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1. Estimation Of Heavy Metals In The Drinking Water Of Residential/Industrial Areas Of Lahore By Atomic Absorption

by Waheed Ahmad | Dr. Abu Saeed Hashmi | Dr. Sualeha | Miss Shagufta Saeed.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: Heavy metals are chemical elements with a specific gravity that is at least 5 times the specific gravity of water. The elements studied were mercury, lead, arsenic, cadmium and chromium. Heavy metals have no useful biological function in the body but might be highly toxic as they cause precipitation of proteins especially the enzymes. This investigation was therefore carried out to estimate concentration of these metals and their influence on biological system. For this purpose drinking water samples were collected in one litre polyethylene bottles adding 5 mL of concentrated HNO3 as preservative to adjust the PH<2.00 to maintain heavy metal concentrations during analysis. Samples were marked with unique numbers with dates for the study of Acid Extractable metals. Similarly samples were prepared and preserved for micro biological testing. The metallic ions were estimated by Atomic absorption spectrophotometer of Perking Elmer Model A. Analyst; 2003 at recommended wavelengths for metal ion. Acetylene gas was used as fuel (at 8 psi) and air as an oxidizer. Statistical analysis was done. The calibration curves were prepared separately for all the metals by running suitable concentrations of the standard solutions. It was evident that concentration of chromium, lead, mercury, arsenic and cadmium were high in several drinking water sources in Lahore. This problem is particularly alarming for ground water sources. Almost all water sources are contaminated with lead. According to WHO maximum acceptable limit 10 ppb ,8 water sources had mean chromium concentration in water samples above maximum acceptable limit of WHO (50 ppb), 94 water samples were contaminated with cadmium according to WHO maximum acceptable limit (10 ppb), 13 water sources had arsenic concentration above maximum acceptable limit according to WHO (50 ppb) where as 7 water samples were having concentration of arsenic less than minimum acceptable limit according to WHO (10 ppb) and only 5 water sources meet the criteria of WHO for concentration of mercury, the acceptable limit of 2 ppb. Multitube Fermentation Technique/MPN Method as described by Mackie & McCartney was used for microbiological analysis i.e. Colifcrm bacteria. The results of this study revealed that both samples i.e. tap and ground water do not show conformity with the standards for safe portable water recommended by WHO. The most frequently encountered pathogen in this study was Escherichia Coli which was isolated more in ground water than tap water. It is therefore concluded that by using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer concentration of heavy metals in water can be determined and thus on the bases of this work precautionary measures can be taken to prevent the health hazards of these toxic metals. Similarly microbiological analysis of drinking water has provided the evidence that most of the water sources are contaminated with microbes. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1170,T] (1).

2. Isolation And Characterization Of Collagen Type Ii From Poultry Trachea

by Sidra Ashraf | Dr. Abu Saeed Hashmi | Dr. Sualeha Riffat | Zahid Mushtaq.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: This project was designed to use poultry waste to isolate and characterize collagen type II from its trachea. Collagen type II is being used along with condroitin sulfate and glucosamine for the treatment of osteoarthritis and is also available as a neutraceutical product in the market. For project purpose, trachea of slaughtered broiler birds were collected from the market and after removing adhering tissue and debris, it was then washed thoroughly first with distilled water and then with deionized water. Tracheal cartilage was then cut into small pieces and defattened with chloroform: methanol (2: 1 v/v) solution. After this, the cut pieces were properly cleaned with deionized water. 0.5% Pepsin solution in 0.5 M acetic acid was prepared. Cartilage was then hydrolyzed by the already prepared 0.5 % pepsin (in 0.5 M acetic acid) at 4 ° C for 48 hours. The extract was then separated from the tracheal pieces and the viscous solution obtained was centrifuged at 12000 rpm for 1 hr at 4 "c. Now the collagen was expected to be in the supernatant which was salted out by adding NaCI to a final concentration of 2.5M and kept for almost 12-16 hrs. This collagen was again centrifuged at 12000 rpm for 1 hr at 4 C. The obtained collagen pallet was redissolved in 0.5 M acetic acid and then it was dialyzed against 0.1 M acetic acid followed by dialysis with distilled water. The sample after dialysis was put in petri dishes and kept in freezer for overnight to let it be prepared for lyophilization. The frozen collagen sample was then lyophilized. After lyophilization, the sample gave an appearance of a white mesh. This sample was reconstituted in PBS with pH 8 to run it on SDS-PAGE. The procedure of SDS-PAGE in non reducing conditions was adopted for the characterization of collagen type II in the sample. The description of results of SDS-PAGE is given below: Lane M contains protein markers of different molecular weight. Lane 1, 2 and 3 contains samples at different steps of the whole procedure showing clear bands of collagen type II. Lane 4 contains lyophilized sample of collagen type II showing the thickest band (alpha chain of collagen type II). In this research, poultry waste has been used for making health improving product. As in our country poultry is used in bulk quantity so if its waste might be used in any medicinal product then it might not only be useful but also economical for such a developing country as ours. Another thing is that as this collagen Type II has been extracted from poultry trachea, it shows that tracheal cartilage is a rich source of such collagen type. Collagen Type II is used in the cure of arthritis especially rheumatoid arthritis so through this research, it has been made clear that poultry waste can be utilized in a positive way in medicinal industry and also that collagen Type II acts as an effective neutraceutical. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1330,T] (1).



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