1.
Effect Of Locally Produced Phytase Enzyme On Growth Of Layer Chicks
by Farhan Ahmad | Dr. Anjum Khalique | Dr. Azhar | Prof. Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2003Dissertation note: The objectives of this study were, to produce phytase on large scale and to make sure its effectiveness in utilization of phytate P in diet of growing pullets. The fungal species Aspergilus niger was used as fermentation organism, for the production of extra cellular high active phytase enzyme on defatted rice bran through solid state fermentation (SSF). Cultivation conditions for phytase production including substrate; water ratio, temperature, were optimized. Phytase production was found maximum after 96 hrs of incubation, at 40% moisture level. The developed conditions were then utilized for production of phytase on large scale basis. After production, the activity of enzyme was measured. Then this phytase was supplemented to layer grower negative control diet (NPP 0.3 1%) in different proportions i.e., 0, 1000, 1500 and 2000 tg/kg of diet to increase the bioavailability of phosphorus. Rice polishing was used as a major ingredient, as it contains high phytate contents. During experiment, feed intake, weight gain and FCR of birds were measured on weekly basis. Excreta were collected at the end of experiment to determine the effect of phytase on P availability. Also samples of toes were collected and percentage toe ash was measured.
The total feed consumption from 9-18 wk of pullets fed on diet A, B, C and D was 2919.7, 2861.9, 2913.6 and 2930.9g respectively. Weigh gain was 743.15, 718.37, 749.70 and 768.OOg respectively and FCR was 3.93, 3.99, 3.89 and 3.81 respectively.
The results showed that when low P diet (0.31% NPP) was supplemented with different levels of phytase, there was slight improvement in the performance of birds with the addition of phytase in respect of feed consumption, weight gain and FCR. Group "D", fed with diet containing 0.31% non phytate phosphorus (NPP) plus phytase (2000 igfKg of diet) showed best performance than all other groups. Group "B", fed with diet containing 0.3 1% NPP plus phytase (1000 j.tg/Kg of diet), showed poorest performance. While the performance of group "C", fed with diet containing 0.3% NPP plus phytase (l500.ig/Kg of diet) was almost similar to control group (A) fed with diet containing 0.4% NPP without phytase. The data was subjected to statistical analysis, using completely randomized design (CRD). The statistical analysis revealed non-significant difference (P> 0.05) among all treatments in respect of feed consumption, weight gain and FCR. The results were non-significant; it indicates that even lowest level of phytase (1OO0tg/Kg of diet) with 50% DCP was sufficient to maintain optimum performance of pullets. It also indicates that further investigations are required to decrease the DCP level below 50% with addition of different levels of phytase.
Phosphorus availability percentage of groups A, B, C and D was 42.67, 50.00, 54.68 and 60.67% respectively. While percentage of toe ash was 11.9, 11.2, 12.1 and 12.7% respectively. The results of P availability measured from the P intake through feed and P voided through feces showed that there was significant linear increase (P < 0.05) in percentage of P availability with increase in level of phytase. In group D (2000ig phytase 1Kg of diet) there was highest availability of P while in control group there was lowest availability of P.
In respect of toe ash there was significant difference (P < 0.05) among different experimental pullet groups. Highest toe ash percentage was in D (2000.tg phytase /Kg of diet) group while lowest in group B (l000.tg phytase /Kg of diet). Toe ash percentage of group C (1 500.tg phytase 1Kg of diet) was slightly better than group A (control). Statistically groups A and C were better then group B, but non-significant among each other. Toe ash was higher (P < 0.05) in group D than all other groups except group C.
Conclusion
- We can reduce 50% of inorganic source of phosphorus i.e. DCP with the addition of phytase, in the diet of growing pullets, with out any adverse effect on the performance of pullets.
- Other benefit of phytase supplementation is that we can improve availability of P and ultimately can reduce P in feces of birds and thus can reduce the environmental pollution.
- Further investigations are required to reduce DCP level more than 50% or even up to 0 levels with the addition of phytase.
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2.
Effect Of Autoclaving And Extrausion Of Rice Polishing On Apparent And True Metabolizable Energy In Cockerels
by Muhammad Fayyaz Ahmad | Dr. Anjum Kahliq | Dr. Ishfaq | Prof. Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2004Dissertation note: The project was conducted to determine the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and true metabolizabole energy (TME) of untreated, autoclaved and extended rice polishing in cockerels by force-feeding method. Three feedstuffs commonly used in poultry rations were assayed. Forty birds of uniform weight and size were selected out of 60 birds for experimental purpose. Each rice polishing sample was force fed to 10 cockerels for estimation of AME and TME. Ten birds were kept as control for the estimation of endogenous energy losses. The pre feeding fasting period was 24 hours and excreta were collected over a period of 24 hours. Proximate analysis for Moisture, Crude Protein, Ash, Fiber and Nitrogen free extract were carried out. The gross energy of the ingredients and the excreta were measured by using adiabatic oxygen bomb calorimeter. AME and TME were worked out; the AME values of untreated and autoclavedrice rice polishing were statistically non significant (P>0.05).
There was no affect of autoclaving on metabolizable energy contents in rice polishing. It might be due to the fact that water soluble nutrient lost during autoclaving. The values of extruded rice polishing were statistically high than untreated and autoclaved rice polishing (3255 kcal/kg). This was due to provision of heat during treatment. This high temperature may be cause of denaturing of complex carbohydrates and thus increase of soluble carbohydrates. The treatments also improve the nutritional value of rp in terms of protein, energy vitamin, minerals etc., it was noted that there was direct relationship between the crude fiber content and AME of feed stuffs. As crude fiber content of feed stuffs increased the AME values decreased and vice versa.
True metabolizable energy values were obtained by the addition of metabolic faecal and endogenous urinary energy (Fe + UE) to AME. True metabolizable energy of untreated rice polishing, autoclaved and extruded were 3532, 3516 and 3650 kcal/kg, respectively.
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3.
Effect Of Different Doses Of Bovine Somatotropin Hormone In-Ravi Buffaloes On Growth, Milk Production and Physiological Parameters
by Hafiz Faisal Majeed | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar | Dr. Muhammad | Prof. Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2007Dissertation note: The present study was conducted to see the effect of different doses of bovine sornatotropin hormone (bST) on milk production, milk composition, growth! body weight, and physiological parameters (Hemoglobin, Total protein, 1-lernatocrit values, Cholesterol, Glucose, Urea and ESR level). For this purpose 21 Nili-Ravi lactating buffaloes were involved in this experiment. They were kept at Livestock Experimental Station Bahadur Nagar Okara with similar stage of lactation were selected. They were randomly divided in to three groups A, B and C with 7 animals in each group. The group A was injected with full- recommended dose of bST hormone (250 mg /animal) with trade name of Boostin-250 S/C at an interval of 14 days, while the animals of group B were given S/C injection on alternate days with divided doses of(36 mg/animal). The group C was kept as control. The maintenance requirement of the animals was met through by available green fodder at the rate of 40-50 kg per animal per day while production requirements were met through concentrate ration at the i-ate of half of the milk production. Milk production was recorded daily and milk sarnpes weve coXeeted on weakly basis or analysis. The blood samples were collected on fortnight basis to see the effect of bovine Sornatotropin hormone on physiological parameters. The research trial continued for 6 month till the completion of lactation.
The average (rnean± SD) milk production of groups A, B and C were 7.38±1.30, 7.29±1.20 and 6.66±0.80 litters respectively. The increase in milk production was found to be 11% as compared to group C (control). The average (mean± sd) Fat, SNF and T.S percent in animals of group A were recorded 6.59±0.10, 9.13±0.28 and 15.73±0.34, respectively Where as in group B it was 6.58±0.15, 9.28±0.26 and 16.01±0.30 respectively. The averages (mcan±SD) Fat, SNF and TS percent in control group C were, 6.42±0.111, 8.83±0.47 and 15.45 ±0.245 respectively. There was improvement in Fat, SNF and TS percent of the treated group versus control group. The average (mean±SD) body weight found in subgroups A, B and group C was 528.78±50.64, 561.02±91.35 and 518.06±37.50 kgs respectively. There was slight increase was observed in treated group.
