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1. Influence Of Varying Levels Of Protein And Energy On The Performnace Of Japanese Quails

by Dr . Aamir Mahmood, Rana | Dr . Jaweed Ahmad Qureshi | Dr . Muhammad | Dr . Talat Naseer Pasha.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 1998Dissertation note: The project was designed to find out the efficacy of ivermectin and Coumaphos against ectoparasites in cattle and buffaloes. Thirty buffaloes infested for ectoparasites were selected for the treatn,ent trials and divided into three groups i.e. Bi, B2 and B3 having ten animals in each group and thirty cattle infested for ectoparasites were selected for the treatment trials and also were divided into Cl, C2 and C3 groups. The comparative acaricidal drug trials were conducted on 20 infested animals against ectoparasites of group Bi and Cl having ten animal in each were medicated with Ivermectin (Ivomec: MSD) injected once by s/c route at dose rate of 200 pg/kg body weight. Observation were made on 7th and 14th day post-medication. Skin scrapping examination was done. The overall efficacy of invermectin on 7th and 14th day in buffaloes was 40% and 80% and in cattle 50% and 90% respectively. The comparative acaricidal drug trials were conducted on 20 infested animals for ectoparasites of B2 and C2 having ten animals in each were treated with Coumaphos (Asuntol: Bayer) at the dose rate of 30-50 gm/animal. On the 7th and 14th day post medication skin scraping examination was done. The efficacy of Coumaphos on 7th and 14th day in buffaloes was 50%, 50% and in cattle 70%, 70% respectively. Animals were also observed for any side effect of both medicine. No side effects were observed during the period from treatment to last observation in any group i.e. groups Bi, Cl and B2, C2 groups. On last observation no spontaneous recovery was noted. In B3 and C3 in untreated and control groups. From the results of present study it is concluded that lvermectin (Ivomec MSD) is the drug of choice for the treatment of ectoparasites in cattle and buffaloes when it is given at the dose rate of 0.2 mg/kg body weight by subcutaneous injection. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0690,T] (1).

2. A Study On Superovuation Protocol For The Development Of Embryo Transfer Technique In Mice

by Muhammad Ameen jamal | Dr. Amjad riaz | Dr. Aamir | Prof. Dr Mian abdul sattar.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1900,T] (1).

3. Isolation And Characterization Of Antibiotic Resistant Lactic Acid Bacteria From Poultry Gastrointestinal Tract

by Nabeea Saleem (2008-VA-234) | Dr. Muhammad Nawaz | Dr. Aamir Ghafoor | Dr. Aqeel Javeed.

Material type: book Book; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are heterogeneous group of bacteria which are fastidious in nature. LAB has acquired status as Generally-Recognized-as-Safe (GRAS) status. Over-use and misuse of antibiotics in veterinary and human clinical setups give rise to antibiotic resistant lactic acid bacteria in gastrointestinal tracts which act as antibiotic resistance reservoir. Acquired and transferable antibiotic resistance in lactic acid bacteria is a newly identified safety concern in poultry. So, it is dire need of time to determine the situation of antibiotic resistance in lactic acid bacteria of poultry gastrointestinal tract (GIT). The present study was conducted to isolate lactobacilli from indigenous and broiler gastrointestinal tract of chicken. For this purpose, chicken feces, cloaca and caecum samples (n=20 each) were collected from Lahore. Lactic acid bacteria were isolated on MRS medium. Isolates were identified by phenotypic characteristics including Colonial morphology, Gram staining and Catalase test. While molecular identification of lactobacillus spp. was done by PCR at an annealing temperature of 55°C using the primers XB-5 and LbLMA-1 with an expected product size of 250bp. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of different antibiotics such as ampicillin, erythromycin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, cephradine, cefuroxime, ofloxacin, levofloxacin were determined by the broth micro dilution method following the EFSA guidelines. Antibiotic resistance genes, including erythromycin arm (B) and tetracycline Tet (M) were amplified by polymerase chain reaction. The comparison of % antibiotic resistance pattern between broiler and indigenous lactobacillus spp. against different antibiotics was analysed for chi-square test using SPSS ……………………………………………………………………………………………Summary 67 version 16.0. The study provided data on antibiotic resistance pattern of transferable resistance genes in lactic acid bacteria of poultry gut. Conclusion: From the present study it is concluded that a high level of resistance was shown by lactobacillus spp. against tested antibiotics. Lactobacillus spp. were screened by PCR for known resistance genes and thus were able to determine the presence of erm(B) and tet (M) genes in all lactobacillus spp. using erm(B) and tet (M)-specific primers. All lactobacillus spp. were also phenotypically resistant to erythromycin and tetracycline. Thus, the present study indicates that such erm (B) and Tet (M) genes occur among different LAB genera and species therefore it is the need of time to study other resistance determinants to ensure the safety of poultry meat and spread of resistance determinants. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2282-T] (1).

