1.
Comparative Study Of Desi Fowl (Fural Fowl) And Payoumi(Egyptian Fowl) Under Controlled Managemental Conditions
by Safdar Anjum, M | Muhammed Saleem Chaudry | Muhammed Aslam Bhatti | Nisar Ahmed.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1987Dissertation note: The study conducted at the College of Veterinary Sciences, Lahore was aimed to compare the Desi fowl (Rural breed) and Fayoumi (Egyptain breed) for the selection of breed best suited for meat production. The basis of the selection were body weight, feed consumption, feed efficiency, production cost, slaughter analysis and chemical composition of the carcass.
120 eggs of the Desi breed were collected from the deep rural areas of Punjab and the same number of eggs of Fayoumi breed was obtained from Government Poultry Farm Lahore. These Eggs were hatched in the Animal Husbandry section, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lahore. Sixty birds each of Desi and Fayoumi breed were divided into three replicates and reared under controlled managemental conditions upto 16 weeks of age. Broiler starter ration was fed ad.libitum during the first 8 weeks of age and broiler finisher ration during the last 8 weeks of age.At the 8th, 12th, and 16th week of age 3 birds from each group were taken randomly and slaughtered. The slaughter analysis and chemical composition of the meat was studied (Richard, 1984). The data wa subjected to two way analysis of variance and 2*2*3 factorial. There was no significant difference in body weight upto 10 weeks of age but Desi breed gained significantly more body weight from 11th to 16th week of age. Feed consumption and feed efficiency of Desi breed was highly significantly better as compared to Fayoumi birds. Mortality was found to be more in Desi birds and production cost was more in Fayoumi. Non significant differences were found between the breeds in Dressing percentage, Giblet, Liver, Gizzard, and Heart weight. Breast meat percentage, Shank and Keel lengths were also non significant between the breeds. However there were highly significant between the breeds during 8th. , 12th, and 16th week of age. Bone meat ratio was highly significantly more in Fayoumi breed. Breast width was more in Desi and the difference between the breeds was significant. Correlations of breast meat,shank and keel length with body weight were found higher in Desi breed.
Chemical analysis indicated non significant differences between the breeds in moisture and crude protein contents; although apparently moisture percentage was higher in Fayoumi and protein were notices more in Desi Breed. Lipid percentage was higher in Fayoumi fowl at 8th week of age whereas it increased at the 12th and 16th week of age in local fowl and significant difference between the breeds was observed. The Percentage of ash was significantly more in Fayoumi breed. On the whole the results of the study indicate better overall performance by Desi birds.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0010,T] (1).
2.
Studies On The Performance, Chemical Composition And Quality Of The Carcass In Relation To Sex And Age Of Different Broiler Strains
by Nadeem Ahmad | Muhammed Saleem Chaudry | Ehtisham | Mian Nisar Ahmed.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1989Dissertation note: Poultry industry I Pakistan, has been commercialized shoeing an annual increase of 15 percent for the last ten years (Pak. Economic Analysis Network Project 1988). The poultry farming is the quickest, efficient economical and comparatively cheapest source of good quality protein. Although a considerable work has been done on various aspect of their rearing in our local environmental and managemental conditions, yet some areas remained unexplored. One of these areas was the study on comparative productive performance, qualitites and chemical composition of carcass of various commercial broiler strains, in relation to sex and age.
In the present study, four different strains and sexes of Ross, Lohmann, Indian River and Hubbard were evaluated and compared for productive performance and carcass characteristics at different age periods. A total of 240 one day old, Sex separated chicks with equal number (60) of each strain were reared for a period of 8 weeks, under indentical managemental conditions. Among male birds Hubbard gained highly significantly (P<0.01) more weight than that of other strains, while non-significant difference (P<0.05) was found between Ross and Lohamann and showed significantly better weight gain than the Indian river strain. Females birds of Hubbard strain had also gained significantly (P<0.05) more weight than that of other strains, while non significant difference was found among the females of rest of the three strains. The results on weekly feed convertion ratio were found to be non significant (P<0.05) due to strain and significant due to age of the birds . While among sexes it was found that male birds of each strain showed better F.C.R compared with that of female chicken.
The dressing percentage increased significantly with age, male birds of the strain showed better dressing percentage compared with the female birds of the respective strains though statistically the diference was found to be non-significant (P<0.05).The birds of Hubbard strain showed significantly better dressing percentage than that of the other strains. A significant difference was also observed between Lohmann and Indian River strain while the difference between Ross and Indian River was statistically non-significant as was the difference between Ross and Lohmann strain (P<0.05). The values for weight of Giblet of Ross, Lohmann and Indian River Strain were non-significantly different (P<0.05) from each other but were significantly poor than that of Hubbard strain. A non-significant difference in shank length was observed among various strains (P<0.05). Non-significant difference in length of kell bone was found among birds of Ross, Lohmann and Indian River Strain while birds of both sexes of Hubbard strain had significantly (P<0.05) greater length of kell boe. Moreover it was observed that female birds of all the strain had greater length of keal bone compared with male birds of their respective strains. Female birds of all the strain had significantly greater bone, meat ratio compared with the male birds of their respective strains. Birds of Ross. Lohmann and Indian River Strain Had significantly lesser meat bone ratio than that of Hubbard strain (P,0.05). Difference in meat bone ratio between Lohmann and Ross strain was found to be statistically significant, but non-significant between Lohmann and Indian River strains (P<0.05).
The effect of strain, age and sex on the composition of carcass revealed that moisture percentage was not significantly affected by strain and sex. However it decreased with increase in age. Crude protein contents generally increased with age in both sexes of all the four strains. Protein percentage was found to be similar between both the sexes of all strains. Fat contents increased with age In all the four strains. Female broilers of all strain had significantly greater fat contents than the male broilers (P<0.05). Between the male and female broilers Hubbard strain had significantly more fat percentage, followed by Indian River, Ross and Lohmann. There was no effect on the ash contants of carcase due to sex and strain, though it decreased with increase in age.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0015,T] (1).
3.
Study On The Effect Of Various Levels Of Dietary Protein In Quail
by Saleem Khan, M | Ch.Muhammed Saleem | Muhameed ASlam Bhatti | Nisar Ahmed.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1985Dissertation note: The experiment was conducted on 270 one day old Japanese quail (Coturnix Coturnix Japonica) to study the effect of various levels of dietary protein on the performance of quail chicks. The chicks were randomly divided into five experimental groups, comprising 54 chicks. Each group was further sub-divided into 3 replicates of 18 chicks each. The data collected was statiscally analysed using analysis of variance.
Five experimental rations A, B, C, D and E containing 24, 26, 28, 30 and 32 percent protein were prepared respectively. The rations were isocaloric, each containing about me 2800 Kcal/kg. The allotted rations and fresh water were provided to the respective groups ad lib for a period of eight weeks. Brooder temperature was maintained at 95o F during first week of the study. It was lowered at the rate of 5oF every week till it reached 70oF, thereafter it was kept constant. The rest of the managemental and environmental conditions were identical.
The results of the study revealed non-significant difference in body weight, feed consumption and feed conversion in all the five groups of experimental chicks. Best feed conversion ratio was observed in chicks fed on ration B and C containing 26 and 28% protein respectively. Chicks fed on ration A, D and E revealed poor feed conversion ratio. Maximum mortality (7.4%) was observed in chicks fed on ration B containing 26% protein.
The results indicated that birds fed on 26% protein gave the highest dressing percentage (70.2) while chicks fed on 24% protein gave the minimum dressing percentage (65.1). Best feathering was observed in group B fed on ration containing 26% protein and poorest feathering was in the chicks fed on ration a containing 24% protein.
Results of the experiment indicated that chicks fed on 26% protein ration gave the best performance and were quite economical.
Conclusion
At the end of study, it was found that Japanese quail (Coturnix Coturnix Japonica) can be reared economically on a ration containing 26% protein under local environmental conditions with best weight gain, feed conversion ratio, feather development, dressing percentage and lowest mortality percentage.
It is, therefore, recommended that the quail should be reared by using 26% protein in ration.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0019,T] (1).
4.
Effect Of Egg Weight On Chick Weight And On Subsequent Performance Of Japanese Quails
by Shaukat Ali | Muhammed Saleem Chaudry | Muhammed Aslam Bhatti | Nisar Ahmed.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1989Dissertation note: The present project was planned to study the effect of egg weight on chick weight at day old and its subsequent performance in Japanese quails.
Three hundred and sixty quail eggs were purchased from a local breeding farm and divided into 3 equal groups i.e., A, B and C according to their weights i.e. , small (8.5-9.5 gm), medium (9.6-10.5 gm) and large (10.6-11.5 gm) respectively. The eggs were incubated and hatched.
Sixty chicks from each group were randomly divided into 3 replicates of 20 chicks each and were reared under the identical management and environmental conditions. A commercial quail's ration was provided ad libtium. Fresh and clean water was given all the times.
The experimental chicks were weighed individually at one day-old and on weekly basis upto the age of 6 weeks. Weekly feed consumption was also recorded for each group. At 6 weeks of age two birds from each replicate were picked up randomly and slaughtered to observe the dressing percentage of visceral organs and biochemical values of blood. The average weight gain observed per quail upto 6 weeks of age on the basis of egg weight in groups A, B and C was 119.70, 130.70 and 147.30 gms and the average feed consumption per quail was 472.83, 481.89 and 463.88 gms respectively. The feed efficiency values were 3.95, 3.68 and 3.14 respectively. The mortality percentage was 5.00, 3.33 and 0 percent.
The average dressing percentage was 60.64, 67.88 and 64.23 respectively. The average weight of liver was apparently more in quails hatched from group B as compared to quails hatched from group A and C. The quails hatched from group B exhibited apparently maximum weight of heart as compared to quails hatched from group A and C. However, the average weight of gizzard was maximum in quails hatched from group C as compared to quails hatched from group A and B.
Statistical analysis of the data revealed non-significant effect of egg weight on feed consumption, dressing percentage, giblet weight (liver, heart and gizzard), protein, lipids and cholesterol of serum, packed cell volume, total leucocytic count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, hemoglobin and erythrocytes. However, the effect of egg size was highly significant at (P 0.1) in case of body weight gain, feed efficiency and blood sugar level of experimental quails. The monetary return per quail was Rs. 2.00.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0021,T] (1).
5.
Studies On Semen Characteristics And Fertility Of Lohi Rams At Different Ages
by Babar Raza Khan | Naeem Ullah Khan | Nisar Ahmed | Rashid Ahmed Chaudry | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1988Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0052,T] (1).
6.
Effect Of Feeding Ensiled Sugar Cane Tops With Or Without\Added Urea And Molasses In The Fattening Ration Of Male Buffaloe Calves
by Saeed-ur-Rehman | Nisar Ahmed | Muhammed | Muhammed Yaqoob Malik.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1986Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0058,T] (1).
7.
Effect Of Alkali (Lime And Sodium Hydroxide) Treatment On The Nutritive Value Of Wheat Straw In Sahiwal Calves
by Ashfaq Ahmad | Muhammed Yaqoob Malik | Ehtisham Pervaiz | NIsar Ahmed.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1984Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0059,T] (1).
8.
Substitution Of Maize Grains With Various Sources Of Added Vegetable Fat On The Performance Of Broiler Chicks
by Aamer Zia | Nisar Ahmed | Ehtisham | Muhammed Yaqoob Malik.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1986Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0060,T] (1).
