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1. Serorrevalence Of Toxoplasmosis In Captive Birds

by Sadia ibrahim | Prf.Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Dr. Aftab | Dr. Muhmmad latif | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: Toxoplasmosis is caused by Toxoplasma gondii, an intracellular parasite which infects humans as well as wide variety of mammals and birds. Toxoplasmosis is found throughout the world and tends to be more prevalent in tropical climates. It is considered as one of the major public health disease. Risk of infection from turkeys, pigeons, ducks and quails to man is scarce, as they are intermediate hosts and are frequently infected by eating feed contaminated by cat faeces containing oocysts of T.gondii. The high seroprevalence in them could be related to large populations of homeless cats in the city and may suggests the significant role of urban pigeons in the epidemiology of toxoplasmosis. A total of 200 serum samples were analyzed for anti-toxoplasma antibodies, of these 50 samples from ducks, 50 sampls from turkeys, 50 samples from pigeons and 50 samples from quails were collected at random. Under aseptic measures, 1-2 ml blood were withdrawn by venipuncture. All the serum samples wiere analyzed for specific IgG anti toxoplasma antibodies using Latex Agglutination Test (LAT). Positive reaction were visualized by naked eyes or magnifying hand lense.Commercially available Toxoplasma latex kit was used to determine the serum antibody. Results were interpretated. Data obtained was analyzed statistically by calculating the per cent sero-positivity of Toxoplasma gondii in ducks, turkeys, pigeons and quails. In the present study the overall seroprevalence of T.gondii infection in pigeons, ducks, turkeys and quails is 8%, 12%, 16% and 4% respectively by using Latex Agglutination Test. In pigeons seroprevalence of T.gondii was 8% out of 50 pigeons examined one gave an antibody titer of 1:256, one was positive at 1:128, whereas two at 1:16 secreening dilution. In ducks seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii is 12% out of 50 ducks examined one gave an antibody titer of 1:256, two was positive at 1:128, whereas three at 1:16 secreening dilution. In turkeys seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii is 16% out of 50 turkeys examined three gave an antibody titer of 1:256, two was positive at 1:128, whereas three at 1:16 secreening dilution. In quails seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii is 12% out of 50 quails examined zero gave an antibody titer of 1:256, one was positive at 1:128, whereas one at 1:16 secreening dilution. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1160,T] (1).

2. Study Of Autosomal Recessive Non Syndromic Mental Retardation Locus By Linkage Analysis

by Sajjad Ali Shah | Prof.Dr.Masroor Elahi Babar | Dr. Aftab | Mr. Tanveer Hussain.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Nature of contents: biography; Literary form: Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: Mental retardation (MR) is the retarded conditions of mind in which the intelligence quotient (IQ) is lower than 70, associated with a deficiency in adaptive behavior such as communication and daily living skills. Mental retardation is either the only consistent handicap (non-syndromic) or is combined with other physical and br behavioral abnormalities (syndromic). It is one of the most common disorders and it affects about 1-3% of the human population, with a proportion higher in males than females. In the present study 10 families with two or more affected individuals were selected from different areas of Malakand Division and district Mardan of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Family history was taken and pedigrees were made personally by visiting the families and using specially designed proformas after their consent. The blood was collected from the selected families aseptically. Then DNA was extracted by standard inorganic protocol. Short Tandem Repeat (STR) markers (D3S3630, D3S3050, D3S1620) in vicinity of MR locus (MRT2CRBN gene) were selected, optimized and amplified by Polymerase Chain Reaction. The affected families were screened for linkage to MRT2A locus using Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE). The haplotypes were then constructed to determine the linkage of families to MRT2A locus. Out often selected families two families (MR-02 and MR-07) showed linkage to autosomal recessive nonsyndromic mental retardation locus MRT2A. This is the first report of MRT2A phenotype linkage in families from Malakand Division where consanguineous marriages are very common. Further study is needed to explore the other linkages in mentally retarded families in local population. The present study will help us to determine the genetics basis of mental retardation in affected families of Pakistan. It will also help us to screen out carrier individuals in our population that would help to develop genetic counseling strategies to prevent the progression of mental retardation in the country. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1162,T] (1).

3. Molecular Investigation Of Mental Retardation Locus (Mrti)/Gene Prss12 By Linkage Analysis

by Zafar Ali | Prof.Dr.Masroor Elahi Babar | Dr. Aftab | Mr. Muhammad Asif.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: Mental retardation (MR) is a condition in which a person having an intelligence quotient (IQ) lowers than 70. It is also associated with a deficit in adaptive behavior such as communication and daily living skills. Mental retardation is either non-syndromic or syndromic. It is one of the most common genetic disorders and it affects about 1-3% of the human population, with a ratio of males higher than females. The present study was can-ied out to determine the prevalence of families having mental retardation in Pakistani population. In the present study, 7 MR families with three or more affected individuals with MR were enrolled. Family history was taken and pedigree was made personally by visiting the families. The blood samples were collected from the enrolled families. Then DNA was extracted from the blood samples collected from these families by standard inorganic protocol. After isolation of DNA from blood samples, 3 STR markers (D4S191, D4S2392 and D4S3024) in vicinity of mental retardation (MR) locus (MRT1)/gene PRSS12 were amplified on each sample of each family by PCR. The amplified PCR product was first checked on agarose gel and then genotyping analysis (linkage analysis) was performed on non denaturing polyacrylamide gel (PAGE). After polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, picture of the gel was taken and alleles were read manually with larger allele donated by 2 and smaller by 1. After that haplotype was constructed to determined the pattern of inheritance among the affected and normal individuals of each family under study and also to determined that a family was linked or unlinked to mental retardation locus (MRTI)/gene PRSS12. None of the family was linked to mental retardation locus/gene PRSS12. The families which remain unlinked to the reported loci during screening signifies extreme genetic heterogeneity of MR which is not surprising because about 50% of human protein coding genes are expressed in the brain and it provides an excellent resource material for mapping of the new genes which will shed light on the complex pathways involved in the development of learning and memory in those population. The pedigree of each family in the present study showed that most of the marriages are cousin marriages; therefore this study may play a role in creating awareness about the effect of cousin marriages that is the first step towards decreasing socio-economic burden of the country by genetic counseling and also to prevent mental retardation in Pakistan due to inbreeding. Mental retardation locus (MRT1)/gene PRSS12 was studied for linkage analysis in seven families from different areas of District Swat and Peshawar of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. None Out of seven families was linked to mental retardation locus (MRT1 )/gene PRSS 12. All the seven families remain unlinked to this locus. It is concluded that Mental retardation is a complex genetic disorder and needs further studies to identify the already known locus or to explore novel loci through genome wide scan responsible for mental retardation in these population. This will provide opportunities of genetic counseling to these populations and will ultimately result in prevention of mental retardation in Pakistani population. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1171,T] (1).

4. Food Borne Bacterial Contamination Of Retail Poultry Meat At Chicken Sale Outlets In Lahore City

by Anwar Ullah | Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum | Dr. M. Younus | Dr. Tahir yaqoob.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: Poultry is an important sub sector of live stock and its share in GDP is 2.0 percent and it is playing an important role in improving the income of rural and urban population of Pakistan. Food poisoning is becoming a serious health problem to human being. The organisms belonging to the Genera Salmonella and Campylobacter are considered to be the most important pathogens. The present research is performed for isolation and enumeration of bacterial pathogens from the family Enterobacteriaceae and Genus Staphylococci. A total of 200 samples each of liver, kidneys, breast muscle and intestine were collected from four different roads of Lahore city. Each sample was weighed 5gm and was rinsed in 10 ml sterile phosphate buffer saline (PBS) for collection of Sample rinses. Serial 10-fold dilutions of sample rinses (SR) were subsequently prepared in sterile phosphate buffer saline (PBS) for standard plate count (SPC). Each dilution of sample rinsed were inoculated to selective agar plates for enumeration and isolation S. enteritidis, C. jejuni, E. coli and S. aureus. Numbers of selective agar plates contaminated with E. coli were 75.5%, having the highest value and S. aureus were isolated from the lowest number of plates (50%). C. jejuni were isolated from 119 (59.5%) out of 200 samples and Salmonella enteritidis contamination rate were 71% (142 out of 200 samples). Over all 200 samples each of liver, kidneys, breast muscles and intestine 158(79%) out of 200 were contaminated with food borne bacteria. Kidney samples were less contaminated having contamination rate of 42.5% (85 out of 200 samples). Intestine and liver samples were contaminated with a medium range of 66.5% (133) and 68% (136) respectively. Intestinal samples had highest range of colony forming units (CFU) per gram of C. jejuni and kidney samples had the lowest CFU per gram with an average CFU per gram of 1.2 x106 (<log 6.09>) and 1.0 xi (<log 4.02>)respectively. Liver samples had an average CFU per gram of 6.3 xl ü (<log 4.80>) and breast muscle had 1.4 x ] (<log 5.15>)CFU per gram of sample(Table 02). Liver samples had highest CFU per gram of S. enteritidis and kidney samples had the lowest value with an average CFU per gram of 1.1 x106 (<log 6.05>) and 9.8 xi0 (<log 3.99>) respectively. Intestinal samples had an average 9.7 xiO5 (<log 5.98>) and breast muscle had 1.1 xi (<log 5.04>) CFU per gram of sample (Table 03). Intestinal samples had highest CFU per gram of E. coli and kidney samples had the lowest value with an average CFU per gram of 7.7 x l0 (<log 7.88>) and 1 .5 x (<log 4.19>) respectively. Liver samples had an average 8.7 x 0 (<log 5.94>) and breast muscle had 1.8 x 106 (<log 6.25>) CFU per gram of sample (Table 04). The breast muscles had the highest CFU per gram of S. aureus and kidney samples had the lowest value with an average CFU per gram of 1.1>i0 (<log 5.04>) and l.5x 10 (<log 4.17>) respectively. Liver samples had an average of 1.1 xl (<log 5.05>) and intestinal samples had 2.5x10 (<log 4.40>) CFU per gram of samples. The samples were sub cultured for isolation and identification of food borne pathogens like Salmonella enteritidis, Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coil and Staphylococcus aureus species by following the standard protocols of Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology 9th Edition. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1185,T] (1).

5. The Study Of Gene Gjb2/Dfnb1 Causing Deafness In Humans By Linkage Analysis From District Peshawar

by Noor Badshah | Prof.Dr.Masroor Elahi Babar | Dr. Aftab | Mr. Muhammad Asif.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: Hearing impairment is the partial or complete inability to hear that leads to compromise the development of normal language skills. Among all the sensory impairments in humans, hearing impairment is the most common. It is estimated that at least 50% of the cases are due to genetic factors. Hereditary hearing loss may be syndromic or non-syndromic; about 30% of deafness cases are syndromic, while 70% is non-syndromic. It is estimated that the prevalence of profound bilateral hearing loss is 1.6 per 1000 in Pakistan and 70% of hearing loss arises in consanguineous families. The main pattern of inheritance of deafness in Pakistani population is autosomal recessive and to date more than 145 loci and 26 genes have been identified for non-syndromic recessive deafness. More than 400 disorders associated with hearing loss shows extreme genetic heterogeneity and complexity of the mammalian inner ear. As more genes are identified, the elucidation of the function of the proteins that these genes encode contributes greatly to the understanding of cochlear mechanisms and their role in disease causation. The gene involved, GJB2, encodes the connexin26 molecule. Connexin26 is a component of gap junctions, the links that allow small molecules to pass from one cell to the next, and this protein is found in several places in the body, including the epithelial supporting cells surrounding the sensory ear cells of the cochlea.The sensory ear cells of the cochlea allow potassium ions to pass through their upper surface during normal reception of sound, and these potassium ions must be recycled through the base of the ear cells and the supporting cells and fibrocytes back into the high-potassium endolymph that bathes the tops of the ear cells. The aim of this study was Linkage analysis for DFNB1 locus involved in causing hereditary deafness in families from Khyber Pukhtunkhwa. A total of 10 families were enrolled from different areas of Khyber Pukhtunkhwa province. I have studied 8 families of these 10 (i.e.) family no. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9 and 10. The families have at least three affected individuals. All the families showed recessive mode of inheritance. For linkage analysis studies for DFNB1 locus, three STR markers D13S175, D13S292, and D13S787 were genotyped using Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and haplotypes were constructed to determined, linkage with DFNB1 locus. From a total of 8 families, a single family was linked to DFNB1 locus. The DFNB1 locus is the first non-syndromic deafness locus mapped to chromosome 13q12. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1191,T] (1).

6. Characterization Of Indigenious Species Of Mycotoxins Producing Aspergilli

by Gull Naz | Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum | Prof. Dr. Khushi Muhammad.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: Pakistan's economy is based on agriculture. Agriculture crops are harvested and stored in feed mills for production of thousands ton of feed for livestock as well as poultry through out the year. In Pakistan, July and August are hot and humid months during which moulds grow abundantly on the heaves of wheat! rice/maize straw and feed ingredients and produce variety of toxins. Present study has been designed to explore different groups of moulds prevailing in and around Lahore city in each month of the year. Samples of soil and air were collected from ten different places of Lahore city. A total of 240 samples were cultured on a common Saboraud's Dextrose Agar to get single colonies of each mould. These single colonies were identified by colony characters, slide cultures and biochemical tests. Mycotoxin producing Aspergilli were isolated by culturing on specified media and placing the cultures under Wood's lamp. Mycotoxin productions potential were assessed by extracting mycotoxins of these Aspergilli. Mycotoxins produced by the Aspergilli were identified and purified through Thin Layer Chromatography. These mycotoxins were then quantified through High Performance Liquid Chromatography. The identified and purified mycotoxins can be used as standards. Reference standards are important and critical for qualitative and quantitative detection of mycotoxins in field samples screening. Presently mycotoxin is a ban item. The occurrence of toxinogenic Aspergilli have economic impact directly on livestock and poultry products export. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1217,T] (1).

