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1. Comparison Of Single And Stack Pinning Techniques For Mid Shaft Femoral Fracture In The Dog

by Kamran Akhtar | Dr. Mazhar Iqbal | Dr. Muhammad Arif | Dr. S | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 1995Dissertation note: The incidence of femoral fracture is higher than that of other long bones in clogs. Immobilization of Fernoral fractures by external method of fixation is almost impossible due to angulation of the hind limbs, thickness of thigh musculature and difficulty of controlling motion in the hip joint. This type of orthopeadic ailment can he handled successfully with hone splintage principle which, includes the use of compression plates, cerciage wires, and intrarneclullary pins. In this project stack pinning and single intramedullary pinning with hemicerciage wires were used to treat midshaft transverse femoral fractures n the clog. The procedure was conducted on 20 mongrel dogs of either sex, divided into two groups of 10 clogs each . In group I the surgically created mid shaft femoral Fracture was immobilized using single intramedullary pin with hemicerclage wires. Whereas in group II the fracture was immobilized with stack pinning. First pin was introduced in a retrograde and the second pin in a normograde fashion. All the dogs were kept in Kennels For a period of sixteen weeks and results were collected on the basis of clinical and radiographic evulations. All the clogs were euthanisecl at the end of experimental period and operation sites were explored to find out the gross changes The analysis of the results clearly indicated that intramedullary pinning with hemicerclage wires was a better choice over stack pinning for repairing mid shaft transverse femoral Fractures. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0415,T] (1).

2. Evaluation Of Uretero Jejunocolostomy For Urinary Diversion In The Dog

by Aneeta Hussain | Dr. Mazhar Iqbal | Dr. Muhammad | Dr. Muhammad Arif Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 1995Dissertation note: Urinary diversion is the procedure adopted for urine expulsion in the most natural way, in the absence of the urinary bladder. In the beginning of the twentieth century many surgeons of human side as well as veterinarians used intestines for performing urinary diversion. They adopted many methods for this purpose but only a few were found to be successful. These procedures were used to relieve the animal from malignant bladder carcinomas, severe damage of bladder and urethra during accidents, and extrophy of urinary bladder etc. These diseases mostly cause urinary discomfort, incontinence of urine and painless heamaturia and cystectomy becomes a necessity. During this study fifteen healthy dogs of either sex were used. Laparotormy was performed under aseptic precautions. The small intestine was exteriorized through. the incision and the terminal portion of jejunum was identified. A 6-8 cm portion of the jejunurn was selected and milked to clear it of from the feacal materials. This portion was isolated from rest of the intestinal tract with the Doyen's intestinal clamps and was cut off with its mesenteric blood supply remaining intact. The continuity of the small bowel was restored by end to end anastomosis. The vent in mesentery was closed by simple continuous sutures. The isolated Jejunal segment was wrapped in a piece of gauze soaked in normal saline. The urinary bladder was emptied in females by gentle digital pressure and in males by mean of a disposable syringe. The ureters were amputated obliquely down to the trigone area and bladder was excised. Afterwards one end of the Jejunal segment was closed by lambert sutures. A small hole was created on the right side at the upper third portion which cut through the first three layers. From this hole a 2 cm long submucosal tunnel was created going towards the open end of the segment. The cut end of the ureter was sutured to the mucosa of the Jejunal segment using 3/o prolyene simple interrupted sutures. On the left side of the segment the other ureter was implanted similarly. A longitudinal incision equal to the diameter of jejunal segment was made at the antimesenteric border of the distal portion of colon. The open end of jejunal segment was implanted here using 3/0 chromic catgut via side to end anastomosis with simple I nierrupted crushing sutures, thus creating an intestinal bladder. Finally the abdomen was closed in routine manner. It was concluded on the basis of this study that: 1. Viable segment of small bowel with blood and nerve supply intact can be used as a bladder. 2. Voiding occurs in the most natural possible way without any need of an external reservoir. 3. There was no ascending infection, so kidneys remained normal. 4. Use of antibiotics for rest of the life was not needed. The successful attempt of making a new bladder strengthened the belief in cases where there was no other way of saving the animal's life except surgical intervention. So the veterinarian should involve himself with the core of his heart in the operative procedure with the aim of achieving good results. Whether he loses or gains, he must have a satisfaction of being loyal to his profession. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0423,T] (1).