The average values of Hemoglobin, 1-Iaernatocrit, ESR, Cholesterol, Total protein, lipid glucose, and Urea in experimental animals of group A were I 1.44g/dl, 32.84%, 94.15mm/h 173.87mg/lOOrni, 10.99g/dl, 567.57 g/dl, 86.25 mg/dl, and 4.089 rng/dl and respectively. In animals of group B there were 11.96 g/dl, 32.04%, 74.70 mm/h 181.10 mg/lOOm!, 11.10 g/dl, 548.03 g/dl, 84.655 mg/dl and 3.7474 rng/dl respectively. Whereas in-group C (control) the average values of Hemoglobin, Haernatocrit, ESR Cholesterol, Total protein, lipid glucose, Urea were 12.20 g/dl, 33.11%, 83.11 mm/h 190.78, mg/lOOm!, 10.60 g/dl, 557.32 rng/dl, 84.92 rng/dl and 3.8848 g/dl, respectively. It is concluded that the bovine Somatotropin hormone had no desirable effect on physiological parameters. It is concluded that treatment of bovine sornatotropin hormone had no effect on blood composition, milk composition and physiological parameters in Nili-Ravi buffaloes. It is also concluded that dose of bSt of 250mg injected at 14 days interval is beneficial for overall performance of Nili-Ravi buffaloe. To overall bST had positive effect on economic parameters in Nili-Ravi buffaloes.
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4.
Effect Of Sodium Bentonite On Growth Performance And Feed Efficiency
by Ghayur Ahmad Khan | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar | Prof. Dr | Prof. Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 2007Dissertation note: A trial was conducted to determine the effect of supplementing sodium bentonite, to find the effectiveness of sodium bentonite on the growth performance of Sahiwal male calves. Twelve animals of almost same age and weight were selected from the available stock at Animal Nutrition Centre, Rakh Dera Chahl, Lahore. These animals were divided into three groups and fed a standard ration "A" according to their nutrient requirements. Rations of group B and C were supplemented with sodium bentonite at the rate of 2.5 and 5.0 per cent while group A served as control. The trial was run for a period of 90 days with normal managemental practices. During the experimental period body weight gain and feed consumption of the individual animals was recorded. At the end of the experiment the data were analyzed statistically. The result of the experiment suggested that addition of sodium bentonite had statistically non-significant effect on the body weight gain, feed consumption, and feed conversation ratio and rate of passage of digesta through the gastro-intestinal tract. Based on the results of this trial it could be inferred that supplementation of sodium bentonite may have some beneficial effect on the performance of calves. However, use of this clay over extended period of time needs to be investigated for any adverse effect in future
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5.
Effectis Of Supplementation Of Phytase On Growth Performance And Mineral Utilization (Ca, P & Zn) In Japanese Quail
by Muhammed Arshad Shad | Dr. Saima | Prof. Dr | Prof. Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 2008Dissertation note: Two third of phosphorus present in poultry diets is in bound form (Phytate P) and is predominantly not available to poultry, as non ruminant species lack sufficient endogenous phytase activity. Phytate probably compromises the utilization of protein/amino acids, energy and minerals including calcium, ferrous, zinc, magnesium, potassium & many others and can contribute to mineral deficiencies. Dietary inclusion of phytase enzyme economically generates blo-available phosphorus and reduces the Phosphorus load on the environment. Phytase is the requisite enzyme to degrade phytate and notionally phytase has the capacity to hydrolyze the phytate and release inorganic Phosphorus.
Keeping this thing in view a 28 day long feeding trial was planned. A total of 900 day old Japanese quail chicks were randomly assigned to 6 dietary treatments each having 10 replicates of 15 birds. Six corn soybean based diets (A & B) were formulated in such a way that they contained similar levels of CP and ME (24% & 2900 kcal/kg) but were different in Phosphorus & Calcium levels. Diet A was in accordance with the nutritional requirements of Japanese quail as specified in NRC (1994) whereas, diet B had lower levels of total Phosphorus and Calcium(0.20% and 0.15% less relative to diet A respectively). Five levels of phytase enzyme (250, 500, 750, 1000 FTU/kg of feed) were added to diet B to obtain diets C, D, F and F, respectively. Body weight gain, feed consumption, FCR, plasma calcium and phosphorus, zinc retention, keel /shank length, dressing %, tibia ash%, toe ash%, deficiency symptoms, mortality % and economics of all experimental rations were the parameters considered. The data thus obtained were subjected to statistical analysis using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) Technique. The difference among the treatment means were tested by Duncans's Multiple Range (DMR) Test.
The results of the experiment revealed that body weight gain, feed consumption, FCR, plasma calcium and phosphorus, keel /shank length, dressing %, tibia ash% and toe ash% of groups E and F were significantly higher than group B, C and D, (P<0.05).The performance of group E and F was comparable with that of group A (+ve control). No significant difference was observed between these groups.
As far as deficiency symptoms and mortality is concerned, a large number in the groups B (39.30%), C (2 1.33%) and D (16.00%) was found suffering from leg weakness, swollen joints and crippled legs. A higher mortality rate was also recorded in these groups (4.67%, 3.33% and 2.67%, for groups B, C and D, respectively). Very less number of birds showed the above mentioned signs in groups A (0%), E (8.67%) and F (3.33%), similarly mortality percentage in these groups also remained considerably low (1 .33%, 2.67% and 2.00% for groups A, E and F, respectively).
Data pertaining to economics of the experiment revealed a considerably low cost of feed/kg of the group F than all the other treatment groups. The difference between group F and A was calculated as Rs. 1.89. A large amount can be saved as profit if diets are formulated with out DCP and are supplemented with phytase ensuring optimum utilization of phytate.
From the results of above experiment it is concluded that phytase supplementation ensures phytate degradation making available, the minerals and other nutrients chelated to it. Phytase supplementation not only facilitates the feed formulatin but also make possible the inclusion of ingredients which contain anti nutritional factor named, "phytate". This consequently results in considerably improved performance and ultimately higher profitability of the farm.
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6.
Studies On Levels Of Calcium And Phosphorous In Sheep And Goats Of Different Eclogical Zones Of Punjab
by Muhammad Ilyas | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar | Prof. Dr | Prof. Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: To determine the values of Calcium and Phosphorous in blood of Sheep and Goats of Centeral Mix Zone (Lahore, Kasur and Okara) and Cotton Zone (Sahiwal and Pakpattan), about 1000 blood samples were collected. In addition to blood, samples of feed, fodder, soil and water were also collected from same sites. Species under the study were sheep and goat. Sampling was done in two seasons i.e., summer and winter. For blood collection, animal were subdivided in two groups i.e., adult and young stock. In Sheep and Goats 50% samples were taken from adult animals and 50% from lambs and kids. Heparin was used as anticoagulant in blood samples. By using centrifuge machine blood plasma was separated and preserved in freezer. Feedstuff and soil samples were dried in oven and ground to 1mm particle size by using Willy mill. Water samples were given no treatment except filtration. Plasma samples were digested by using 10% TCA, whereas soil and feedstuff samples were subjected to wet digestion. After dilution all samples were run in atomic absorption spectrophotometer for estimation of Calcium and Phosphorous.
The mean plasma calcium values for Goats in Kasur, Lahore, Okara, Pakpattan and Sahiwal districts in winter season are 9.15±0.5, 8.73±0.45, 10.08±1.23, 10.12±1.3 and 8.99±0.76 respectively. The mean plasma calcium values for Goats in Kasur, Lahore, Okara, Pakpattan and Sahiwal districts in summer season are 9.18±1.1, 8.83±0.98, 9.96±1.22, 10.6±1.32 and 8.77±0.76 respectively. The mean plasma calcium values for kids in Kasur, Lahore, Okara, Pakpattan and Sahiwal districts in winter season are 9.15±1.21, 8.73±1.12, 10.1±1.67, 10.1±1.78, 8.99±1.13 respectively. The mean plasma calcium values for kids in Kasur, Lahore, Okara, Pakpattan and Sahiwal districts in summer season are 9.18±1.13, 8.83±1.11, 9.96±1.23, 10.6±1.76, 8.77±1.45 respectively.
The mean plasma calcium values for Sheep in Kasur, Lahore, Okara, Pakpattan and Sahiwal districts in winter season are 9.24±1.34, 9.26±1.22, 10.1±1.43, 9.74±1.1 and 8.4±0.98 respectively. The mean plasma calcium values for Sheep in Kasur, Lahore, Okara, Pakpattan and Sahiwal districts in summer season are 9.09±1.1, 8.80±0.99, 10.1±1.56, 10.2±1.58 and 8.93±0.99 respectively. The mean plasma calcium values for Lambs in Kasur, Lahore, Okara, Pakpattan and Sahiwal districts in winter season are 9.24±1.21, 8.88±0.98, 10.0±1.76, 10.2±1.88 and 8.71±1.34 respectively. The mean plasma calcium values for lambs in Kasur, Lahore, Okara, Pakpattan and Sahiwal districts in summer season are 8.84±0.98, 8.60±0.89, 9.98±1.13, 10.1±1.88 and 8.81±0.95 respectively.