7. Detection Of Hazardous Organism In Raw And Pasteurized Milk With Particular Reference To 3Enterobacteriaceae

by Ayesha | Prof. Dr. Mansur ud Din Ahmad | Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum | Prof. Dr.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: The present study was carried out to detect the hazardous organisms in raw milk from public health point of view. In total one hundred twenty (120) milk samples were collected from milk retail shops in and around Lahore. Out of these 120, one hundred samples were of raw milk and rests of the twenty samples were of pasteurized milk. Their microbiological quality was studied by performing standard plate count (SPC), coliform count and identification of hazardous bacteria belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae. The micro flora of milk was also studied for the prevalence of multiple drug resistant (MDR) bacteria. Milk supplied in Lahore city was found to have poor microbiological quality. Bacterial load was determined by SPC and coliform count. The standard plate count (S.P.C) of the raw milk ranged from 4.2x106 to 7.7xl07 c.f.u/ml. The coliform counts ranged from 3.4x 104 c.f.u /ml to 6.9x105 /ml. A total of 81 isolates were identified from raw milk samples. These included Yersinia (3 strains), Klebsiella (16 strains), Escherichia coli (14 strains), Enterobacter (11 strains), Shigella (3 strains), Salmonella (19 strains) and' Proteus (15 strains).The standard plate count for pasteurized milk ranged from 1.45x104 c.f.u/ml to 3.8x 105 c.f.u/ml. The minimum and maximum coliform count was 7.2x102 to 8.4xl03 c.f.u/ml respectively for pasteurized. All samples were outside the international standard for coliform bacteria. A total of 13 isolates were identified from pasteurized milk samples. These included Yersinia (2 strains), Klebsiella (1 strains), Escherichia coli (6 strains), Enterobacter (2 strains), Shigella (1 strains) and Proteus (1 strains). All the isolates showed multiple drug resistance to various commonly used antibiotics in veterinary practices. Escherichia coli were resistant to all antibiotics used except Gentamicin (10µg). Enterobacter was sensitive to all the antibiotics used except to Ampicillin (10µg). Shigella was sensitive to Gentamicin (10µg), Kanamycin (30µg), Choloramphenicol( 25µg), but showed resistance to Ampicillin (10µg), Oxytetracycline ( 25µg), Streptomycin (10 µg), Pencillin (10 µg) and Tribrissin (25µg)., Salmonella was resistanct to Ampicillin (10µg), Oxytetracycline ( 25µg), Streptomycin (10 µg), Pencillin (10 µg) and Tribrissin (25µg). But sensitive to Gentamicin (10µg). .All the isolates showed greatest resistance to Penicillin (10 ug.) whereas, most of the isolates were sensitive to Gentamycin, Kanamycin and Chloramphenicol. Finally, it is recommended that the members of the public should always boil raw milk before consumption because of their microbial content. Therefore, it is highly recommended that hygienic practices and regulations, such as on-site pasteurization and implementation of HACCP following established standards, should be introduced to facilitate the production of raw milk of high quality and safety. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1219,T] (1).

8. Physico-Chemical Growth Requirements And Molecular Characterization Of Indigenous Spirulina

by Muhammad Qasim | Dr. Imran Najeeb | Dr | Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: Spirulina is a microscopic and filamentous cyanobacterium (blue-green alga). It is 60-70% protein by weight and contains a rich source of vitamins, especially vitamin B12 and provitamin A (13-carotene), and minerals, especially iron. One of the few sources of dietary y-linolenic acid (GLA), it also contains a host of other phytochemicals that have otential health benefits. For medical scientists it is gaining more attention as a nutraceutical and source of potential pharmaceuticals. Spirulina has ability to inhibit viral replication, strengthen both the cellular and humoral immunity and cause regression and inhibition of cancers it also has antioxidant property. It also has been receiving increasing interest due to its potential to produce a diverse range of chemicals and biologically active compounds, such as vitamins, carotenoid pigments, proteins, lipids and polysaccharides. Present study was designed to explore the indigenous spirulina and its mass cultivation by optimizing the physicochemical growth requirements. One hundred and twenty samples were collected from different soils and water reservoirs from three districts (Sargodha, Lahore and Faisalabad) of Punjab. Then spirulina was isolated from collected samples and cultivated under different nutrient, temperature and light regimes to get its maximum bio-mass in our laboratory. Our results showed that maximum growth of indigenous spirulina was obtained at 30°C and at 1500 lux (light intensity). Nitrogen concentrations (0.625. 1.25 and 1.875 gIl) had no effect on the growth, while phosphate concentrations (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 gIl) had a minimal and gradual effect on growth as the concentrations were increased. For the confirmation and molecular characterization of indigenous spirulina, DNA was isolated by chioroform-isoamyl alcohol extraction method and its polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was carried out by using specific primer of 16s rDNA gene (CYA1O6F and CYA78IR) and PCR products were run on gel giving an amplicon size of 700 bp. Now a day in the world people are competing for food supplementation. The spirulina can act as a source of nutraceuticals. This study helps in optimizing the growth of indigenous spirulina. For large scale industrial production its extensive study should be done like physiology, growth, reproduction etc. This will pave an avenue for further nutraceuticals. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1224,T] (1).

9. Prevalence Of Multiple Drug Resistant (Mdr) Bacteria In Intestinal Infections Of Dogs

by Iffat Habib | Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum | Prof. Dr. Masood Rabbani.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Antimicrobial resistance is a complex problem involving various bacterial species, resistance mechanisms, transfer mechanisms and reservoirs. Cats and dogs are the potential sources for spread of antimicrobial resistance in humans due to their close contact with them. The horizontal transfer of antimicrobial resistance genes through plasmids, integrons and transposons has been found to play an important role in the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance genes. Canine antimicrobial resistant genes had been identified in bacteria isolated from human clinical infections suggesting the spread of resistance mechanisms from canine to human bacteria. The present study has been designed to study the prevalence of multiple drug resistant strains causing enteritis in dogs. 100 Samples were collected from different Pet clinics in and around of Lahore city. These samples were cultured for identification of MDR bacteria. Antibiotic resistance profile was studied by the standard Disk diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer Method) for commonly used antibiotics. These MDR bacteria were isolated and identified as per standard protocols described in the Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. Different combinations of antibiotics were also evaluated for in-vitro antibiotic sensitivity for an effective treatment of these cases so that the load of MDR bacteria could be reduced. From the collected samples E. coli, Salmonella enterica, Proteus vulgaris, Citrobacter diversus and Psedomonas spp. were identified. Among all of these E.coli was most prevalent followed by Salmonella enterica, Citrobacter diversus, Proteus vulgaris and Psedomonas spp. Out of 127 E.coli isolates 52 40.94%) were declared as MDR-Bacteria following 50 Salmonella enterica isolates 17 (34.00%), 17 Citrobacter diversus 6 (35.29), 12 Proteus vulgaris isolates 06 (50%). It was concluded that MDR isolates were most sensitive to antibiotic combination (Amoxicillin + Clavulanic Acid), followed by (Oxytetracyclin + Tylosin), (Gentamycin + Ceftriaxone), and (Penicillin + Streptomycin). Out of 52 MDR E.coli isolates 23 (44.23%) were found to be invasive. Recommendations are made on prudent use of antimicrobial drugs in dogs, as well as on the need to develop science-based infection control programs in veterinary hospitals. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1231,T] (1).

10. Chemical Equivalence Of Different Brands Of Amoxicillin Trihydrate And Its Minimum Inhibitory Concentration

by Rana Adnan Ali | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Ashraf | Dr aftab Ahmad | Dr.Muhammad Adil Rasheed.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: This project was designed to study the chemical equivalence of different brands of amoxicillin trihydrate (long acting and short acting) approved by the ministry of health and available in the market for veterinary use. Amoxicillin was measured by HPLC method developed and standardized in the laboratory. Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of the amoxicillin trihydrate was determined. Solutions of different concentrations were prepared from amoxicillin trihydrate reference standard for the determination of LOD. and were protected from light and stored at 2-8 oC until used. The LOD calculated by us was 0.100 (µg / ml) and LOQ was 0.5 (µg / ml). Correlation Coefficient should be ? 0.99 and the result obtained by the data was 0.99984050. Chemical equivalence of all brands was determined by using HPLC systems (Shimadzu & Agilent). Concentrations for reference standard (50, 25 and 10 ?g /ml ) and for each brand (Alomox LA, Amovet LA, Farmox LA, Novamox LA, Trioxyl LA, Amoxi-vet, Colimox, and Colimoxin) were used. All the results obtained showed that maximum percentage of assay obtained among long acting was of the brand Farmox LA (101 %) and in case of short acting was of Amoxi-vet (101%). Minimum percentage of assay among long acting was of brand Amovet LA (92 %) and in case of short acting was of Colimox (96%). MIC of amoxicillin against E.coli and Staphylococcus was determined by micro broth dilution test. According to our results 73.33 % E.coli were susceptible and 26.67% were resistant to the amoxicillin trihydrate. Our results showed that 86.67% Staphylococcus were susceptible and 13.33% were resistant to Amoxicillin Trihydrate (Reference Standard). It showed that this antibiotic is still very effective against the diseases produced by the Escherichia.coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1249,T] (1).

11. Study Of Pathogenesis Of Mycoplasma Gallisepticum In White Leg Horn Layer

by Mubasher Rauf | Prof.Dr.Zafar Iqbal Ch | Dr Aftab | Dr.M.Younus Rana.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: In first part of present study 380 samples were collected from clinically suspected cases of layers suffering from respiratory diseases in and around Lahore. Samples were subjected for mycoplasma isolation by using Frey's medium. Plates with positive growth revealed characteristic colonies on 8th day post inoculation that reached maximum in size and growth at 15th day post inoculation. Out of 380 samples, 104 (27.36%) samples were positive on culture. Isolates were identified through growth inhibition test (GIT) by using hyper immune sera raised in rabbits. Isolates were further confirmed by PCR. Similarly, tracheal swabs and tissue samples of lungs and trachea collected under refrigeration were also subjected for DNA analysis. Out of 380 samples 264 (69.5%) were positive on PCR analysis. By comparing two diagnostic techniques it was found that PCR was more sensitive and reliable technique for screening of Mycoplasma gallisepticum. In second part of study experiment isolates were analyzed for protein profile of Mycoplasma by standardization of two techniques Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel (SDS-PAGE) and western blotting. These techniques help to find out any antigenic variation in prevailing strain of mycoplasma. During our study five bands of protein were detected with molecular size of 32.35 kDa, 43.65 kDa, 52.48 kDa, 64.56 kDa and 70.8 kDa. These proteins were extracted from whole cell of Mycoplasma gallisepticum isolates. On comparing the molecular sizes it was found that isolated species showed low antigenic variation, analyzed by SDS-PAGE. Western blot was used to determine the specific protein of Mycoplasma gallisepticum with the use of specific polyclonal antibody raised in rabbit. The positive reaction site was shown on nitrocellulose membrane confirming target species of CRD. During third part of present study, it was concluded that aerosol route of infection causes early disease, followed by intra tracheal and per-oral route respectively. The severity of infection was found more in aerosol and intra tracheal routes of inoculation than per-oral route which was found to be very mild. The general gross lesions observed in the above two groups were hemorrhages in trachea with mucous plug. There was air sacculitis, hemorrhages in the lungs, salpingitis and putrefied eggs in the ovary. On histopathological examination lesions were found in trachea, lungs and oviduct. Re-isolation was carried out to confirm antigen in experimentally inoculated birds. Paraffin embedded sections of trachea, lungs and oviduct were processed for immunohistochemical examination in order to confirm the antigen of Mycoplasma gallisepticum within tissue. A positive immunochemical reaction was found in lungs and oviduct. Which represents that antigen was same as inoculated during study of pathogenesis. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1258,T] (1).

12. Antigenic Relatedness Of Caecal Eimeria Species In Broilers By Sds-Page

by Muhammad Tayyub | Prof. Dr. Kamran Ashraf | Dr. Aftab | Dr. Nisar Ahmad.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Coccidiosis is caused by various species of Eimeria. Avian coccidiosis is divided in two types (intestinal and caecal). Eimeria tenella and E. necatrix cause caecal eimeriosis.E.tenella is the most pathogenic species and its infection is causing huge economic losses to poultry industry world wide. In the present study, 400 caecal samples suspected for coccidiosis were collected from two districts (Kasur and Sheikhupura). Ten samples from twenty farms of each district were collected and examined for coccidiosis and species identication. The prevalence of coccidiosis was higher (65.25%) in both districts. Coccidiosis was found more prevalent in district Kasur (66.5%) as compared to Sheikhupura (63%). Eimeria species were identified by conventional methods like Direct Microscopy, Sedimentation technique, Floatation Technique and Sporulation.. The prevalence percentage of E.tenella and E,necatrix was found 67.5% and 12.25% respectively in 400 suspected caecal samples. E.tenella was more prevalent in district Kasur (67.5%) as compared to district Sheikhupura (63%). E.necatrix was also more prevalent in district Kasur (13%) than district Sheikhupura (11.5%). Protein profiling of all E. tenella strains was performed to check antigenic related ness between different isolates of E.tenella. More tan ninety percent isolates were antigenically identical which showed that E.tenella isolates in both districts were antigenically related. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1239,T] (1).