9.
The Effect Of Different Dietary Protein Levels And Stock Density On The Performance Of Japanese Quail
by Ishaq, M | Ehtisham Pervaiz | Muhammed Aslam Bhatti | Nisar Ahmed.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1991Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0064,T] (1).
10.
Influence Of Varying Levels Of Energy With Constant Level Of Protein On The Performance Of Broiler Chicks
by Agha Asad Nayyar | Nisar Ahmed | Javaid Ahmed | Muhammed Yaqoob Malik.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1988Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0066,T] (1).
11.
Studies On The Use Of Sunflower Oil Meal In Broiler Rations
by Naseem Anwer | Muhammed Yaqoob Malik | Muhammed Saleem Chaudry | Nisar Ahmed.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1987Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0067,T] (1).
12.
Urea As A Protein Substitute In The Pattening Of Sheep Under Feed Lot System
by Jamil Basra, M | Muhammed Yaqoob Malik | Nisar Ahmed.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1987Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0070,T] (1).
13.
The Effect Of Different Feed Incredients As A Predisposing Factor Of Hydropericardium Syndrome In Broiler
by Amer Habib | Muhammed Yaqoob Malik | Muhammed Saleem Chaudry | Nisar Ahmed.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1990Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0072,T] (1).
14.
Studies On The Use Of Sunflower Meal As Vegetable Protein Supplement In Broiler Rations
by Rehman, A | Muhammed Yaqoob Malik | Muhammed Aslam Bhatti | Nisar Ahmed.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1988Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0073,T] (1).
15.
Influence Of Varying Levels Of Tallow On Economical Performance Of Broiler Chicks
by Asif Humayun, Ch | Nisar Ahmed | Muhammed | Muhammed Yaqoob Malik.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1987Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0078,T] (1).
16.
Effects Of Substitution Of Fish Meal With Meat Meal On The Performance Of Broiler Chicks
by Ittifaq Shaheen, M | Nisar Ahmed Mian | Muhammed | Muhammed Yaqoob Malik.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1990Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0080,T] (1).
17.
Linseed Cake As A Protein Source In Broiler Rations
by Sultan Mahmood | Muhammed Yaqoob Malik | Nisar Ahmed | Saghir Ahmed Jafri.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1984Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0081,T] (1).
18.
Influence Of Varying Levels Of Maize Oil On The Performance Of Broiler Chicks
by Azam Chohan, M | Nisar Ahmed | Muhammed | Muhammed Yaqoob Malik.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1989Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0082,T] (1).
19.
Influence Of Various Treatment Of Rice Bran On Performance Of Broiler Chicks
by Asad Masood, Dar | Nisar Ahmed | Ehtisham Pervaiz | M.Y. Malik.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1990Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0083,T] (1).
20.
Studies On The Effects Of Processing Temperatures On The Nutritive Value Of Sunflower Meal For Poultry Feeding
by Tariq, M | Muhammed Yaqoob Malik | Muhammed Nawaz Asgher | Nisar Ahmed.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1990Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0084,T] (1).
21.
Studies On The Mating Behaviour And Semen Characteristics Of Teddy And Beetal Bucks
by Tariq Aleem | Rashid Ahmed Chaudry | Imtiaz Hussain Khan | Nisar Ahmed | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1991Dissertation note: Present study was made to assess the relationship between Libido, mating behaviour and semen characteristics of two different breeds of bucks (Teddy Vs Bectal) at different stages of age. in past, no parameters have been fixed to investigate the effect of Sexual activities on the semen production and different semen characteristics of bucks Libido, mating behaviour and semen quality has been evaluated by using various tests for different physical parameters.
A significant difference was observed in the Libido and mating behaviour indices with in the breeds and within the age groups i.e. 86.99 ± 1.25 Vs. 83.55 ± 3.89 (Group I Vs. II), 82.99 ± 3.17 Vs. 79.44 + 0.49 (group III Vs. IV) and 85.83 ± 0.83 Vs. 84.84 ± 3.69 (group I Vs. II) 81.79 + 2.00 Vs. 84.09 ± 1.04 (group III Vs. IV) where as a significant difference was observed in the volume of ejaculates, Percentage of live/dead spermatozoa, percentage of tail and mid piece abnormalities between the bucks of all the four groups i.e., 0.98 ml ±Vs. 1.02 ml ± 0.05 (group I Vs. II), 1.2 ml ± 0.04 Vs. 1.25 ml ± 0.09 (grouplll Vs. IV) and 5.14% + 0.37 Vs. 3.98 ± 0.29 kind 6.15 ± 0.45 Vs.4.32 ± 0.42 respectively.
Where as, for mid piece abnormalities it was 7.01 ± 0.24 Vs. 1.48 ± 0.16 and 6.01% + 0.2 Vs. 1.32 ± 0.9 respectively. A highly significant difference was recorded for sperm cell concentration per ml and the percentage of total morphologically abnormal spermatozoa within the breed and within the age groups i.e., 2903.83 X io6 ± 24.35 Vs. 3829.03 X io6 ± 40.22 (group I Vs. II) and 2992.34 X 106 ± 26.83 Vs. 3776.74 X 1o6 ± 39.73 (group III Vs. IV) and 15.97 ± 0.74 Vs. 4.74 ± 0.29 (group I Vs. II), 16.98$ + 0.8 Vs. 3.95 ± 0.25 (group III Vs. IV). A non-significant difference was found in mass motility, pH, percentage of head abnormalities and percentage of presence of plasma droplet.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0214,T] (1).
22.
Effect Of By Pass Fat On The Performance Of Indegenous Cross Bred Dairy Cattle
by Iqbal Shahid, M | Muhammed Yaqoob Malik | Ehtisham Pervaiz | Nisar Ahmed.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1991Dissertation note: The performance of liverstock is largely affected by their level of energy intake. To increase milk quantity and quality energy dense ingredient i.e "By Pass Fat" (priplus prime manufactured by UNICHEMA. Pvt, Australia was included in the ration of dairy animals to determine its effect on the productive performance of indigenous cross-bred dairy lactating cattle.
For this purpose 12 cross bread (Freisian x Sahiwal) cows in early lactation period, of almost similar lactation number, milk production and body weight were randomly selected and divided into three group (A, B & C) comprising of 4 animals each.
Three concentrates were prepared in such a way to have 16% C.P & 1.37 Mcal/Kg M.E Concentrate I was taken as control. 10% "By Pass Fat" was incorporated in concentrate II which was isocalorics & isonitrogenous to concentrate I and 500gm "By Pass Fat" per animal per day along with concentrate I was supplemented in ration Ill. These three concentrate I, II & Ill were fed to the animals of group A, B & C respectively.
The average total milk production of the animals of groups A, B & C fed rations I, II & Ill were recorded 4478.79, 4663.42 & 4663.39 litter respectively, where as the average total feed consumed by the animals of group A, B & C was 13307, 13121 & 13128.5 Kg. respectively.
The best feed efficiency (2.81) of animals of groups B & C fed rations II & Ill, where as the poor feed utilization (2.97) was observed in the animal of control group (A). The average total weight gained by the animals of groups A, B & C fed rations I, II & Ill were 43, 54 & 89 Kg. respectively.
The results thus obtained showed significant (P < 0.05) improvement in the weight gain, milk production, feed consumption and feed efficiency of the animals of groups B and C fed ration II (10% "By Pass Fat") and ration Ill (additional supplementary feeding of 500 gms by pass fat) as compared to the animals of group A fed ration I (control).
However, there was non significant difference in the milk production, weight gain & feed utilization of the animals of group B & C fed ration II & Ill containing 10% "By Pass Fat" and 500gm additional supplementary feeding of "By Pass Fat" over above recomended nutrient requirements in the ration of dairy cattle. The data an milk composition showed nonsignificant effect in the milk of the animals fed different experimental rations.
There was 4% increase in the milk production of the animals fed ration containing 10% "By Pass Fat" as compared to the milk production of the animals fed ration containing no "By Pass Fat". -
Possibly this might be because of lower genetic potential of the animals.
Therefore "By Pass Fat" proved better source of energy as compared to Carbonecious ingredinets.
An additional supplementary feeding of 500 gm "By Pass Fat" over & above the recommended nutrient requirement in the rations of dairy animals did not show any increase in the milk production of the animals.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0220,T] (1).
23.
Comparative Nutritive Value Of Cottonseed Oil, Rapeseed Oil And Soyabean Oil, On The Performance Of Broiler Chicks
by Zahid Mahmood | Nisar Ahmed | Muhammed | Muhammed Yaqoob Malik.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1990Dissertation note: An experiment was conducted to study the comparative nutritive value of cotton seed oil, maize oil, rapeseed oil and soyabean oil on weight gain, feed efficiency, feed consumption, dressing percentage, iodine value and liver weight of broiler chicks. A ration without any added fat was kept as control. Cotton seed oil, maize oil, rapeseed oil and soyabean oil were incorporated at 2 and 3 percent levels in experimental starter and finisher rations respectively. The rations were tried on one hundred and fifty (150) dayold broiler chicks of both sexes for a period of 50 days. The starter rations were fed upto 28 days of age and finisher rations were fed from 29th day to 50 days of age
The result showed that growth of chicks was influenced by the type of oil used. The ration containing maize oil was the best for growth and feed utilization, followed by rapeseed oil, soyabean oil and cotton seed oil containing rations. The addition of vegetable oils in the starter as well as finisher rations have growth promoting effect in broiler chicks and improved the feed efficiency significantly. The difference in feed consumption among different rations were found to be statistically non-significant. The oil supplementation at 2 and 3 percent level (starter and finisher ration respectively) from different vegetable sources did not influence the dressing percentage and liver weight of broiler chicks. Iodine value of abdominal fat of chicks was significantly influenced by the addition of different vegetable oils in broiler rations.
The addition of vegetable oils in broiler rations improved the growth rate, feed efficiency and effected the iodine value of body fat of chicks and the rations were economical as compared to the rations without added oils. The economical picture depicted that ration containing added maize oil was the best in formulating an economical broiler ration.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0221,T] (1).
24.
Studies On The Use Of Rice Gluten Meal As Protein Supplement In Broiler Rations
by Basharat Ali | Muhammed Yaqoob Malik | Muhammed | Nisar ahmed Mian.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1992Dissertation note: Proteins are one of the major components of poultry feeds, supplied mainly through animal and vegetable protein supplements. Rice gluten meal, a vegetable protein supplement is the byproduct of starch industry, left after the starch is washed out of rice tips flour. It is insoluble in water and greyish (beige) in colour. It has 43% crude protein and 3300 k.cal/kg. energy. On the basis of high protein and energy it could be used in the poultry feeds. The meal is commercially available in the country.
The present study was planed to find out the effect of feeding different levels of rice gluten meal on the growth rate and feed utilization of broiler chicks and to determine the effect of different amino acids supplementation and mechanical treatment on the nutritive value of rice gluten meal. Two experiments were conducted using day old Hubbard' broiler chicks as the experimental birds.
