1.
The Study Of Hematological Parameters Of Indian Rock Python (Python Molorus Molorus) In Punjab, Pakistan
by Rehan ul Haq | Dr. Khalid Mahmood Anjum | Dr. Aneela | Dr. Arshad Javid.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: The background of the hematological studies of reptiles has assumed greater significance due to an increased trend of keeping them as pets and to identify any pathological condition in them in wild for their conservation. The objectives of study is to identify the hematological parameters of Indian Rock Python (Python molorus molorus) in Punjab, Pakistan. This is the only species of python found in Pakistan and a Near Threatened species according to IUCN Red Data Book. There is no data available on the blood chemistry of this species in Pakistan . These values will act as reference values for future studies in Pakistan.
The hypothesis of the present study is that the hematology of Indian Rock Python could vary from that of Burmese Python and thier is a relatively high difference in the values of heterophyls,Basophils Eosinophils and monocytes so hypothesis proved.
The parameters like red blood cells count, total leukocyte and thrombocyte counts, packed cell volume, hemoglobin evaluation and differential leukocyte count were studied by collecting the 3 ml blood from the caudal vein of pythons by 23 Gauge syringe and we compare the results with published record of Burmese Python other than this captive and wild pythons hematology is also compared. Mostly standard procedures for counting these values were be followed. Results showed that the Packed cell volume for all the five samples is 3.9 ± 4 SD, Hemoglobin is 7.18 ± 0.61 SD and the Red blood cells count mean is1.23 × 106 /µl with SD of 0.32. White Blood cell count is15.46 × 103 /µl with SD of 1.97,Heterophils6.66 × 103 /µl with SD of 4.16,Lymphocytes4.98 × 103 /µl with 2.47 SD,Monocytes0.22 × 103/µl with standard deviation of 0.13,Azurophils(× 103 /µl) are 0.904+0.55, Eosinophils(× 103 /µl)0.836+0.61, Basophils(× 103 /µl)1.38+ 1.77
This present study will provide important information about hematological parameters of Indian Rock Pythons that could be a ready reference for the wildlife veterinarians, conservationists and biologists in future for the conservation and treatment of this near threatened species.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1426,T] (1).
2.
Comparative Evaluation Of Conventional Method And Staple Suture Technique For Intestinal Aanastomosis In Dogs
by Hafiz Kashif Shahzad | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Arif Khan | Dr. Aneela | Dr. Shehla Gul Bokhari.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Intestinal resection and anastomosis is frequently essential during abdominal surgeries. Indications for intestinal resection are malignancy, inflammation, stricture formation, injuries and ischemia. Several surgical situations necessitate the resection of intestinal segments and the formation of consistent anastomoses. Conventionally, a large diversity of suture materials has been used to make hand-sewn anastomoses. Surgical stapler was made for the first time at the beginning of 20th century but its use remained limited in gastrointestinal surgery. Currently, stapled anastomoses is an essential part of the majority of the gastrointestinal surgeries. The simple-interrupted, single-layer, approximating technique, in which absorbable monofilament suture material is used, is presently believed to be the technique of choice for end-to-end bowel anastomosis. This procedure is mostly used in gastrointestinal surgeries with comparatively lesser complications. Intestinal anastomosis with skin staples was started by military surgeons for the soldiers suffering from bowel trauma caused by gunfire. In this technique, stainless steel skin staples were used to create a seromuscular intestinal anastomoses. There are several types of staplers available in markets, e.g. circular ligators, clip appliers, endoscopic staplers etc. The circular stapler is a disposable anastomotic instrument that places a round, double staggered row of titanium staples connecting