The mean plasma Phosphorous values for Goats in Kasur, Lahore, Okara, Pakpattan and Sahiwal districts in winter season are 5.19±0.5, 6.10± 0.45, 4.84±0.34, 6.33±0.34 and 6.02±0.65 respectively. The mean plasma phosphorous values for Goats in Kasur, Lahore, Okara, Pakpattan and Sahiwal districts in summer season are 5.3 1±0.45, 6.12±0,56, 4.81±0.34, 6.29±0.75 and 6.00±0.67 respectively. The mean plasma Phosphorous values for Sheep in Kasur, Lahore, Okara, Pakpattan and Sahiwal districts in winter season are 4.95±0.45, 6.16±0.80, 5.07±0.56, 6.4±0.8 and 5.79±0.55 respectively. The mean plasma Phosphorous values for Goats in Kasur, Lahore, Okara, Pakpattan and Sahiwal districts in summer season are 5.56±0.54, 6.19±0.65, 4.72±0.43, 6.38±0.74 and 6.17±0.8 1 respectively.
The Phosphorous is present in normal range in the plasma of goats in the districts of Kasur, Okara and Pakpattan in the winter and summer seasons but the Lahore and Sahiwal districts are deficient in winter and summer seasons. The calcium is present in normal range in the plasma of sheep in the districts of Kasur, Okara and Pakpattan in the winter and summer seasons but the Lahore and Sahiwal districts are deficient in winter and summer seasons. The oat fodder, jantar, maize fodder, sorghum fodder, wheat grains, corn grains, oat grains, rice grains, wheat straw, wheat bran, rice husk and feeding plan like sorghum plus wheat straw are deficient in calcium in all the district of both zones but the grasses, barseem fodder, toria fodder, millet fodder, lucern fodder, sawank, kasni, Cotton seed cake and feeding plans like grazing, barseem plus wheat straw are normal for calcium concentration for all districts in both of the zones. All the districts are in normal range for calcium concentration in soil. Water mean calcium values were found higher in Sahiwal (3.42 ppm) district as compared to Lahore (2.65 ppm) district.
The Phosphorous is present in normal range in the plasma of goats and sheep in all the districts in the winter season and summer season.The grasses, barseem fodder, toria fodder, millet fodder, jantar, lucern, sawank, kasni maize fodder, sorghum fodder, wheat grains, corn grains, oat grains, rice grains, wheat bran cotton seed cake, grazing and feeding plans like barseem plus wheat straw, sorghum plus wheat straw are normal or marginal normal but the oat fodder, wheat straw and rice husk are deficient in phosphorous for all the districts of both zones. The Okara and Sahiwal districts are in normal range for phosphorous concentration but the Kasur, Lahore and Pakpattan are marginal deficient for phosphorous concentration. Water mean phosphorous values recorded in this study were higher in the Pakpattan (123 ppm) district and lower in Lahore (24.2 ppm) district.
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7.
Processing, Nutritional Evaluation And Utlilization Of Rumen Content For Fattening Of Nili-Ravi Male Calves
by Muhammad Waqar Khan | Prof. Dr. Arata Koga | Prof. Dr | Prof. Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: The cost of feed, as percentage of total production costs, accounts for about 50-60% of ruminant feeding systems. According to estimates, Pakistan is deficient by 40 and 80 percent in forage and concentrate feeds. For economical production of balanced feed for livestock, poultry, fish and pet animal, non-conventional feed resources need to be explored to find solution to the existing gaps. For this purpose the present study was conducted to determine the nutritional profile, processing and utilization of rumen contents in buffalo feed. The study was conducted in three phases. In phase one, bovine rurnen contents were collected from the slaughter house near Bakar Mandi and were analyzed at Nutrition laboratory. UVAS, Lahore. In phase two, rumen contents were ensued with wheat straw. with and without addition of 6% molasses for a period of 90 days at Ravi Campus, Pattoki. Proportion of'rumen contents and wheat straw were 1:1 on DM basis. Wheat straw was also treated alone by reducing its DM to 44% with water and by addition of 6% molasses. In two types of silages the wheat straw was urea treated @ 4% on DM basis of wheat straw by making 25% solution. The pH of silagesi (containing rumen contents and wheat straw 50:50 on DM basis) of ruinen contents is 4.78 and of silage2 (containing rumen content, wheat straw and molasses. 47:47:6 on DM basis respectively) is 4.70. The pH of silage3 (containing rumen contents and wheat straw (urea treated), 50:46:4 respectively) is 4.92 and pH of silage4 (containing rumen contents and wheat straw (urea treated) and molasses, 47:43:4:6 respectively) is 5.1 Irespectively. The silage containing rumen contents and wheat straw showed a increase in CJ' as compare to simple rumen content and silage which were urea treated have significant (p<O.05) increase in CF. In phase three, a metabolic trial was conducted at Buffalo Reaearch Institute, Pattoki, in which 25 male buffalo calves were fed the diets having tOtal mixed ration (100%TMR) (Tc), 70%TMR with 30% silagel ('I'I), 70% 1'MR plus 30% silage2 (T2), 70%TMR with 30% silage3 ('13), and70% TMR plus 30% silage4 (T4). The data thus obtained was statistically analyzed using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique. The significant differences between means were tested by Duncan's Multiple Range test. Among the treatments containing ensued rumen contents without molasses, feed efficiency was significantly (P<0.05) more efficient than those silages which were ensiled along with molasses. I lowever, the I)M intake was significantly (P<0.05) higher in control group and silage treated with noIasses and urea. When means were compared there were significant differences among all treatments for DM intake and feed efficiency. Comparatively efficient TMR (I &3) are those which formulated with those silages (silagel&3) which do not contain molasses. TMR1 is the most economical and the best efficient TMR which is formulated with silagel (containing just rumen content and wheat straw 50:50 without any treatment of urea and molasses). Even TMR formulated with silage I is more efficient than control 'l'MR and it also economical as compare to control TMR. It was concluded that rumen contents could replace 50% of conventional TMR without any adverse effects on health of buffalo calves.
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8.
Nutritional Evaluation Of Locally Availabie Feed Stuffs In Different Agro- Ecological Zones Of Punjab
by Muhammad Arif | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar | Prof. Dr. Akram | Prof. Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Pakistan's economy is mainly based on agriculture and livestock production. The production per unit animal in terms of meat and milk production is low as compared to developed countries. The major reason behind this truth lies in efficient use of feed resources. In Pakistan, availability of data on indigenous feed resources in different agro-ecological zones is scanty and limited. Present study was planned to analyze the nutritional profile of locally available feed resources in different agro-ecological zones of Punjab. This study was conducted into two phases; first phase consisted of collection of samples from ten districts of Punjab. From each district, sample of fodder, dry roughages and concentrate ingredients were collected randomly from different places. The estimated total number of sample was 1020; fodder (440), dry roughages (250) and concentrate (330) samples were collected in both summer and winter seasons. The second phase of the study consisted of chemical analysis of nutritional profile of collected samples. Samples were analyzed for crude protein, ash, detergent fibres i.e., NDF, ADF, cellulose, hemi-cellulose, lignin and cell soluble contents. Data thus collected were subjected to statistical analysis using analysis of variance technique under CR Design.
In wheat straw the average CP percentage was 2.20 ± 0.25% while the value for ash content was 9.79 ± 1.97%. NDF and ADF averaged as 80.33 ± 4.43% and 52.41 ± 2.56% respectively. Higher value for protein was reported from Kasur and Sahiwal district while lowest from Sheikhupura district.
In the rice straw average CP percentage was 1.71 ± 0.24% while the value for ash content was 13.56 ± 1.91%. NDF and ADF averaged as 78.36 ± 5.40% and 54.11 ± 2.25%. Higher value for protein was reported from Sahiwal district while lowest from Lahore and Pakpatan district.
In the maize stovers average CP percentage was 2.76 ± 0.39% while the value for ash content was 7.81 ± 2.16%. NDF and ADF averaged as 75.03 ± 4.78% and 48.15 ± 3.67% respectively. Higher value for protein was reported from Kasur district while lowest from Pakpatan district.
In the sorghum stovers average CP percentage was 2.72 ± 0.15% while the value for ash content was 5.81 ± 1.16%. NDF and ADF averaged as 77.74 ± 4.60% and 49.95 ± 2.31% respectively. Higher value for protein was reported from Sahiwal district while lowest from Hafizabad district.
In the millet stovers average CP percentage was 3.03 ± 0.37% while the value for ash content was 6.45 ± 0.72%. NDF and ADF averaged as 75.80 ± 4.45% and 43.81 ± 0.94% respectively. Higher value for protein was reported from Hafizabad district while lowest from Kasur district.