3. Comparative Evaluation Of Esophagotomy In The Equine With And Without Pharyngostomy Tube

by Safdar Hamid, Bhatti | Dr. Mazhar Iqbal | Dr. Mohammad | Dr. Muhammad Younis h | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 1995Dissertation note: The esophagus is one of the important parts of gastrointestinal tract of the animals. It is a specialized organ, serving to carry food from pharynx to the stomach. There are so many anomalies associated with esophagus like obstruction due to foreign bodies, tumors, strictures, diverticula and stenosis. Esophageal obstruction (choke) in equines can occur as a result of food impaction, orally administered caustic or corrosive medicinal agents and trauma to the neck. Choke is most commonly caused by food impaction, which can result in circumferential mucosal damage and subsequent esophageal strictures. The mega-esophagus may lead to pneumonia as a result of aspiration of ingesta. The diagnosis is based on the history and clinical signs. In all such cases esophagotomy is the only solution to the problem, as the conservative treatment does not help the animal. To carry out this experimental study 15 donkeys were divided into four groups. Group-I comprised of seven animals, Group-IT and III had three animals each and group-TV consisted of two animals. In group-I, the esophagus was incised longitudinally and closed in two layers. After closure of esophagotomy the pharyngostomy tube was passed for feeding purpose. In group II and III the esophagotomy procedure was the sam as in group I, but the animals were fed without pharyngostomy tube after surgery. The animals of group II, were kept on intravenous therapy for the first 72 hours and then shifted to the liquid diet per orum. Whereas the animals of group III were kept on liquid diet for the first seven days and then to the pelleted diet till 15th post-operative day. From then onward they were fed solid food orally. The esophagotomy incision in group IV was not sutured. These animals acted as control and were allowed to eat solid food orally from the very first post-operative day. The animals of each group were closely watched during the experimental period for seroma, leakage and infection. The tabulated and graphic results indicated that the animals of group II showed better results than the animals of group I, III and IV because: i) The esophagotomy incision healed through first intention. ii) No signs of dehiscence or leakage were noticed. iii) As the animals were kept on parenteral therapy for the first 72 hours, it helped in good mucosal healing and no leakage was seen. iv) The necropsy finding revealed, that the mucosal and muscular layers healed excellently. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0427,T] (1).

4. Extra Articular Substitution Of The Cranial Cruciate Ligament With Patellar Tendon

by Huma Noor | Dr. Mazhar Iqbal | Dr. Mubasher | Dr. Muhammed Younas | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 1993Dissertation note: Rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament is the most common cause of hind-limb lameness in the dog. Many techniques have been used for the repair of ruptured cranial cruciate ligament including intra-articular techniques both using synthetic and viable materials. Viable materials have proved better then synthetic due to lesser chances of rejection and infection. Extra-articular techniques are also though better than intra-articular repairs as whole of the joint is manipulated in the latter which increases the chances of trauma. In this project 12 dogs were used in which 2 were the control dogs. The dogs underwent repair of the ruptured cranial cruciate ligament by using extra-articular technique in which a strip of the patellar ligament along with the superficial half of the patella was screwed to the lateral side of the lateral femoral condyle in a way to eliminate the cranial drawer sign. The joint was approached through a medial parapatellar artrotomy. In the control dogs the cranial cruciate ligament was cut but not repaired. All the dogs were kept in Kennel cages for a period of twelve weeks and evaluated clinically by various physical tests at regular interval. Euthanasia was performed after twelve weeks and the stifle joints of all the operated dogs were explored for gross abnormalities. In case of the repaired dogs, majority of the results confirmed that the joints remained stable throughout the experimental period. However, in case of control dogs the post-euthanasia evaluation was clearly indicative of the complete rupture of cranial cruciate ligaments. Hence it was seen that the surgical technique used in this study provided adequate stability to the stifle joints in which the cranial cruciate ii gament was ruptured experimentally. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0431,T] (1).

