no significant effect between group A and group B. Electrolytes such as sodium (Na), chloride (Cl), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), Cupper (Cu), and iron (Fe) are involved in several physiological processes like conduction of electrical impulse through nervous system and muscle contraction and their imbalance could lead a lowering of animal performance.
Dogs having gastroenteritis experienced diarrhea and vomiting due to which fluid loss along with vital electroytes like Na, K, Cl, Fe and Zn in dehydration inspite of Cu which increases as dehydration increases. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2733-T] (1).
17.
Clinico-Epidemiological Study Of Multiple Drug Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus From Bovine Mastitis
by Muhammad Abdul Rauf Malik (2015-VA-832) | Dr. Muhammad Ijaz | Dr. Syed Saleem Ahmad | Prof. Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Bovine mastitis is one of the most significant problems of livestock causing huge economic losses in dairy industry of Pakistan. Among other bacterial etiology of bovine mastitis, the Staphylococcus aureus is overwhelming to control and is well-known to cause subclinical and contagious mastitis. Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus is our prevailing field issue. In view of the economic importance of Staphylococcus aureus mastitis, the current project was designed to study the Clinico-epidemiology of multiple drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus in bovine mastitis.
A total number of 900 milk samples (n=450 cattle, n=450 buffalo) were collected from Faisalabad district of Punjab, The collected samples were processed in laboratory of Microbiology and Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore. Primarily, screening of subclinical mastitis was done by Surf Field Mastitis Test (SFMT). Milk samples were spread out primarily on blood agar to rule out possibility of loss of later growth. Colonies with round and golden color characteristic were put to sub-culturing on Mannitol salt agar as differential and selective medium. The morphological and microscopic clarification was done under microscope using Gram’s staining technique. Various biochemical tests including coagulase and catalase were applied.
Prevalence of subclinical mastitis was found 55% (495/900), however significant differences were found among different tehsils of district Faisalabad. The prevalence of subclinical mastitis in cattle from district Faisalabad was found 54% (243/450) that upon comparison between different cities presented significant difference. While buffaloes presented 56% of subclinical mastitis. Comparisons of subclinical mastitis among different tehsils were
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found significant.
Among quarter based prevalence of subclinical mastitis and prevalence of blocked quarters the number of blocked quarters were found 5.58% (201/3600) with highest percentage of blocked quarter noted in case of front right followed by rear right , front left , and rear left with 6.89, 6.56, 4.67, and 4.22%, respectively. However, the quarter based prevalence was found 32% (1088/3399) from bovine. The association of bovine subclinical mastitis with different risk factors presented significant association with few exceptions. Age, parity and body health status of animal were found non- significant with prevalence of mastitis. The breed and open rearing system presented significant relation with chances of mastitis. Chi-square test was used to statistically correlate the risk factors and prevalence of subclinical mastitis. P-value less than 0.05 was considered as significant.
Molecular confirmation of S. aureus was done by using coag gene through PCR technique. The S. aureus which were isolated from milk samples were put to antibiotic (oxacillin) sensitivity test for estimation of prevalence of methicillin resistant S. aureus from the bovine mastitis. Molecular identification of mec-A gene in staphylococcus aureus was done through PCR. The PCR confirmed methicillin resistant S. aureus isolates from cattle (n=20) and buffalo (n=20) were tested for their in-vitro drug response. However, Ciprofloxcin, Moxifloxacine, Linezolid, and Trimethoprim + Sulphamethoxazole were found 100% effective against multiple drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Levofloxacin showed 90% efficacy in bovine. While Oxytetracycline, Tylosin, Gentamycin, Amikacin, Vancomycin, and Fusidic acid were also found sensitive moderately except cefoxitin which was responsible for 100% resistane in bovine. Gentamycin was found to much more effective in buffaloes rather than cattle.
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The study provided current status of Staphylococcus aureus infection with higher percentage in bovine mastitis. The prevalence of mecA gene revealed variation in methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. In-vitro drug trial provided effective treatment possibilities against multiple drug resistance Staphylococcus aureus. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2815-T] (1).
18.
Prevalence, Associated Risk Factors And Treatment Of Toxocariasis In Small Holders’ Buffalo Calves
by Muhammad Qasim Sharif (2007-VA-488) | Dr. Muhammad Avais | Dr. Syed Saleem Ahmad | Dr. Aijaz Ali Channa.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Present study was designed to evaluate the prevalence of Toxocariasis in buffalo calves in outskirts of Lahore. For this 5g fecal samples from 369 buffalo calves were collected directly from the rectum to avoid the soil contamination. For this purpose, buffalo calves between 1 to 20 weeks of age were selected. Data regarding each calf and possible associated risk factor was entered in data capture form. The data capture form included information on species, sex, breed, age, physical condition, weaning time, fecal score, feeding, housing and management etc. After collection the fecal samples were immediately transferred to ice box for transportation to Medicine Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore. The fecal samples were analyzed by Direct Smear Method as described by Souls by (1982).
Positive samples for T. vitulorum were further subjected to McMaster Technique for Egg per gram (EPG) count.