In the rice husk average CP percentage was 2.99 ± 0.22% while the value for ash content was 16.37 ± 0.58%. NDF and ADF averaged as 78.90 ± 2.90% and 69.01 ± 1.17% respectively. Higher value for protein was reported from Pakpatan district while lowest from Kasur district.
In the oat fodder average CP percentage was 11.89 ± 0.74% while the value for ash content was 10.68 ± 0.57%. NDF, ADF, lignin and CSC averaged as 63.09 ± 1.88%, 32.68 ± 2.33%, 4.26 ± 0.81% and 36.91 ± 1.88% respectively. Higher value for protein was reported from Okara district while lowest from Sheikhupura district.
In the wheat fodder average CP percentage was 11.74 ± 0.51% while the value for ash content was 6.84 ± 0.78%. NDF, ADF, lignin and CSC averaged as 66.65 ± 2.70%, 36.31 ± 2.08%, 9.40 ± 1.72% and 33.35 ± 2.70% respectively. Higher value for protein was reported from Lahore district while lowest from Khushab district.
In the mustarad fodder average CP percentage was 13.42 ± 0.39% while the value for ash content was 11.57 ± 0.66%. NDF, ADF, lignin and CSC averaged as 56.19 ± 1.94%, 38.49 ± 1.98%, 12.24 ± 0.98% and 43.81 ± 1.94% respectively. Higher value for protein was reported from Muzafargarh district while lowest from Pakpatan district.
In the berseem average CP percentage was 17.32 ± 0.82% while the value for ash content was 12.94 ± 0.76%. NDF, ADF, lignin and CSC averaged as 57.37 ± 2.63%, 31.63 ± 1.90%, 10.67 ± 1.04% and 42.63 ± 2.63% respectively. Higher value for protein was reported from Pakpatan district while lowest from Hafizabad district.
In the lucern average CP percentage was 21.34 ± 0.84% while the value for ash content was 11.65 ± 1.69%. NDF, ADF, lignin and CSC averaged as 45.60 ± 2.04%, 37.73 ± 0.63%, 11.87 ±1.05% and 54.40 ± 2.04% respectively. Higher value for protein was reported from Hafizabad district while lowest from Sahiwal district
.
In the sugarcane fodder average CP percentage was 5.60 ± 0.31% while the value for ash content was 11.78 ± 0.92%. NDF, ADF, lignin and CSC averaged as 72.30 ± 3.88%, 38.20 ± 1.76%, 12.94 ± 1.13% and 27.20 ± 3.00% respectively. Higher value for protein was reported from Sheikhupura district while lowest from Lahore district.
In the grasses average CP percentage was 9.91 ± 0.48% while the value for ash content was 11.74 ± 0.94%. NDF, ADF, lignin and CSC averaged as 72.71 ± 5.20%, 36.25 ± 1.96%, 6.29 ± 0.99% and 27.29 ± 5.20% respectively. Higher value for protein was reported from Lahore district while lowest from Sheikhupura district.
In the maize fodder average CP percentage was 8.10 ± 0.75% while the value for ash content was 11.39 ± 1.58%. NDF, ADF, lignin and CSC averaged as 70.88 ± 1.94%, 32.88 ± 1.42%, 7.15 ± 1.87% and 29.12 ± 1.94% respectively. Higher value for protein was reported from Kasur district while lowest from Okara district.
In the sorghum fodder average CP percentage was 6.62 ± 0.44% while the value for ash content was 8.96 ± 1.41%. NDF, ADF, lignin and CSC averaged as 67.75 ± 2.79%, 42.11 ± 2.64%, 7.52 ± 0.96% and 32.25 ± 2.79% respectively. Higher value for protein was reported from Okara and Khushab district while lowest from Kasur district.
In the millet fodder average CP percentage was 7.76 ± 0.34% while the value for ash content was 14.80 ± 0.88%. NDF, ADF, lignin and CSC averaged as 69.90 ± 1.39%, 40.59 ± 4.54%, 9.74 ± 1.24% and 30.10 ± 1.39% respectively. Higher value for protein was reported from Sahiwal district while lowest from Khushab district.
In the corn grain average CP percentage was 9.47 ± 0.22% while the value for CSC content was 75.54 ± 1.39%. While NDF and ADF averaged as 24.46 ± 1.39% and 5.88 ± 8.47%. Higher value for protein was reported from Lahore district while lowest from Okara district.
In the wheat grain average CP percentage was 12.66 ± 0.89% while the value for CSC content was 59.75 ± 3.64%. While NDF and ADF averaged as 40.25 ± 3.64% and 4.86 ± 0.80%. Higher value for protein was reported from Lahore district while lowest from Gujranwala district.
In the Sorghum grain average CP percentage was 9.96 ± 0.42% while the value for CSC content was 49.11 ± 3.10%. While NDF and ADF averaged as 50.89 ± 3.10% and 22.06 ± 0.72%. Higher value for protein was reported from Hafizabad district while lowest from Muzafargarh district.
In the wheat bran average CP percentage was 12.53 ± 1.07% while the value for CSC content was 36.63 ± 2.24%. While NDF and ADF averaged as 63.37 ± 2.24% and 17.25 ± 2.63%. Higher value for protein was reported from Lahore district while lowest from Gujranwala district.
In the rice polish average CP percentage was 16.12 ± 0.69% while the value for CSC content was 47.58 ± 2.34%. While NDF and ADF averaged as 52.42 ± 2.34% and 18.28 ± 0.80%. Higher value for protein was reported from Hafizabad district while lowest from Kasur district.
In the cotton seed cake average CP percentage was 24.16 ± 0.36% while the value for CSC content was 40.91 ± 2.27%. While NDF and ADF averaged as 59.09 ± 2.27% and 27.65 ± 2.13%. Higher value for protein was reported from Khushab district while lowest from Sheikhupura district.
In the rape seed cake average CP percentage was 35.77 ± 0.42% while the value for CSC content was 57.42 ± 2.41%. While NDF and ADF averaged as 42.49 ± 2.59% and 24.61 ± 2.08%. Higher value for protein was reported from Sheikhupura district while lowest from Pakpatan district.
On the basis of the results of this study it is concluded that this study has generated compositional data of dry roughages, fodders and concentrates. This has lead to the preparation of dry roughages, fodders and concentrates composition tables for better feeding of livestock. The students, farmers and research workers may benefit from these tables.
It is suggested that further trials on palatability, feed intake and digestibility should be conducted to visualize practically the extent of digested nutrients in these dry roughages, fodders and concentrates.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1320,T] (1).
9.
Effects Of Stair-Step Nutrition Regimen On Growth Rate, Nutrien Utilization And Pubertal Development In Nili-Ravi
by Muhammad Iqbal Anjum | Prof. Dr. Mukhdoom Abdul Jabbar | Prof. Dr | Prof. Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Under this study, effect of stair-step nutritional regimen compared to the standard NRC recommended energy levels on growth rate, nutrient utilization, some selected blood metabolites, pubertal age, conception rate and economic analysis in ili- Ravi buffalo heifers were measured. Study lasted for 18 months during the years 2008- 20 I O. Twenty-two heifers, 6-8 month old, 98.57±5.07 kg average ody weight were divided into two equal groups and randomly assigned either control or stair-step nutritional regimen (SSNR) diets. The SSNR was designed in three phase program each having 6 months duration i.e., postweaning (7 to 13 month age), repubertal (13 to 19 month age) and pubertal/breeding (19 to 25 month age). In each phase, the treatment group during step 1, was fed on low energy diet (80% ME of NRC) for 4 months followed by high energy diet (120% ME ofNRC) for 2 months in step 2. The heifers in ontrol group were fed according to NRC (200 I) requirements of Holstein Friesian heifers continuously for 6 months. For both the groups individual feeding was carried out. Daily feed intake and fortnightly fasting weights were recorded. Nutrients digestibility and N balance trials were conducted during last week of each step during each phase. Blood samples were collected at the end of each low or high energy diets for blood metabolites analysis. Oestrus detection was done with the help of a teaser bull at age of 15-16 months. Transrectal ultrasonography was done to assess uterus and ovarian structures development. Measured blood serum progesterone concentration collected every 10 days interval at 09.00-10.00 hours during 18-20 months age by ELISA using commercial kit. The age and live weight at onset of puberty was recorded when heifer tood to be mounted by the bull first time in her life. The heifers detected in oestrus were bred by natural mating at approximately 12-15 hours of the onset of oestrus activity. Heifers not returning to oestrus were examined for pregnancy diagnosis through rectal alpation of uterus at 70-90 days post breeding. Data of feed onsumption during postweaning, prepubertal and pubertallbreeding phases were used to calculate the feed cost used per kg gain between the SSNR and control heifers.