5. Comparative Study Of Different Techniques Of Tracheal Anastomosis With Various Degrees Of Resection In The Dog

by Majid Khan, A | Dr. Mazhar Iqbal | Dr. Muhammkad Younas | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Nature of contents: biography; Literary form: Publisher: 1995Dissertation note: Tracheal stenosis in the dog is a common occurrence due to a wide variety of etiological factors like foreign body, neoplasm, collapsed tracheal ring etc. Resection of stenotic segment and end-to- end anastomosis of trachea is a practical procedure for the correction of tracheal stenosis. Several techniques of tracheal anastomosis are reported in literature. These techniques have been used with variable success. This project was designed to compare three techniques of tracheal anastomosis at two different degrees of resection. The study was carried out on 18 clinically healthy normal mongrel dogs. These dogs were divided into two groups (I & II) of 9 dogs each. In group I, four tracheal rings were resected while in group-Il resection of eight rings was performed. Each group was further subdivided into three subgroups i.e. Ia, Ib, Ic, ha, lIb and tic. This subdivision was based on three techniques of anastomosis to be tested. - In subgroups Ia and Ila simple interrupted pericartilaginous sutures were applied for anastomosis. - In subgroups lb and lIb everting anastomosis was performed by applying horizontal mattress through the apposed annular ligaments. - In subgroups Ic and lic telescoping anastomosis was performed. Caudal segment of the trachea was telescoped into the cranial segment. All the animals survived after the operation, no complication was observed. Healing occurred in all the subgroups. However on radiography luminal stenosis was observed in all the cases, which was more prominent in subgroups Ic and lIc as compared to other subgroups. This was also confirmed by gross examination at the postmortem. Histologically complete healing was observed at the end of 8th week post-operative. The everting anastomotic technique used in subgroups lb and lIb proved better in terms of tracheal apposition, narrowing of lumen and healing. The degree of resection as such seems to be having no effect on tracheal healing. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0443,T] (1).

6. Comparative Evaluation Of Tension Band Wire And Steel Suture For Repair Of Transversepatellar Fracture In The Dog

by Sarfaraz Ahmad, M | Dr. Muhammad Arif Khan | Dr. Mazhar Iqbal | Dr. Mubashar | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 1994Dissertation note: The fracture of patella usually falls in a special type of fracture, which is not treated by ordinary limb and bone fixation devices. Hence emphasis is given to counteract the distracting forces and to convert them into compressive forces to achieve the desired effects. Different types of internal fixation devices have been tried in the past for the repair of avulsion fractures like Tension Band wire, compression screws, compression plates, an steel sutures. This study was conducted on 20 mongrel dogs divided into two groups of 10 animals each. These groups were designated as group A and group B. Two methods, Tension Band wire and square steel suture were used for the repair of transverse patellar fracture in dogs. In group A, the right patella was surgically exposed, fractured and repaired by Tension Band wire with Thomas Splint on the same limb when the operated dog started bearing weight on its operated leg, the left patella was exposed and repaired using same technique but without Thomas Splint. In group B the right patella was repaired by square steel suture with Thomas Splint. After six weeks, the left patella was operated and repaired using same technique but without Thomas Splint. The dog of each group was kept for a period of 16 weeks after surgery. The results were obtained on the basis of their clinical and radiographic picture. The results of this study indicate that the use of steel suture is a better fixation device for the repair of transverse patellar fracture. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0475,T] (1).

7. Antimicrobial Efficacy Of Different Drugs Against Experimentally Induced Salmonella Pullorum Infection In Broilers

by Ashfaq Ahmad Mirza | Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Dr. Mazhar Iqbal | Dr. Shakil | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 1996Dissertation note: A total of 120 broiler chicks were randomly selected and divided into six groups viz A, B, C, D, E and F, consisting of 20 birds each. At 4 week of age, A to E groups were experimentally infected with Salmonella pullorum inoculum. Group E (infected, non-medicated) and F (non-infected and non-medicated) were kept as control. The groups A, B, C and D were treated with Ampicillin 20%, Oxy-N-50, Chioricol10 and Trimodin forte, respectively, post infection. All the groups were kept under close observation to record signs and symptoms of disease, mortality, body weight gain and Feed Conversion Ratio. Gross lesions in visceral organs were also noted during this study. Some blood parameters (TEC, TLC and Hb content) were also estimated, pre and post infection. A mortality percentage in groups A, B, C and D were recorded as, 25%, 35%, 15% and 10%, respectively, while 70% mortality was recorded in control group F. According to this trial Trimodin forte (Trimethoprim Plus Sulphadiazine) . afforded maximum protection against infection and proved best in relation to weight gain and F.C.R. Chloricol-10 (Chioramphenicol) stood second in the list, while Ampicillin-20% (Ampicillin Trihydrate) was the third drug in furnishing protection against the infection. Whereas, Oxy-N-50 (Oxytetracycline plus neomycin sulphate) was the least effective drug in respect of protection against pullorum disease. The signs of ill health appeared 3 to 4 days post infection were listlessness, ruffled feathers, droopy wings, loss of appetite, poor growth, depression, increased thirst and severe diarrhoea of chalky white colour. The postmortem findings were enlarged and congested liver streaked with haemorrhages, 2-3 times enlarged spleen (spleenomegaly), enlarged heart and pericarditis, congested and distended kidneys, area of gray hepatization in lungs, thickened and inflammed intestinal walls and presence of necrotic foci in cardiac muscles, liver, spleen, lungs, caeca, large intestine and muscles of gizzard. The Total Erythrocytic count and Haemoglobin contents were decreased and Total Leukocytic Count, were increased 3 days post infection. The findings of the present study will further elucidate the disease and help in diagnosis and treatment of this malady on large scale. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0482,T] (1).