In the first experiment RGM was used at different levels substituting soybean meal on protein equivalent basis. The results indicated that the best growth rate and feed consumption of the chicks were observed in the ration containing 10% RGM. However, there was a progressive decrease in the weight gain of the chicks when RGM level was increased beyond 15%. The chicks growth depression was the highest (P<0.01) when RGM was used as sole source of protein. The best chicks growth performance of the ration containing 10% rice gluten meal and 25% soybean meal might be due to complimentary effect of amino acids of the two vegetable protein sources, while the poor chicks growth performance and feed consumption on account of feeding higher levels (30 and 38%) of RGM might be due to the poor quality of protein or growth inhibitory factor(s) in the indigenous rice gluten meal. The feed efficiency of the chicks was also significantly (P<0.01) lower when RGM was used as the sole source of protein. A similar trend as that of weight gain was observed in carcase weight of the chicks fed different experimental rations. A significant (P<0.01) hypertrophy of the pancreas was recorded in the chicks fed ration (G) containing the highest level of RGM as compared to the control. This indicated the presence of some growth inhibitory factor(s) in the indigenous rice gluten meal.
In the second experiment effect of lysine and methionine supplementation and autoclave treatment on the inutritive value of rice gluten meal was studied. The lysine supplementation of RGM significantly improved the growth rate, feed consumption and feed efficiency of the chicks as compared to the control indicating that the meal was deficient in lysine. A further significant (P<0.01) improvement was observed in growth rate, feed consumption and feed efficiency of the chicks fed lysine supplemented and autoclaved RGM ration as compared to the control indicating that autoclave treatment might have removed or reduced the antinutritional factor(s) of RGM whereas the deficiency of lysine was compensated through synthatie lysine supplementation. There was no significant improvement in weight gain, feed consumption and feed efficiency of the chicks fed ration containing lysine + methionine supplementation as compared to the ration containing lysine supplementation. This showed that RGM was not deficient in methionine. A similar trend as that of weight gain was recorded in carcase weight of the chicks fed different experimental rations. There was observed a significant (P<O.05) decrease in pancreas hypertrophy in the chicks fed lysine supplementation and autoclaveci RGM ration as compared to the control indicating that autoclave treatment might have removed or reduced the growth inhibitory factor(s) of RGM.
CONCLUSION
Rice Gluten Meal (RGM) was deficient in lysine and contained some growth inhihitroy factor(s).
Autoclaving and lysine supplementation in rice gluten meal improved the nutritive value of the meal as indicated by better growth rate and best feed utilization for broilers.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0249,T] (1).
25.
Comparative Nutritive Value Of Different Vegetable Protein Supplements On The Performance Of Broiler Chicks
by Ghulam Baqar | Nisar Ahmed | Javaid Ahmed | muhammed YAqoob Malik.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1992Dissertation note: A research project was undertaken to study the nutritive values of cotton seed meal, sesame cake and different combinations of these two on the performance of broiler chicks. The performance of chicks were studied under the headings of weight gain, feed efficiency, feed consumption dressing percentage and economics. Five starter rations containing 20,15,10,5 and 0 percent C.S.m along with 0,6,12,18 and 23.5 percent sesame cake and five finisher rations containing same proportions of C.S.m as in starter rations along with 0,5.25,10.50, 16 and 21 percent sesame cake were tried on one hundred and fifty day old broiler chicks of both sexes for period of 50 days. The starter rations were fed up to 28 days of age and remaining 22 days the finisher rations were fed. The results showed that the starter ration containing 10% C.S.m along with 12% sesame cake (Ration C) was best in promoting weight gain and feed utilization. Finisher ration containing 10% C.S.m along with 10.5% sesame cake (Ration Cl) was best in promoting weight gain, however as regard the feed efficiency, the ration containing 20% C.S.m (Ration Al) was the best. At the end of experiment dressing percentage and economic of different rations were considered. Dressing percentage value was highest of the chicks fed on ration C though statistically it was non-significant from the chicks fed on other rations. Ration E was economical as regard cost per KG live I weight.
It was concluded that the ration containing efficient proportion of both the vegetable protein supplements (10% C.S. meal and 12% Sesame Cake in starter ration and 10% C.S. meal and 10.5% sesame cake in finisher ration) was better as compared to any other ration. This was due to supplementary effect of both the vegetable protein supplements to each other deficiencies.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0254,T] (1).
26.
Study On Mineral Imbalances In Crossbred And Nondescript Cattle On Pakistan
by Sharif Saghar, M | Muhammed Yaqoob Malik | Muhammed aslam Bhatti | Nisar Ahmed.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1991Dissertation note: Minerals are the essential nutrients having significant role in the animal nutrition because of both their excess and deficiency produce detrimental effect en the productive and reproductive performance of the animals. In the present study the levels of macro and micro mineral elements were studied in crossbred and non-descript cattle of Punjab and Sind provinces of the country. For this purpose M6 blood samples from both the local breeds been' randomly collected from districts of Lahore, Gujranwala, Gujrat, Sargodha, Jhang, Faisalabad, Okara and Sahiwal of Punjab province and Karachi , Hyderabad and Tharparkar of Sind province. These areas were included in the study because of higher population of dairy cattle. The blood samples were collected from four different classes of cattle i.e.. calves, heifers, dry pregnant and lactating non pregnant. The serum was separated from the blood samples. Ser4Jm samples were analysed f or calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, magnesium, zinc, copper, manganese and iron. Sodium and potassium were analysed on flame photometer while calcium magnesium, 7)n4 copper, manganese and iron were analysed on atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Double beam spectrophotometer was used for the estimation of phosphorus. The data thus obtained was subjected to statistical analysis using complete randomize design arid the differences in the means were tested using DMR test.
The mean values of serum minerals in crossbred cattle of Punjab province were Calcium 7.04 mg/100ml, phosphorus 2.94 mg/100 ml, sodium 125.17 meq/L, potassium 4.67 meq/t, magnesium 2.49 mg/100 ml, zinc 0.81 ppm, copper 0.69 ppm, manganese 0.45 ppm and iron 1.26 ppm. Highly significant difference (P<0.0l) in the values of serum minerals of crossbred cattle were found among districts while difference among various classes of crossbred cattle were non significant (P>0.05). The mean values far non descript cattle of Punjab and Sind provinces were, calcium 6.83 mg/100 ml phosphoras 2.83 mg/100 ml. sodium 130.10 meq/L, potassium 4.96 meq/L.. magnesium 2.55 mg/ 100 ml, zinc 0.86 ppm, copper- 0.72 ppm, manganese 0.47 ppm and iron 1.32 ppm.. Highly significant difference (P<0.01) was found among various classes in different districts of Punjab and Sind province. The variation in the mineral status of the animals under study might be due to many factors Like breed of animals, plane of feeding practices, composition of soil, source and supply of water and climatic conditions of the region etc.
The serum mineral values observed f or crossbred and non--descript cattle of Punjab and Sind provinces of the country were relatively lower than the exotic breeds reported in the literature. While comparing the serum mineral values of crossbred with non-descript cattle, lower values for most of the minerals were found in crossbred cattle except calcium and phosphorus.
Severe deficiency of serum phosphorus, zinc and copper was observed in both breeds of cattle of Punjab and Sind provinces of the country, while a mild deficiency of serum sodium and manganese was recorded. Crossbred animals were found more prone to mineral deficiencies as compared with the non-descript animals.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0255,T] (1).
27.
Studies On The Chick Growth Inhibition Of Rapeseed Meal
by Zaboor Khan, M | Muhammed Yaqoob Malik | Nisar Ahmed | Saghir Ahmed Jafri.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1984Dissertation note: Rapeseed meal is one of the by-products of the oil industry obtained after the extraction of oil, generally by expeller method. The meal i. a good source of vegetable protein which could be incorporated in different poultry feeds. The use of rapeseed meal as a vegetable protein source in poultry feeds is limited due to its growth inhabitary effects. The meal contains a sulfur containing glucoside called 'Goitrin' which during digestion by an endogenous enzyme, 'myrosinase'is hydrolyzed to volatile, 'isothiocyanate', an antinutritional factor for poultry.
The present study was designed to determine the effect of growth-inhabiting factor in indigenous rapeseed meal on the growing chicks and to improve its nutritive value for poultry feeding, through different mechanical and chemical treatments like solvent extraction, autoclaving, water treatment and ferrous sulphate treatment.
For this purpose two experiments were designed. In both the experiments day old 'Indian Rivers" broiler chicks were used as experimental animals. In the first experiment effect of feeding different levels of rapeseed meal on the growth rate, feed consumption and feed utilization of the chicks were determined. Effects of rapeseed meal on the internal organs, dressed weight and dressing percentage of the chicks were also studied.
Feeding different levels of untreated rapeseed meal in lieu of soybean meal in 1st experiment showed non-significant differences in weight gain, feed utilization, dressed weight, dressing percentage and weights of internal organs amongst the groups and replicates except the thyroid gland. This might be on account of the lower content of 'Allyl-isothiocyanate the antinutritional factor present in the indigenous rapeseed meal. However, there was a slight depression in the growth rate of the chicks fed rations containing different levels of rapeseed meal.
It was observed that feeding of rapeseed meal at more than JLO% of the ration significantly increased (P/O.OJ) the weight of thyroid glands. There was almost a proportionate increase in the weight of thyroid glands of the chicks fed rations with increasing levels of rapeseeed meal.
The second experiment was designed to study the effect of different mechanical and chemical treatments on the nutritive value of rapeseed meal. For this purpose, 'apeseed meal after autoclaving, solvent extraction, water and ferrous sulphate treatments was incorporated at 20% level in the experimental rations.
The treatments of the meal did not improve the weight gains, feed utilization and dressed weight of the chicks as compared with untreated rapeseed meal. This might be due to the reason that the indigenous rapeseed meal contained a lower level of glucosinolate, the antinutritional factor responsible for growth inhabition in chicks and thus the effect of different treatments to reduce the level of the glucosinolate of the meal was not significant. There was, rather more depression in growth rate and feed utilization of the chicks fed rations containing water treated rapeseed meal. This might be attributed to the formation of more toxic compounds during the microbial fermentation in water treatment of the meal.
Conclusion
Results of the experiments indicated almost a proportionate decrease in the growth rate and feed utilization of the chicks fed rations containing different levels of rapeseed meal. However, there was no significant difference in the weight gain, feed consumption and feed efficiency of the chicks, fed rations containing different levels of rapeseed meals.
There was no effect of different mechanical or chemical treatments of rapeseed meal on its nutritive value except water treatment, which, rather produced adverse effects on the growth rate and feed utilization of the chicks. This might be due to the fact that the indigenous meal contained a lower level of 'Allyl-isothiocyanate' the antinutritional factor responsible for growth inhabition of the chicks.
Recommendations
Based on the results of the present study it is recommended that rapeseed meal upto a level of 10% could be incorporated in broiler rations without impairing the growth rate and feed utilization of the chicks.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0273,T] (1).
28.
Effect Of Urea Treatment On The Nutritive Value Of Wheat Straw In The Fattening Of Buffalo Calves
by Ajmal Javed | Muhammed Yoob Malikaq | Imtiaz Hussain Khan | Nisar Ahmed.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1986Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0278,T] (1).
29.