During postweaning phase, heifers fed SSNR low energy diet (2.03 Meal/kg) ained significantly (P<O.OS) lower daily weights than those fed control diet (2.SS Meal/kg), When heifers fed high energy diet (3.01 Meal/kg), daily weight gain was significantly (P<O.O 1) higher in SSNR compared to control. Average dry matter intake (DMI) was similar (P>O.OS) between the heifers of two groups. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was poorer (P<O.OS) in SSNR heifers fed low energy diet compared to those fed control diet. But on high energy diet FCR was better (P<O.OS) in SSNR compared to control group.
During prepubertal phase, there was no difference (P>O.OS) in weight gain between the heifers fed SSNR low energy diet (1.89 Meal/kg) and control diet (2.3S Meal/kg). But on high energy diet (2.80 Meal/kg) weight gain was higher (P<O.OS) in SSNR compared to control group. Average dry matter intake (DMI) was similar (P>O.OS) between the heifers of two groups. On low energy diet there was no difference (P>O.OS) in FCR between the two groups. But on high energy diet FCR was significantly (P<O.OS) better in SSNR compared to control group. Average DMI in heifers of both groups was similar (P>O.OS). During pubertal/breeding phase, similar trend of weight gain, DMI and FCR was found in SSNR versus control group as reported in prepubertal phase.
Intake of DM, organic matter (OM) and crude protein (CP) as percent body weight were statistically non-significant (P>O.OS) differet between the SSNR versus ontrol groups during all phases. Metabolizable energy (ME) consumption was significantly P<O.OS) lower in SSNR group fed low energy diet than the heifers fed control diet. But ME consumption was significantly (P<O.O 1) increased in SSNR group fed high energy diet than control group. Similar, trend of ME consumption was observed in heifers fed SSNR (either low or high energy) and control diets during prepubertal and pubertal phases. Water to dry matter intake ratio in heifers during postweaning, prepubertal and pubertal phases were statistically similar (P>O.OS).
In all phases, apparent DM and OM digestibility did not differ (P>0.05) between the heifers fed SSNR (either low or high energy) and control diets. Neutral detergent fibre (NDF) digestibility was higher (P<0.05) when SSNR heifers fed low energy diet, but on high energy diet NDF digestibility was significantly (P<0.05) lower compared to control, respectively, during all phases with the exception of step I in the prepubertal phase and step 2 in pubertal phase where the differences were non-significant (P>0.05) between the groups. Acid detergent fibre (ADF) digestibility with SSNR low energy diet was significantly (P<0.05) higher than the heifers fed control diets during three phases. But on high energy diet, ADF digestibility was not different (P>0.05) between the two groups. Also N intake was not different (P>0.05) between the heifers fed SSNR (either low or high energy) diets and control diets, respectively, with the exception of step 2 in the postweaning phase when the control group showed a significant (P<0.05) increase in intake of N compared to the SSNR group. Faecal N as well as Urinary N losses in heifers fed SSNR (either low or high energy) versus control diets did not differ significantly (P>0.05).
All heifers have shown haematological values which are almost similar in heifers of two groups. Except total cholesterol, concentration of urea N, glucose and macro minerals in serum did not differ between the two groups.
There was no significant (P>0.05) differences in age and weight at onset of puberty and number of services per conception between the two groups. Pregnancy rate in heifers fed on SSNR diet was 50% while on control diet was 57%. Fifty percent of heifer fed SSNR and 60% of heifers fed control diet as per NRC requirement had serum progesterone concentrations> 1.0 ng/ml in two samples collected 10 days apart before reaching puberty.
The overall feed costs incurred (42660.88 vs 44509.96 Rs./animal) on SSNR heifers was significantly (P<0.05) less than the control heifers fed according to NRC recommendations from weaning to breeding age.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1376,T] (1).
10.
Effect Of Protein Supplements Of Varying Ruminal Degradability On Milk Production, Composition And Nutrients
by Illahi Bakhsh Marghazani | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar | Prof. Dr | Prof. Dr. talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: The study on "Effect of protein supplements of varying ruminal degradability on milk production, composition and nutrients utilization in early lactating Sahiwal cows and Nili-Ravi buffaloes" was carried out in three phases at three different experimental locations. The in situ study of animal and vegetable protein sources was conducted at the Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Veterinary and Animals Sciences, Lahore while the feeding trials with early lactating Sahiwal cows and Nili-Ravi buffaloes were carried out Government Livestock Farm, Kalurkot, Bukkar and Livestock Experimental Station, Khushab, respectively.
Different animal (n = 6) and vegetable origin (n = 15) protein sources were subjected to ruminal protein degradability analyses using the in situ technique. All these test feeds collected from ten different locations were subjected to ruminal incubation (in triplicate) for 0, 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h to determine the quickly soluble fraction (a), potentially degradable fraction (b), degradation rate (c) and effective degradability at different (2, 5, 8 %) ruminal passage rates. The degradability characteristics in animal protein sources (part 1, phase 1) showed significant differences in degradation kinetics and effective degradability (ED). In crude protein (CP) degradability, the quickly soluble fraction (a) was higher (P<0.05) in fish meal, PBM and meat meal and lower (P<0.05) in blood meal, feather meal and bone and meat meal. Potentially degradable fraction (b) among test feeds was maximum (P<0.05) in bone and meat meal and PBM and minimum (P<0.05) in blood meal and feather meal. The degradation rate (c) did not differ among the test feeds. Of all the animal protein sources investigated, meat meal showed maximum CP degradability at 0.05 rumen passage rate whilst, minimum (P<0.05) ED of CP was exhibited by blood meal.
Ruminal degradability characteristics in vegetable protein sources (part-2 of phase-1) showed variation in degradation kinetics and ED of CP. The quickly soluble fraction (a) was highest (P<0.05) in sesame cake and lowest (P<0.05) in CGM 60%, coconut meal and PKC. Potentially degradable fraction (b) was maximum (P<0.05) in CGM 60%, PKC, SBM and guar meal while minimum (P<0.05) in sesame cake and CGM 30%. Protein degradation rate (c) was highest (P<0.05) in CSC while lowest (P<0.05) in coconut meal, coconut cake and CGM 60%. Effective degradability of CP at 0.05 rumen passage rate was highest in sesame cake and lowest (P<0.05) in coconut meal.
All vegetable protein sources were treated (part-3 of phase-1) with formaldehyde (1 g/100 g CP) and heat treatment (1 h at 15 lb/100 g CP) to determine their effectiveness in reducing ruminal protein degradability. Both of these treatments decreased (P<0.05) rumen degradability of the vegetable protein sources investigated. Of the formaldehyde treated test feeds, quickly soluble fraction (a) was higher (P<0.05) in sesame cake and lower (P<0.05) in CGM 60%, SBM, CGM 30%, guar meal, canola meal and coconut meal. The highest value of potentially degradable fraction (b) was recorded (P<0.05) in CSC and RSC while CGM 60% had the lowest value (P<0.05). Degradation rate (c) was highest (P<0.05) in RSM, RSC, CSC, CSM coconut cake, PKC, sesame cake, SFM and CGM 60% and lowest (P<0.05) in CGM 30%, guar meal and canola meal. Effective degradability of CP was maximum in sesame cake at all the rumen passage rates. In contrast, CGM 60% had the lowest (P<0.05) ED at all of the rumen passage rates. Among the heat treated vegetable protein sources, quickly soluble fraction (a) was highest (P<0.05) in sesame cake and lowest (P<0.05) in CGM 60% and SBM. Potentially degradable fraction (b) had the highest (P<0.05) value in almond cake, RSM, RSC, CSC and SFM while CGM 60% had the lowest value (P<0.05). Effective CP degradability of the heat treated test feeds showed that almond cake and sesame cake had the highest (P<0.05) ED whilst CGM 60% had the lowest values (P<0.05). In comparing both treatments, similar influence (P>0.05) of increasing RUP level was recorded in CGM 30%, SFM, RSM, CSM, PKC and coconut meal. Formaldehyde treatment was found more effective (P<0.05) in increasing RUP level in guar meal, canola meal, RSC, CSC, coconut cake, almond cake and sesame cake whilst heat treatment increased (P<0.05) RUP level in SBM and CGM 60% at applied rates in this study.