4. A Study On The Incidence Of Zoonotic Tuberculosis To Assess The Associated Risk Factors And Zoonotic Potential Of Bovine Tuberculosis In Lahore

by Syeda Anum Hadi (2013-VA-04) | Dr. Hassan Mushtaq | Dr. Abdul Majeed Akhtar | Professor Dr.Mansur-ud-din Ahmad | Dr. Aamir Gafoor Bajwa.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: In the review by O’Reiley and his colleagues, Tuberculosis has been defined as a disease that affects the respiratory system foremost and its route of transmission from one animal species to another is by the airborne route along with consumption of un-pasteurized milk (O'Reilly, 1995) (De la Rua-Domenech, 2006) (Thoen et al. 2006). The review states that Mycobacteriumbovis causes tuberculosis in bovines as well as a number of wild animals such as goats, cats, dogs, pigs, buffalo, badgers, possums, deer, bison and non-human primates but most importantly it causes tuberculosis in humans. This makes the disease of significant public health importance due to its zoonotic nature. The study was conducted in two of the largest dairy colonies in Lahore- Rakhchandra and Harbanspura dairy colony. 400 dairy animals (lactating) were selected from the target areas. 200 animals per field were chosen through convenience sampling. The research was divided into two parts. Phase 1 was concerned with screening of animals for bovine tuberculosis through performance of comparative intradermal tuberculin test (CIDTT) and followed by culturing of milk samples from animals that came positive. Phase 2 was concerned with testing of all human subjects who were in contact with the positively screened livestock. Since none of the human subjects showed any of the signs for tuberculosis, no testing of the humans could be performed. The first step to animal testing was concerned with the screening of selected animals with comparative cervical intradermal tuberculin test (CIDTT). This involved the intradermal injection of bovine tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD) and the subsequent detection of swelling (delayed hypersensitivity) at the site of injection 72 hours later (Anonyms, 2008a). The test was considered positive if the difference between the swellings on the two sites was more than 4mm and it was the mammalian site that showed more swelling. Once the results were read, the dairy farmers were asked a set of questions designed to identify risk-factors for zoonotic tuberculosis. The farmers responded to nearly all the questions that were posed to them. Milk sample was collected from the animals that tested positive. 50 ml of milk was collected from the positive animals. Once collected, the milk bottles were quickly capped and labeled and put in the ice-box before being transported to Provincial Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory in Lahore. Staining followed by culturing of milk samples for the isolation of Mycobacterium bovis was then proceeded with. For the purpose of culturing two types of media were prepared before-hand-Lowenstein Jensen (LJ) media and LJ-pyruvate media. LJ medium allows the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, whereas LJ with pyruvate medium allows the growth of Mycobacterium bovis. Petroff’s method was employed for the processing of milk samples which originally is used for sputum processing (Anonyms, 2009). The process was altered to suit our requirements. Once processed 300ul of pipette tips were used to place 100ul of processed sample on pre-marked slides for ziehl-neelson staining and 120ul on pre-made media slants a total of 4 bottles, 2 each of LJ media and LJ pyruvate media for duplication of results and to act as control. The bottles were checked for growth every week on Monday till 8 weeks of time. At Rakhchandra dairy colony the tuberculin test done on 200 animals revealed only three (3) positive animals. Thus the prevalence of TB in Rakhchandra came out to be 1.5%. Out of 200 animals in Harbanspura dairy colony, six (6) animals showed hypersensitivity reaction and were positive. Prevalence of TB in Harbanspura came out to be 3%. Out of 400 animals tested, 90 were cattle and 310 were buffaloes. Only buffaloes showed hypersensitivity reaction to tuberculin. None of the cows tested came out to be tuberculin positive. In this particular study, the prevalence of TB on the basis of tuberculin test in buffalo was 2.9% where as in cattle it was 0%. When milk was collected and processed from the above mentioned nine (9) animals, the results showed a different picture. None of the cultures showed any signs of growth by 8 weeks of incubation. All nine milk samples after cleaning were stained by ZN staining and observed under microscope for the presence of mycobacterium, none came out positive. The Basic Health Units (BHU) in each of the colony were contacted and it was found that in the last 10 years less than 10 patients who were suspected to have tuberculosis were referred to District Health Quarter (DHQ). Even though a higher percentage (44.44%) of farmers in Harbanspura was recorded to have some knowledge about the zoonotic aspect of tuberculosis as compare to those in Rakhchandra (22.22%), yet a higher number of tuberculin positive animals was found in Harbanspura (6 versus 3). The economic status of farmers in Harbanspura was comparatively higher with 33.33% of farmers earning more than 1 lakh rupees per month, whereas in Rakhchandra this figure stood at 27.78%. This might be a mere chance of co-incidence but it also implies the unwillingness of farmers to apply biosecurity measures at their farms. Lack of willingness to take such precautionary steps places the farmers and their animals in great peril, since in the last six months alone 66.67% of the farmers in Harbanspura had purchased at least one animal, which is enough to bring disease in an un-infected herd. Only 27.78% of farmers in Rakhchandra had purchased animals on the other hand. Also only 77.78% of farmers in Harbanspura would clean the dung from the farms twice a day whereas 100% Rakhchandra farmers would cleanup twice a day. The tuberculin positive animals were found to be spending most time of their day in filthy places. Their sheds were not cleaned regularly. Heaps of dung and ground wet with urine was observed on every visit. It exposed animals to numerous infections and 11.11% of animals in Harbanspura and 44.44% of animals in Rakhchandra were suffering from unidentified chronic illnesses. Farmers said that they preferred to sell such animals to butchers (85.8% combined percentage), rather than burying after culling (3.7% combined percentage). Deworming was not considered a mode of disease prevention amongst the farmers since only 22.22% of all farmers bothered to deworm their animals. The animals were seen to not having a score of above 2.5 when their body scoring was done (Scale 1-5). The one blissful factor discovered was the habit of nearly all farmers (92.59%) preferred to boil milk before consumption. Even dairy products were made from boiled milk (81.48%). This single factor could be the reason why the farmers consuming otherwise contaminated milk was still in such a glowing healthy condition. The study allowed us to get a measure of the status of disease in lactating animals and to investigate the conditions that prevail in the two dairy colonies. It showed a difference in the prevalence of disease in Harbanspura and Rakhchandra famous for providing milk to Lahore city. This was scrutinized through a detailed analysis of farmer habits and environment of animals in both the fields. This study would permit upcoming researchers to have an up-to-date status of tuberculosis in the dairy colonies. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2321-T] (1).