8. Efficacy Of Different Conjunctival Flaps For Corneal Ulceration In The Dog

by Mubashra Mukadas | Dr. Mazhar Iqbal | Dr. Muhammed Arif Khan | Dr. Shahkeel | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: The use of conjunctival flaps is one of the procedures adopted for the repair of cornea in cases of corneal ulceration where the medicinal therapy has limited or no effect. In the begining of the twentieth century many ophthalmic surgeons of human side as well as veterinarians used conjunctiva for the repair of corneal ulcers. They adopted many procedures for this purpose but only a few were found to be successful. These procedures were used to relieve the animal from keratopathies such as infectious keratitis, severely chemically burnt eye, damage of the cornea during accident and progressive deep ulcers. These conditions mostly cause discomfort due to ocular pain and impairment of vision and corneal surgery becomes a necessity. During this study, fifteen healthy mongrel dogs of either sex were used. These dogs were divided into 5 groups of 3 animals each. The animals of group 1, 2, 3 and 4 were operated upon for the repair of experimentally produced corneal ulcers using conjunctival hood, bridge, complete and pedicle flaps respectively. Group No.5, was kept to serve the purpose of control animals. The cornea was superficially scratched with scalpel blade in all the animals from group No.1 through group No.4 to produce corneal ulcers. The animals were then kept for 15-20 days till corneal ulcers were fully developed. The corneal ulcers thus produced were repaired afterwards, using four different types of conjunctival flaps mentioned earlier. For preparing conjunctival hood flap, a 1800 incision was made in the bulbar conjunctiva at the limbus and the conjunctiva was superficially dissected towards the fornix. The flap was then pulled centrally and sutured to the sciera with simple interrupted sutures using 6-0 silk. The complete or double hood flaps were prepared by continuing the limbal based conjunctival incision 360° around the limbus. Superficial dissection of the conjunctiva was performed 1-1.5 cm towards the fornices, thus dorsal and ventral flaps were created (by mobilizing the bulbar conjunctiva) and advanced over the cornea to meet centrally. These flaps were apposed with horizontal mattress sutures of 6-0 silk. To prepare bridge or bucket handle flaps, the conjunctiva was first superficially dissected from the limbus and the flap was created via a second incision in the conjunctiva 1-1.5 cm from and parallel to the limbal incision. The flap was then made free and shifted over the corneal ulcer and sutured with simple interrupted sutures using 6-0 silk. The pedicle flaps were dissected and advanced from the limbus and sutured to sciera, covering the corneal ulcers, with simple interrupted sutures of 6-0 silk. The conjunctival defects were left un-sutured. These procedures were first carried out on the left eyes of all the dogs and then repeated on the right eyes after the healing of left ones. It was concluded on the basis of this study that: 1. The raw bulbar surface of conjunctiva providing direct access of vascular and fibrous connective tissues can be used, to repair the corneal ulcers. 2. Vision remains almost normal during post operative period without the use of any contact or intra ocular lens. 3. There was no recurrent corneal erosion or penetrating infection, so deeper layers of cornea as well as other intra ocular structures remained normal. 4. Use of topical and/or systemic antibiotics for a long time in the post operative period was not needed. The successful attempt at repairing the corneal ulcers with the conjunctival flaps strengthened the belief in cases where there was no other way of saving the animal's vision except surgical intervention. So, it is incumbent upon the veterinarian to involve himself devotedly in the operative procedure with the aim of achieving good results. Whether he succeeds or otherwise, he must have a satisfaction of being loyal to his profession. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0499,T] (1).