In phase-2, a feeding trial with early lactating Sahiwal cows was conducted to investigate the effect of protein supplements of varying ruminal degradability on milk production, composition and nutrients utilization. Twenty four early lactating Sahiwal cows were selected and randomly divided into four groups. Four iso- caloric and iso- nitrogenous diets i.e., ration A (30% RUP), ration B (40% RUP), ration C (50% RUP) and ration D (60% RUP) were fed in a completely randomized design. Dry matter and CP intakes were significantly affected by ration composition (P<0.01), whereas NDF and ADF intakes did not vary among the four treatment groups (P>0.05). DM intake was higher (P<0.05) in cows receiving rations B and A than the cows fed rations C and D. There were significant differences in DM (P<0.05), CP (P<0.001) and NDF (P<0.05) digestibility due to the ration; however, ADF digestibility did not differ (P>0.05) between the rations. DM digestibility was higher (P<0.05) on ration B than rations C and D, but similar to that for ration A. Crude protein was higher (P<0.05) on rations B and A and lower (P<0.05) on rations C and D. Daily yields of uncorrected milk and protein were highest in early lactating Sahiwal cows fed ration B and lowest when fed ration D. Daily yields of 4% FCM and milk fat were higher (P<0.05) on rations B and A and lower (P<0.05) on ration D. In milk composition, fat, protein and total solids contents were the same across all diets. Nitrogen intake was highest (P<0.01) for rations B and A and lowest for ration D and C. Nitrogen balance (g/d) and as a percentage of N intake varied; with the cows consuming ration B retaining maximum (P<0.001) N. However, N balance did not vary between rations A, C and D. Nitrogen utilization was highest (P<0.001) in cows fed ration B, but there was no difference among cows fed rations A, C and D. Live weight and body condition score in cows were unaffected by the rations. Cost of milk production was least on ration B and highest on ration D.
In phase-3 a feeding trial using early lactating Nili-Ravi buffaloes was conducted. Twenty four buffaloes were selected and randomly divided into four groups. These groups were fed four experimental diets i.e., rations A, B, C and D having 30, 40, 50 and 60% RUP proportions, respectively in a completely randomized design. Results showed no differences (P>0.05) in the intakes of DM, CP, NDF and ADF intake between the rations. Likewise, DM, CP and ADF digestibility were the same (P>0.05) in buffaloes fed rations A, B, C and D; however, NDF digestibility was higher (P<0.01) on ration C and B while lowest on rations A and D. Milk yield was highest (P<0.001) on ration C while lowest (P<0.001) on rations D and A. Buffaloes given ration C produced more (P<0.05) FCM than those receiving rations A, B and D. Daily yield of milk fat was greater (P<0.001) on ration C compared to the other three rations. Milk protein yield was highest (P<0.001) on ration C and lowest (P<0.001) on rations A and C. Diet had no effect (P>0.05) on milk fat, SNF, lactose, salts and total solids percentages; whilst milk protein percentage varied among all four diets, viz ration C>ration B>ration D>ration A. Nitrogen, intake, nitrogen balance and nitrogen utilization were similar across all the diets. Live weight and body condition score in buffaloes were unaffected by the diet fed. The cost of milk production was highest (P<0.05) with rations D and B whilst lowest (P<0.05) on ration C.
It is concluded that among animal protein sources rumen CP degradability was least in blood meal and maximum in meat meal. In vegetable protein sources, coconut meal showed least ruminal CP degradability while sesame cake recorded with highest ruminal CP degradability. Both formaldehyde and heat treatments protected protein from ruminal degradability with varied levels of effectiveness in different feeds. Production performance improved with the use of RUP sources in early lactating cows and buffaloes. Sahiwal cows showed better yield performance in diets having 40% un-degradable protein in the diet, while Nili-Ravi buffaloes showed high yield performance in diets with 50% un-degradable protein sources.
The use of latest technology and methods needs to be applied for minimizing variations involved in evaluating CP degradability of feeds through in situ procedure. Influence of RDP and RUP based rations in mid and late lactation of Sahiwal cows and Nili-Ravi buffaloes are also fertile areas of research. The studies on degradability of amino acids for compiling 'internal standards' of feed resources and production performance of lactating cows/buffaloes based on ruminal degradability of amino acids rather than protein degradability would be better approach for future studies.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1470,T] (1).
11.
Effect Of Different Treatments On Tannin Contents Of Two Local Cultivars Of Sorghum Grain
by Muhammad Asad Iqbal | Dr. Saima | Dr. Athar | Prof. Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Over the last few years, use of cereals in the poultry and livestock feed increased greatly. To meet the requirement of the feed industry, the production and proper utilization of the grains is much more important. Some grains due to presence of some anti nutritional factors limit their use in desired quantity. Similarly, their low amino acid profile and fewer digestibilities also hindered the utilization of these nutrient sources. Sorghum cereal is one of them which provide a considerable amount of protein and energy to the animal. Some other grains, sorghum contain a phenolic compound "Tannin" which is an anti nutritional component for both poultry and livestock. Tannin make a complex with protein, starch and some minerals thus reduce there availability for living beings. The present project has been planned with their objective to reduce tannin contents and increase digestibility of nutrients. The purpose of the study is the nutritional evaluation and up gradation of indigenous feed stuffs for Livestock and Poultry, so we can increase the use of sorghum grain in these industries. For this purpose two varieties of sorghum, red and white were used. Red and white sorghum varieties were treated with sodium hydroxide and formaldehyde of 0.05%, 0.1% and 0.2% solution and were kept at ambient temperature for 8, and 16 hrs. At the end of treatment, samples of each variety were tested for tannin contents and proximate analysis. In the last phase of experiment, all the treated samples of NaOH, formaldehyde and distilled water were monitored for in situ digestibility for 12, 18, 24, and 30 hrs. The data thus obtained were statistically analyzed by using completely randomized design through ANOVA Technique. The difference among treatment means were tested through Duncan's Multiple Range Test. The results of the present experiments showed that the treatment of high tannin sorghum grain with alkali or simple distilled water is the most effective method for reducing the total tannil contents in sorghum grain. It is further noticed that the alkali treatments also affect the overall nutritive value of grain and enhance the dry matter digestibility of the grain.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1485,T] (1).
12.
Effect Of Supplemented Phytase On Phytate Phosphorus From Feed Stuffs Of Vegetable Origin In Broiler Rations.
by Hafiz Rizwan Akram | Dr. Saima | Prof. Dr | Prof. Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1573,T] (1).
13.
Effect Of Inoculatied Corn Silage On Milk Production Performance Of Lactating Sahiwal Cows.
by Zahid Khan | Prof. Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Fodder and forage production in Pakistan is seasonal and this leads to erratic supply of feedstuffs to the animals. After a rich legume season, a depression period occurs, which is replaced by non-legume forages and followed again by a scarce fodder supply season. These changes in the forage supply have unfavorable effect on livestock performance. The key solution to this problem is the conservation of forages for the time, when there is feed scarcity. Keeping in view the existing availability of green fodders and silage additive products, the methods of developing alternative means to ensure availability of quality feed to animals having high nutritive value.
The Experiment was carried out at Livestock Production Research Institute, (LPRI), Bahadurnagar, Okara. Two types of corn silages were prepared, one was be untreated corn silage (Control as diet-b) and other corn silage was treated with inoculants; a commercial product "Sil-All" by ALL-TECH, (diet-a). Eighteen healthy lactating Sahiwal cows at the same milking stage were randomly distributed to two groups A and B (9 each) and were fed individually. Data was collected during the feeding experiment of 60 days duration on feed intake, daily milk production, milk composition, silage composition and body weight gain. Sahiwal cows belonging to all groups were offered concentrate according to milk production @ 1 Kg for each 3 liter of milk produced. Milk samples were analyzed for Lactose, Fat, SNF and Protein using "Milk-O-Scan" in the Dairy Laboratory of LPRI, Bahadurnagar, Okara. The feed samples were analyzed in the laboratory for Dry Matter, Crude Protein, Ether Extract, Crude Fiber, ADF, NDF and Ash contents. The data thus obtained was analyzed through Paired Sample T-test.
Daily silage intake in Sahiwal cows was 30.12±0.601 and 26.29±0.614 kg fed on inoculated silage and untreated corn silage, respectively. Inoculated silage intake was higher (P < 0.05) in Sahiwal lactating cows than cows on untreated corn silage. Milk production was higher in cows of group A fed with inoculated Silage. The results showed that Sahiwal cows fed on inoculated corn silage and untreated (control) corn silage produced 6.11±0.40 and 5.94±0.28 liters milk daily, respectively. It is also evident from the data that the cows on inoculated silage diet produced milk significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the cows under control.
Mean milk fat contents were 5.65±0.11 and 4.95±0.03 % in the milk of Sahiwal cattle fed on inoculated and untreated corn silage diets, respectively. The results showed that the cows under inoculated silage feeding produced significantly more milk fat than the cows under control. Higher (P < 0.05) milk fat contents were recorded in cows on inoculated silage than on control. Mean milk protein in the milk of Sahiwal cows fed on inoculated and untreated corn silage were 3.11±0.02 and 2.85±0.05 %, respectively. Lactose content were also higher (4.62±0.04 %) in cows on treated corn silage diet as compared to cows on control diet (4.22±0.03 %). Significantly higher (P < 0.05) solids not fat contents were recorded in cows on inoculated silage diet than the cows on untreated corn silage diet (7.72±0.14 %).