5. Sero-Screening Of Camels For Different Infectious Diseases

by Mazia Khalid (2008-VA-358) | Dr. Aamir Ghafoor | Prof. Dr. Aftab Ahmed Anjum | Dr. Wasim Shehzad.

Material type: book Book; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Camel is the precious and important animal in Pakistan. Camel is the most well adapted livestock species, survives and produces in climatic extremes and is well appreciated for its significance in the pastoral economy of the province. The camel being an important livestock species uniquely adapted to hot and arid environments and therefore contributes significantly to the food security of the nomadic pastoral households. Although camel being hardiest animal is less susceptible to diseases as compared to other livestock animals but literature shows that some diseases are still prevalent in camels. In view of the significance of camel as livestock animal as well as the symbol of cultural heritage of the nomadic pastoralists, there is a need to combat different diseases to which camels are susceptible and then appropriate control strategies should be applied. Present study was designed to check the percentage positivity of different major diseases in camels that may pose serious issue relating to camel health and its importance as an important livestock animal. The diseases included in this study are Q fever, Brucellosis, FMD, CBPP and Neosporosis. ELISA is used to detect antibody prevalence by using specific kit based protocol for each disease whereas in case of Brucellosis RBPT is also used as basic screening test. And it was found that Q fever has highest percentage seropositivity in both districts as compared to other diseases whose presence in camels was found to be almost seronegative. So it was concluded that camel is still resistant to many diseases though some diseases are still prevalent in camels and these diseases should be controlled through public awareness and routine screening. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2401-T] (1).

6. Evaluation Of Immunomodulatory Activity Of Ketorolac In Mice

by Mahtab Anwer (2013-VA-846) | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer | Dr. Aamir Ghafoor.

Material type: book Book; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Ketorolac is one of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) commonly prescribed to treat postoperative pain and reduced stress response.The present study was designed to evaluate the immunomodulatory activity of ketorolac.In each assay, 25 mice were used. All the mice were divided randomly into 5 groups. Each group had 5 mice. Negative control group was treated with solvent, positive control group was treated with cyclophosphamide and other three groups were injected intraperitoneally at the three different doses of ketorolac (2mg/kg, 4mg/kg and 8mg/kg). Delayed type hypersensitivity assay (DTH) and cyclophosphamide induced neutropenia assays were performed to evaluate the cell-mediated immune activity of ketorolac. While, the effect of ketorolac on humoral immunity was determined by performing heamagglutination assay and mice lethality test.It was observed that significant reduction in skin thickness and white blood cells and neutropenia in dose dependent manner of ketorolac treated groups (8mg/kg ketorolac > 4mg/kg ketorolac > 2mg/kg ketorolac).Significant reduction in HAtiter values in dose dependent manner of ketorolac treated groups were also evaluated (8mg/kg ketorolac >4mg/kg ketorolac >2mg/kg ketorolac).In mice lethality assay, mortality ratio was maximum in 8mg/kg ketorolac treated group which was 100%. In 4mg/kg ketorolac group and positive control group showed the 80% mortality and 2mg/kg ketorolac treated group showed the 40% mortality. Minimum mortality was observed in negative control group. From these results, ketorolac exhibited the immunosuppressive effect. This study may have potential impacts of ketorolac in clinical applications besides its analgesic and anti -inflammatory properties. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2441-T] (1).