Mineral Imbalances In Dairy Cattle Of Pakistan
by Ghulam Hussain | Muhammed Yaqoob malik | Mian nisar ahmed | Rashid Ahmed.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1991Dissertation note: To determine the mineral status of indigenous cattle about 300 blood samples were collected from Lahore, Gujranwala, Sheikhupura, Sahiwal, Okara, Faisalabad, Sargodha, Jhang and Gujrat districts of Punjab, and Hyderabad, Mirpurkhas and Karachi districts of Sindh because of having high population of cattle. The blood samples were collected from four different groups of cattle (1) calves (2) heifers (3) dry pregnant (4) lactating non pregnant. The serum was separated from blood samles by centrifugation. Serum sample were analysed for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Sodium, Potassium, Zinc, Copper, Manganese, Iron and Cobalt. (Calcium, Phosphorus and Magnesium were analysed on spectronic 20. Sod)1I1 and Potassium were analysed on flamphotometer. Zinc, Copper, Manganese, Iron and Cobalt were analysed on atomic absorption spectrophotometer)The data thus obtained was subjected to statistical analysis by using complete randomized design and the differences in means were tested by using (LSD Test) least significant difference test.
The mean values of serum mineral in cattle of Punjab were, Calcium, 9.34+ 0.41 mg/100 ml, Phosphorus 4.660.25 mg/100 ml, Magnesium 2.02±0.23 mg/100 ml, Sodium 290.61 11.8 mg/l00 ml, Potassium 18.55±0.56 mg/100 ml, Zinc l.06±0.09 ppm, Copper 1.05±0.14 ppm, Manganese .56±0.04 ppm, Iron 1.38±0.06 ppm and Cobalt 0.089±0.007 ppm. The mean value of serum mineral in cattle of Sindh were Calcium 8.83±0.43 mg/100 ml, Phosphorus 4.48±0.23 mg/l00 ml, Magnesium 2.08+0.21 mg/100 ml, Sodium 273.43±18.69 mg/100 ml, Potassium 18.21±0.72 mg/100 ml, Zinc 0.96+0.12 ppm Copper 0.96±0.11 ppm, Manganese 0.54±0.05 ppm, Iron 1.2±0.157 ppm and Cobalt 0.085.±0.009 ppm. Nonsignificant difference in values of serum minerals in cattle (P> 0.05) were found within different groups and between provinces, while significant differences were found between districts (P< 0.05). This variation may be due to different plan of nutrition composition of soil water and climate etc.
The serum Calcium values were almost normal but mild deficiency was found in cattle of Gujrat, Gujranwala, Sheikhupura, Jhang districts of Punjab while Karachi and Mirpurkhas districts of Sindh. The serum Phosphorus level was low in cattle of Punjab and Sindh and acute deficiency was observed in Faisalabad, Gujrat, Shéikhupura and Jhang districts of Punjab, Karachi and Mirpurkhas districts of Sindh. The serum Magnesium values showed deficiency in Sheikhupura, Sargodha and Jhang districts of Punjab and Karachi district of Sindh. The serum Sodium values were almost normal in cattle of all districts. The serum Potassium values were normal in cattle of all districts except Sargodha in Punjab. The serum Zinc values were low in animals of all districts and severe deficiency was found in cattle of Okara, Sahiwal and Sheikhupura districts of Punjab and Karachi Hyderabad, and Mirpurkhas districts of Sindh. The serum Copper values of animals were found low in Okara, Lahore and Sheikhupura districts of Punjab and Karachi and Mirpurkhas districts of Sindh. The serum Manganese values were found deficient in districts of Gujranwala, Gujrat, Sahiwal, Sheikhupura and Jhang in Punjab and Hyderabad district of Sindh. The serum Iron values were normal in animals of both provinces of Punjab and Sindh except Lahore,, Sargodha, Jhang and Sheikhupura districts of Punjab and Hyderabad district in Sindh. The serum Cobalt values were found low in cattle of Sahiwal, Okara and Sheikhupura districts of Punjab and Karachi and Mirpurkhas districts of Sindh. The overall mineral status of cattle of Punjab province was slightly higher than Sindh except Magnesium mineral and the difference was nonsignificant while between the groups of animals were found non significiant. The variation in serum mineral values in cattle might be due to plan nutrition, low mineral status of soil, composition of water and climate etc.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0310-T] (1).
30.
Effect Of Substitution Of Fish Meal With Corn Gluten Meal On The Performance Of Broiler Chicks
by Hamid, A | Nisar Ahmed | Imtiaz Hussain | Muhammed Yaqoob Malik.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1991Dissertation note: The present study was under taken to investigate the effect of substitution of fish meal which is comparatively costly protein supplement with cheaper corn gluten meal on the performance of broiler chicks. One hundred and fifty day old (male and female) hubbard broiler chicks were reared on five experimental rations upto 50 days of age. The control ration contained 14.347. fish meal which was replaced by the corn gluten meal at 0, 3, 6, 9 and 127. levels (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 per cent on protein equivalent basis). The starter rations were fed upto 28 days of age and remaining 22 days finisher rations were fed.
Results revealed non-significant differences among weight gain of chicks fed different experimental starter rations. However, significant differences among weight gain of chicks fed on finisher rations were noticed. The chicks fed on ration containing 100 percent and 75 percent fish meal were heavier as compared to those chicks fed on ration in which fish meal was replaced with corn gluten meal upto 50 percent on protein equivalent basis. Non significant differences in total weight gain were noticed amongst chicks fed on different experimental rations.
Highly significantly more feed was consumed by the chicks fed on starter and finisher rations containing 100 per cent and 75 per cent fish meal as compared to those chicks fed on other experimental rations. Non-significant differences in total feed consumption were noticed in chicks fed on various experimental rations.
Apparently better feed utilization in chicks were noticed by addition of corn gluten meal at different levels i.e. 3, 6, 9 and 12 per cent in the starter and finisher rations. However non-significant differences among the feed efficiency values were observed in chicks fed on various experimental rations.
Present results revealed that corn gluten meal at 3, 6, 9 and 12 per cent levels in broiler rations was equally well utilized as source of protein supplement as fish meal on the performance of broiler chicks.
The present study indicated that addition of corn gluten meal did not significantly effect the growth rate however slightly decreased with progressive increase of corn gluten meal in the ration. Feed efficiency was comparable with that of fish meal. Results further indicated that ration containing corn gluten meal were comparatively cheaper and cost per kg of live weight was decreased, therefore, net profit per chick was greater.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0311,T] (1).
31.
Influence Of Varing Levels Of Energy With Constant Levels Of Protein On The Performance Of Male & Female Broiler
by Mustafa Kamal, M | Nisar Ahmed | Muhammed | Muhammed yaqoob Malik.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1992Dissertation note: Present experiment was conducted to study the influence of varying level of energy with constant level of protein on the performance of male and female broiler chicks. For this purpose 90 males and 90 females were reared in batteries for 50 days. Each group was subdivided into three sub groups, and starter ration A, B and C were given to each sub group for first 28 days, and from 29 to 50th days finisher rations A1 B1 and C1 were given. Starter rations A,B and C contained 23% protein and 3050, 3150 and 3250 Kcal / kg of M.E respectively. The finisher rations Aj B1 and Cj contained 20% protein and 3050, 3150 and 3250 Kcal / Kg of M.E. On starter rations A, B and C males gained 857.94, 867.4 and 868.74 gms respectively. Where as females gained 806.9, 820.1 and 826.8 gms respectively. This difference in weight gain was non significant. Feed consumption by the male chicks was 1449, 1460, and 1440 grams respectively, where as females consumed 1403.0, 1409.6 and 1413.6 grams respectively. This difference was also non significant. Similarly a non significant difference was obtained for feed conversion ratio during this period on different raions.
On finisher raions A1 B1 and C1 males gained 751.2, 882.0 and 968.5 grams respectively where as females gained 589.5, 639.0 and 655.5 grams respectively. For the males the difference was highly significant (P <0.01) and for females it was non significant (Tablei 1). Feed consumption by male broiler chicks was 2091, 2196.7 and 2270.7 grams respectively. Where as for females it was 1978, 1989 and 2025 grams respectively. The difference was non significant for both males and females. During this peroid feed conversion ratio for males was 2.78, 2.49 and 2.35 respectively. Where as for females it was 3.36, 3.11 and 3.09 respectively. The difference was non significant for females where as difference for the males was significant (P<O.05).
It was concluded that the males can convert higher levels of energy more efficiently than females. It was also observed that increasing energy resulted in increased abdominal fat but the difference was non significant. The results also revealed that on rations A, B and C the males were 15.23, 19.89 and 23.94% respectively heavier than the females. It was also observed that on corresponding rations males consumed 4.7%, 7.6% and 7.9% more feed than the females. Similarly it was also observed that on rations A, B and C males had a better F.C.R of 10%, 11.48% and 14.85% than the females on corresponding rations.
Economical analysis revealed that it was feasible to increase M.E for the males to 3150 Kcal / kg. But the best results for females were obtained at M.E 3050 Kcal / Kg. It was also noticed that on ration A, B and C the males produced meat at a cost of 1.97, 2.33 and 2.92 Rupees / Kg less then the females.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0312,T] (1).
32.
Effect Of Substition Of Wheat Bran With Dried Citrus Pulp In The Fattening Ration Of Male Buffalo Calves
by Shabbir Shahid, M | Nisar Ahmed | Ikram-ul-Haq | Muhammed Yaqoob Malik.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1993Dissertation note: There has been a gradual decline in the per capita availability of proteinous food particularly of animals origin for human consumption in our country. The feasible solution of the problem of meat shortage is to increase the production of meat by fattening the male buffalo calves which are available in our country. These are sold at lower rate when they are weaned. These calves could be fattened by using the cheaper sources of agriculture by-products available in our country. Due to an increased competition between the animals and human being for the consumption of cereal grains it is very necessary to explore possible utilization of agro-industrial wastes/by-products for animal, feedings. Citrus pulp is a by-product of citrus fruit industry which has received a significant consideration as a feed ingredients for ruminants in present situation. Citrus pulp is an adequate energy source, if adequate protein is provided (Michelena, J & Pereiro, 1983). Keeping in view the importance of energy in nutrition and high prices of conventional energy sources in the country the experiment was planned to explore the possibilities of using citru pulp as source of feed ingredients in the fattening ration of male buffalo calves.
A fattening trial was conducted on 4 groups of 20 male buffalo calves to study the effect of replacement of wheat bran with dried citrus pulp at 33.33, 66.66% and 1.00% level. The experiment was continued for 91 days. Feed consumption, weight gain, feed efficiency and digestibility of different nutrients in the animals were recorded. Economics of fattening rations was also studied.
The results of the study revealed non-significant differences in weight gain, feed efficiency and feed consumption but apparently the animals fed on ration A (control) showed better feed intake as compared to calves fed on ration B, C and D. The digestibility trials revealed that there was statisticaly significant difference in digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, crude fiber, among ether extract. The rat in D in which wheat bran was replaced with 100% dried citrus calculated as most economical as compared to ration A, B and C in the fattening of male buffalo calves.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0313,T] (1).
33.
Influence Of Varing Levels Of Protein With Constant Level Of Energy On The Performance Of Male & Female Broiler
by Ahsan Moien Siddiqui | Nisar Ahmed | Ehtisham | Muhammed Yaqoob Malik.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1992Dissertation note: The present study was undertaken to investigate the "Influence of varying levels of protien with constant level of energy on the performance of male and female broiler chicks". One hundred and eighty (90 male and 90 female) day old chicks were reared separately on three experimental starter and three finisher rations upto 50 days of age. The starter rations had a protien percentage 22, 23 and 24 percent while the finisher rations with 19, 20 and 21% respectively. All the starter and finisher rations had a similar metabolizeable energy of 3150 Kcal/Kg. The starter rations were fed upto 28 days of age and for the remaining 22 days finisher rations were fed.