Sahiwal cows given inoculated corn silage diet had higher (329.09±5.028 kg) body weight than the cows under control (322.96±5.08 kg). A non-significant difference (P>0.05) was observed among treatment. Sahiwal cows showed a fortnightly weight gain of 01.029±0.017 and 00.712±0.010 Kg per cow fed on inoculated and untreated corn silage, respectively.
Silage pH was also improved in the diet containing inoculated silage (3.90±0.05) than the untreated silage showing a pH level at 4.08±0.35 in the untreated corn silage, showed non-significant difference (P>0.05).Dry matter contents in the inoculated corn silage had higher (30.40±0.60 %) DM % while untreated corn silage had the lowest (28.14± 0.84 %), statistically significant (P < 0.05). Mean crude protein level was 6.27±0.33 and 5.39±0.28 % in the diets having inoculated corn silage and untreated silage, respectively.
Highest value (9.17±0.75 %) of Ether Extract was recorded in inoculated corn silage diet, while untreated silage diet showed lowest (7.69± 0.24 %) value, and significant difference (P <0.05) was observed. Inoculated corn silage diet had highest (25.17±0.35 %) crude fiber level, while untreated corn silage diet showed lowest (24.51±24.51 %) crude fiber level. Inoculated silage diet had the highest (53.41±0.79 %) NDF, while untreated silage diet showed the lowest (49.34± 0.58 %) feed NDF. A significant difference (P<0.05) was observed in the inoculated diet as compared to untreated silage. The inoculated silage diet had the highest (30.23±1.00 %) ADF, while untreated silage diet had the lowest (28.26± 0.63 %) level showed a significant difference (P<0.05).The diet untreated had the highest (9.16±0.82 %) ash level while the level of Ash contents was lowest (7.69± 0.24 %) in the inoculated diet.
The results of the trial indicated significantly higher daily intake and increased milk production in Sahiwal cows was recorded when fed on inoculated silage diets. Milk constituent (Fat, Protein, Lactose and SNF) were also improved significantly in cows under inoculated corn silage diets. Sahiwal cows given inoculated corn silage diet had higher body weight than the cows under control. The composition of inoculated silage diet (DM, CF, NDF, ADF and Ash %) was also improved significantly as compared to untreated silage diet. On the basis of results presented in the study it is concluded that the use of additive or inoculant like Sill-All can be used to enhance milk production and overall performance of dairy cows.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1574,T] (1).
14.
Effect Of Enzymatic Complex On Growth Performance Of Broilers At Defferent Dietary Levels Of Wheat.
by Irfan Ahmed | Sr. Saima | Dr. Athar | Prof. Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: This study was conducted at environmentally controlled shed of poultry research and training centre, department of poultry production, UVAS-Ravi campus, Pattoki. The objectives of the study were to see the growth performance of broilers by use of enzymatic complex diet replacing different dietary levels of wheat with corn. Enzymatic complex (allzyme SSF) contained xylanase, beta-glucanase, pectinase, cellulase, phytase, protease and amylase was used to counteract indigestion of fibers and improved utilization. There are some evidences that the inclusion of supplemental phytase, xylanase, and the complex of enzymes might have a positive effect on broilers growth and increased the nutrients. The trial was containing 525 birds, 7 treatments and 35 replicates. Treatment 'A' is controlifor all treatments there were different levels of wheat and same quantity of enzymatic complex added to observe its effects on growth performance. Duration of trial was 35 days. 7itypes of feedsuwith unique formulation were prepared. Feed 'A' was control diet having the profile same as that of commercial feed (crude protein =21%, ME=2900 kcal/kg). The parametersiof thisiexperiment were feed intake,ibody weight gain,ifeed conversion efficiency (FCR),irelative organs weight, immune organs weight and visceral organs weight, length, mortality. The parameters were collected during the trial as well as at the end of trial. Finally,idata wasicollected, analyzedistatistically using ANOVA inicompletelyirandomized design withihelpiofia computerbbasedistatistical package (SAS). In first week the birds being offered feed 'D' were observed more feed intake and significant difference was observed among groups. In 2nd week, feed intake was decreased in birds fed enzyme supplemented feed. In first four weeks, significant difference was found between groups while last group was non-significant difference. Groups supplemented with enzyme than non-supplemented groups. In 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th week, control group weight gain was the best and 5th week was non-significant for all groups. The average body weight in groups supplemented with enzyme recorded was significant difference than non-supplemented with enzymes.
In case of FCR, group 'A' was observed to be the best in all groups. Analysis of variance among all groups in fifth groups found to be non-significant difference. FCR in groups supplemented with enzymes was recorded better than non-supplemented with enzymes.
Mortalities in groups A, B, C and E was the less than D, F and G. More mortality was recorded in group 'F' supplemented with 25% wheat and without enzymes. Dressing percentage was best in A and followed to B, E, F, C, G and D.
Results obtained from immune organs of bursa showed that bursa weight was found to be better in group 'G' supplemented with 25% wheat and enzyme supplemented than rest of groups in following sequence i.e. D, A, E, B, F and C. Pancreas weight of group 'B' was found to be better than result groups. Results were non-significant because weight of non-supplemented was better than supplemented with enzyme groups. While results obtained from thymus weight recorded showed that group 'G' was best supplemented with enzymes than all of other groups as followed D, A, B, C, E and F.
Results of heart weight showed that results were significant between groups except F and G groups. Best weight was observed in group 'A' control diet group. Results of liver weight showed significant difference among groups except D and E. Liver weight of control diet group was lower than other groups. Results of gizzard weight filled showed that groups supplemented with enzymes were significantly lower than groups of non-supplemented with enzyme except in groups G and F respectively. While results of empty gizzard weight of supplemented groups were found to be significantly difference increased as compared to non-supplemented with enzymes. Results of spleen weight were non-significant for all groups. Results of intestinal weight showed significant difference among the groups. Intestinal length of group 'G' found to be more than other. Intestinal length of groups supplemented with enzymes was more than non-supplemented groups. In case of intestinal weight filled and empty, non-significant difference was found among groups except in D and E.
Conclusions:
Based on finding of study, it is stated that effect of dietary supplementation of wheat and enzymatic complex in broilers diets has improved weight gain and decreased feed consumption. Similarly, dietary supplementation of wheat and enzymatic complex performed better in case of survival and less mortality was found. So it is recommended that for fibers' digestion, enzymes showed be used in diets to improve the growth performance in modern day broilers.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1576,T] (1).
15.
Influence Of Early Weaning On Growth Performance, Plasma Metabolites And Rumen Fermentation Indices In Neonatal
by Muhammad Afzal Rashid | Prof. Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Rearing of young calves is a labor intensive and costly segment of livestock production. From birth to weaning, young calf undergoes a transition from monogastric to adult ruminant. The concept of weaning from milk at an early age is based on early development of functional rumen enabling calves to utilize low quality roughages. In current study, a series of experiments were conducted to refine the more effective weaning regime for buffalo calves and use of by-products of the ethanol production industry in early weaned cattle calves.
Conventionally, buffalo calves are kept with the dam, allowed to suckle a little amount of milk along with seasonal green forages, and weaned around the age of one year. To date, limited published work was available on growth performance and economics of buffalo calves weaned from milk at an early age. Therefore, the experiment was conducted to reduce the weaning age and evaluate the growth performance of male Nili-Ravi buffalo calves. Twenty-four male buffalo calves were assigned to one of the three treatments: continuous milk feeding (CMF), limited milk feeding (LMF), and early weaning (EW). After colostrum feeding, calves were individually fed whole milk at 10% of their BW, adjusted weekly until 6 wk of age. Thereafter, milk allowance was gradually tapered to zero in CMF, LMF and EW treatments at 12, 10 and 8 wk of age, respectively. Calf starter feed was provided ad libitum from wk 2 through wk 12 and individual intakes were recorded daily. Blood sampling was carried out form wk 6 through 12, on a weekly basis. The BW and structural measurements (HG, WH, and HW) were carried out at the start of experiment and later on a weekly basis. In young buffalo calves, the regimen of weaning at 8 weeks of age was more effective. The early weaned calves showed similar growth rate to those in the CMF and LMF by consuming more calf starter and saving a substantial amount of high priced milk. On the basis of the results of this experiment, buffalo calves successfully adapted to early weaning that might help to mitigate issues like poor growth and low returns associated with traditional calf rearing practices. Furthermore, this study effectively reduced the weaning age from 1 year to 8 weeks of age. Hence, reducing weaning age did not affect the growth performance of Nili-Ravi buffalo calves by 12 weeks of age.