7. Immuno-Modulatory Effects Of Beta-Glucans And Nucleotides Based Commercial Products In Broiler Chicken Experimentally Infected With Velogenic Newcastle Disease Virus

by Hafiza Zain ul Fatima (2008-VA-232) | Prof. Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Raheela Akhter | Dr. Aamir Ghafoor.

Material type: book Book; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Immune-potentiation effect of commercially available products containing beta-glucans (betaplex and catalyzer) and nucleotides (electroimmune and avimmune) in the broilers was evaluated. A total of 120 broiler chicks were reared under standard husbandry conditions. The birds were vaccinated by live NDV vaccine at 5, 14 days and killed Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine at 7 days of age. Additionally, live infectious bronchitis and infectious bursal disease vaccines were also given through water at 5 and 10 days of age, respectively. The birds were randomly divided into six groups each comprising 20 birds. Four groups (treatment groups) were offered four commercial immune-booster products at 7, 14 and 21 days of age for 72 hours. Fifth group (untreated vaccinated) was not offered any drug while sixth group (untreated and unvaccinated) was not given any drug and also remained unvaccinated against NDV. Anti NDV antibodies were measured at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of age and heterophil/lymphocyte (H/L) ratio was measured at 14, 21 and 28 days. Weight of immune organs and performance of birds was also measured from each group. Finally, 15 birds from each group were inoculated with virulent NDV through intranasal route at 28 days of age to assess the protection against challenge infection. Mean GMT anti NDV antibody titers in vaccinated groups were 3.65 (±0.59) at one week of age which were raised to the levels of 5.85 (±0.88), 5.50 (±1.00), 6.10 (±0.64), 5.90 (±0.91) and 5.45 (±1.05) in the betaplex, catalyzer, electroimmune, avimmune, and untreated control groups, respectively. Maximum antibody titer was achieved in electroimmune treated group while minimum in the catalyser treated ones. In non-vaccinated control group the antibody titers were minimum in the beginning that reduced to negligible level at four weeks of age. The H:L ratio of Summary 48 all treatment groups did not significantly vary at 14 days of age while at 21 and 28 days of age, the birds receiving electroimmune have significantly low H:L ratio in comparison to other treatment groups. Weight of liver and spleen in nucleotide treated groups was significantly higher than other treatment and control groups while there was no significant difference in the weight of bursa of fabricious in all treatment groups. Relative weight of all immune organs to the live body weight did not significantly vary in all treatment and control groups. Performance of the birds as a measure of feed conversion ratio (FCR) was highest in electroimmune treated birds. The challenge protection data shows that minimum mortality of 40 % (6/15) was observed in nucleotides treated groups while betaplex and catalyzer treatment groups have 47 % (7/15) and 53 % (8/15) mortality ratios in comparison to 60 % (9/15) mortality in untreated birds. Results of present study suggest that nucleotide or beta glucans supplementation in the diet have beneficial effects to enhance the humoral immune response and better bird performance in broilers. Use of these products not on delay the onset of clinical disease but also helpful in providing better protection against challenge to velogenic NDV. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2516-T] (1).

8. Prevalence Of H9n2 In Biotic And Abiotic Factors Post Avian Infleunza Outbreak In Different Districts Of Punjab

by Iqra Mahfooz (2010-VA-301) | Prof. Dr. Tahir Yaqub | Dr. Aamir Ghafoor | Dr. Maryam Javed.

Material type: book Book; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Avian influenza H9N2 is not only a potential threat to the poultry industry but it is also a disease of zoonotic importance. In the past it caused very high rate of mortality in the poultry and cause huge economic loses. Present investigations were aimed to find out the uncommon resting points of avian influenza H9N2 virus in the environment. This virus is very dangerous for the poultry industry of the country so it is important to find out the hiding places of virus so that we can stop or control the future outbreaks of virus in the poultry and minimize the economic loss of the country. To rule out the above condition a total of 150 biotic and 200 abiotic samples were collected. Refrigerated samples were processed in the Influenza laboratory. Virus isolation and propagation was done through egg inoculation technique. Presence of virus was confirmed by using Polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The biotic samples (11/150) 7.0 percent reacted positive to HA, HI and also confirmed by PCR. All the abiotic samples were found negative for any evidence of presence of avian influenza virus. This study helped us in understanding the natural reservoirs of avian influenza virus. This study design revealed the hibernation of H9N2 virus in the apparently healthy flock production of broilers. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2563-T] (1).