Results revealed non-significant differences among weight gain of chicks fed different experimental starter rations. Similarly there were non-significant differences between the sexes. Experimental finisher rations had non significant differences among weight gain of the chicks. However there were highly significant differences between the weight gain of the sexes. The male chicks fed on finisher ration "B" (having 20% protien were apparently heavier as compared to ration "A" and "C" (having 19 and 21% protien respectively) while the female chicks fed on finisher ration "C" were apparently heavier as comparted to those reared on ration "A" and "B". At all the three finisher rations, male chicks were heavier than the female chicks. At the end of the experiment non significant differences were noticed amongst chicks fed on different experimental rations while highly significant differences between the total weight gain of both the sexes were observed. The male chicks fed on ration "B", (having 23% and 20% protien) were heavier as compared to those fed on ration "A", (having 22% and 19% protien) or "C" (having 24% starter and 21 finisher protien). The female chicks showed apparently highest total weight gain at ration "C" while male chicks had a highest total gain in weight at ration "B". The male chicks fed on ration A, B and C showed 18.12%, 15.94% and 13.31% more total weight gain than female chicks.
Highly significant differences in the feed consumption were noticed in chicks fed on different experimental starter rations and between the sexes. Both male and female chicks consumed highly significant more feed when fed on ration "C" (having 24% protien) as compared to those fed on ration "A" or "B" (having 22% & 23% protien respectively) while feed consumption of both the sexes was minimum when fed on ration "B". At all the three starter rations, females consumed more feed than the male chicks. There were non significant differences in the feed consumption of chicks fed on different finisher rations. However significant differences in the feed consumption of finisher rations were noticed between the sexes. At all the three finisher rations males consumed more feed than the female chicks. Apparently feed consumption showed an increasing trend with the corresponding increase in the protien percentage of a finisher ration in both the sexes. Non-significant differences in the total feed consumption were noticed amongst chicks fed on different experimental rations while the differences between the sexes were significant. Males consumed 11.25%, 12.35% and 5.91% more total feed than female chicks at rations A, B and C respectively. Feed consumption was maximum at ration "C" while minimum at ration "A" in both the sexes. There was an increase in the total feed consumption in both sexes with the corresponding increase in the protien percentage of a ration.
Apparently better feed utilization in male chicks was noticed when fed at starter ration "A" or "B" while female chicks showed better feed efficiency at ration "B". There were non-significant differences in the feed efficiency values of chicks reared on different experimental starter rations as well as the differences were non-significant between the sexes. At finisher ration "A" male chicks showed apparently better feed efficiency while ration "B" was best utilized by the female chicks. The results were non significant for chicks fed on different experimental finisher rations. However there were significant differences between the sexes. At all the three finisher rations female chicks required more feed per unit gain in weight than male chicks. At the end of experiment there were non-significant differences in the total feed efficiency amongst the chicks fed on different experimental rations. but the differences between the sexes were significant. At all the three rations A, B and C male chicks showed 7.80%, 4.02% and 7.83% better feed efficiency than the female chicks. Males showed apparently better feed efficiency at ration "A" while females at ration "B".
There were non-significant differences between the dressing percentage, weight of internal organs and abdominal fat deposition of chicks fed on different experimental rations. The differences were non-significant between the sexes also except for the weight of abdominal fat deposition. At all the three rations A, B and C males showed 16.81%, 30.96% and 25% more abdominal fat deposition than the female chicks. Increase in the dietary protien reduced fat deposition in both the sexes.
The present results indicated that male chicks can be reared economically at a starter ration having 22 percent protien and a finisher rations having 19 percent protien. While female chicks show best performance at a starter ration having 23% protien and a finisher ration having 20 percent protien. Weight gain, feed consumption and feed efficiency was better in male chicks than the female chicks. On the other hand male chicks showed more abdominal fat deposition than female chicks when fed on similar rations. Male chicks were cheaper to grow than the female chicks at all the experimental rations and the cost per Kg. of liveweight of males chicks was approximately 1 Rupee cheaper than the female chicks. This was because male chicks were 17.81 percent larger than the female chicks of the same age.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0317,T] (1).
34.
Studies On The Gross & Microscopic Structures On Urteri And Cervices During Different Stages Of Estrous Cycle In Teddy Goat
by Mazhar Iqbal | Imtiaz Hussain Khan | Nisar Ahmed | Rashid Ahmed Chaudry | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1991Dissertation note: In Pakistan goat production has developed into one of the most important and significant agricultural enterprises which not only yields sizable quality of meat and milk but also provides hides and skin both for local consumption as well as export. although Pakistan is the second largest sheep and goat producing country in the near East region, little effort has been made to establish the macro, micro anatomy and biometry of the female reproductive organs of the Teddy goats.
The present study relates, macro and micro studies on the uteri and cervices of 40 (ten from each stage of estrous cycle) healthy, non-gravid female Teddy goats upto one year of age in and around Lahore. The average values recorded in this study indicated the length of greater curvature, lesse curvature, width and thickness of right uterine horn were to be 11.19 ± 0.42, 9.94 ± 0.38, 1.40 ± 0.02 and 0.24 ± 0.01 cm and those for left horn were 11.65 ± 0.46, 10.4 ± 0.37, 1.42 4± 0.03 and 0.23 ± 0.03 cm. The mean number of caruncle and their diameter for right horn were 64.3 ± 1.94 and 0.28 ± 0.01 cm and for left horn were 66.2 ± 0.54 and 0.32 ± 0.01 cm respectively. The average length, width and wall thickness for the uterine body were 1.46 ± 0.09, 1.45 ± 0.16 and 0.24 ± 0.01 cm. The mean length and width for the cervix were 2.84 ± 0.08 and 1.42 ± 0.08 cm. The average no. of cervical rings were 4.52 ± 0.07. The left horn was found more in length than right horn. The maximum weight of uterine horn was observed during the estrus stage of the estrous cycle. The average weight for the right uterine horn, left uterine horn, uterine body and cervix were 5.25 ± 0.36, 5.42 ± 0.40, 1.54 ± 0.14 and 2.14 ± 0.21 gm respectively. The significant uterine histological feature was the presence of a simple columnar surface epithelium in the proestrus stage and pseudostratified columnar in the estrus, metestrus and diestrus stages of the estrous cycle. The surface epithelium of the cervix was found to be simple columnar during all stages of the estrous cycle. Further more no true glands were observed in the cervical wall. The lumen of cervix was seen divided by a number of longitudinal folds during all stages of the estrous cycle.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0321,T] (1).
35.
Studies On Rate Of Passage Of Ingesta And Digestibility Of Nutrients In Nili Ravi Buffalo, Sahiwal And Crossbred Cattle
by Ghulam Hussain Jaffar | Muhammed Yaqoob Malik | Ehtisham Pervaiz | Nisar Ahmed.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1991Dissertation note: The project was planned to study the rate of passage of ingesta from the alimentary tract and digestibility of various nutrients in Buffalo, Sahiwal and cross-bred (Fresian x Sahiwal) calves. The rate of flow of irigesta through the digestive tract determins the rate of digestion of feed. The present investigation was an attempt to compare the flow rate of ingesta and digestibility of nutrients in Buffalo, Sahiwal andeross-bred calves.
The digestion trial was conducted on 4 buffalo, 4 Sahiwal & 4 cross-bred calves. Measurement of rate of passage of ingesta in the animals was made during 10 days after feeding of experimental ration containing stained wheat straw. Each calf was fed with a portion of the stained wheat straw (with 1% crystal voilet) - at the rate of 4% of their daily D.M intake. The collection of the faeces was initiated from the time of feeding to 14 hour post feeding, then at B hourly intervals during the next three days, at 8 hourly intervals for following 3 days, at 12 hourly interval during 7th and 8th day and at 18 hourly interval during the last 2 days. Stained particles were counted in each 2.5 gm of faeces obtained at each sampling period. With the help of sterioscope, the numbers of stained particles per sampling period were calculated and expressed as a percentage of total number of particles excreted during 242 hours of experimental period. The samples of ration and faeces voided were chemically analysed on D.M basis for crude protein, 'crude fibre, ether extract and mineral matter for digestibility studies.
At 14 hours post feeding of the animals 79, 325 and 239 with mean value of 19.75 ± 3.4, 81.25 ± 3.42 and 59.75 ± 5.12 total stained particles were voided in the faeces by Buffalo, Sahiwal and cross-bred calves respectively. The excretion rate of stained particles increased sharply upto 38 hours in Buffalo Calves (18.14%) 20 hours in Sahiwal calves 20.08% and 32 hours in cross-bred calves (16.81%) and it gradually decreased to 0.00% at 242 hours in all the species of animals. The rate of passage of ingesta through the alimentary tract of all species was highly significant (p<0.0l) up to 56th hour post feeding and was no significant thereafter.
Retention time of ingesta was more in Buffalo than Sahiwal and cross-bred cattle. However cross-bred had more retention time of ingesta than Sahiwal animals.
The dry matter and other nutrient - digestibility was more in Buffalo than other two species. However, the digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, nitrogen free extract was non-significant among different species of animals. Where as the digestibility of crude fibre, ether extract and mineral matter was significantly (p<0.01) more in buffalo than Sahiwal and cross bred cattle. The TDN value was also signficantly (p<0.0l) more in buffalo than Sahiwal and cross-bred cattle.
The longer retention of ingesta in buffalo as compared with Sahiwal and cross-bred cattlemight be responsible for more digestion of the nurtrients of the ingested feed in buffalo.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0331,T] (1).
36.
Nutritional Evaluation Of Rapeseed Meal (Canola Variety) For Poultry
by Ihsan Elahi, M | Muhammed Yaqoob malik | Muhammed Aslam Bhatti | Nisar Ahmed.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1991Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0335,T] (1).
37.
Nutritive Value Of Wheat Straw As Affected By Cultivars Under The Same Agronomical Conditions In Peshawar
by Naeem ullah | Nisar Ahmed | Ehtisham | Javeed Ahmed Qureshi.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1993Dissertation note: The present. study, which is first of its type in Pakistan, was conducted to identify wheat. straw variety which has inheritedly better feeding value and to investigate the effect of breeding on the quality of wheat. straw and hopefully, it will serve as a base line for further researches in this direction.
During the present study, two adult rumen fistulated buffalo steers, of almost the same age and weights maintained at the animal nutrition section of Veterinary Research Institute Feshawar, were used. Five different varieties of wheat straw namely Firsahak-85, Firsahak-91 , C-518, Blue silver and Khushai grown on the same soil under the same agronomical conditions , were collected each in three replicates from the Agricultural Developrnent. Farm of NWFP. Agricultural University, Peshawar during their harvesting season In May, 1992.
Representative samples of these five test varieties were analysed in triplicate, for nutrient, composition viz; dry matter, ash, crude protein (CP) , crude fibre (CF) , crude fat (EE), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), .Lignin and silica, according to the standard procedures of AOAC (1980) and Goering and Van Soest (1979).
The results of chemical analyses revealed that. there was no difference among the straw varieties in ash, CP, CF, NDF, lignin and silica contents. However, the %age of AUF' and EF in the wheat straw significantly varied (P<0. 05) due to cultivars.