13. Comparative Efficiency Of Routine Identification Methods With Molecular Technique (Pcr) For Detection Of Caecal Eimeria Species in Broilers

by Muhammad Yasir | Prof. Dr. Kamran Ashraf | Dr. Aftab | Prof. Dr. Azhar Maqbool.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Caecl coccidiosis is caused by Eimeria tenella and E. necatrix and poultry industry is facing huge economic losses due to this infection world wide. Eimeria tenella is the most common cause of caecal coccidiosis but E. necatrix is also isolated rarely. In the present study, 400 caecal samples suspected for coccidiosis were collected from two districts (Lahore and Gujranwala). Ten samples from twenty farms of each district were collected and examined for coccidiosis and species identication. Prevalence of coccidiosis was found 68%. It was more prevalent in district Gujranwala (71.5%) as compared to Lahore (64.5%). Eimeria species were identified by conventional (Direct Microscopy, Sedimentation technique, Floatation Technique and Sporulation) and molecular technique (PCR). Polymerase chain reaction was found the most sensitive ands accurate technique for species identification as compared to all conventional techniques. The prevalence percentage of E.tenella and E,necatrix was found 68% and 12.5% respectively. E.tenella was more prevalent in district Gujranwala (71.5%) as compared to district Lahore (64.5%). E.necatrix was also more prevalent in district Gujranwala (13.5%) than district Lahore (11.5%). The difference in percent prevalence of coccidiosis and species of Eimeria may be due to difference in farm management, farming type, biosecurity measures. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1274,T] (1).

14. Effect Of Various Concen Trayious Of Hydrogen Pereoxide On Chemical And Microbiogical Quality Of Raw Buffalo Milk

by Muhammad Ilyas Alam | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ayaz | Dr. Aftab Ahmed Anjum | Dr. Imran Javed.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Milk is a complex mixture of fat, proteins, carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins and other miscellaneous constituents dispersed in water. Milk production in flush season is much more than in the normal. Milk production and supply fluctuate through out the year and during winter it is surplus to its demand. Surplus milk is available in winter due to new calving, less consumption of milk by the consumer. In winter season ample amount of green fodder is available to the animals which in turn increase the milk production. Milk and milk products being very delicate and perishable food require special handling prior to the consumption and further treatment. Pakistan due to its harsh climatic conditions people are using different methods, for the preservation of milk. They are using different chemicals, additives and antibiotics to enhance the keeping quality of milk. Present study was planned to investigate the various concentration of hydrogen peroxide or raw buffalo milk and its effect on chemical and microbiological quality of raw buffalo milk. Raw buffalo milk samples were collected from Dairy Animal Training and Research Centre, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Ravi campus Pattoki Fifty samples of raw buffalo milk (100ml each) were collected to studied the nutritional composition and microbiological quality of the milk after adding the hydrogen peroxide. The hydrogen peroxide of different concentration i.e. 0.025%, 0.05%, 0.075%and 0.1% were used in this study. There was no significant change in the result regarding various nutritional composition of raw buffalo milk after adding the various concentrations of hydrogen peroxide. There is a slight change in the lactose % during study of 48 h storage of milk at different temperature. Statistically the change which occurred in lactose during storage is significant whereas over all decrease in Solid Not Fat is non significant Mean value of TPC of raw buffalo milk treated with different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide storage at the three different temperatures indicated that at 10° C TPC was very less as compared to control. TPC at 30° C after 48 h was 9.83x106.Which was very less as compared to TPC of control i.e. 1.195 x107. The effect of H2O2 on the quality of the milk is negligible as compared to the losses suffered without it. The hydrogen peroxide definitely have its effect as a preservative.. The use of preservative in milk and dairy products are not new in the countries where ambient temperature remains quite high. Our study suggests that the concentration of hydrogen peroxide to be used for the preservation of raw milk is 0.05 % to 0.1 % Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1291,T] (1).

15. Detoxification Potential Of Yeast Sludhe Ahainst Ochratoxin In Broiler Chicks

by Huma Mujahid | Dr. Abu Saeed Hashmi | Dr. Aftab | Miss Asma Waris.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Ochratoxin the fungal secondary metabolite is a potent natural contaminant of poultry feed. Mycotoxins present in poultry feeds from the raw material used in their production is the major cause of toxic feed. The intake of very low levels of Ochratoxin-A result in overt ochratoxicosis resulting in impairment of immune system and acquired resistance to infections causing health problems which lead to economic losses in the form of reduced productivity The research study was conducted to study the harmful effects of Ochratoxin on broiler chicks and the adsorptive potential of yeast sludge against Ochratoxin in broiler chicks . Aspergillus ochraceus was grown on Sabraud's Dextrose Agar and ochratoxin was produced on fermented wheat grains .One fifty day old Chicks of broiler breed were purchased from Big birds hatchery and were raised on commercial broiler diet till 7 days. Four diets A,B,C and D were formulated A diet serve as control, B diet contained OTA 500ppb, C diet contained OTA 500ppb and 1% Yeast sludge and D diet contained OTA 500ppb and 2% Yeast sludge. These four diets were assigned randomly to the chicks, such that there were three replicates on each ration and each replicate contained 10 chicks. Vaccination against N.D and IBD was performed according to the schedule. During feeding trial weight gain , feed consumed, FCR and mortality rate was determined. Group B (500ppb OTA) showed a decrease in weight gain and feed consumption as compared to group A (control diet) , C (1% yeast sludge and 500ppb OTA) and D (2% yeast sludge and 500ppb ochratoxin). Group D showed more improvement in weight gain, feed consumption and FCR as compared to group C. Blood serum and tissue samples were collected from the birds slaughtered at the end of experimental trial. Concentration of serum total protein, albumin and activity of alanine transaminase were determined. Blood Serum levels of total protein and albumin were lower in the group B (500ppb OTA) than group D having 2 % yeast sludge but the group C fed on 1% yeast sludge did not show much improvement in those parameters. Activity of ALT was found to be significantly higher (P<0.05) in group C as compared to all other groups. Whereas blood serum ALT activity of the birds fed on ration B was significantly high (P< 0.05) as compared to blood serum ALT of group A The Level of Ochratoxin in Liver and Kidneys was also determined and it was found to be highest in Group B (500ppb OTA) and lowest in Group D (500ppb OTA + 2% yeast sludge). Based upon the observations obtained in this study it can be concluded that ochratoxin-A is a nephrotoxic and hepatotoxic agent. But supplementation of 2% yeast sludge in the broiler diet can effectively detoxify the effects of ochratoxin as compared to supplementation of 1% yeast sludge in the chicks diet. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1313,T] (1).

16. Antibacterial Activity Of Indihenous Hernal Exteacts Ahainst Urease Profucinh Bacreria

by Rubina Yasmeen | Dr. Abu Saeed Hashmi | Dr. Aftab | Miss Shagufra Saeed.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Poultry farming is a profitable business but is facing serious ammonia environment particularly during winter season when ventilation frequency is reduced to maintain the shed's temperature. Urease producing bacteria in droppings are main cause of emitting ammonia in the sheds. The ammonia poultry environment is inducing reduced weight gain, immuno-suppression, enhanced susceptibility to respiratory pathogens, etc. Aqueous and alcoholic extracts of 14 local herbs (Aloe Vera, Azadirachta indica, Allium sativum, Calotropis procera, Cannabis sativa, Carum capticum, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Lantana camara, Mangifera indica, Mentha piperita, Nigella sativa, Opuntia ficus indica, Piper nigrum and Zingiber officinalis) and four commercial herbal products (Mentofin, Suduri, Safi, Yucca) were evaluated for their in-vitro antibacterial activity against Proteus mirabilis by serial dilution method. It was observed that with reference to rise in pH, Ammonia concentration and urease activity in aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Allium sativum (pH: 8.5560, 8.8480, Ammonia:4.42, 3.52 µg/mL, Urease: 0.009, 0.007 U/mL respectively) had shown best results as compared to control positive (pH: 9.03, Ammonia: 6.7µg/mL, Urease: 0.013 U/mL). Alcoholic extracts of Mangifera indica (8.8820, 5.42µg/mL, 0.010 IU/mL), Mentha piperita (8.8880, 4µg/mL, 0.008 U/mL) Carum capticum (8.9540, 4.84µg/mL, 0.009 U/mL) and aqueous extract of Opuntia ficus indica (8.8100, 5.22µg/mL, 0.010 U/mL) had weak activity against P. mirabilis. Both aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Eucalyptus camaldulensis (pH: 8.91, 8.96, Ammonia: 5.16, 5.06 µg/mL, Urease: 0.01, 0.01 U/mL) has weak inhibitory effect. All commercial products had shown strong antibacterial activity (pH: 4.8-6.8, Ammonia: 0µg/mL, Urease: 0 U/mL). Results of remaining herbal extracts were not significantly different (p<0.05) from positive control. It was concluded that all herbal products had strong antibacterial activity against P. mirabilis. Mentofin had shown best results with optimum inhibitory concentration (1/1000 mL). Alcoholic extracts of few herbs had shown weak bactericidal activity. These herbs might give better results in-vivo. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1314,T] (1).

17. Evaluation Of The Effeet Of Different Modalities Of Vitiligo

by Basit Zaheer | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Aftab | Dr. Aqeel Javeed.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: This study was conducted to find out the clinical pattern of Vitiligo in selected patients and to evaluate and compare the commonly used modalities for its treatment. All the patients with vitiligo presented to the Department of Dermatology Mayo Hospital, Lahore. A total of seventy patients were registered and followed-up for four months for repigmentation therapy. The present study was aimed to uncover the various expressions of melanocyte deficiencies in vitiligo In our people and to evaluate and compare the commonly used modalities for its treatment. No such study, comparing the psoralens with topical steroids at the same time was not done before. For repigmentation therapy patients were randomly divided into various treatment groups and me followed for the response for four months. The treatment groups included were PUVA (Psolarens Ultraviolet A), PUVASOL (Psolarens Ultraviolet from Sunlight), topical PUVA, Topical PUVASOL, topical steroids, systemic PUVA plus topical steroid and topical PUVA plus topical steroid. Two new modalities were included to find newer effective ways of treatment and their possible side effects. Complete repigmentation of the vitiligo without damage to the rest of the body was the goal of the treatment. Initial approach involved to make a definite diagnosis, psychological assistance and other supportive interventions such as use of camouflage cosmetics and sunscreens. The active treatment modalities that could be utilized included the topical use of potent steroids or photochemotherapy for atleast 2 months followed an assessment for response measurement. Novel interventions are required to increase patient compliance and a search for better treatment combinations. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1323,T] (1).

18. Ealuation Of Empitical Antibiotic Therapy In Intensive Care Unit Patients Treated For Nosocomial Lower Respiratory Tract

by Sarwat Ali Raja | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Aftab | Dr. Aqeel Javeed.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: This study was designed to check the effectiveness of current empirical therapy in the treatment of a nosocomial lower respiratory tract infection in patients on mechanical ventilation caIled Ventilator associated pneumonia (YAP). To evaluate the empirical therapy, antibiotic susceptibility testing and pattern of resistance by YAP isolates in patients suspected to be suffering from YAP was determined. This was a prospective study involving 58 patients on mechanical ventilation with suspected VA.P in a tertiary care hospital. The method involved pathogen identification, Antibiotic Sensitivity testing, hepatic, renal and hematological profiles and monitoring of Arterial blood gases of the patient. Pathogens from tracheal aspirates of the patients were subjected to comrnonly used antibiotics for their antibiograms. The prescribed antibiotics were evaluated by routine culture/sensitivity testing of tracheal aspirates and each patient was followed up to be assessed for the treatment progress. Effect of Antibiotic was evaluated for seven days by recording the parameters of patients such as Temperature of the patient, Pa02, effect on leukocyte count, and from evaluation of LFTs and RFTs of the patient and the disease status of the patient. Other outcomes were the mortality in these patients and the impact of inadequate empirical therapy on patient mortality. Also to study the contribution of various risk factors upon VAP prognosis. It was inferred from the study that most of the patients remained febrile. Changes were observed in the level of liver functional enzymes and less in the values of renal functional tests. Leucocytes count in most of the patients remained either less than 4000 or greater than I 1000 indicating persistence of infection. High mortality was observed in patients suspected for YAP. Major factor that caused patients mortality was the treatment failure due to inadequate amttibiotics. Cross contamination, unhygienic practices by health personnel and lack of adequate guidelines for antibiotic utilization in the ICU were the important contributors for development ofVAP and other lower respiratory tract nosocomial infections. Methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and E.coli were found to be the most common pathogens involved. Empirical antibiotic therapy was found inappropriate in 53.4% of cases. It was inferred from the study that significant results were obtained for correlation of patient's age with treatment progress. With increase in age chances of treatment failure also increased. The risk factor showing significant result for increased treatment failure was the prior exposure to antibiotics. High patient mortality was contributed by increased treatment failure. The two most significant factors that contributed to treatment failure were either inadequate antim.icrobial therapy or use of already resistant antibiotics. It was concluded in the study, there was a high incidence of infection with resistant bacteria and inappropriate initial antibiotic therapy. Treatment failure due to inadequate antibiotics caused most mortality. Organ deterioration was also found to contribute to overall mortality in mechanically ventilated patients. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1324,T] (1).