9. Study On The Status And Risk Factors Of Brucellosis In Small Ruminants Of District Bagh Azad Jammu And Kashmir

by Hafiz Muhammad Atique Ghafoor (2008-VA-160) | Dr. Aamir Ghafoor | Prof Dr. Khushi Muhammad | Dr. Aqeel Javeed.

Material type: book Book; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Brucellosis is one of the most important zoonotic diseases of large and small ruminants with worldwide distribution. Brucellosis is declared as serious problem in 86 countries as it is widely distributed throughout the developing world (WHO, 1996). It mainly affects sexually mature animals and causes significant reproductive losses (Wadood et al. 2009). In Azad Jammu & Kashmir (AJK), research work on seroprevalence of brucellosis in small ruminants is very limited. In Bhimber Azad Jammu and Kashmir, 13.33% prevalence of brucellosis in goats has been reported (Din et al. 2013). In another study in Kashmir valley, overall 6.5% small ruminants were found positive by RBPT (STAT 2013). The data was based only on screening test. No confirmatory test like ELISA or PCR was performed to know the true picture of disease problem among RBPT positive ones. To find out seroprevalence of brucellosis in small ruminants, 400 animals ( n= 173 sheep, n=227 goat) were randomly selected and were screened for brucellosis in District Bagh Azad Jammu and Kashmir. A questionnaire was filled for each animal which carried entries including breed, specie, sex, lactation status, abortion history, housing, feeding, age and management etc. Sera samples from these animals were collected and examined by RBPT. Sera samples declared positive by RBPT were subjected to further analysis through ELISA. All lab analyses were done at University diagnostic Lab UVAS, Lahore. The data originated from this study was tested by using Chi square by using “SPSS version 20” and probability level <0.05 was considered significantly different. The results showed overall prevalence 30.75% through RBPT while 2.25 % by ELISA in sheep and goats of District Bagh Azad Jammu and Kashmir. The results showed that the prevalence through RBPT was 14.7 % in Summary 33 sheep and 16 % in goats while through ELISA it was 1 % and 1.25 % in sheep and goats respectively. The results revealed that overall prevalence was higher in goats than in sheep. Moreover the prevalence was higher in female then in male. The prevalence of brucellosis was higher in age group (1.6 Y to 3 Y) in both sheep and goats. The results showed that prevalence was higher in non-pregnant as compare to pregnant animals while prevalence was higher in dry as compare to lactating sheep and goats. Area wise results revealed that prevalence was higher in Bagh followed by Harighel, Arja and Mongbajri. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2616-T] (1).

10. Isolation Of E.Coli O157: H7 From Cattle And Buffalo Meat From Slaughterhouse Of Two Different Management Systems In Lahore

by Ali Hassan Rehman (2008-VA-144) | Dr. Aamir Ghafoor | Prof. Dr. Masood Rabbani | Dr. Hassan Mushtaq.

Material type: book Book; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: The present study was designed to identify the presence of E. coli O157:H7 in buffaloes and cattle carcasses that were slaughtered in two different management systems in Lahore. In Management system A, proper risk assessment and hazard analysis was done and food safety protocols were followed in contrast to Management system B in which animals slaughtered on ground and no hygienic practices were followed. The present study was attempted to detect presence of E. coli O157:H7 in carcasses that were slaughtered in these management systems. For the confirmation of whether E. coli O157:H7 is present or not serological test were performed. For this Latex agglutination Kit method was used. A total of 100 meat samples, in which 50 (25 Cattle and 25 Buffaloes) were collected from management system A and 50 (25 Cattle and 25 Buffaloes) were collected from management system B. These samples were pre-enriched with Modified E. coliBrothand afterward cultured on Cefixime - tellurite Sorbitol MacCkony Agar. The colonies which were colorless and small were selected for confirmation with Latex agglutination test. For confirmation of E. coli O157 latex agglutination kit reagentswere allowed to come to room temperature. A pipette was used to transfer 0.2 ml normal saline into a 12 x 75-mm test tube.Using a sterile loop or needle, pick sufficient colonies from the plate and suspend them in the saline to achieve turbidity. One drop of the Prolex™ E. coli O157 Latex Reagent(Blue color) was placed in a test circle on the test card. Using a Pasteur pipette one drop of the test suspension was added into the same test circle and mixed by using stick provided. The card was gently rocked and examined for agglutination for up to two minutes. Isolates that were positive result with the test latex were tested further by repeating the procedure using the Prolex™ Negative Control Latex Reagent. The positive samples that showed agglutination were declared as positive for E. coli O157:H7. 1 cattle was positive for E. coli O157:H7 in management system A and 4 Cattle were positive in management system B, no buffalo meat sample positive in both systems. The results showed that E. coli O157:H7 was present in our meat value chain and a food safety hazard also. In management system A 1 meat sample was positive for harmful pathogenic bacteria. In management system B, 4 meat samples were positive for E. coli O157:H7. The conclusion of this study, Management system A is better than Management system B to minimize the occurrence of E. coli O157:H7. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2647-T] (1).