A total of twenty-four (n=24) calves which were detected as positive for Toxocara. Vitulorum, were randomly selected and divided into 4 groups i.e. Group A, B, C and D, with each group having six calves. Calves in group A were treated with Albendazole at the dose rate of 10 mg/ kg of body weight via oral route while the calves in group B were given Levamisole at dose rate of 8 mg/kg of body weight orally. The animals in group C were treated with Doramectin at 0.2 mg/ kg of body weight via sub-cutaneous route whereas calves in group D were given Chenopodium album at the dose rate of 2g/kg of body weight. All the treatments were given once. The fecal samples from calves in each group were collected at days 0 (pre-treatment) and then at day 4, 7, 14, and 21 (post-treatment) for EPG count through modified McMaster technique. Efficacy of particular treatment was calculated on the basis of fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT).
Data on prevalence was analyzed using chi square test while Odd Ratio (OR) was determined for association of T. vitulorum with different risk factors. The data on EPG at various days was analyzed through two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Statistical analysis was performed by using SPSS version 20, at a significance level of 5%.
Out of total 369 buffalo calves, 87 (23.58%). buffalo calves were found to excrete T. vitulorum eggs in their feces. While 212 (76.42 %) buffalo calves were found normal with no fecal egg excretion. 23 calves (26.44 %) with age of 1-4 weeks, 37 calves (42.53 %) with age of 5-10 weeks and 27 calves (31.03 %) were found positive. Percentages of male and female infected calves were 25.79 % and 21.23 % respectively. Number of non-infected calves in healthy and sick animals were 236 (80.55 %) and 54 (71.05 %) respectively. While infected calves in healthy and sick animals were 57 (19.45 %) and 22 (28.95 %). Numbers of sick and healthy mothers of calves were 54 and 315 respectively. 13 calves (24.07%) were infected with T. vitulorum infestation whom mother was sick, while 67 calves (21.27%) were infected with Toxocaravitulorum whom mother was healthy. 77 calves had diarrhea while remaining 292 calves did not have. 28 calves (36.36%) out of 77 (calves suffered from diarrhea) were found as positive for T. vitulorum infestations, while 62 calves (21.23%) out of 292 calves (did not suffer from diarrhea) were infected with T.vitulorum. 280 calves (75.88%) had normal body coat, while 89 calves (24.12%) had abnormal body coat. Number of calves infected with T. vitulorum were 27 (30.34%) and 58 (20.71%), in calves with abnormal and normal body coat respectively.
While after treatment trial it was concluded that Albendazole and Levamisole had effectively reduced the eggs per gram in effected calves. Albendazole eliminate the fecal eggs up to 100 % till day 14. While, Levamisole, Doramectin did the same on day 21. While oral chenopodium album have no significant effect. So it can be concluded that Albendazole can be used in field where there is chances of outbreak of Toxocariasis in calves especially in buffalo calves.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2738-T] (1).
19.
Serological Investigation Of Bovine Viral Diarrhea In Wild Ruminants At Zoological Gardens In Punjab
by Sadam Hussain (2010-VA-223) | Dr. Muhammad Avais | Dr. Syed Saleem Ahmad | Dr. Arfan Ahmad.
Material type: Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Bovine Viral Diarrhea is an infection of bovines that lead to poor reproductive performance, decrease milk yield, ill thrift and immunosuppression. It is caused by BVD virus, a member of the genus pestivirus of the family Flaviridae .The BVD virus is an RNA virus and has two genotypes BVDV1 and BVDV2. Each genotype has further two biotypes, cytopathogenic and non-cytopathogenic on the basis of their effect on cell culture.Environmental and socio-economical changes have led to an increase of interactions between wild and domestic species worldwide, aphenomenon that has received a growing attention during the past decade. It is now largely recognized that wildlife can play important role in the epidemiology of infectious diseases shared between wild and domestic species.In particular, the potential of wild animals as pathogen reservoirs and sources of infection for domestic livestock has been increasing concern of that. Therefore for the successful control program of infectious diseases, it is mandatory to investigate the status of wildlife as a reservoir of infection.
This study was conducted in zoological collection of wild ruminants in different zoos i.e. Lahore Zoo, Safari Wildlife Park, and Lal-Suhanra Wildlife Park and privately owned captive wild ruminants in Punjab province. The Samples were processed at university Diagnostic laboratory (UDL) of UVAS, Lahore.
In this study 150 serum samples of wild ruminants were examined at zoological gardens and privately owned captive wild ruminants at Punjab, Pakistan randomly. Blood samples of 3ml from Deer (n=75), Urial sheep (n=55), Mouflon sheep (n=10) and Ibex (n=10) were collected. The serum samples were screened by competitive ELISA and it was observed that overall seroprevalence was 8% and animal wise was seroprevalence in deer was 5.33%, in Urial sheep was 12.72% while in Ibex was 0% and in Mouflon sheep was 10%. Specie, breed,age, sex physical condition, deworming and colostrum feeding were non-significant associated risk factors.It is concluded that BVD is prevalent among wild ruminants kept at various zoological gardens in Punjab.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2818-T] (1).