19. Production Of Single Cell Proteins (Yeast) To Fortify Human Food

by Umar Bacha | Dr. Muhammad Nasir | Dr. Aftab | Prof. Dr. Anjum Khalique.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: The production of single cell protein on agricultural wastes is amongst the potential non-conventional protein source for humans in protein deficient countries like Pakistan. Microorganisms in single cell protein have high protein contents and short growth times which lead to rapid biomass production. Moreover, microorganisms are able to utilize cheap sources of nitrogen and abundant carbon sources. Thus, the resulting biomass is usually economical having high potential as a supplement as well as protein fortificant to provide balanced nutrition. The peels used for yeast biomass production study resulted in variable composition. Orange peel contained significantly highest (38.66 %) moisture content as compared to other peels. Regarding dry matter, the maximum DM (80.66 %) was present in potato peels while, crude protein contents were higher (10.13 %) in orange peels. In biomass production, the maximum growth (5.29 %) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was obtained on potato peels while, lowest growth (0.3 %) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was observed on apple peels. Both apple and potato peels nitrogen free extract were statistically non-significant. Proximate composition of experimentally produced yeast biomass was comparable with commercial yeast. Biological evaluation of single cell protein (SCP) diet in Sprague Dawley rats was conducted and compared with casein diet to determine the SCP protein quality. The values for SCP protein quality for parameters of TD, NPU, BV, NPR, FER and PER were 93.68 %, 67.02 %, 70.56 %, 4.55 %, 3.62 % and 2.19 % respectively, which were significantly lower as compared to casein diet. Although the scores for biological parameters of SCP diet were lower as compared to casein diet, yet the differences in actual values for both the diets was not much which indicates the overall good quality of SCP protein. SCP also showed excellent water holding capacity (303.40±0.30 %) and oil absorption capacity (196.50±0.20 %). Similarly, foaming capacity, loose bulk density and packed bulk density were observed as 10.60±0.20 %, 0.65±0.01 % and 0.66±0.01 %, respectively. It also showed good gelling capacity as 0.7 g/20mL of yeast biomass resulted in complete gelling of the solution. Yeast was used to fortify flour at various concentrations to prepare and evaluate protein enriched sugar-snap-cookies. The cookies, thus prepared, were subjected to physical and sensory evaluation to find out the most appropriate level of SCP fortification for cookies development. The spread factor and diameter of cookies decreased while cookie thickness increased with SCP fortification. There was not much difference in most sensory scores attributed to all fortified cookies with the exception of texture and taste which deteriorated with fortification. Although taste and texture scores were less yet the cookies fortified with up to 4% of SCP were well in high acceptable limit. In a nutshell, potato peels can serve as a good vehicle for production of single cell proteins. Experimentally produced yeast was chemically comparable with that of commercial yeast; however its growth production varies with carbohydrates present in the industrial waste peels. The overall protein quality of SCP protein was found to be very good and thus can be used in various food formulations to enhance protein quantity and quality. Cookies fortified with up to 4% SCP were found to highly acceptable and thus recommended for fortification. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1325,T] (1).

20. Preparatuin And Evaluation Of Monospecific Anisera Against Hemagglutinin, Neuraminidase And Matrix Proteins of local Avian Influenza Strains H5 N1, H7 N3, H9 N2, for diagnostics

by Sumaira Ijaz | Dr. Atif Hanif | Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum | Prof. Dr.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Avian Infuenza is an economically important disease of poultry worldwide. It has caused losses to poultry industry on larger scale. It is important due to its zoonotic nature. Studies were carried out to raise monospecific antisera against hemagglutinin, neuraminidase and matrix antigens. HA, NA and M proteins of each of the avian influenza strains were separated on Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Poly Acrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS PAGE). First virus was lysed to release the proteins. Virus was lysed by using 4% Triton X 100, 1mM KCl and 0.01M Tris buffer. Then the sample was dialyzed. Sample was run on gel to purify proteins. The protein bands of appropriate molecular weight were cut and triturated in 1ml of normal saline. Material was centrifuged to remove the gel content. Each protein was confirmed by the Bradford's Reagent. Each protein was individually mixed with Montanide ISA 50 adjuvant in 1:1 ratio to make the vaccine. Vaccine of each polypeptide of AIV strains was injected in three groups of nine birds each. One group of birds was injected with HA, second group with NA and third group with Matrix proteins of H?, H? and H?. Three groups of birds served as control. The blood samples of all birds were collected before and after inoculating vaccine. The sera of birds before and after inoculating vaccine were checked for antibodies titre against HA antigen by HI test. Antibodies against Matrix antigen were detected by Agar Gel Precipitation Test. Antibodies titre was raised after inoculating polypeptides. In case of sudden outbreaks, antisera may be helpful to control disease. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1351,T] (1).

21. Isolation, Characterization And Pathogenesis Of Capripox Virus

by Abdul Sajid | Prof. Dr. Zafar Iqbal Chaudhry | Dr. Aftab | Prof. Dr. Azhar Maqbool.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Nature of contents: biography; Literary form: Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: Goat pox is the most important pox diseases of livestock and it usually causes huge economic losses. The economic losses occur in terms of mortality, reduced productivity and lower quality of wool and leather. The clinical manifestations of the disease include high temperature, lesions skin in the form of macules, papules, vesicles, pustule and scabs on hairless areas of the body. The disease is highly contagious having high morbidity and mortality in the infected herds. The present study was conducted to document the prevalence of goat pox disease in the different regions of Punjab. The study was based on clinical manifestation of the disease in various collecting spots including slaughter houses, cattle and hide markets and tanneries. The prevalence of goat pox at slaughter houses in different regions was 9.93% in arid region followed by 8.69% and 7% in southern and northern irrigated regions respectively. The prevalence of pox disease in sheep was highest (8.54%) in the northern irrigated region, 7.69% and 6.62% in arid and southern irrigated regions respectively. The prevalence of pox recorded in the hide markets shows a trend of high presence 7.29% in arid region followed by 6.22% and 3.84% in southern and northern irrigated regions. Whereas in sheep the overall prevalence was 0.51 %, 4.44% and 1.66% in northern irrigated, arid and southern irrigated regions. In tanneries the pox lesions were identified on the basis of method as adopted in hide markets. The overall prevalence of pox in goat was 3.96%, 4.06% and 4.09% while in sheep 9.58%, 2.41 % and 10% in northern irrigated, arid and southern irrigated regions. The overall prevalence of pox disease in goat was 5%, 5.79% and 5.34% in Northern irrigated, arid and southern irrigated regions respectively. Where as in sheep, pox was 3.133%, 4.11 % and 2.67% in Northern irrigated, arid and southern irrigated regions respectively. The highest trend of incidence of disease was present in the arid regions followed by southern and northern regions. The slaughter houses shows high incidence of disease as compared to cattle and hide market and tanneries. The result was significant (P<0.05) among the regions and samples collecting spots. A total of 100 samples consisting of 55 scabs and 45 skin tissues were randomly selected from the different collecting spots of the three regions. The scabs and skin tissue samples were processed on dehydrated minimum essential media tor virus isolation. The virus was isolated on Vero cell line culture and its characteristics were observed on the basis of specific cytopathic effects. All 55 scab samples consisting 20 from cattle markets, 20 from slaughter house and 15 from hide market and tannery were tested through cell culture. The cell culture positive result for scabs was 60% cattle markets, 20% hide market and tannery and 40% slaughter house. All 45 skin tissue samples including 5 from cattle markets and tannery, 20 from hide market and 20 from slaughter house were subjected to virus isolation on Vero cell line. The cell culture positive result for skin tissue samples was 100% cattle markets, 30% hide market and tannery and 60% slaughter house. In this way the total cell culture result for scabs and skin tissue samples from all areas become 41.82% and 51.11 % respectively. The isolated virus was confirmed through peR. All the collected samples were also analyzed through peR in order to compare the two techniques for disease diagnosis. Out of 40 samples from slaughter houses 18 scabs and 15 tissues sample were positive through peR with 82.5%. Out of 25 samples collected from cattle markets consisting of 20 scabs and 5 skin tissues, 17 of scabs and 5 skin tissues were positive with 92%. Similarly a total of 35 samples out of which 15 were scabs and 20 were skin tissues collected from hide markets and tanneries. The peR of 7 scabs and 14 skin tissues was positive with 60%. In this way the total peR result for scabs and skin tissue from all areas was 42% and 34% respectively. In the 3rd study of the present project the isolated virus was inoculated in to experimental animal to study the detail pathogenesis. The disease followed the same pattern as in the natural outbreak. But however the routes of inoculation affect the severity of the disease. During the study the diseased animals were periodically slaughter at weekly interval after the appearance of 1 st clinical signs. The detailed lesions were observed in different visceral organs and the tissues were collected and preserved in 10% formalin. The tissues were processed for histopathology and immunohistochemical examination. The IHC was successfully optimized for the detection of viral antigen in the tissues of skin, lung and lymph nodes. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1372,T] (1).

22. Evaluation Of Empirical Therapy In Escherichia Coli Induced Acute And Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infection

by Ijaz Alvi | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Aftab | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Literary form: drama Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: The acute and uncomplicated urinary tract infection is one of the common diseases of human genitourinary tract, most com~only caused by E.coli, and study in patients suffering from acute and uncomplicated urinary tract infection was conducted in one hundred in tertiary care Mayo hospital Lahore. The urine samples from patients were collected after the diagnosis and were analyzed for its causative/pathogenic organism. Out of 100 urine samples the Escherichia coli was found as the most common cause of uUTI (acute and uncomplicated urinary tract infection) (61 %),Jollowed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (15%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (11 %), Staphylococcus aureus (7%),Proteus mirabilis (6%), The urinary tract infections were found most frequent in female (59.9%) than male (40.1 %). Only Escherichia coli isolated strains of bacteria were subjected to antibiogram against nine commonly used antibiotics (Ciprofloxacin, Norfloxacin, Pipemedic acid, , Co-arnoxiclave, Co-trimoxazole, Amikacin, Ceftriaxone, Imipenurn, and Meropenum) for evaluation of bacterial resistance and antibiotic sensitivity, the comparative analysis showed that among the nine (09) antibiotics used the E. coli strains prevalent in Punjab especially to the patients at Mayo hospital were maximally resistant to norfloxacin 63.93% (flouroquinolone), followed by ciprofloxacin 57.37 %, Co-trimoxazole 40.98, Co- amoxiclave 39.34 %, Pipemedic acid 36.06 %, Ceftriaxone 32.78 %, Amikacin 27.88 %, meropenum 8.20 % and imipenum found only 4.92 % resistant to E. coli strains. It was concluded that irnipenurn was found to be most sensitive with 86.88 % followed by meropenum 77.05%, Amikacin 63.96 %, Ceftriaxone 57.38, co-amoxiclave 57.37 %, co-trimoxazole 42.63 %, pipemedic acid 31.16 %, ciprofloxacin 24.59 % and norfloxacin was found to be the least s e n si t i v e drug to E.coli prevalent in Punjab. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1397,T] (1).

23. Monitoring Of Mixed Vegetable Salads For Microbial Quality

by Sana Hameed | Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum | Prof. Dr. Khushi Muhammad.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Nature of contents: biography; Literary form: Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: The present research was planned to investigate the microbial load and identification of bacteria in mixed vegetable salads from three different locations such as road side vendors, fast food outlet and family restaurants. Total 90 samples were collected 30 from each location. Samples collected carefully in sterilized plastic bags and processed in microbiological lab of UV AS Lahore. The results were compared with different food standards given by developed countries like UK. In present study results showed that for aerobic plate count 30 samples from road side vendors was in range of 105_ 1014, fast food outlets range of 105_ 1012 and family restaurants range of 105_ 1013. Coliform count from road side venders was in range of 105_ 1013, fast food outlets range of 105_1012 and family restaurants range of 105 - 1013. Fungal count from road side vendors was in range of 103_106, in fast food out lets range of 103 - 106 and in family restaurants range of 103 - 106. In our study from road side vendors 12 Salmonella, 24 Aeromonas, 11 Bacillus, 29 Entarobacter spp, 29 E.coli, 30 Staphylococcus aurues 29 Klebsealla spp 5 Aspergillus fumigates, 10 Aspergillus niger and 3 Aspergillus flavus have been identified. In fast food outlets 26 Salmonella, 21 Aeromonas, 9 Bacillus, 30 Entarobacter spp, 30 E.coli, 30 Staphylococcus aurues 30 Klebsealla spp and 9 Aspergillus fumigates and 2 Aspergillus flavus have been identified. In family restaurants 21 Salmonella, 15 Aeromonas, 9 Bacillus, 30 Entarobacter spp, 30 E. coli, 30 Staphylococcus aurues 30 Klebsealla spp 4 Aspergillus fumigates, 3 Aspergillus niger and 4 Aspergillus flavus have been identified. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1413,T] (1).

24. Microbiological Quality Of Commercial Fruit Juices Sold In Lahore City

by Muhammad Naeem Iqbal | Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum | Prof. Dr. Khushi Muhammad.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Fruit juices are used for their nutritional value, thirst quenching properties and stimulating effect or for their medicinal values. Due to poor hygienic conditions during processing and packaging, fruit juices are becoming a health hazard. Many outbreaks are caused by consuming poor quality juices. Food borne infections are caused by eating food or drinking beverages contaminated with bacteria and parasites. Most of the food borne infections remains undiagnosed and unreported due to poor documentation system and failure in the implementation of law regarding food borne diseases in Pakistan. The present study was conducted to compare the quality of commercial fruit juices so as to provide data for local authorities to deal food security issue. A total of ninety packed fruit juice samples were obtained from retail shops in Lahore city. The fruit juice samples included, apple, mango and orange juices of five various brands. The pH value of the fruit juices measured using pH meter was found between 2.0 to 4.0. Bacterial load of fruit juices was assessed using Total viable count, Staphylococcal count and Coliform count to compare the quality of fruit juices.All the samples were positive for total viable count, 60 samples were positive for staphylococcus count and 30 samples ere positive for coliform count.The mean total viable count in fruit juice samples was3.70xIQ5CFU/ml (log 5.56±1.47CFU/ml)with the range from log 2.69 to log 7.67CFU/ml.Mean staphylococcal count in fruit juice samples was 1.34x 102CFU/ml (log 2.11±1.97CFU/ml) with the range from log 0.00 to log 5.62CFU/ml. Sixty out of 90 fruit juice samples showed staphylococcal counts.Mean coliform counts of 1.80xlOI CFU/ml (log 1.25±1.57CFU/ml) with the range from log 0.00 to log 5.50 CFU/ml. Thirty out of 90 fruit juice samples were positive for coliforms. Identification of bacteria was done on the basis of culture characters, microscopic characters and biochemical tests as per standard protocols described in Manual of Food Microbiology. Among the 226 bacterial isolates, Bacillus spp. were (150),Staphylococcusaureus (49)and E. coli (27), and no Salmonella were detected from the collected samples. Although fruit juices have low pH, still higher viable counts and prevalence of bacterial isolates suggest poor hygienic conditions during manufacturing procedures. Antimicrobial sensitivity profile of the isolates was studied by standard Disk diffusion method (Kirby Bauer method) for commonly used antibiotics. Among various antibiotics used, highest97.78% resistance toAzlocillinand lowest 25.22% resistance against Sulphafurazole. These findings suggest that the antibiotic resistance is transferred through fruit juices. After microbiological examination, it was cleared that fruit juices were as contaminated as compare to our country standards and hygienic conditions. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1417,T] (1).