The variety C-518 was apparently higher in CF and EE contents (4. 99% and 0.85% in DM respectively), comparatively lower in CF and ADF (40. 1% and 48. 95% in PM respectively) than the other varieties.
Mean in Sacco matter digestibility of the five wheat straw cultivars were determined at different incubation times of 6, 12 24, 48 and 72 hours by using the nylon bag technique described by Orskov et al (1980). The analysis of variance for the. individual. incubation time indicated that the dry matter digestibility at all the hours except 24 hours significantly varied (P<0. 05) due to cultivars.
Based on the results of in sacco measurements at different hours, the rate of digestibility and other digestibility characteristics were calculated by least squares. The rate of digestibility (C; % per hour) was also significantly different (P<0. 05) among the cultivars. C-518 resulted in more "C' value of 4.4% per hour (F< 0. 05) as compared to the. other four wheat straw cuitlvars. Similarly the effective dry matter digestibility calculated at. a rumen out-flow rate of 0.02 was also significantly affected (P<0. 001) by the straw cultivars and significantly higher (F<0. 05) in C-518 and Khushai. than the other three varieties.
The regression correlation between rate of digestibility and nutrient composition of all the five wheat straw cuitivars were interpreted in accordance to the procedures of steel and Tone (1980) which indicated that the rate of digestibility was postiveiy correlated with CF contents in wheat straw and negatively correlated with CF, ADF, NDF, ash and silica contents in the wheat. straw. However, lignin and EE did not. show any relationship with the rate of digestion of wheat straw.
Dry matter intakes and Energy values were predicted for all the wheat straw cultivars, on the basis of their measurements, using the multiple regression equation developed by Orskov et al (1988) which showed that under practical feeding situations, C-518 cultivar of wheat straw will be consumed by cattle in higher quantities and the same variety will supply 38% more metabolizable energy to the animal.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0336,T] (1).
38.
To Study The Effect Of Different Dietary Protein & Energy Level On The Growth Performance Of Nili-Ravi Buffalo Male
by Rehman Khan, A | Dr. Nisar ahmed mian | Dr. Jaweed ahmad qureshi | Dr. Muhammad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1993Dissertation note: The buffalo is an important animal in the agriculture economy of our country and the most useful animal for many millions of poor people, especially those living in Asia.
So far, no definite studies with regard to the nutritional requirements of the buffalo at various stages of growth and production (meat and milk) have been conducted. The feeding of buffalo in the sub-continent is based on various cereals and cash crops and are generally subjected to various nutritional imbalances, as a result, the genetic potential with regard to growth and production (meat and milk) of buffalo is not fully exploited.
Thus there is a desperate need for determining the specific feeding requirements of the indigenous dairy buffalo. For the purpose digestibility and metabolic studies for various nutritional needs for growth, fattening and production are to be conducted. Thus the present study was designed to study the effect of different plans of nutrition on growth, efficiency of feed utilization and nutrients digestibility in Nili-Ravi buffalo male calves.
Twenty-seven buffalo male calves of 9-12 months of age were randomly divided into nine groups. Three different levels of protein and metabolizable energy (80, 100 and 120% of NRC, 1976 Standards for beef cattle) were incorporated in the nine experimental rations.
After the trial of 140 days, the buffalo male calves gained weight 102.67, 110.64, 90.33, 36.00, 73.33, 127,34, 98.67, 82.34 and 110.34 Kgs. in groups 1-9, respectively. Maximum growth was recorded in group 6 [CP 100% and ME 120% of NRC (1976) Standards for beef cattle). Weight gain was non-significant due to varying levels of protein in the rations while weight gain was significant (P<0.05) due to varying levels of energy in the rations. Maximum growth rate of 909 gms. per day in group 6 (CP 100% and ME 120%) was recorded. The regression equation for weight gain with the relation to protein and energy intake was as follows: Weight gain (WG) = -297.28 + .425 (Pr) ± 63.67 (En)
The feed consumption decreased with the increase of protein level in the rations while feed consumption increased with the increase of ME level in the ration but the effect was statistically non-significant.
Maximum feed was consumed in group 6 (CP 100% and ME 120%). It was observed from the study that dietary protein had significant effect on feed efficiency and it was improved with the increase of dietary protein in the ration. Feed efficiency also improved significantly with the increase of energy in the rations. It was noted from the study that the dry matter intake reduced with the increase of dietary protein but dry matter intake increased with the increase of ME level in the ration. The effect was statistically non-significant. Protein intake was significantly increased with increase of protein level while ME level in the ration had non-significant effect. ME intake was non-significant with the increase of protein level but it was significantly increased with the increase of ME level in the ration.
The digestibility of crude protein and ether extract increased with the increase of protein and energy level in the rations but the differences were nonsignificant. The digestibility of dry matter was increased at varying levels of protein and energy but the differences were significant (P<0.0l). The digestibility of NFE and crude fibre were also increased at varying levels of energy significantly (P<0.01) but these were low at 100% protein level than 80 and 120% protein level. It was observed that the digestibility of all the nutrients increased at high plan of nutrition (protein and energy).
It was concluded that protein requirements of buffalo male calves were the same as recommended for beef cattle NRC (1976) but metabolizable energy requirements were 20% higher than the recommended level for beef cattle, NRC (1976)
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0348,T] (1).
39.
Improvement In The Nutritive Value Of Fibrous Crop By-Products By Urea Treatment
by Rafaqat Ali | Dr. Nisar Ahmed Mian | Dr. Muhammad | Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1994Dissertation note: Wheat straw and rice straw are two of the largest annually harvested crop by-products in Pakistan, and are commonly fed to buffaloes as well as cattle as a staple roughage source. These coarse roughages are essentially energy feeds in which the cell wall constituents may be as high as 80 percent of the total dry matter. However, productivity in ruminants given such straw diets is limited, primarily due to energy deficiency. Low digestibility and low nitrogen content of these roughages does not adequately satisfy microbial growth requirements, which are therefore major limiting factors responsible for poor efficiency of nutrient utilization.
In the present study, two fibrous crop by-products - wheat straw and rice straw, were treated with urea (as a source of ammonia), at 50 percent moisture level with or without added urease source at two different temperatures (220C and 390C) for three different periods (14, 21 and 28 days). Digestibilities of the treated and untreated feedstuffs were determined by in sacco technique. All the samples were chemically analysed for proximate as well as cell wall constituents before and after any treatment and after incubation in the rumen.
Increasing duration of urea-treatment invariably increased the crude protein content in all the treatments. At 28 days, difference between crude protein values of samples treated with urea alone or urea along with urease source was not statistically significant. Crude fiber contents of wheat and rice straw was inversely effected both by higher temperature and longer treatment period. Both mineral matter contents and ether extract values were not significantly effected by any of the treatment while NFE values were significantly reduced. Decrease in NDF and hemicellulose values after treatment was observed. Addition of urease hastened the process, though at 28 days, the difference between samples treated with or without the addition of urease was non-significant. Treatments increased the in sacco disappearance of DM, CF, CP, NDF, ADF and hemicellulose. Addition of urease and higher temprature increased the rate of change. Difference between urea treated and urea plus urease treatmed samples was relatively more marked in case of wheat straw than in rice straw, though in both the feedstuffs, it was non-significant at the end of treatment i.e., 28 days.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0401,T] (1).
40.
Study Of Comparative Nutritive Value Of Maize, Sorghum And Broken Rice On The Performance Of Broiler Chicks
by Sajid Mohammad Javed | Dr. Nisar Ahmed | Dr. Javed Ahmed Qureshi | Dr.Ashfaq.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 1994Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0402,T] (1).
41.
Effects Of Substitution Of Soyabean Oil Meal With Dried Brewer'S Yeast On The Performance Of Japanese Quails
by Zafar Iqbal Chauhan | Dr. Nisar Ahmed | Dr. Jaweeed Ahmed Qureshi | Prof. Dr.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1994Dissertation note: Dried brewer's yeast (DBY) (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) is a byproduct of the brewing industry and is a valuable food for animals. DBY contains 45% CP and 35% soluble carbohydrate. The amino acid profile of DBY is comparable to other vegetable protein supplement (VPS) like SBM. The present study was designed to study the effect of substitution of SBM with DBY on the performance of Japanese quails..
For the purpose quails were fed with five rations in which SBM was replaced with DBY at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% levels for 42 days. Weekly weight gain and daily feed consumption was recorded. Maximum weight gain (144.61g), feed efficiency (4.01) carcass weight (104.72g) and dressing percentage (69.53%) was observed in quails fed ration in which 100% SBM was replaced with DBY. Minimum weight gain (137.67 g) poor feed efficiency (4.21) lower carcass weight (78.28g) and poor dressing percentage (54.48%) was recorded in quails fed ration in which 100% DBY was replaced with SBM. No adverse effect on internal organs liver, heart and carcass was seen.
From the foregoing study it was concluded that DBY could be successfully incorporated in quails rations upto 10% without any undesirable effect on the performance of quails. It has been demonstrated from the results that DBY improves body weight gain, feed efficiency and dressing percentage which ultimately decreases the cost of quality meat production. The study also indicated that rations containing DBY were comparatively cheaper and cost per kg of live weight was decreased and net profit per quail was greater.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0409,T] (1).
42.
Comparative Meat Production Potentials And Carcass Evaluation Of Buffalo And Different Breeds Of Cattle Calves
by Syed Ahmed | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr. Asif | Dr. Nisar Ahmed.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1995Dissertation note: The most urgent need at present is to derive the maximum beef production from our existing livestock and agricultural byproducts. The present study will help us to select the most suitable livestock breed for beef production. This will further provide information to the persons interested for developing a feed lot industry in the country.
In the present study the meat production potential and carcass composition of buffalo and cattle (Sahiwal, crossbred, nondescript, cholistani and dajal) was evaluted. The breeds were assigned six group I, II, III, IV, V and YI for Sahiwal, crossbred, non-descript, buffalo, Cholistani and Dajal respectively. Ten calves from each group was fattened with a control ration containing CP with a range of 10.91 to 11.23 percent and TND ranging from 66.61 to 68.70 percent, for a period of 91 days. The feed efficiency of group I-VT were 5.73, 5.98, 8.38, 7.47, 6.09 and 7.47 with an average daily weight gain of 0.796, 0.856, 0.746, 0.822, 0.840 and 0.753 kg respectively. The dressing percentage were 49.37, 49.19, 52.06, 48.54, 51.83 and 52.27 for group I to VI respectively and the difference were non significant. The percentage of blood, heart and lungs were 2.54, 2.61, 2.61, 3.06, 2.71, 2.46 percent and 0.34, 0.99, 0.39, 0.55, 0.33, 0.43 percent and 1.10, 1.12, 1.03, 1.05, 1.01 and 0.97 for group I to VI, respectively. Statistically non significant difference were found in these parameters. The percentage of liver spleen and kidneys were 1.55, 1.41, 1.52, 1.32, 1.40, 1.33 percent and 0.32, 0.38, 0.39, 0.26, 0.29, 0.30 percent and 0.28, 0.30, 0.29, 0.32,0.25 and 0.20 percent for group I to VI respectively. The only significant difference (P<0.05) between the value of kidneys. The value for other components like mesenteric fat, feet, head and skin were 0.43, 0.56, 0.54, 0.78, 0.58, 0.57 percent for mesenteric fat and 2.26, 2.29, 2.09, 2.53, 2.07 and 2.04 percent for feet 4.27, 4.10, 4.06, 4.80, 4.38 and 4.24 percent for head 10.27, 9.06, 19.10, 9.33, 10.67 and 8.70 for skin of group I to VI, respectively. The difference among all these values were non significant. The percentage ratio of meat, bone, fat and other tissue were 48.38, 52.33,54.13, 49.36, 51.39 and 53.91 percent, 33.14, 32.87, 32.61, 31.79, 36.11, 31.83 percent, 7.04, 6.05, 8.43, 12.96, 7.22, 9.19, percent and 4.83, 5.13, 4.38, 4.01, 4.61 and 3.73 for group I to VI, respectively. Only highly significant difference (P<0.01) was observed in fat component. The chemical composition of the meat revealed 77.78, 76.86, 75.75, 73.34, 76.53 and 75.90 percent moisture, 20.55, 20.12, 20.91, 21.00, 20.56 and 20.64 percent crude protein, 9.90, 7.76, 8.71, 9.71, 8.16 and 8.54 percent ether extract, 5.18, 5.47, 6.03, 6.18, 6.39 and 6.71 percent ash in group I to VI, respectively. Non significant difference were observed in chemical composition. The cost of one kg meat production (feed cost + cost of animal) from group I to VI, 13.92, 14.13, 17.57, 14.59, 17.50 and 20.25 rupees respectively. This revealed that minimum cost of meat production was in Sahiwal calves, whereas Dajal calves proved most expensive meat producer among the different groups.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0416,T] (1).