9. Comparison Of Perfused And Non Perfused Jejunal Auto Transplants For Reconstruction Of Massive Abdominal

by Ghalia Qayyum | Dr. Mazhar Iqbal | Dr. muhammad Younas | Dr. Shakil | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: Surgeons occasionally see patients who have malignant soft tissue tumors, loss of a part due to trauma or excessive debridement of the abdominal wall. Regardless of the etiology they represent challenging anatomical problems, both with respect to resection and especially to reconstruction. Many defects are unsightly and difficult to appose by the surrounding tissue. SuIeons in medical field as well as veterinarians have tried and reported many surgical corrections to these conditions. Twenty clinically healthy mongrel dogs of either sex were used for the experimental translocation of jejurial auto-grafts for the resurfacing of massive abdominal wall defects. The dogs were randomly divided into two groups of 10 animals each. Laparotomy was carried out by a vertical incision in right lateral recumbency. A portion of jejunum 12 cm long was selected and isolated from rest of the intestinal tract with its mesenteric blood supply intact. The continuity of the small bowel was restored by end-to-end anastomosis. The isolated segment of jejunum was then processed and cut open longitudinally along the antimesenteric border. After wards the open patch was cut into two equal pieces, perpendicular to the long axis and then sutured together parallel, so as to have even bigger surface area of the graft to cover a defect which was wider in width and could be repaired by single width of the intestine. In group I, both the parts of intestine sutured together retained their blood supply intact. In group II, one half of the transplant was rendered avascular. Using the previous incision site, a full thickness 6x6 cm, square shape defect was created in the abdominal wall. The jejunal patch was placed over the defect in the abdominal wall, with its mucosal surface apposing the external fascia. Simple interrupted sutures using chrornic cat gut No.2 were used to tailor the patch in such a way that normal contours of abdominal wall were reconstituted. A drain was placed at the site of operation and the subcutaneous tissue and skin were closed in a routine manner. In group-I there was no mortality and no herniation of the bowel occurred through the operative site. The graft was well tolerated by the animals as it was homologous. In group-TI the nonvascularised portion of the graft did not develop its new blood supply leading to its death and sloughing. Eventration took place on 6th day and the animals died, except one dog. It was concluded on the basis of this study that: 1. In group-I perfused pedicle grafts provided 100% resurfacing to the abdominal wall defects. 2. The mucosa of the bowel transplant under went degeneration. 3. The junctional histology of the graft revealed a thick layer of fibrous tissue indicating perfect union between the two portions of the graft. 4. A marked inflammatory reaction was also evident. 5. There was clear cut histological evidence of failure with loss of cellular integrity and no production of collagen fibers in the non perfused group. In a nut shell the chosen method of reconstruction was consistent with the hierarchy of treatment priorities, which makes survival paramount, followed by function, freedom from pain and acceptable appearances. Thus when there is no other way of saving the animals life other than surgical intervention, the satisfaction derived from such a successful, last resort operation is indeed a valuable encouragement to a young veterinary surgeon. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0527,T] (1).

10. Comparative Study Of External Fixation Devices Used For The Repair Of Mid Shaft Tibial Fracture In The Dog

by Syed Mohsin Abbas Kazmi | Dr. M. Arif Khan | Dr. Kamran | Dr. Mazhar Iqbal | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Nature of contents: biography; Literary form: Publisher: 1998Dissertation note: Mid shaft tibial fractures can be repaired by external and internal methods of fixation. The internal methods include bone plates, bone screws, intramedullary pins, circiage wires etc. whereas external fixation devices include K.E. apparatus, Thomas splint, P.O.P. (Gypsona cast splint) other casts and fixation devices. In the cases of mid shaft tibial fracture in the dog, it is not necessary all the times to repair it by internal methods of fixation. External methods of fixation are comparatively cheaper and easy to apply and handle and prevent the animal from the post-operative complications of internal methods of fixation. The present study was launched for the comparison of the external fixation devices used for the repair of mid-shaft tibia fracture in the dog i.e. a) Gypsona cast splint. b) K.E. apparatus. c) Thomas splint. The study was carried out on 12 mongrel dogs of either sex divided into four groups i.e. A, B, C and D and each groups comprising three animals designated as I, II and III. In group A, after the induction of mid shaft tibial fracture Gypsona cast splint was applied on right limb. In group B, K-E. apparatus and in group C Thomas splint was applied. The group D was held sham operated (control) after the induction of mid-shaft tibial fracture. The aforesaid devices were first applied on right tibia and then on left tibia of the same dog at an interval of 10 weeks. The dogs were kept in kennels for 20 weeks. At the end of experimental period, the dogs were euthanized and gross examination was conducted. The results were collected on the basis of clinical examination (lameness) radiographs and post-euthanasia findings. The results clearly revealed that K-E. apparatus was the best choice in cases of mid shaft tibial fracture in the dog, in terms of best immobilization and good calus formation. Although K.E. device is costly one, but it won't exceeds the cost of the animal in many cases. The results were excellent and procedure can easily be applied easily by an average Orthopaedic surgeon. Thomas splint comes next to K-E. apparatus. If properly applied gives good results. Gypsona cast splint was graded at the end, due to its less efficacy and accuracy. It usually resulted in bone bending after application. It could have been a better procedure if applied with some metallic cast or splint. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0545,T] (1).