25. Clincal Cytogenetic Investications In Cattle & Buffalo Population Of Punjab For Chromosomal Abnormalities

by Muhammad Bilal Bin Majeed | Prof. Dr. Khalid Javed | Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum | Dr. Ahmad Ali.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Literary form: drama Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1439,T] (1).

26. Physico-Chemical Factors Affection Survival Of Mycoplasma Gallisepticum

by Javed Muhammad | Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum | Prof. Dr. Khushi Muhammad.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Poultry industry is second largest industry in Pakistan. Mycoplasma gallisepticum causes chronic respiratory disease in poultry and has a great impact on economy of country. The present study was conducted to check the effect of physical factors including pH, temperature, ultra violet light (UV), atmospheric condition and sodium chloride, chemical factors including formalin and sodium hypochlorite and extracts of herbal plants including Garlic, glycyrhiza and Neem on survival of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG). Referenced isolate of MG received from University Diagnostic Lab (UDL), University of Veterinary of animal Sciences, Lahore was used in Bacterial count 0.1 at optical density 450 equal to approximate 108 cfu/ml was used in the entire experiment. Survival of MG at pH level 4.8 and 10.8 is significantly lower (p?0.05) as compared to pH level 7.8. Optimum pH was found 7.8 showing best growth while pH 10.8 indicated more lethal effect on survival of MG as compared to 10.8. Temperature study showed that MG exposed to 43°C more lethal effect on survival as compared to 31°C while showed growth occurred at 37°C. Ultra violet light (254nm) showed significant effect (P?0.05) on viability at a distance of 2, 4 and 6 centimeter which indicated that MG at 2 cm from UV light leading to death with increase in exposure time. Survival of MG was best in presence of 5 to 10% CO2 or candle jar as compared to incubate in closed container or without closed container and candle jar (open air). Sodium chloride 3 and 5 percent occupied a drastic effect on MG viability but resistance was existed up to some extant to 1 percent. Culture of MG exposed to formalin 0.1 and 0.2 percent for 15 minutes resulted in high lethal effect significantly (p?0.05) as compared to 0.05 percent. Non significance difference (P?0.05) was present between 4 and 6 percent sodium hypochlorite in terms of effect on survival of MG and has lethal effect when exposed for 5 minute which differ significantly from 2 percent which resulted in death after exposing for 10 minutes. Glycyrhiza and Neem indicated minimum inhibitory effect against MG with similar concentration of 6.25 mg/mL while garlic stop growth at concentration of 3.125 mg/mL. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1446,T] (1).

27. Chemical Equivalence Of Different Brands Of Oxytertacycline Hydrochloride And Its Minimum

by Sadaf Hina | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Aftab | Dr. Muhammad Adil Rasheed.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Nature of contents: biography; Literary form: Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: This project was designed to study the chemical equivalence of various brands of Oxytetracycline hydrochloride (long acting, short acting & PVP) approved by the ministry of health and available in the local market for veterinary use. Oxytetracycline was measured by HPLC method developed and standardized in the laboratory. Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of the Oxytetracycline by HPLC assay method were determined. From stock solution of working standard (Oxytetracycline hydrochloride) different concentrations 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 10, 25, 50 and 100µg per ml were prepared for the determination of LOD. The LOD calculated was 0.100(µg/ml) and LOQ was 0.5 (µg/ml). Correlation coefficient was 0.99994050. Concentration of the active ingredient (Oxytetracycline hydrochloride) in all preparations was same as mentioned on the label except Oxytetracycline (74%), Terrasym PVP-100 (81%), and Onyx-LA (72%). MIC of Oxytetracycline hydrochloride against following bacterial isolates determined by micro-broth dilution test was Bacillus subtilis (50µg), Staphylococcus aureus (100µg), Eschericiha coli (50µg), Salmonella enterica (1000µg) and Pasturella multocida (50µg).It showed that all these bacterial cultures have developed resistance against Oxytetracycline hydrochloride. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1468,T] (1).

28. Adulticidal And Larvicidal Activity Of Cassia Fistula And Piper Nigrum Against Anopheles (Malaria Vector).

by Sara Mehmood | Dr. Muhammad Lateef | Dr. Aftab | Dr. Khalid Saeed.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Literary form: drama Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Mosquitoes are major vectors, in transmitting many diseases like malaria, filariasis, Japanese encephalitis and dengue fever etc, which are greatly, affecting human beings worldwide. Malaria is a major global health problem. There are estimated 247 million malaria cases with almost half of the global population at risk and nearly a million deaths each year. Several Anopheles species are responsible for transmission of malaria .i.e. Anopheles stephensi, An. Subpictus. Control of mosquitoes primarily depends on chemical insecticides includes organochlorine, organophosphates, synthetic pyrethroids, IGRs etc, but all these chemicals have developed a feedback of environment ill-effect, have negative impact on non-targeted biota and most mosquitoes species have become physiologically resistant to these insecticides. These problems have highlighted the need for the development of new strategies for mosquito control. Botanical insecticides are naturally occurring products that are derived from plants. The use of plant extracts for insect control has several appealing features, as these are generally more biodegradable, less hazardous, and rich storehouse of chemicals of diverse biological activity. The current study were carried out to evaluate the activity of methanol extract of leaves of C.fistula, and ripened fruits of P. nigrum against Anopheles mosquito. Among both of these plants the methanolic extracts of Piper nigrum (black pepper) were exhibited remarkable adulticidal and larvicidal potentials. The percentage mortalities were increased by gradual increase in extracts concentrations. Larvae were more susceptible to these methanolic pepper extracts than adults. Larvae were showed mortalities even at very low concentrations. The LC50 values obtained by using probit analysis were 25.05 ppm and 12.05 ppm after 24 hrs and 48 hrs respectively, whereas LC90 were 78.63 ppm and 53.06 ppm respectively for aulticidal bioassays. Larvicidal assays were also showed good results having LC50 values as 3.87 ppm and 2.07 ppm after 24 hrs and 48 hrs respectively, whereas LC90 were 10.63 ppm and 6.56 ppm respectively. Cassia fistula (golden shower) leaf extracts were also showed promising mosquitocidal efficacy against Anopheles stephensi. LC50 values obtained by using probit analysis were 35.13 ppm and 16.18 ppm after 24 hrs and 48 hrs respectively, whereas LC90 were 94.57 ppm and 76.43 ppm respectively for aulticidal bioassays. Larvicidal assays were also showed good results having LC50 values as 44.99 ppm and 24.40 ppm after 24 hrs and 48 hrs respectively, whereas LC90 were 106.12 ppm and 76.30 ppm respectively. It is concluded that methanolic extracts of these plants Cassia fistula and Piper nigrum have high potential of adulticidal & larvicidal activities. So the extracts of these plants can be used as an alternatives to the conventional insecticides for long lasting mosquito problems as these are less hazardous and ecologically feasible. However, a lot of work on biochemistry as well as insectidal activity and on other aspects has to be done. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1474,T] (1).

29. Efficacy Of Commercial Disinfectants Against The Water Contaminating Bacteria At Commercial Broiler Farms

by Mian Muhammad Salman | Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum | Pfor. Dr | Prof. Dr. Tahir Yaqub.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Water is an important constituent for poultry. Poor hygienic conditions of water are health hazard for poultry. Many outbreaks are caused by consuming poor quality water.. Fifty water samples from different broiler farms in and around Lahore were collected from drinkers in sterile containers. Bacterial load was assessed using total viable count and coliform count. The counts were above the threshold level (50cfu/ml for coliform and 100cfu/ml for total viable count) showing that water used at poultry farms was of low microbiological quality. Five Disinfectants PHMB20% (.75ml/lit, 1.5ml/lit, 3.0ml/lit), PHMB11% (1.5ml/lit, 3.0ml/lit, 6ml/lit), 0.2% chlorine dioxide (0.1ml/lit , 0.2ml/lit, 0.4ml/lit) Glutral 9.8%(1.5ml/lit, 3.0ml/lit, 6ml/lit), organic acid(1.5ml/lit, 3.0ml/lit, 6ml/lit) were used and they resulted in log reduction of TVC by PHMB20% (5.83±4.36, 6.14±3.98, 9.35± 0.68), PHMB11% (9.42±0.21), 0.2% chlorine dioxide (2.45±0.97, 3.19±0.73, 6.33±0.80 ) Glutral 9.8%(6.87±1.00, 9.73±1.00,9.73±1.00), organic acid(4.75±1.21, 6.62±1.26, 6.90±1.15).PHMB20%,PHMB11%, Glutral 9.8% and organic acid were effective at normal dose, while 0.25 chlorine dioxide was effective at normal dose against at normal dose. Log reduction in Coliform count at half, normal and double dose by PHMB20% (6.52±3.33, 6.96±2.46, 7.96±0.98), PHMB11% (7.89±1.01), 0.2% chlorine dioxide (3.65±0.73, 5.08±0.98, 6.27±0.97) Glutral 9.8%(8.48±0.99), organic acid(5.18±1.21, 5.93±1.26,6.46±1.15±) . PHMB20%, PHMB11%, 9.8% Glutral, organic acid were effective against coliform bacteria at half dose while 0.2% chlorine dioxide was effective at normal dose. Glutraldehyde was effective at normal dose amongst all disinfectants against Total viable bacteria and coli form bacteria. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1482,T] (1).

30. Production, Purification And Characterization Of Xylanase Enzyme From Mutant Aspergillus Flavus Strain

by Rukhsana Tahir | Miss. Faiza Masood | Dr. Abu Saeed Hashmi | Dr. Aftab.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1506,T] (1).

31. Designing Of Oligo Pool All For The Selection Of Superior Dairy Animals In Pakistan

by Kamran Abbas | Prof. Dr. Masroor Ellahi Babar | Dr. Aftab | Mr. Muhammad Asif.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Livestock has an important role in an agriculture based country like Pakistan with a large number of dairy animals. However the average daily milk yield of dairy animals is very low. There is need to improve milk yield by the selection of superior dairy animals using latest genomic selection procedures. Selection of superior animals on the basis of genetic markers has a tremendous potential for breed improvement across the globe. Substantial advances have been made over the past decades through the application of molecular genetics used in industry programs for several decades and is growing, the extent of use has not lived up to initial expectations. Most applications to date have been integrated in existing programs on temporary basis. Among various molecular markers the Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) is one of the major genetic marker used worldwide. Through SNP genotyping selection of phenotypic superior animals can be done. There are many techniques used for SNP genotyping but the most advanced technique is Veracode GoldenGate Assay by Illumina. Illumina's VeraCode technology with the BeadXpress (BX) Reader is ideal for high-throughput small to mid-scale genotyping studies and SNP validation. BX leverages the power of digital holographic codes and the robust GoldenGate Genotyping Assay to provide a detection method for multiplex assays requiring high precision, accuracy, and speed. A custom assay of 48, 96, 144,192 and up to 384-SNPs OPA (Oligos Pool All) is designed using Illumina's Assay Design Tool and manufactured by Illumina. As a first step for designing of Veracode GoldenGate Assay the development of Oligo Pool All (OPA) is necessary. The OPA was designed by using the genes for milk production, growth, fertility, health and other performance traits. The SNP's in these genes was searched from different gene banks and after proper arrangement the files were sent to Illumina for scoring. After scoring the OPA was finalized for the Veracode GoldenGate Assay for the selection of superior dairy animals in the country using the highly robust BeadXpress technology. The development of OPA for the selection of superior dairy animals was done for the very first of its kind based on modern technology, Veracode GoldenGate Assay in Pakistan. This will greatly help the livestock and dairy development departments, livestock owners, breeders, forensic agencies and researchers to use this unique panel of molecular markers for the selection of superior animals on the basis of marker assisted selection. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1528,T] (1).

32. Chemical, Microbiological And Toxicological Screening Of Tannery Effluent Wastewater

by Lubna Shakir | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Aftab | Dr. Aqeel Javeed.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Over the last decade or so the chromium based tanning industry has shown rapid growth in Pakistan. However the rule and regulations promulgated by the government are not strictly followed for the processing of effluent discharged by the tanneries. Consequently tannery effluents have become a great source of water pollution in surrounding area. This project was designed to evaluate the hazardous effects of tannery effluent wastewater (TEW) through various bioassays. During the first phase of the project, composition of the TEW samples was determined by PIXE analysis. Besides this, we have also investigated the impact of TEW on trace element content of ground water in Kasur tannery area. The ground water from shallow tubewells (100 to 300 ft) in the area has shown very high content of chromium while the ground water from the deeper tubewells (upto 600 ft) generally does not contain the toxic elements except for one outlet of the water supplied by the Muncipal Corporation. This could be due to corroded pipes in the tannery area. Microbial load was determined during second phase of this research project by viable count method. The detected viable count was 7.5 X 104 to 3.0 X 107CFU/ml. Various strains of chromium tolerant bacilli were isolated and they were found tolerant up to 2600 µg/ml supplemented chromium sulphate. During the third phase of this research plan, dilutions of TEW were evaluated for their effects on angiogenesis using CAM assay. TEWD1 and potassium dichromate were found highly anti-angiogenic. Moreover, dilutions of TEW and potassium dichromate have demonstrated significant toxicity when assessed through marine shrimps mortality assay and phytotoxiciy assasy. Chronic toxicity study on Wistar rats was conducted in the last phase. Chronic exposure of TEW for three months to rats leads to the development of various lesions in lung, liver, kidney and heart of rats. In short, TEW and contaminated ground water of Kasur is imposing a great threat not only to local inhabitants of the city but also to the population of far distance. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1531,T] (1).