43.
Use Of Matri As Vegetable Protein Source In Broiler Ration
by Saleh, M | Dr. Nisar Ahmed | Dr. Jaweeed Ahmad Qureshi | Dr. Mohammad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1995Dissertation note: A study was undertaken to find out the appropriate level of matri (Lathyrus sativus linn) as vegetable protein source in broiler ration. Seven experimental rations containing 0, 10, 15 and 20 percent treated and untreated matri were tried on two hundred and ten day old broiler chicks for the period of 50 days. The chicks were randomly divided into seven groups of thirty chicks each. The birds reared on starter ration upto 28 days of age and on finisher ration for rest of the experimental period. The results showed that the starter ration A (control) containing no matri was best in promoting weight gain, feed consumption and feed utilization. The ration B containing 10% matri (autoclaved) gained more weight and consumed more feed and was better in feed efficiency. Finisher ration A (control) containing no matri was the best in promoting weight gain and the ration B containing 10 percent matri (autoclaved) stood second in number as for as weight gain, feed consumption and feed efficiency was concerned. At the end of the experiment dressing percentage and economics of different rations were also calculated Dressing percentage values were statistically non-significant so far as the cost per Kg live weight wasconcerned, ration B was cheaper while ration A was the cheaper while ration A was the cheapest as compared to all other rations. It was concluded that the ration containg 10% matri can safely be used in broiler ration without showing any deleterious effect on growth and feed consumption.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0418,T] (1).
44.
Role Of Synthetic Estrogens (Diethylstilbestrol) On The Performance Of Broiler Chicks
by Waseem Zia, M | Dr. Nisar Ahmed | Dr. Anjum Khalique | Dr. Muhammad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1994Dissertation note: A study was undertaken to investigate the effect of different levels of diethyistilbestrol on the performance of broiler chicks. The performance of the broilers were studied under the headings of weight gain, feed consumption, feed efficiency, dressing percentage, market finishing and carcass quality, Tenderness and juiciness, residual effect of the hormone, economics and mortality.
Four different levels 0mg, 10mg, 15mg and 20mg of diethyistilbestrol hormone were tried on one hundred and eighty day old broiler chicks, divided into four different experimental groups A, B, C and 1). 1-lormone was implanted at the age of 29 days and the birds were kept for further two weeks after the implantation of the hormone upto the age of 42 clays.
Non significant difference was noticed among weight gain, feed consumption and feed efficiency of chicks before the implantation of the hormone upto 28 days of age but presented significant difference among weight gain and feed efficiency after the implantation of the hormone (from 29-42 days of age). Feed consumption showed non significant difference but Dressing percentage, Marketing finishing and carcass quality and tenderness and juiciness presented significant differences after implantation of the hormone.
It was concluded that hormone implantation significantly affected the growth rate, feed efficiency, dressing percentage, market finishing and carcass quality, tenderness and juiciness of the meat and 15 rng level of the hormone proved best for implantation which
was comparatively cheaper and cost per kg. of live weight was decreased at this level. Therefore, net profit per chick was greater. No residual effect of the hormone was detected in the meat.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0454,T] (1).
45.
Effect Of Different Levels Of Protein And Salt On Water Metabolism In Broilers And Layer Chicks
by Faisal Gulzar Ahmad | Dr. Nisar Ahmed Mian | Dr. Jaweed Ahmed Qureshi | Dr. Muhammad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1995Dissertation note: Wet litter in poultry houses is a problem of considerable economic and pathological importance; This is due to the excessive elimination of water in the droppings and that contained in the expired air of the birds. As a result of this excessive moisture the litter becomes wet which in turn encourages the development of various diseases, unnecessary increase in labour and managemental hazards/expenses. Wet litter also encourages fly development, reduces beneficial bacterial population and creates problems in manure handling and removal.
A solution of the problem of wet litter would thus involve determination of those factors responsible for the elimination of excessive amounts of water via renal and alimentary routes. One of these causal factors is diet. The present study was designed to determine the effect of sodium chloride and certain dietary protein levels on water intake, feed consumption, moisture content of various organs as well as that of droppings.
Experiment was conducted at the department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lahore for a period of 8 weeks. Two hundred and seventy day- old chicks each of broiler and layer were randomly divided into six groups i.e. B1, B2 B3, B4, B5, B6 (Broilers) and L1, L2, L3, L4, L5, L6 (Layers) of 45 birds each. Each group was further subdivided into three replicates of 15 birds each. These groups were assigned randomly to six experimental rations having 20 and 23 percent crude protein and salt supplementation of 0.0, 0.75 and 1.0 percent level. Weekly feed consumption, weight gain and water intake were recorded. Moisture contents of crop, intestine, caecum, carcass as well as that of droppings were determined at the end of 4th and 8th weeks of age. Abdominal fat contents of broilers and layers were also recorded at the end of 4th and 8th weeks of age.
In broilers, the feed conversion ratio was significantly (P<0.05) affected by the level of salt supplementation. At 20 percent crude protein level, F.C.R. improved from 2.60 to 2.41 when the salt supplementation was increased from 0.0 to 0.75 percent. But the best F.C.R. (2.33) was obtained at 23 percent crud protein with 0.0 percent salt supplementation level. However, feed efficiency decreased at both the protein levels when level of salt supplementation was increased to 1.0 percent. The feed consuption within the group was not significantly (P<0.05) affected by the increase in crude protein level from 20 to 23 percent or by increae in the level of salt supplementation both for layers and broilers. In layers, the weight gain, feed consumption and F.C.R. followed a similar pattern as was seen in broilers.
Increase in the level of protein and salt supplementation in the ration increased the water intake of both the broilers and layers, though the difference was statistically non-significant. However, level of salt supplementation had a significant (P<0.O 1) effect on water intake and water-feed ratio.
At 4 weeks of age increase in level of salt supplementation at both the protein levels significantly (P<0.01) increased the faecal moisture percentage. Results of the statisical anlysis of the data at the end of 8 weeks were similar to those obtained at the end of 4 weeks.
It was observed that increased moisture contents of intestines lead to increased moisture in. the faecal material. At the end of 8th week the intestinal moisture content was significantly affected as result of increase in protein and salt levels.
The caecum is the chief site for water reabsorption in birds, and water contents of caecum have direct bearing on the faecal moisture and in turn on the wetting of litter. At 8 weeks of age, borth the protein levels did not exert a significant (P>0.05) effect of protein levels on the caecal moisture contents. Change in the caecal moisture contents as a result of increase in level of salt supplementation was also non-significant (P>O.05). Salt supplementation level significantly (P<0.01) increased the carcass moisture percentage. At the end of 8 weeks all the three factors and their interactions, except breed and salt interaction were significantly (P<0.0 1) different.
At the end of 4th and 8th weeks the abdominal fat contents did not show any significant pattern which could be correlated specifically with salt or protein levels. At the end of 4 weeks all the factors and their interactions except breed and protein interaction significantly (P<0.0 1) affected the abdominal fat contents. At the age of 8 weeks all the factors and interaction had significant (P<0.01) effect on abdominal fat contents.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0455,T] (1).
46.
Effect Of Varying Levels Of Methionine Cystine And Lysine In The Vegetable Protein On The Performance And Growth
by Abdul Haseeb Ahmad | Dr. Nisar Ahmed | Dr. Jawad Ahmed Qureshi.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1996Dissertation note: The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of varying levels of methionine, cystine and lysine supplemented in the vegetable protein diet on the performance of broiler chicks. 180 day old chicks were reared separately on the six experimental starter and finisher rations upto 50 day of age. The starter rations had a 23% protein while the finisher rations with 20% protein. All starter and finisher rations had a similar inetabolizable energy of 3200 k cal/kg. The starter rations were fed upto 28 days of age and for the remaining 22 days finisher rations were fed.
Results revealed highly significant difference amongst wt. gain of chicks fed on different experimental starter rations. A highly significantly less weight (1859.86 grams) was gained by the chicks fed on ration "A" without supplementation of amino acids as compared to all other rations. Similarly the experimental finisher rations had non significant difference amongst the weight gain of chicks. The results of over all weight gain of all groups of chicks fed on rations A,B,C,D,E and F were 1859.86, 1881.65, 1972.44, 2008.32, 2013.20 and 2052.53 gm respectively, while the statistical analysis reveled non significant difference in weight gain of chicks fed on different experimental rations.
Highly significant difference in the feed consumption were noticed in the chicks fed on different experimental starter and finisher rations. Significantly more feed was consumed by the chicks fed on ration A, B, C, D, E as compared to ration "F".
Overall feed consumption of male chicks fed on ration A, B, C, D, E and F were 4826.30, 4735, 4563.16, 4465.36, 4381 and 4298.26 grams respectively, whereas the statistical analysis revealed highly significant difference amongst the feed consumption of chicks fed on different experimental starter and finisher rations.
Approximately better feed utilization in chicks was noticed when fed on "F" and "E" as compared to the other experimental rations A, B, C and D.
Non-significent differences between the dressing percentage, weight of internal organs and abdominal fat deposition of chicks fed on different experimental rations was observed.
The present results indicated that the male chicks can be reared economically on starter ration having 23% protein and finisher ration having 20% protein from vegetable sources alongwith 0.20% supplementation of lysine and methionine. Weight gains, feed consumption and feed efficiency was better in male chicks. The male chicks were economical to grow and cost/kg of live weight of chicks was less which was Rs.17.40/- as compared to that of control which costs Rs.20.52/-.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0483,T] (1).
47.