intervening tissues. It can generate an end-to-end, end-to-side, or side-to-side anastomosis. This round stapler is available with a variety of staple line diameters to be used according to need. In current years, there has been a large shift from hand-sewn method towards the use of intestinal stapler in gastrointestinal surgery. They present a possible reduction in operational timing and are easy to learn and use than for hand-sewn method. So, staplers are very popular in the trainee. This research project was tested on 12 mongrel dogs divided randomly into two different groups (A and B). Each group comprised of 6 dogs. Conventional hand-sewn method of end-to-end anastomosis was applied on group A and stapled anastomosis was made in the dogs of group B. Two surgical techniques were applied for end to end anastomosis of jejunum. In group-A conventional hand-sewn anastomosis technique was applied. In this method a piece of jejunum was removed and then anatomosed with simple interrupted, single-layer, approximating technique. The absorbable, monofilament suture material was applied manually. This is currently considered the method of choice for end-to-end intestinal anastomosis in small animal surgery. This technique is well described and has been used throughout the canine gastrointestinal tract with a relatively low complication rate. In group-B a circular mechanical stapler was used to construct anastomosis. In this method a piece of jejunum was removed and end-to-end anatomosis was made using a mechanical stapler. Comparison of both techniques was made on the basis of clinical parameters (temperature, pulse, respiration, vomiting, diarrhea and blood in feces), radiographic evaluation, exploratory laparotomy, change in lumen diameter and duration of surgical procedure. There is a significant difference in change in diameter within each group before and after surgery but there is no significant difference in change in diameter or stenosis formation between these two groups. There is a significant difference in the duration of operation; stapled group significantly requires an average of 10 minutes less than conventional hand-sewn method. Conclusively it was inferred that there is no significant difference in change in diameter between stapled group and hand sewn group but the anastomosis construction time is shorter in stapled group. Stapled anastomosis is safe and faster technique than hand-sewn method. The prevalence of low complication rate makes it all the more ideal for application in routine practices.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1533,T] (1).
3.
Comparision of the Efficacy of Different Anti-Fungal in Ear Canal Infections of Dogs in Lahore and Its Suburbs, Pakistan.
by Sehrish Khan | Dr. Aneela Zameer Durrani | Dr. Asim IKhalid Mehmood.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: The present project was designed to study the presence and importance of
M. pachyderma infection in otitis externa in domestic dogs and to compare the efficacy of clotrimazole and nystatin, in district Lahore, Pakistan as no such previous reference is available. Random samples were collected for a period of three months, from the Government and private pet clinics. The targeted population was pet dogs of different age, sex and breeds. Samples were collected from all the dogs suffering from otitis externa brought to the clinics. The positive animals for M. pachyderma were divided into two groups, i.e. A and B, and treated with clotrimazole and nystatin respectively. A total of 200 cases of otitis externa were recorded and a prevalence of 23% of otitis externa with M. pachyderma infection were found positive.
In the present study, a non-significant difference (P>0.05) was observed between pendulous ear and erected ear dogs and no sex predilection was observed (P>0.05). However, a higher prevelance (86.90%) was recorded in dogs more than one years of age group. In the present investigation, clotrimazole showed higher efficacy (P < 0.05) with the significant reduction of yeast population and clinical signs of otitis.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1693,T] (1).
4.