Early development of the rumen is the main objective of a successful early weaning program which depends upon the amount of starter intake, VFA production, and ruminal papillae development. Studies have shown that grains in starter feed can be replaced by DDGS up to 28% of DM without compromising the growth performance and rumen development. Second experiment was planned to evaluate the effects of replacing grains and soybean with DDGS and ammonia treated DDGS at 25% of DM. Study was conducted in collaboration with dairy science department SDSU (USA). Twenty one neonatal male Holstein calves were assigned to one of the three of dietary treatments: C = 0% DDGS, DDGS = 25% DDGS, CAFEX-DDGS = 25% CAFEX treated DDGS. In a 10 week experiment, calves were fed 680 g MR through 4 week, reduced to half during wk 5, and weaned at the end of wk 5. Starter intakes were conducted daily; whereas, body weights, structural measurements were conducted at the start of experiment and then on a weekly basis. Jugular blood samples were taken on a weekly basis using EDTA and NaFl coated evacuated tubes. Rumen samples were collected from a subset of 15 calves (n=5 calves/ treatment) at wk 5, 7 and 10. At the end of experiment, four calves from each treatment were also slaughtered to determine rumen morphometric measurements (PL, PW, RWT and PC). Experiment illustrated that weight gain, structural measurements, total starter intake, DMI and feed efficiency were not affected by the inclusion of DDGS and CAFEX treated DDGS at 25% of DM in starter feeds. CAFEX treatment of DDGS improved the CP contents of DDGS from 29.5% to 40%; however, inclusion of CAFEX-DDGS in starter reduced feed intake during the pre-weaning period. Whereas, overall starter intake was higher in calves fed DDGS based starter feed indicating the effect of ammonia treatment on palatability. Lower pre-weaning starter intake, slow rumen fermentation of CAFEX-DDGS resulted in lesser BHBA concentration leading to lesser development of rumen papillae growth (PL and PW). However, there was a tendency for higher weight gain in calves fed DDGS based starter due to increase in starter intake. In the light of these results it is concluded CAFEX-DDGS can be included in starter feeds at 25% of DM without affecting the growth performance. However, further research is required to evaluate the digestibility of DDGS after CAFEX treatement. Similar, growth performance indicates that CAFEX-DDGS can replace the corn and soybean meal in starter feeds.
In third experiment, microbial diversity in developing rumen and intestine of young calves fed DDGS and CAFEX treated DDGS at 25% of starter was investigated. Experiement was carried out at SDSU dairy research station (USA). Fifteen calves with n=5 per treatment, fed according to protocols described in Experiment II. Calves were sampled for rumen contents at wk 5, 7 and 10 of age; whereas, intestinal contents were collected at the time of slaughter. The DNA was extracted subjected to PCR-DGGE and dendogram was constructed using cluster analysis software. Results revealed that microbial population was highly different from each other at wk 10 indicating the effect of age and dietary treatment on rumen micro flora. Whereas, intestinal and rumen bacterial diversity at wk 5 and 7 of age was not affected by inclusion of DDGS and CAFEX-DDGS in starter feed. The changes in intestinal microflora of DDGS and CAFEX-DDGS fed calves compared with control group showed that the effect of dietary treatments on post-ruminal availability of nutrients and microbial proteins. In conclusion, rumen bacterial population changes with the advancing age and the type of ingredients used in the diet. Further, research is required to identify the effect of feeding DDGS on growth of particular bacteria like methanogen and their impact on methane production and feed efficiency.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1595,T] (1).
16.
Mineral Profile In Ruminants Of Canal Lrrigated Districts Of Punjab And The Effect Of Dietary Cation Anion Diffference on Lactational Performance of Nili Ravi Buffaloes and Beetal Goats
by Umar farooq | Prof. Dr. Talat naseer pasha | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom abdul jabbar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1855,T] (1).
17.
Comparative Study Of Different Levels Of Neutral Detergent Fiber In Sahiwal Cattle And Nili-Ravi Buffalo Heifers
by Usama Tayyab | Prof. Dr. Anjum Khalique | Prof. Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha | Prof.Dr.Khalid.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1979,T] (1).
18.
Slow- Release Non-Protien Nitrogen Impact On Performance Of Weaned Crossbred Calves
by Shahzad naveed | Prof. Dr. Talat naseer pasha | Prof. Dr | Prof. Dr. Anjum khalique.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2030,T] (1).
19.
Slow-Release Non -Protien Nitrogen Impact On Performance Of Weaned Crossbred Calves
by Shahzad naveed | Prof. Dr. Talat naseer pasha | Prof. Dr.Anjum khalique.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2071,T] (1).
20.
Performance Evaluation Of Nili Ravi Buffalo Calves In Response To Wholemilk Vs Milk Replacer
by Muhammad Atif saeed | Prof. Dr. Talat naseer pasha | Dr. Muhammad Naveed ul Haque.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2072,T] (1).
21.
Impact Of Digestible Lysine, Methionine + Cysteine Ratios On Growth Performance, Ileal Digestibility Of Protein And Gut Health In Broilers Fed Different Protein Sources
by Ch. Ahsan Akram (2009-VA-397) | Prof. Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr. Shafqat Nawaz Qaisrani | Prof. Dr. Athar Mahmud.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Poultry production is a vibrant segment of agriculture in Pakistan. Genetic selection and nutritional improvements resulted in accelerated growth rate and better FCR in modern broilers. This improved broiler performance requires greater amount of digestible nutrients. Since feeding cost accounts about 70% of total production cost and protein is the most expensive component of poultry diets. Future poultry diets, therefore, will be formulated by using cheaper and poorly digestible protein sources such as CM and SFM due to price volatility of highly digestible but expensive sources like SBM. The undigested protein in hind gut is subjected to microbial fermentation, results in formation of nitrogenous products that are not only harmful to birds, but also excreted into litter bedding and generate ammonia, nitrous acid and nitrous oxide, the latter one is a powerful greenhouse gas with an effect about 300 times compared with carbon dioxide. The potential solution to this problem is supplementation of synthetic amino acids in low nutrient density (CP) diets formulated by using cheaper and poorly digestible protein sources. Therefor a study was designed with the objectives to determine the impact of dLys, M + C ratios on growth performance, apparent Ileal digestibility of protein and gut health in broilers fed poorly digestible protein sources (CM and SFM). An experiment with 432 mixed sex (Ross 308) 1-d-old broilers was conducted to test the hypothesis that supplementation of Meth may improves growth performance, apparent Ileal digestibility of protein and gut health in broilers fed poorly digestible protein sources (CM and SFM). The interaction effects of the protein source (CM vs. SFM), CP levels (high vs. low) and dM+C/d Lys (recommended vs. supplemented) were tested in a factorial arrangement of 8 (2 × 2 × 2) dietary treatments. The supplementation of Meth positively influenced FI (P = 0.042), BWG (P = 0.003) and FCR (P <0.001). The broilers fed Meth supplemented diets had, on an average, 10% greater apparent Ileal digestibility of protein, 34% longer villi, 24.5% shorter crypts and 60% greater VCR compared with those fed diets with recommended levels of Meth. The levels of CP, similarly, influenced (P <0.001) the FI, BWG and FCR. The broilers fed high CP diets had 9% improved apparent Ileal digestibility of protein compared with those fed low CP diets. In conclusion, supplementation of Meth improves the broiler growth performance, apparent Ileal digestibility of protein and gut health fed poorly digestible protein sources (CM and SFM). The negative effects of poorly digestible protein sources thus may be partially ameliorated by supplementation of Meth.
CONCLUSIONS
In conclusion, the negative effects of poorly digestible protein sources thus may be ameliorated by supplementation of Meth. Supplementation of Meth above the recommended levels improves the growth performance, Ileal digestibility of protein and gut health in broilers fed poorly digestible protein sources (CM and SFM).
SUGGESTION AND RECOMMENDATION
Further research is needed to evaluate the different strategies to improve the digestibility of poorly digestible protein sources including guar meal. Threonine also has an important role in gut health so there is a need to study the effects of supplementation of threonine above the recommended levels in broilers fed poorly digestible protein sources. Feed form has pronounced effects on gut development, digestibility of nutrients and subsequent growth performance of birds. There is a dire need to evaluate the other cheaper protein sources, supplemented with synthetic amino acids and to find out a possible interaction between feed form and poorly digestible protein sources that may replace SBM in broilers.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2567-T] (1).