Performance Of Broilers On Diets Having Different Levels Of Protein While Possessing Adequate Amount Of Critical Amino Acids
by Mirza Yousaf Baig | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr. Nisar Ahmed Mian | Dr.Muhammed.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1996Dissertation note: This experiment was designed to study the effects of different protein levels while maintaining the level of critical amino acids adequate as per requirement. Six broiler starter diets SA, SB, SC, SD. SE & SP containing crude protein 22, 21.5, 21, 20.5, 20 or 19.5%, respectively and metabolizable energy 3100 kcal/kg and six broiler finisher diets PA, Fl3, FC. FD, Fl & FF containing crude protein 19. 18.5, 18, 17.5, 17 or 16.5%, respectively and metabolizable energy 3200 kcal/kg were prepared. The critical amino acids (lysine, methiomne + cystine, tryptophan, arginine & threonine) in all rations were kept at least at recommended level. 240 clay old Hubbard broiler chicks of approximately similar weight were randomly (livided into six equal groups A, B, C, D, E & F. Each group was subdivided into four replicates, each comprising of 10 chicks. These groups were fed ad libitum on above mentioned starter diets from 0 to 4th week and on finisher diets during 5th and 6th week.
The results showed that feed consumption was increased (P<0.05) during finisher phase, 4th and 5th week at lower protein levels in feed. There was no difference (P>0.1) of feed consumption among various groups during the rest of experimental period. Weight gain of all groups from 0 to 6th week was similar (P>0.23). However, during first week the chicks fed on 22% protein level gained more weight (P<0.05). During second week results were inconsistent while (luring fourth week the chicks fed on Iower protein level gained similar weight as compared to the higher protein groups.
The FCR of groups A, 13, C & F during starter phase and A, 13, ( I) & E during finisher phase was not different (P>O.05) which Shows that crude protein level in starter and finisher diet could he reduced to 19.5 & 17%, respectively while maintaining the critical amino acid level as per requirement. However, during first week the FCR of chicks fed on 22% protein was lower (P<O.05) than that of others, which indicate (hat during first week protein level should not be lower than 22%. The protein intake and protein efficiency ratio were not different (P>O.O5) among different groups during starter and finisher phases.
Dressing percentage of different groups was not different (P>O.29). Percentages of gizzard, liver and heart weight were also similar (P>O.22) among different groups. Mortality rate during total experimental period was less than 3% and no significant difference of mortality was observed among the different groups.
The economic appraisal proved that during starter phase net cash flow increased at lower protein diets while during finisher phase the net cash flow decreased greatly in the last two group E & F'. It revealed that in finisher ration reduction of crude protein level below 17.5% on which group E & F were maintained was not economical. Theses results were confirmed by realistic feed cost values.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0488,T] (1).
48.
Influence Of Various Treatments Of Rice Polishings On The Performance Of Broiler Chicks
by Abdul Majid | Prof. Dr. Nisar Ahmed Mian | Dr. Javaid Ahmed Qureshi | Dr. Muhammad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: Increasing cost of feed ingredients and use of cereal grains in poultry feed which are also used for the human feeding, makes it imperative to look for alternative sources for feeding poultry to save grains for human consumption and reduce the cost of feed as well. Ingredients which are cheap, not utilized for human feeding and are readily available, merits consideration for poultry feeding. Rice polishing is one of such ingredient.
Rice polishings is an important by-product of rice milling industry. It is a finely powdered material obtained in polishing the rice kernels after removal of hulls and bran. It furnishes almost equivalent energy as other cereal grains and is a good source of protein and water soluble vitamins specially thiamin and niacin. It however contains certain antinutritional factors which, could be eliminated by various treatments yielding it into a useful feed ingredient for poultry feed.
Present experiment was conducted to observe the influence of rice polishings on the performance of broiler chicks after subjecting it to various treatments. Full fat rice polishings was subjected to extrusion cooking and then divided into 4 equal parts. One part was used in ration as such, second treated with 1 percent acetic acid, third treated with 1 percent calcium hydroxide and fourth treated first with acetic aid and then with calcium hydroxide. Five starter and finisher experimental rations designated as A, B, C, D, and E respectively were prepared. Ration A contained no rice polishings and was kept as control. In rations B, C, D and B treated rice polishings at 15 percent level was used substituting wheat. Starter rations were fed for 35 days and Finisher rations for 21 days to 150 Hubbard broiler chicks divided into 15 experimental units of 10 chicks each reared on floor on deep litter system. Each experimental ration was randomly allotted to 3 experimental units of chicks. Results indicated that maximum weight gain was recorded in birds fed on ration C which contained extrusion cooked rice polishings treated with 1 percent acetic acid. Lowest weight gain was recorded in birds fed on ration A (control). Second best result in weight gain was observed in birds fed on ration D which contained extrusion cooked rice polishings treated with 1 percent calcium hydroxide.
Best feed utilization per unit of gain was observed in birds fed on ration C where as poor feed conversion ratio was noted in birds fed on ration E which contained rice polishings first treated with acetic acid and then with calcium hydroxide.
Results indicated that different treatments improved the nutritional quality of rice polishings and resulted into better weight gain. Use of treated rice polishings did not show any detrimental effect on the performance of birds. Difference in feed consumed and conversion ratio towards higher side might have been due to some managemental errors or weather conditions. Extrusion cooked rice polishings treated with 1 percent acetic acid showed significantly improved growth rate and feed utilization in birds per unit of gain as compared to control and other rations containing rice polishings given other treatments.
It was concluded that various treatments improved the nutritional quality of rice polishings and it proved to be a beneficial feed ingredient for poultry feeding substituting wheat without any deleterious effect. Treatment with 1 percent acetic acid or 1 percent calcium hydroxide were equally good and potent methods to overcome the problem of antinutritional factors present in rice polishings.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0542,T] (1).
49.
Influence Of Varying Levels Of Protein With Constant Level Of Energy On The Performance Of Japanese Quails At Different Stages Of Growth
by Arif, M | Dr. Nisar Ahmed Mian | Dr. Mohammad | Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: Protein level in the ration of quails is considered as an important factor for the efficient growth. But recent studies have shown that besides the protein level, the amino acid profile of feed is more important The present study was conducted to Investigate the optimum dietary protein levels by providing adequate amounts of lysine, methionine, according to the requirements on the performance of quails
Three hundred day old quails were randomly divided into five groups of 60 quails each. Then each group was further subdivided into three replicates of 20 quails each .Five rations A, B, C, D and E containing 22, 23, 24, 25 and 26% protein respectively with Constant Metaholisable energy 2900 Kcal/Kg ration were prepared.
The average total weight gain of chicks fed on experimental rations A, B, C, D and E was 133.89, 133.37, 132.49, 131.73 and 131.49 gms. espectively Apparentlyo the chicks fed on ration A containing 22 percent protein gained more weight. Non-significant difference among weight gain of chicks fed on experimental rations containing various protein levels was observed. The average total feed consumption per chick on experimental rations A, B, C, D and E was 403.04. 395.92, 392.39, 386.81 and 382.38 gms. respectively. The total feed consumption of the chicks fed on ration A containing 22 percent protein was highest. When data was subjected to statistical analysis non-significant difference was noticed among feed consumption of the chicks fed on different experimental rations. The average commulative feed eHicienc on experimental rations A, B, C, D and E was 3.01, 2.97, 2.96. 2.94 and 2.90 respectively. The chicks fed on ration E containing 26 percent protein consumed less feed per unit weight gain as compared to other experimental rations. Statistical analysis revealed non-significant difference among feed efficiency of the chicks fed on experimental rations containing different levels of protein. The averige values of dressing percentage of birds fed on rations A, B, C, D and E respectively were 70.35, 70.17, 69.90, 68.34 and 68.24 respectively The dressing percentage of chicks fed on ration A containing 22% protein was highest. Non-significant differ ence was noticed among dressing percentage on five protein levels. Results also showed that. dressing percentage of females was comparatively higher than males. The cost. per 100 grams of live weight excluding the cost of day old chicks for the rations A, B, C, D and E were Rs 2.30, 2.29, 2.33, 2.36 and 2.40.
The results of the present study indicated that Japanese quails can be reared efficiently and economically on ration containing 23% protein and 2900 Kcal/Kg M.E under local conditions with better weight gain and feed efficiency.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0548,T] (1).
50.
Comparative Evaluation Of Maize Bran, Wheat Bran And Rice Bran In The Fattening Ration Of Male Buffalo Calves
by Zahid Mahmood | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr . Muhammad | Dr . Nisar Ahmed Mian.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: In Pakistan the per capita availability of the proteinous feed especially of animal origin for human consumption is much less than the required levels. So we the animal production professionals have huge task before us in solving this problem of meat shortage. In our country the buffalo is the main dairy animal. The farmers usually prefer to keep the female calves as they can give them good return in the form of milk. The male calves are often considered as a burden and they are weaned at a very early age. As a result most of them die in their early life. Studies conducted in Pakistan and in some other countries have shown that these calves could be fattened by using cheaper sources of agriculture by-products. One way of solving the problem of meat shortage is the fattening of these calves using well- balanced least cost rations.
In Pakistan the farmers normally use wheat bran to feed their animals. As a result of ever increasing demand of wheat bran its price is quite high and also there are complains about adulteration in it. So there is a need to find some alternate products which could replace wheat bran without effecting the performance of the animals. Maize bran is a by-product of starch industry. It is available in Pakistan by the brand name of Buffalo bran. Similarly the rice bran is a by-product of rice industry and is available after the extraction of remaining oil from the rice polishing. Both maize bran and rice bran are cheaper as compared to wheat bran and easily available. The present study was conducted to ascertain the nutritional value of wheat bran, maize bran and rice bran in the fattening ration of buffalo male calves.
A fattening trial was conducted on three groups of buffalo calves with 10 calves each. Three rations namely A, B and C were prepared in which all the ingredients were same except maize bran, wheat bran and rice bran, which were used at the level of 30%. The duration of the experiment was 90 days. The animals were fed in groups and during the experiment the weight gain, feed consumption, feed efficiency and digestibility of different nutrients in the ration were recorded. Economics of the fattening rations was also determined.
It was found that the weight gain on the rations A, B and C was 555 ± 29.21 kg, 755 ± 34.48 kg, 728 ± 31.85 kg, feed consumption was 4339 ± 75.17 kg, 5386 ± 184.82 kg, 5648.5 ± 221.34 kg and mean values for feed ciliciency were 7.82 ± 2.59, 7.13 ± 1.17 7.76 ± 1.67, respectively. The difference (P<0.05) among the groups regarding weight gain, feed consumption and feed efficiency was not significant. For the three rations A, B and C the digestibility of dry matter was 66.88 ± 6.52, 67.85 ± 5.31 and 59.53 ± 12.64 %, digestibility of crude protein was 72.07 ± 5.34,76 ± 4.52 and 69.12 ± 7.54%, digestibility of crude fiber was 55.89 ± 7.35, 49.25 ± 8.36 and 42.16 ± 14.13% and digestibility of ether extract was 85.94 ± 3.47, 87.94 ± 8.36 and 82.24 ± 4.84 %, respectively. Digestion trial also revealed that there was a non-significant difference (P<O.05) anong groups in the digestibility of various nutrients.
The results of the study revealed that although wheat bran had shown good results, yet it could be replaced by rice bran. The maize bran had not expressed good results, however more research is required to determine it's suitable level in the diet of the buffalo calves. The results of the groups fed rice bran were almost similar to that of wheat bran. Moreover economics of the ration revealed that the cost of production was much less in the case of rice bran. So the rice bran can be used in the rations of buffalo calves without any effect on their performance.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0705,T] (1).