11. Comparative Evaluation Of Polyvinyl Tube And Cephalic Vein As Ureteral Substitutes In The Dog

by Bilal Qasim | Dr. Mazhar Iqbal | DR. Asim Aslam | Dr. M. Arif Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 1998Dissertation note: Ureteral prosthesis was the procedure adopted for the conduit of urine in the most natural way either by introducing synthetic graft, autograft or both at different ureters. In this project 21 healthy dogs of either sex were used. Laparotomy was performed under aseptic precautions on eighteen dogs with the remaining three as control animals. In group A an eight centimeter piece of left ureter was removed from its mid portion. One end of the selected polyvinyl tube was introduced into the lumen of the renal portion of the ureter in a telescoping fashion upto a distance of 0.5 cm and firmly secured with modified matress sutures using 4/0 prolene. Other end of the tube was secured in cystic portion of the ureter in the same manner. In group B, 8 cm segment of right ureter was removed in the same manner as described for group A, but in this group instead of Polyvinyl tube an 8cm cephalic vein graft, harvested from one of the forelimbs was used as a ureteral substitute. A 12 cm small diameter polyvinyl tube was passed through the lumen of the graft such that both the ends of the tube protruded beyon The protruding ends of the tube were passed into the renal and cystic segments of the ureter. This was done to stabilize the graft and proper approximation of the cut ends of the ureteral segments and the graft for suturing. The respective ends of the ureteral segments and the graft were sutured with horizontal mattress everting sutures using 4/0 prolene. Then a small nick was given in the renal ureteral segment to remove the tube. The nick was repaired with one horizontal mattress suture using the same suture material. In group C polyvinyl tube and cephalic vein were grafted in the left and right ureters respectively as described for group A and B. All the survivor dogs were kept under observation for 3 weeks and evaluated on clinical observations, biochemical studies and intravenous urography. Euthanasia was performed after the experimental period and operative sites were explored and gross changes were recorded. The analysis of the results clearly indicated that the use of polyvinyl tube was a better option over cephalic vein for the ureteral prosthesis. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0554,T] (1).

12. Fixation Of Fractures By Stainless Steel Intramedullary Pins And Plates Tereatment Of Tibial Fractures In The Dog

by Dr. Mazhar Iqbal | Zafar ud Din Mian | Altaf Hussain | Mr. Muhammad Tufail Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 1978Dissertation note: The study of "Treatnt of TibiaS fractures in the cog" through pinning end plating was undertaken primarily for introducing this branch of orthopaedic surgery here to keep pace with other countries of the erld, besides ascertaining the conp are- tive efficiency of both the aforesaid techniques. A total number of 32 dogs of local breed were selected for this purpose and were divided into eight groups of four animals each, The ani:aals in one group n of the sane sex and aqroximately of uniform age, size and weight, tine group of animals was used at a time, The left tibiae of the animals were broken approximately in the zui&ie with the help of chisel and haaaer under general anaesthesia of Intraval Sodiwa, Half of the fractures were ictnobilized using stainless steel intrameduUary pins and the recaining half by stainless steel bone plates, The aninols were kept under the same environmental conditions and fed on sane ration during the post-operative period, The results indicated that both the methods were just equaUy good as far as iaobilization art callus formation was concerned, However, pinning is prefexrd in view of its being simple ext less laborious both at the time of its introduction and removal after recovery. runhcr,,:e, from experiencing very negligible post-operative cocç; ications, pinning was quite economical as compared to plating, Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1122,T] (1).



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