33. Determination of in Vitro Antimicrobial Effecacy of Plant Extracts and Antibiotics Against Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (Mrsa) Isolated from Postoperative Wounds of Hospitalized Patients.

by Muhmmad Qamar Zeshan | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Aftab | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Background Nosocomial infection is a worldwide problem causing high number of deaths. The major causative agent of infection is methicillin resistant Staphylococs aureus (MRSA). Surgical site infections in orthopedic surgery (SSIS) are mainly (48%) caused by Staph. aureus, out of which 68% are MRSA and causes a number of deaths annually. Hypothesis As medicinal plants like (Opuntia delinii, Acacia nilotica and Alo vera) have the anti bacterial activity, So these plants may be effective against methicillin resistant Staphylococs aureus (MRSA) And antibiotic like (Moxifloxacillin, Cefipime and Imipenem/Cilastatin and Ampicillin+Cloxacillin) selected in this study have antibacterial activity against gram positive bacteria so may these have effectiveness against methicillin resistant Staphylococs aureus (MRSA). Material and method In this study MRSA isolated from the post operative wounds of one hundred hospitalized patients from three hospitals (Mayo Hospital, Services Institute of Medical Sciences and Jinnah Hospital) of Lahore. The isolates obtained from the wound identified as MRSA by cultural and biochemical characteristics. Methicillin resistant Staphylococs aureus strains are resistant to many antibiotics even vancomycin. In the present study the efficacy of three medicinal plants (Opuntia delinii, Acacia nilotica and Alo vera) studied against MRSA using extracts of the plants. The extracts also further used to determine MICs against methicillin resistant Staphylococs aureus isolated strains. MICs of four antibiotics and their combinations commonly used for treatment of post operative wounds like Moxifloxacin, Cefipime, Imipenem/Cilastatin and Ampicillin+Cloxacillin determined using Linezolid and Vancomycin as standards by micro dilution method in vitro. Statistical Design The data collected analyzed using SPSS version13.0X soft ware. Outcome The prevalence of MRSA found in different hospitals as under 72.5% in case of Mayo, 63.33% in case of Services Hospital and 66.66% in case of Jinnah hospital Lahore. The highest percentage found in Mayo hospital and lowest was observed in case of services hospital. MIC results found in this study indicate that Acacia nilotica and Alo vera contain antibacterial agents which showed the good results against MRSA while Opuntia dileinii showed not promising results against MRSA and high MICs found put a question mark on its efficacy. Average MICs found in case of acacia leaves and bark are as 84 (µg)/ml and 62.5 (µg)/ml respectively. Average MIC observed in case of Aloe vera is 32.25 (µg)/ml. The highest MIC value calculated in case of Opuntia dillenii is 1228 (µg)/ml. Antibiotics like Moxifloxacin and Imipenem/Cilastatin showed the good results and the average MICs value found 2.681 And 2.85 respectively closely resembles to the MICs of stander drugs e.i vancomycin and linezolid caluculated as 1.61 and 2.43. Cefipime showed the less activity against MRSA with the average MIC 57.81.The synergistic effects of Ampicillin+Cloxacillin was not so good as compared to the stander drugs and combination of ampicillin and cloxacillin exhibit the average MIC as 11.87. The lowest MIC in of plants extracts observed in case of Aloe vera and highest found in case of Opuntia dillenii. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1532,T] (1).

34. Etiological Study Of Pancytopenic Children

by Dr. Syed Maaz Nadeem | Dr. Muti-ur-Rehman Khan | Dr. Aftab Ahmed Anjum | Dr. Asim Aslam.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Pancytopenia is a hematological condition in which there is a decrease in all three cell lines of peripheral blood i.e. erythrocytes, leucocytes and platelets leading to anemia, leucopenia and thrombocytopenia. Complications of anemia, repeated infections and bleeding tendencies are sometimes horrifying and may result in death of individual. The present study was designed to analyze the underlying pathology, different clinico-haematological features and importance of bone marrow study in one hundred children presenting with pancytopenia. Present study was carried out in pediatric laboratory of Mayo Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan.. Detailed history was taken in all cases. Complete blood counts were done on an automated blood analyzer (Sysmex Kx-21). For counter check of total leucocyte count, differential leucocyte count and platelets, smears were also prepared and stained by using Giemsa stain. Red cell morphology was done on blood smear for theconfirmation of red cell indices. A total volume of 3 ml venous blood was drawn into a syringe. Out of which 1.0 ml was delivered into EDTA containing vacutainer and remaining 2 ml blood was transferred to a plain glass tube. After clotting and centrifugation serum was obtained for screening of hepatitis B surface antigen and antibodies against hepatitis C virus. Bone marrow aspiration was also performed where indicated. Megaloblastic anaemia (42%) Aplastic anaemia (26%) and ALL (8%) were found to be the common causes of pancytopenia in our scenario. Less common causes of pancytopenia were infections (8%), mixed deficiency (4%), MDS (4%) and lymphoma (4%). In all above mentioned cases clinical manifestations and peripheral blood counts played an important role in their evaluation. Two cases of haemophagocytic syndrome (2%), a rare cause of pancytopenia were also diagnosed in this study. This study also explained the importance of physical examination, peripheral blood findings and bone marrow examinations in the management of pancytopenic patients. Peripheral blood film and bone marrow aspiration should be performed simultaneously in pancytopenia patients when the diagnosis is not confirmed. Bone marrow examination in most cases gives the specific diagnosis. However, in few cases, additional tests may be required. Serum vitamin B12 and folic acid levels may be needed for confirmation of megaloblastic anemia. Serum iron, TIBC and iron staining on bone marrow smears may be required in iron deficiency anemia. In cases of leukemia flow cytometry study may be more helpful in reaching a final diagnosis. Bone marrow biopsy is mandatory in aplastic anemia. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1539,T] (1).

35. Patho-Morphological Studies Of Reproductive Tract Disorders In Cattle And Buffalo

by Abdul Jabar | Dr. Ishtiaq Ahmed | Dr. Aftab Ahmed Anjum | Dr. Asim Aslam.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Literary form: drama Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Reproductive tract disorders like endometritis, pyometra, follicular cysts, leuteal cysts etc have been reported as major causes of low conception rate and poor productivity of livestock. Reproductive tract lesions in cattle and buffaloes play an important role in animal breeding either by causing infertility or sterility of animals resulting in high economic losses. Besides of other reasons, presence of different types of bacteria inside the uterus of breeding animals causes deleterious effects on the reproductive tracts causing severe disorders and ultimately leads to failure of pregnancy. All these microbes results in the infection of uterus that ultimately affects animal's conception rate. A total 100 reproductive tracts of slaughtered cattle (n=40) and buffaloes (n=60) were randomly collected from Lahore abattoir, Sherakot to study the impact of bacteria on the reproductive tracts, efficacy of variety of antibiotics on different bacterial isolates, gross and histopathological lesions. The swab samples for bacteriology were processed for purification and identification of bacterial isolates by doing number of conventional tests for final characterization and in vitro antibiotic sensitivity was performed. In this study seven different bacterial isolates were identified from all the samples. These include: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Corynebacterium species, Aeromonas species, Micrococcus species and Lactobacillus species. By the analysis of in vitro antibiotic sensitivity, all eight different species of bacteria isolated were 100% sensitive to Ciprofloxacin, Norfloxacin and Chlortetracycline. Contrary to these, all bacteria were 100 % resistant to Bacitracin followed by Sulphaphenazole, Ticarcillin/Clavulanic acid and Trimethoprim. Out of the total 100 reproductive tracts of cattle and buffaloes collected randomly, 54 showed lesions with different severity. Most of the lesions were uterine hemorrhages followed by pyometra, para-ovarian cysts, pyosalpinx, hydrosalpinx, leuteal cysts, follicular cysts and uterine tumors. These lesions were observed slightly higher in number in buffaloes than in cows. Tissue samples of reproductive tracts were processed for histopathology and histopathological lesions were observed under microscope at 4X, 10X and 40X. Histopathological lesions in endometritis were hemorrhages in stratum compactum, very thick blood vessels, congestion, necrosis and degeneration of endometrial glands, glandular tissue fully filled with mononuclear cells, completely destroyed secretary epithelial cells. While in metritis, intact endometrial mucosa, proliferation of connective tissue, infilteration of inflammatory cells and mononuclear cells in the myometrium were observed. In pyometra samples, thick layer of exudate on the surface of endometrium, severe infilteration of mononuclear cells, sloughing of endometrial mucosa, necrosis of endometrial glands and glands filled with heavy population of mononuclear cells, proliferation of fibrous connective tissues in between endometrial glands, many macrophages are also present, infiltration of polymorphs mononuclear cells were observed in stratum functionalis. In uterine lymphoma, tumor tissue was in follicular pattern, neoplastic cells variable in size and having round nucleus, many mitotic figures present, and stroma consisted of broad irregular bands of collagen. In conclusion, out of 100 reproductive tracts of slaughtered cattle and buffaloes were examined and gross lesions were found 54% including uterine hemorrhages 20% followed by pyometra, para-ovarian cysts, hydrosalpinx, luteal cysts, follicular cysts and uterine lymphoma as 17, 8, 3, 3, 2 and 1%, respectively. The bacteria isolated from reproductive tracts in cattle and buffaloes were Escherichia coli 100% followed by Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus species, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Lactobacillus species, Corynebacterium species and Aeromonas species as 51, 47, 40, 34, 24 and 5%, respectively. In endometritis, PMN cells, thickening of endometrium, congestion, very thick blood vessels, degeneration of endometrial glands, glandular tissue fully filled with mononuclear cells, completely destroyed secretary epithelial cells, intact endometrial mucosa, proliferation of connective tissue and hemorrhages are observed while in pyometra, sloughing of endometrial mucosa, glands filled with heavy population of mononuclear cells, proliferation of fibrous connective tissue in between endometrial glands, many macrophages are also present, congestion and degeneration of endometrial glands was seen. Tumor tissue was in follicular pattern, neoplastic cells variable in size and having round nucleus, many mitotic figures present, and stroma consisted of broad irregular bands of collagen. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1541,T] (1).

36. Carrier Status Of Foot And Mouth Disease In Ruminants Through Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain

by Muhammad Usman | Prof. Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmed | Dr. Aftab | Dr. Hassan Mushtaq.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Literary form: drama Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is highly infectious disease of cattle, buffalo, sheep and goats. It is caused by genus Aphthovirus of Picornaviradae family. FMDV is RNA virus having seven serotypes A, O, C, Asia 1, SAT1, SAT2 and SAT3. Serotypes A, O, C and Asia1 are endemic in Pakistan and causes high economic losses to livestock industry .So priority is to apply quick and efficient methods for detection of FMDV infection and to limit the spread of outbreaks of the disease. Although CFT, VNT and ELISA are already being used for the diagnosis of FMDV in Pakistan but these diagnostic techniques are time consuming and their specificity and sensitivity is low. RT-PCR for the identification of FMDV is very much sensitive and specific, can be done within three hours after receiving of samples to the laboratory. Foot and mouth disease (FMD) in adult sheep and goats is frequently mild or unapparent, but can cause high mortality in young animals. The outbreaks of FMD in 1999 in Morocco, in 2001 in the United Kingdom & in 2007 in Cyprus has highlighted the importance of sheep in the epidemiology of the disease, although there have been numerous examples in the past where small ruminants have been responsible for the introduction of FMD into previously disease-free countries. The difficulty in making a clinical diagnosis should encourage the development of more rapid screening tests to assist in future control programs. In Pakistan, no study has been conducted to depict the role of small ruminants in the epidemiology and transmission of FMD virus to the large ruminants. Keeping in view this neglected area of research, present study is planned to apply the sensitive and economical RT-PCR technique for the rapid detection of carrier status of FMD virus in ruminants; and to highlight the importance and need of vaccination to small ruminants against FMD virus in order to control outbreaks of the disease and transmission to the large ruminants population. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1577,T] (1).