11. Study On The Diversity And Antibiotic Resistance Profile Of Bacteria Isolated From Respiratory Tract Infected Dogs And Human

by Misbah Sajjad (2010-VA-299) | Dr. Arfan Ahmad | Dr. Aamir Ghafoor | Dr.Muhammad Hassan Mushtaq.

Material type: book Book; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: In developing countries, respiratory tract infections are the major reason of the prevalence of disease and death in the patients who are seriously sick. Respiratory problems in human and dogs are common in Pakistan. Broad spectrum antibiotics are being used to treat the infections but duration of illness is increasing day by day. Present study was therefore designed to explore the diversity of bacteria causing respiratory tract infections in dogs and human and antibiotic resistance pattern of bacterial isolates Total 60 Samples (sputum, nasal discharge, tracheal swab etc) were collected and evaluated. Thirty (n=30) samples were taken from human and dog each. Among 30 samples of human, 10 were taken from infected males and females each. 5 samples from healthy males and females each were also included. Similarly among 30 samples of dogs, 10 were taken from infected dogs and bitches each along with 5 samples from healthy dogs and bitches each. Samples collected from each gender of human and dog were cultured on the MacConkey, Blood and Chocolate agar plates for the isolation of pathogens. Isolated were confirmation by biochemical tests followed by determination of their antibiotic susceptibility pattern by using Kirby Baur disk diffusion method. From male samples, Staph spp were isolated from all the samples (100%) followed by E.coli (70%), and Salmonella spp, Haemophilus spp each (30%). Whereas from females, Staph aureus were also isolated from 100% samples followed by Salmonella spp (60%), E.coli (40%), and Haemophilus spp (0%) Summary 68 From healthy males, isolation of Staph aureus was confirmed in (100%) samples followed by Salmonella spp (80%), E.coli (20%), and Haemophilus spp (0%). Whereas from females, Staph aureus was also confirmed in (100%) samples followed by E.coli (80%), Salmonella spp (20%) and Haemophilus spp (0%). From dog samples, Staph aureus was isolated from (100%) samples followed by E.coli (60%), Salmonella spp (40%) and Haemophilus spp (20%). Whereas from bitches, Staph aureus was also isolated from (100%) samples followed by Salmonella spp (60%), E.coli (50%), and Haemophilus spp (0%) From the samples of healthy dogs, Isolation of Staph aureus was confirmed in (100%) samples followed by E.coli (80%), Salmonella spp (20%) and Haemophilus spp (0%). Whereas from bitches, Staph aureus was also isolated from (100%) samples followed by Salmonella spp (80%), E.coli (20%), and Haemophilus spp (0%) Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Salmonella spp isolated from samples taken from infected dogs showed 100% resistance to Amoxicillin, Tylosine and Lincomycin and 100% sensitivity to Doxycycline and Oxytetracycline. E.coli showed 100% resistance to Amoxicillin and Lincomycin and 80.8% sensitivity to Ciprofloxacin. Staph spp showed 100% resistance to Tylosine and Lincomycin and Haemophilus spp showed 100% resistance to Ciprofloxacin and Doxycycline Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Salmonella spp isolated from samples taken from healthy dogs showed 100% resistance to Tylosine and Lincomycin. E.coli showed 100% resistance to Tylosine and Lincomycin and 75.8% sensitivity to Ciprofloxacin. Staph spp showed 100% resistance to Tylosine and Lincomycin and 75% sensitivity to Doxycycline. There was no Summary 69 positivity observed for Haemophilus spp in all samples of healthy dogs, so no sensitivity was performed Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Salmonella spp isolated from samples taken from infected bitches showed 100% resistance to Tylosine and Lincomycin and 70% sensitivity to Doxycycline. E.coli showed 100% resistance to Tylosine and Lincomycin. Staph spp showed 100% resistance to Tylosine and Lincomycin and 70% sensitivity to Doxycycline. There was no positivity observed for Haemophilus spp in all samples of infected bitches, so no sensitivity was performed Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Salmonella spp isolated from samples taken from healthy bitches showed 100% resistance to Tylosine and Lincomycin and 90% sensitivity to Doxycycline. E.coli showed 100% resistance to Amoxicillin, Tylosine and Lincomycin. Staph spp showed 100% resistance to Tylosine and Lincomycin and 70% sensitivity to Doxycycline. There was no positivity observed for Haemophilus spp in all samples of healthy bitches, so no sensitivity was performed Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Salmonella spp isolated from samples taken from infected males showed 80% resistance to Amoxicillin and Tylosine. E.coli showed 100% resistance to Tylosine and Lincomycin. Staph spp showed 100% resistance to Lincomycin and 100% sensitivity to Doxycycline. Haemophilus spp showed 100% sensitivity to Doxycycline Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Salmonella spp isolated from samples taken from healthy males showed 100% resistance to Lincomycin. E.coli showed 100% resistance to Tylosine and Lincomycin. Staph spp showed 100% resistance to Tylosine and Lincomycin. There was no Summary 70 positivity observed for Haemophilus spp in all samples of healthy males, so no sensitivity was performed Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Salmonella spp isolated from samples taken from infected females showed 100% resistance to Amoxicillin, Tylosine and Lincomycin. E.coli showed 100% resistance to Amoxicillin and Lincomycin. Staph spp showed 100% resistance to Lincomycin. There was no positivity observed for Haemophilus spp in all samples of infected females, so no sensitivity was performed Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Salmonella spp isolated from samples taken from healthy females showed 100% resistance to Lincomycin. E.coli showed 100% resistance to Amoxicillin and Lincomycin. Staph spp showed 100% resistance to Tylosine and Lincomycin. There was no positivity observed for Haemophilus spp in all samples of healthy females, so no sensitivity was performed Conclusion Our study showed that samples of respiratory tract collected from human and dog showed involvement of bacteria such as Salmonella spp, E. coli and Staph aureus and Haemophilus spp. Most of strains were multidrug resistant. Ciprofloxacin, Doxycycline and Oxytetracycline were effective to treat respiratory infections in human and dogs. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2696-T] (1).

12. Prevalence Of Cpb2 In Clostridium Perfringens Isolated From Livestock In Punjab Pakistan

by Iqra Baig (2009-VA-228) | Dr. Aamir Ghafoor | Dr. Jawad Nazir | Dr. Waseem Shahzad.

Material type: book Book; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: The current study designed for the microbiological and molecular characterization of C. perfringens. C. perfringens is Gram positive rod shape, spore forming bacteria and these are free living bacteria. It is suggested by different studies that the C. perfringens has ability to producing different disease in intestine wall of bovines. Mostly C. perfringens has ability of producing different variety of toxins and enzymes that are responsible for severe myo-necrotic lesions. C. perfringens is divided into five groups (A-E) on the basis of ability for producing the major toxins (alpha, beta, epsilon and iota). A total of 100 fecal samples cattle (n=50) and buffalo (n=50) were collected and analyzed to determine the prevalence of C. perfringens contamination. The samples were enriched in Fluid Thioglycollate Medium (FTM), purified on Reinforced Clostridium Medium (RCM) agar and were identified by their culture characters, morphology and biochemical profile. For confirmation of C. perfringens biochemical test, hemolysis on blood agar, lecithinase activity, gelatine liquefaction test and nitrate reduction test were performed. C. perfringens was successfully isolated from 17 out of 100 samples with an overall positivity ratio of 17 percent. Seven out of 50 were positive for C. perfringens in cattle while this was 10 in buffalo showing slightly higher percentage of C. perfringens in buffalo. Confirmed C. perfringens isolates through biochemical test were subject for DNA extraction by boiling method and kit method both. Isolates of C. perfringens confirmed through biochemical testing were subject for PCR to confirm cpb2 toxin gene. Zero prevalence was found from PCR results. CHAPTER 6 SUMMARY Summary 47 Conclusion: The study reveals that there is high prevalence of C. perfringens among buffalo than cattle. C. perfringens is prevalent in our local animals but beta2 toxin gene not found in the C. perfringens. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2209-T] (1).

13. PREVALENCE OF MAJOR BACTERIAL AND VIRAL POULTRY DISEASES IN LAHORE DIVISION OF PAKISTAN

by Wasiq mehmood (2009-VA-420) | Prof. Dr. Tahir Yaqub | Dr. Aamir Ghafoor | Dr. Yasin Tipu.