37. In Process Quality Control Factors Affecting Potency Of Inactivated Black Quarter Vaccine

by Kashif Hanif | Prof. Dr. Khushi Muhammad | Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum | Prof. Dr.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Literary form: drama Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Black quarter (BQ) is a majorbacterial disease of cattle and buffalocharacterized by loss of appetite, lameness, depression, fever, swelling of the skeletal muscles, crepitating sounds followed by sudden death without any clear signs of disease. It results in irrecoverable economic losses. The disease prevails in all provinces of Pakistan especially in District Dera Ismail Khan,Cholistan and Chakwal etc. Morbidity losses comprise of losses due to reduced milk production, work hindrance, treatment charges etc. The survey revealed that 15.91% losses were due to morbidity and 84.09% losses occurred due to mortality caused by black quarter in cattle and buffalo. Reliable diagnosis, mass scale vaccination and clamping strict bio-security measures are the only ways to control the disease.The present study was aimed to optimize the PCR for prompt and reliable diagnosis of BQ and to evaluate the inactivated whole culture vaccine with variable biological titer to induce protective immune response in calves. The comparative antibody response of animals to adjuvanted (Aluminium hydroxide gel & Montanide ISA 70) and non adjuvanted vaccine and duration of immunity was also studied. Effect of boosting on the humoral immune response of animals as well as shelf life of various vaccines was also evaluated. All of the vaccines were inoculated in a group of four animals. Serum samples were collected at specified time intervals and antibody levels were detected through antihemolytic units. The PCR was optimized for diagnosis of C. chauvoei in clinical specimens from infected carcasses. Study of factors (temperature, media composition, pH, incubation time and anaerobic agents)for biomass production of bacteria and its hemolytic toxins revealed that certain growth parameters can be improved to enhance the bacterial growth and its hemolytic toxins. Like use of RCM medium for vaccine production enhances the growth of C. chauvoei and its toxins under in vitro conditions. Supplementation of nitrogen gas in culture medium can enhance the bacterial growth and hemolysin. Proper incubation time, temperature and pH can be very helpful factors for the growth and biomass production of C. chauvoei under in vitro conditions. Finally, biomass production of the organism using manual biofermentor is a very cheap and cost effective method for concentrated vaccine production in our country where commercial biofermentor cannot be afforded. So by using these techniques we can make more no. of vaccine doses from less quantity of bacterial culture. It will also help us in developing bivalent, trivalent or multivalent vaccine. Study of in process quality control factors (bacterial biomass and toxins) production and "in process quality control" factors (biological titer, bacterial count, hemolytic units, adjuvants and storage time) that affect antibody response of vaccinatesrevealed that vaccine with 250 HU / dose showed relatively similar antibody titer in calves as the vaccine with 500 HU or 750 HU per dose. So this can be helpful to produce more doses of vaccine with same culture. The Montanide ISA 70 gave best result for development of good and prolonged immunity but gel based vaccine also produce satisfactory results.So in future oil based vaccine may be used to attain long term and effective immunity. Effect of priming and boosting revealed that boosting give better results as compared to primed group by producing prolonged immunity. The results were very encouraging. Effect of storage showed that the quality of immunogen was not affectedwith the passage of time if the vaccine is properly stored at 4 °C upto three months. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1586,T] (1).

38. Suitability Of In-House Developed Pt-Pcr Fro The Detection And Serotyping Of Dengue Virus In Pakistan

by Kashif Iqbal Sahibzada | Dr. Abu Saeed Hashmi | Dr. Aftab | Ms. Asma Waris.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Dengue Virus (DENV) belongs to the genus Flavivirus of family Flaviviridae having four serological different serotypes such as DENV1, DENV2, DENV3 and DENV4 (Bai et al., 2008) Being a Flaviviridae member, the dengue virus is transmitted to human by genus Aedes, mainly Aedes agypti. Over the years dengue fever has become a significant infectious disease in different parts of the world that leads and increases the growth of mosquitoes. It has become epidemic in more than 100 countries on the globe with more than 2.5 billion people at the risk of infection. Pakistan has witnessed some severe outbreaks of dengue viral infection which results to major morbidity and mortality since mid of 90s. There is a need to overcome this infectious and in many cases fatal disease. Imprecise fatality morbidity and statistics underrate the magnitude of dengue as a regional health problem. Medical and public health services have been incapable to diminish this infection since there is no current vaccine available to prevent infectious disease, no effective medical treatments that avert the development of severe symptoms and no sustainable control measures against the vector that guarantee protection of affected communities. Management of dengue patients and principally dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF)/Dengue shock syndrome (DSS) cases are the alarming challenges now a day and in the upcoming episodes in this country. To deal with this challenge a sensitive and specific technique is required for its early diagnosis along with the knowledge of dengue serotype to increase the specificity of diagnosis and treatment. This study was designed to check the usefulness of nucleic acid based molecular determination of dengue virus along with nucleic acid sequencing/ analysis of different Dengue serotypes through phylogenetic studies. Total 50 Blood samples were collected from the dengue suspected patients in 2011 outbreak of dengue. Samples were analyzed by PCR based detection and were compared with IgG, IgM detections to check the usefulness of PCR based nucleic acid detection. In second phase of study nucleic acid sequencing was done The study has recommended PCR as a suitable and sensitive method for the rapid detection of dengue virus as it was found more sensitive than other utilized techniques including antibodies detection however it was not found useful to differentiate between primary and secondary infection for which a combination of IgG, IgM is more helpful choice. Nucleic acid analysis helped to define the common serotypes/genotypes of dengue virus circulating in Pakistan. In addition the present study has correlated our studied serotypes to other serotypes circulating in the globe which showed 98% homology with Srilankan strain and find out sequence similarities of our serotypes to the other serotypes distributed worldwide through phylogenetic analysis. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1551,T] (1).

39. Prevalence Of Salmonella And Campylobacter Contamination In Poultry Eggs

by Hassaan Bin Aslam | Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum | Prof. Dr. Masood Rabbani.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Provision of adequate food to their inhabitants and assure an atmosphere free from hunger and malnutrition is the responsibility of a civilized government. The food security objective becomes more important when 15-20% of the world population is not getting sufficient food to meet minimum nutritional requirements for a healthy and productive life. Proteins play an important role in the formation of balanced human diet. There are mainly two sources of proteins i.e. animals and plants. Commercial egg production is an important economic enterprise offering more rapid and efficient return than many other livestock production operations. In 1999-2000, 13.9 million commercial layers in Pakistan produced 3,261 million eggs contributing 27% eggs to the total egg production of 8677 million eggs. The incidence of food borne diseases is increasing globally. Many cases of food borne illness occur as a result of improper food handling and preparation by consumers in their own kitchens. Some of the most compelling evidences have come from the international data on Salmonella and Campylobacter species infections. Food-producing animals (e.g., cattle, chickens and turkeys) are the major reservoirs for many of these organisms. A total of 500 raw chicken eggs were bought from different retail outlets in Lahore city for determining the prevalence of Salmonella and Campylobacter inside and on the egg shell and enumeration of their load. Samples were graded as clean, trace, dirty and cracked. All samples were processed inside the safety cabinet. Eggs were broken from narrow end and contents were drained in the petri plate. Egg shell and egg shell membrane was processed by shell crush method in a tube in the presence of phosphate buffer saline. Sample from egg yolk and albumin was taken by direct aspiration while egg shell rinse was taken as a sample for Salmonella and Campylobacter. Isolation is done by enrichment method for this purpose selenite broth and buffered peptone water is used for Salmonella and campylobacter, respectively. The enriched sample was then plated on the Brilliant Green Plate selective for Salmonella and Campy Cefex Agar plate that is selective for Campylobacter. Thirteen samples out of 500 hundred samples were positive for presence Salmonella with over all prevalence of 2.6%. Highest percent prevalence was found in cracked eggs where it is 33.3% followed by dirty and clean eggs (0.9%) and trace eggs with zero prevalence. Colony forming units of Salmonella on the shell of one positive sample is 4.2x102 while CFUs in egg yolk of cracked egg was 7.0x102. Regarding Campylobacter five eggs out of 500 eggs were positive with overall prevalence of 1%. The highest prevalence was found in cracked eggs where it was 16.6% and dirty eggs having prevalence of 12.5%. Both clean and trace eggs were having zero prevalence. CFUs for Campylobacter were too low to count while majority of samples were observed negative for viable CFUs for Campylobacter. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1614,T] (1).

40. Lysine Production On Pilot Scale By Brevibacterium Flavum And Its Characterization, Purification And Crystallization

by Muhammad Faisal | Dr. Abu Saeed Hashmi | DR. Aftab | Mrs. Shagufta Saeed.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Food and feed protein demands have increased due to raise in population. Therefore continuous efforts have been progressed to enhance the production rate by conventional and non conventional methods. Fermentation technology have participated decisive role for a long time period and presently the amino acids formed by fermentation set apart principal biotechnology products significantly. By consuming low-cost carbon supply mutants originate potential to the inexpensive built-up for amino acids. L-lysine demand is steadily rising in the sector of feed stuffs, soft drinks, food ingredients, pharmacy and biological fluids, etc. In order to meet the market demand and accomplish growing and assorted L-lysine requirements, microbial metabolic engineering and recombinant DNA technology is the only hope and possibility for advancing the strains. Purification and isolation of material produced is a very significant element extremely influences fermentation practice usefulness and manufacturing expenses. It demands enhancement in the recycling procedure of amino acids, mainly L-lysine. The present study was designed to produce lysine on pilot scale by using Brevibacterium flavum. A variety of agricultural byproducts like wheat bran, sugar cane molasses and rice polishing were utilized as substrate for lysine production through fermentation by using Brevibacterium flavum. Primarily optimum conditions were determined through fermentation for lysine production on micro scale. Subsequently these conditions were employed for biosynthesis of lysine on pilot scale. Qualitative assay of lysine was performed by TLC and quantitative assay by spectrophotometrically. It was found that amongst all the substrates 4% molasses was produced maximum lysine at 300C. Different inorganic and organic material like 0.4% CaCO3, O.4% MgSO4.7H2O, 0.1% NaCl, 0.8% KH2PO4, 2.5 % (NH4)2SO4, 0.5 % urea, 0.04 mg % biotin and 0.6 % corn steep liquor were found to be optimal for maximum lysine yield. After pilot scale production of lysine in fermentor, different techniques of downstream were applied. The biomass liquor thus produced was purified and crystallized through different techniques to transform in to L-lysine crystals. The information thus attained was subjected to statistical analysis by using one way ANOVA on optimization of different parameters for L-lysine production and comparison of mean values was done by Least Significant Difference (LSD). Based on the above observations it was concluded that molasses is the most suitable substrate among other agriculture wastes for maximum lysine production with Brevibacterium flavum. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1631,T] (1).

41. Evaluation Of Cytotoxicity And Antiviral Activity Of Moxidectin Against Influenza Virus H9

by Rabia Hameed | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Aftab anjum | Mr. Muhammad Adil Rasheed.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Literary form: drama Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1665,T] (1).

42. Epidemiology, Zoonotic Potential, Molecular Diagnosis And Chemotherapy Of Cryptosporidiosisin Bovine

by Sabiqaa Masood | Prof. Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Dr. Aftab | Prof. Dr. Zafar Iqbal Choudhry.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Cryptosporidiosis is an important parasitic infection of cattle, buffaloes, goats, sheep, horses, cats, human beings and other vertebrates. Prevalence of Cryptosporidiosis in selected animals and human beings carried out on the basis of microscopic examination and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Percent prevalence of Cryptosporidiosis determined on the basis of conventional identification method was highest in calves (23.1) followed by cattle (10.5) and buffaloes (8.47). Percent prevalence of Cryptosporidiosis in calves, cattle and buffaloes was higher at Government dairy farm (38.33, 20.55 and 16.66) followed by Gawala colonies (26.1, 12.77 and 9.44), Military dairy farm (18.3, 6.11 and 4.44) and then House hold dairies (10, 3.88 and 3.34). Percent prevalence recorded in calves having age less than six months was higher (26.45) than those with 7-12 months of age (16.6). Percent prevalence of Cryptosporidiosis in cattle having age of 2-3 years was higher than those cattle having 3-7 years of age. Similarly, infection rate was higher in buffaloes with 2-3 years age (11.8) than 3-7 years (9.8). Cryptosporidiosis percent prevalence recorded in female calves was higher (24.04) than male calves (18.2). Percent prevalence of Cryptosporidium oocysts observed in feces of male cattle was little higher (11.25) than female cattle (10.4). Cryptosporidiosis percent prevalence recorded in female buffaloes was higher (13.3) than male buffaloes (8.3). The data was analyzed monthly for the purpose to trace out the specific period of the year having the highest prevalence rate of Cryptosporidium infection. The highest percent prevalence of Cryptosporidiosis recorded in fecal samples of calves was during summer (27.5) followed by autumn (25.8), spring (20.3) and the lowest in winter season (14.5). Overall the highest percent prevalence of Cryptosporidiosis in cattle recorded was during summer (15), followed by spring/autumn (10.88) and the lowest in winter (6.6%). The highest percent prevalence of Cryptosporidiosis recorded in buffaloes was during summer (12) followed by autumn (20), spring (7.5) and the lowest in winter season (4.5). In human beings patients suffering from diarrhea were examined by microscopy and percent prevalence calculated was 40 in present study. Molecular percent prevalence rate determined was 12.22 in cattle. Percent prevalence recorded using PCR was the highest at Government dairy farm (22.7), followed by Gawala colonies (14.41), Military dairy farm (7.7) and the lowest at House hold dairies (5). The highest season wise percent molecular prevalence was observed during summer (16.6) followed by autumn/spring (13.3), the lowest in winter (7.7). The higher molecular percent prevalence in young cattle (2-3 years) was higher (23.7) than those having age between 3-7 years (10.7). Molecular percent prevalence of Cryptosporidiosis in selected cattle was lower in females (13.6) than males (15). The efficacy of albendazole observed was 43.05, 58.7 and 64.6 percents on 13th, 20th and 27th day post treatment. The efficacy of albendazole determined on this dose was 34.8, 57.1 and 62.9 percents on days 13, 20 and 27 post therapy. Efficacy of drug calculated on days 13, 20 and 27 was 32.8, 53.3 and 56.6 percent, respectively. Percent efficacy of used drug was 55.04, 68.5 and 79.4 on days 13, 20 and 27 post treatment, respectively. At 50mg/kg body weight dose rate of paromomycin significant decrease in OPG count was recorded from 6th day post treatment and onward (P<0.05). On days 13, 20 and 27 percent efficacy of used drug determined was 48.1, 65 and 69, respectively. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1678,T] (1).

43. Isolation And Characterization Of Phytase Producing Microrganism From Soil

by Ghazal Aziz | Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum | Prof. Dr | Prof. Dr. Tahir Yaqub.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Phytase is an enzyme of great importance because it is added as a biofertilizer to soil and added in animal feed to increase the uptake of inorganic phosphorous. Phytase production is the property of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) that harbor in rhizosphere part of the soil. These phytase producing bacteria can be utilized as biofertilizers as and can increase the soil fertility and crop production. Soil samples were collected and screened for the production of phytase (an extracellular) enzyme on phytase screening media (PSM). Six bacterial isolates (PHY02, PHY03, PHY06, PHY07, PHY12, and PHY30) showed distinguished clear zones (> 6mm) on PSM. Isolates were identified as Lactobacillus casei PHY02, Enterobactor intermedius PHY03, Bacillus badius PHY06, Escherichia coli PHY07, Shigella sonnei PHY12, and Klebsiella pneumonia PHY30. Effect of physical parameters (temperatures, pH and osmotic pressure) on growth and enzyme production by selected isolates was determined. Optimum growth and production of phytae by PHY02, PHY03, PHY06, PHY07, PHY12, and PHY30 (27, 9, 19, 40, 32, and 19 IU, respectively) was at 37°C. PHY07 showed highest enzyme production, followed by PHY30 and PHY02. Isolate PHY06 showed similar growth and enzyme activity at 37°C and 42°C but it was significantly reduced at low temperature. Effect of pH on phytase production on selected isolates indicates that all isolates produces maximum amount of phytase at pH 6.5. At pH 6.5 enzyme units released by PHY02, PHY03, PHY06, PHY07, PHY12, and PHY30, were 26, 15, 19, 41, 19, and 32 IU, respectively. Production of enzyme decreased with the increase in osmotic pressure. PHY02, PHY03, PHY06, PHY07, PHY12, and PHY30 showed optimum enzyme production (27, 15, 17, 41, 18, and 32 IU, respectively) at 1 % NaCl in PSM (Figure 1C). Effects of carbon source on both growth and phytase production of isolates showed that PHY03, PHY06, PHY07, PHY12 had significantly higher (P<0.05) cell densities and enzyme production in glucose, while PHY02 and PHY30 had higher enzyme activity at 0.3% lactose. Nitrogen source in growing media also effects the growth and production of enzyme. PHY02 and PHY12 had better growth and production at 0.1% peptone, while PHY07 and PHY30 had significantly higher phytase level in media modified with peptone but at higher concentration (0.3%). Addition of tryptone in growth medium significantly enhanced the growth and enzyme production by PHY03, and PHY06. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1685,T] (1).

44. Toxinotyping And Antimicrobial Susceptibility Of Enterotoxigenic Clostridium Perfringens Isolates From Muttion, Beef and Poultry Meat

by Madiha Khan | Dr. Jawad Nazir | Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum | Prof. Dr.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: A total of 300 meat samples including chicken, mutton, and beef (100 each) collected from local butcher shops as well as large meat outlets and grocery stores situated in various localities of Lahore were analyzed to determine the level of C. perfringens contamination. The samples were enriched in Fluid Thioglycollate Medium (FTM), purified on Tryptose Sulfite Cycloserine (TSC) agar that is highly selective media for C. perfringens and were identified by their culture characters, morphology and biochemical profile. C. perfringens was successfully isolated from 12 out of 300 samples with an overall positivity ratio of 4 %. A relatively higher percent prevalence of the C. perfringens was found in meat from local butcher shops (6.66 %) in comparison to the ones collected from the larger meat outlets (1.33 %) where meat is supplied under cold chain management system. Within each meat type a total of 6, 5, and 1 of the samples from chicken, mutton, and beef meat, respectively were found positive for the presence of C. perfringens. Toxinotyping of the positive isolates was performed using commercially available alpha, beta, and epsilon toxins detection ELISA kits. Out of 12 confirmed isolates of C. perfringens only six were found positive for the production of various toxins. Three of the isolates produced alpha toxin and were grouped as type A, one of the isolate produced alpha, beta and epsilon toxin therefore confirmed as type B, one of the isolates produced alpha and beta toxin so belong to type C whereas one of the isolate produced alpha and epsilon toxin so it was grouped as type D while six of the isolates did not produce any toxin. The toxin producing isolates were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing against 13 antibiotics commonly employed to treat the foodborne infections. It was observed that most of the antibiotics were effective against C. perfringens exhibiting a wider zone of inhibition around the antibiotic discs. All the six isolates were susceptible to the chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, metronidazole, and ceftriaxone. Five out of six isolates were susceptible whereas one of the isolate was classified as intermediate against tetracycline, lincomycin, and cefotaxime. Five isolates were sensitive and one was resistant to erythromycin. Four isolates were susceptible to penicillin and one each was intermediate and resistant to the antibiotic. All of the other drugs were relatively less effective with a least activity of amoxicillin against the isolates. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1686,T] (1).

45. Isolation And Characterization Of Multidrug Resistant E. Coli From Urinary Tract Infections In A Tertiary Care

by Sumera Sabir | Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum | Dr | Dr. Muhammad Asad Ali.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Bacterial etiology of urinary tract infections (UTIs) admitted in or visiting a tertiary care hospital in Lahore, Pakistan was determined by conventional biochemical profile. Multiple drug resistance (MDR) of Escherichia coli, the most prevalent bacteria, was checked. Overall bacterial prevalence recorded was 80.4 percent, being highest in patients of intensive care unit (93%) followed by urology ward (87%), north surgical ward (85%), east medical ward (70%) and OPD (67%). Infection rate was higher in female (87.5%) than male (71.3%) and almost same in pregnant (86%)/non-pregnant (88%) female patients. Highest percent UTIs observed were in patients of 51-75 years of age. Percent infection recorded in catheterized patients (70.8%) was lower than non-catheterized (83%) and little higher in Diabetics (82%). Out of biochemically identified bacterial isolates (n=402), highest number was of E. coli 321 (80%) followed by Staphylococcus aureus 38 (9.4%), Proteus species 22 (5.4%) and Pseudomonas species 21 (5.2%). Almost same pattern of isolation was observed among patients of different wards. On statistical analysis significantly higher number of E. coli was observed among isolates from patients of five wards included in study plan. Out of bacterial isolates from male (n=157) and female (n=245) patients highest prevalence was of E. coli (79% and 80%). Out of total bacterial isolates from female patients (n=245), number of was E. coli at the highest rank 90 (79.6%), in pregnant. Among different age groups highest prevalence was of E. coli and lowest of Pseudomonas species. Out of 120 tested urine samples collected from catheterized patients bacterial growth was observed in 85. On bacterial identification by conventional biochemical characterization highest prevalence was of E. coli (56.4%). Out of pure bacterial cultures (n=70) from Diabetic patients highest number identified was of E. coli 54 (77.1%) followed by Staphylococcus aureus 8 (11.4%), Proteus 2 (2.8%) and 6 (8.57%) were Pseudomonas species. According to Antibiotic sensitivity testing results E. coli showed highest resistance to penicillin/amoxicillin (100%) followed by cefotaxime (89.7%), ceftazidime (73.8%), Cephradin (73.8%), tetracycline (69.4%), doxycycline (66.6%), augmentin (62.6%), gentamycin (59.8%), cefuroxime (58.2%), ciprofloxacin (54.2%), Cefaclor (50%), Aztreonam (44.8%), ceftriaxone (43.3%), imipenem (43.3%), streptomycin (30%), kanamycin (19.9%), Tazocin (14%), Amikacin (12.7%) and lowest to norfloxacin (11.2%). Out of 321 E. coli 261 (81%) were declared MDR being resistant to three or more antibiotic classes. Most of the urinary tract infections in human beings are caused by E. coli which show resistance to multiple antibiotics. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1687,T] (1).

46. Evaluation Of Cytotoxicity And Antiviral Activity Of Ivermectin Against Newcastle Disease Virus

by Sidra Azeem | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Aftab | Mr. Muhammad Adil Rasheed.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1691,T] (1).

47. Clinicao-Bacteriological Characterzation Of Mastitis In Cholistani Camel Breeds In Rahim-Yar-Khan, Pakistan.

by Noor-ul-Ain Sarwar | Dr. Aneela Zameer Durrain | Dr. Aftab | Dr. Muhammad Awais.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1696,T] (1).

48. Extraction, Purificaton And Characterization Of Proteolytic Enzyme From Fig (Ficus Carica)/ Karachi

by Haseeb Akram Sindhu | Dr. Abu Saeed Hashmi | Dr. Aftab | Ms. Faiza Masood.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Today, the enzymes are generally used in various industrial applications and require for more stable, highly active and specific enzymes are growing rapidly. Global market for industrial enzymes is reported to be €1 billion in 1995 (Godfrey and West, 1996) whereas, it was increased to $2.3 billion in 2007 and was expected to increase to over $2.7 billion by 2012. In this piece of research work, purification and characterization of papain (a proteolytic enzyme) from Kachri (Cucumis trigonus) and Ficus (Ficus carica) were carried out. Extraction of papain was done using 0.1M alkaline phosphate buffer of pH 8.00, 70% ethanol and dist.water. Purification of papain was carried out by Ammonium Sulphate precipitation and dialysis followed by Gel filtration by Sephadex G-50. Then characterization of papain such as protein estimation, determination of proteolytic activity (international Unit) of enzyme and SDS-PAGE analysis were performed to determined molecular weight. Finally, the yield and proteolytic activity of papain was measured and compared with the commercial product available in the market. Crude preparation of enzyme has a wide specificity due to the presence of various proteinase and peptidase isozymes. The performance of the enzyme depends on the plant source, the climatic conditions for growth, and the methods used in its extraction and purification, for example, if the fruit is healthy, then enzyme found is more active. Papain is used in many industries such as breweries, pharmaceuticals, food, leather, cosmatics, detergents, meat and fish processing for a variety of processes. Therefore, the end use segments are many in signifying that papain has high export demand (Ezekiel and Florence, 2012). Outcomes In case, Kachri and Ficus contain high concentration of proteolytic enzyme. These enzymes being present in natural fruit were free from any toxic effect. Hence can be used in food and pharmaceutical industries. Statistical analysis Student's t-Test was used for comparing the means of two samples Kachri (Cucumis trigonus) and Ficus (Ficus carica). Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1722,T] (1).

49. Antibody Response Of Buffalo Calves To Oil Based Multivalent (Pasteurella Multocida, Clostridium Chauvoei And FMD Virus "O' "A" and "Asia1") Vaccine

by Muhammad Farooq | Prof. Dr. Khushi Muhammad | Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum | Prof. Dr.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Microbial diseases are one of the constraints for further development of dairy industry as a profitable enterprise. The diseases are causing heavy economic losses to the industry. The diseases such as Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD), Hemorrhagic Septicemia (HS), Black Quarter (BQ),etc., are endemic in Pakistan and perpetuate among the dairy animals. These diseases can be effectively controlled by vaccination. FMD virus "O", "A" and "Asia 1" were grown on BHK-21 and were inactivated with BEI. Culture of P. multocida and Cl. chauvoeiwere grown on CSY and RCM media, respectively and inactivated with formalin. The vaccine containing 0.2 x 107 units of TCID50of each serotype of FMD virus ("O", "A" and "Asia1"), 2 mg of Pasteurella multocida and 250 Hemolytic units of Clostridium chauvoei per dose were prepared. Oil adjuvanted vaccines of HS, HS + BQ, HS + FMD ("O", "A" and "Asia 1"), BQ, BQ+ FMD ("O", "A" and "Asia 1"), FMD ("O", "A" and "Asia 1") and HS + BQ + FMD ("O", "A" and "Asia 1") were prepared and injected into the buffalo calves in 7 group of 3(n=3) animals each separately at Living Dairies, Chunian. 8th group of three animals was kept as negative control. Antibody response against FMD virus, Cl. chauvoei and P. multocida were measured by CFT, Anti hemolytic Assay and IHA, respectively at day 0, 30, 60 and 90 post vaccinations. Two groups (n=3) of calves vaccinated with whole culture FMD vaccine and NSP free FMD vaccine. Data was analyzed by one way ANOVA procedure and significance was determined by Duncan Multiple Range Test through SPSS version 13. The vaccine when injected in buffalo calves induced Log22.00±1.00units of anti FMD "O" CFT antibody titer, Log22.22±1.00 units of anti FMD "A" CFT antibody titer, Log22.22±0.84 units of anti FMD "Asia 1" CFT antibody titer; Log22.99±0.58 units of Indirect Haemagglutinating (IHA) units of antibody against Pasteurella multocida and Log25.44±1.02, Anti Hemolytic Units (AHU) of the antibodies against hemolytic toxins of Clostridium chauvoei. There was no significant difference among the titers of FMDV "O", "A" and "Asia 1"; Pasteurella multocida and Clostridium chauvoei whether used in monovalent or in multivalent.In present study anti-NSP-FMD virus ELISA antibodies in the animals vaccinated with FMD (whole culture) vaccine were undetectable on 15 days post priming while detectable on 30 and 45 days post priming. However anti-NSP-FMD virus ELISA antibodies in the animals vaccinated with FMD (NSP free) vaccine were undetectable on 15, 30 and 45 days post priming. Moreover these antibodies were detectable in FMD carrier animals on 15 days post recovery.Cellular pellet of Pasteurella multocida, Clostridium chauvoei can be used to further minimizing the volume of culture required and further Brucella abortis vaccine can be added in it in conjunction with FMD. This will revolutionize the field of vaccination in Pakistan. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1732,T] (1).

50. Prevalence Of Defferent Developmental Stages Of Aedes Mosquitoes And Their Role In Transmission Of Dengue

by Sabila Afzal | Prof. Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Dr. Aftab A | Dr. Muhammad Latif.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Literary form: drama Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1735,T] (1).



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