Material type: book Book; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Poultry is a huge industry as an emerging agribusiness in Pakistan that contributes a lot in GDP of country but infectious diseases contribute as a major obstacle in profitable production of poultry. There is need to study the most current scenario of major diseases together with all the parameters involved. This can help in making effective preventive measures to minimize the losses. In this study we investigated 1008 cases of poultry diseases received at GP Lab, Lahore. Sick and dead birds were received from different locations of Lahore division during November, 2015 to November, 2016. Whole year was divided in to five seasons as winter (15-Nov to 15-Feb), spring (16-Feb to 14-April), hot summer (15-April to June), hot humid summer (July to 15-Sept) and autumn (16-Sept to 14-Nov). Disease was diagnosed on the basis of flock’s history, postmortem findings, isolation and identification of pathogens using various techniques of bacteriology, virology and molecular biology along with different serological techniques. The result of this study revealed that both bacterial and viral health risks are prevailing in Lahore division of Punjab however bacterial problems are greater in number in comparison of viral infections. Prevalence of E. coli infection (Colibacillosis) was greater than any other disease which could be due to poor disinfection and cleaning of control sheds along with poor management of flocks. Avian influenza and ND shared more than 90% of viral problems throughout the year. Mean prevalence of IBD was found to be 1.46% in recent year whereas CAV and adenoviral infection remained up to negligible extent. Very few cases of CRD and necrotic enteritis were reported. Prevalence of diseases has a strong correlation with seasons with incidence highest in winter and hot summer which could be due to challenging management of flocks because of severe climate conditions. Incidence in spring was found out to be 19.46. Hot humid summer and autumn were found to be least harmful seasons with prevalence of 11.23% Summary 66 and 7.11% respectively. In order to cope up with health issues, up to date studies on prevailing poultry diseases needs to be done in upcoming years as well. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2822-T] (1).

14. Comparative Efficacy Of Pre And Post Exposure Prophylaxis Using Indigenous Rabies Vaccine By Im Route

by Kaneez Fatima (2010-VA-202) | Prof. Dr. Tahir Yaqub | Dr. Aamir Ghafoor Bajwa | Dr. Maryam Javed.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Rabies is a viral zoonosis that is known to be present in more than 150 countries, including Pakistan. It is a very serious health problem especially in countries with limited resources and poor awareness. It has significant economic impact and almost 100 % mortality if not properly managed.Dogs are responsible for up to 99% of all rabies transmissions to humans. Rabies is vaccine preventable viral disease. The vaccine is very expensive and a significant factor in patient’s compliance in Pakistan especially in rural areas where the main problem exist i.e. more stray dogs and increased probability of being bitten. Availability of a cheap indigenously produced effective vaccine can be very helpful in reducing the cost and overall improvement of the rabies problem in Pakistan. We randomly selected a total of 50 patients visiting IPH. Among them 10 of pre-exposure prophylaxis and 40 for post-exposure prophylaxis. Twenty patients of the post-exposure group were children and twenty were adults. The NIH-anti rabies vaccine was administered intramuscularly to the persons visiting the IPH for pre and post exposure prophylaxis using Essen regimen. For pre exposure patients three doses on day 0,7,28 was given and for post exposure patients five doses on day 0, 3, 7, 14, and 28 was administered. The 3ml blood was collected on day 0, 28, 60 and 90 following vaccination. Serum was examined by ELISA Kit (Bio Rad Platelia rabies II Kit) for protective antibody titer. Pakistan is importing anti-rabies vaccine which is much costly, and sometimes unavailability is a serious concern for patients. In the present study we concluded that indigenous rabies vaccine was very effective and protective levels of rabies antibody titers was detected following vaccination in all patients of the study. By widespread utilization of this vaccine we can reduce demand of imported vaccine, thus lessen the economic burden. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2875-T] (1).

15. Contribution Of Used Syringes Towards The Spread Of Hepatitis C Virus Infection Among Drug Addicts

by Muhammad Younas Iqbal (2014-VA-220) | Ms. Saman Sana | Dr. Hussain Farooq | Dr. Saif Ur Rehman Kashif | Dr. Aamir Ghafoor.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: HCV infection is becoming, day by day, a serious health issue in our planet and in this contect about 1.3 billions population of it, is suffering from this illness. The purpose of this research was to describe the HCV prevalence in intravenous drug users belonging to different environments and backgrounds. There is a large proportion of IDUs who belong to poor and illetrate families. Most of the times, we see them as ignored and isolated group, unaware and non-serious about their health status. The number of intravenous drug users was one hundered cases selected from two hospitals and three different areas of Lahore including Shaikh Zayed Hospital Lahore, Punjab Institute of Mental Health, Data Darbar, Minar-e-Pakistan and Railway station Lahore. All the cases were evaluated for anti-HCV antibodies. Out of 100 subjects 42 (42%) showed anti-HCV positive results and 58 (58%) showed anti-HCV negative results, proving the IDUs more susceptible for acquiring HCV infection and reinfection by other serotypes of HCV and other disease as well. IDUs are the highest risk group for developing the HCV infection as concluded by the study and their massive awareness, focus on HCV treatment and also to check the other blood borne diseases are major suggestions advised by the research. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2906-T] (1).



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