Burden Of Endoparasites In Ruminants In Live Aimal Markets Of Lahore
by Faiza Afzal | Dr. Jawaria Ali Khan | Dr. Aneela Zameer Durani | Prof. Dr.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Endoparsites cause severe economic losses by affecting and may cause many diseases to animal. Due to anthelmintic resistance and poor managemental practices endoparsitic disease are more common now a days. In Pakistan parasitic infestation is quite prevalent and the loss about 26.5 million rupees annually to the livestock industry. Although no exact figure of economic losses is available but it is fact that millions of rupees are being lost due to reduced milk yield, rejection of meat and edible offal, depreciation of hides, delay age of maturity and death particularly in calves and high production cost due to use of drugs, they also decrease feed intake efficiency. Present study was conducted to check the burden of endoparasites in different live animal Markets of Lahore, For this purpose 800 samples of large ruminants (cattle, buffalo) and small ruminants (sheep, goat) were collected and transported to lab for further qualitative fecal examination through macroscopic and microscopic examination. In six live animal markets overall prevalence of endoparasites found 21.37%. Out of 800 samples 171 were found positive. Prevalence of large and small ruminants was found almost similar i.e: 21.5%, 21.25% respectively. However much parasitic burden was observed 43.1% in cattle to that of 28.1% in buffalo.Prevalence in sheep was high as compared to goat whereas kacchi breed of sheep and Desi breed of goat showed higherprevalence that as 14.5%, 16% respectively.Prevalence in Nilli ravi was 28.0% in non-exotic cattle it was 31% however in exotic jersey breed prevalence of endoparasites was 11%. Endoparasites found more prevalent in Nilli Ravi. In ruminants prevalence found high in male animals as compared to female animals. Overall prevalence in ruminants was 21.0% while in male and female animals prevalence was 21.8%, and 20% respectively. prevalence found more in less than 1 year aged animal than above this age i.e, in less than 1 year of age was 22.4% prevalence while above 1 year aged animals it was 20.0% (P<0.05 ). In large and small ruminants nematodes were more prevalent followed by trematode, cestode, protozoa, and mixed infection. Among nematodes haemonchus were found more prevalent gastrointestinal parasites. Out of 171 positive samples 46 were of haemonchus (5.75%) followed by ostertagia 18 (2.25), trichostrongyloids 17(2.12), cooperia 8(1.0%), bunostomum 6(0.75%), trchuris 11(1.37%), oesophagostomumm 5(0.5%), in large ruminants. Small ruminants also found chabertia ovine 1(0.0125%) and strongyloid papillosus 1(0.0125%) infestation. During this study overall prevalence of Nematode, trematode, cestode, protozoa, and mixed infection found 15.0%, 3.5%, 1.875%, 0.625%, and 0.25% respectively. Mixed infection only found in live animal market 1 at Multan road. In live animal Market 2 at Sagyan Bridge only nematode and trematode were present. In live animal Market 3 at shahpur kanjran no mixed infection was found. And protozoa were only found in large ruminants. In live animal Market no protozoa and mixed infection was found. In live animal Market 4, 5, 6 no protozoa and cestode found. The data obtained was analyzed through chi -square test (SPSS) and probability level of <0.05 was considered as significant different. As results show ( p< 0.05) data was considered as significantly different. Fascioliasis, parasitic gastro-enteritis, coccidiosis, theleriosis, and babesiosis are major parasitic problem in ruminants in order to priority. There is urgent need to carry out research on applied aspects leading towards control of parasites. This parasitic research has been focused on a limited part of country. This should extend in broader area keeping in view various agro-ecological zones of country.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1758,T] (1).
5.
Assessing The Efficacy Of Aqueous Garlic Extract Against Cyanide Toxicity In Mice Using Righting Reflex Recovery
by Sajid Ali | Dr. Muhammad Avais | Dr. Aneela Zameer Durrani | Prof. Dr.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: The KCN intake has been linked to central nervous system (CNS) syndromes and thyroid in animals as well as humans. It is very potent toxin even at very narrow dose ranges. Prolonged KCN exposure has also been associated with reduced growth rate in animals, disturbance in thyroid metabolism, lesions in liver, kidneys, lungs and also CNS pathology.
Male mice weighting about 20-40 grams were purchased from Veterinary Research Institute, Lahore, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Animal house, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore and divided into 30 treatment groups. After acclimatization of mice, carefully, the mice were grouped as follows:
Control group
A group of 6 mice were treated with potassium cyanide (KCN) intra-peritoneally at 5.5mg/kg that induced a knock down state with recovery period of approximately 1 hour. Prior to each experiment, three or more mice were treated with KCN at this dose to verify that the recovery time was close to 1 hour.
Potassium Cyanide (KCN) + Aqueous Garlic Extract (AGE) at 250 mg/kg: Group 1 (5-min pre-KCN)
A group of 6 mice was given AGE intraperitoneally (i.p) at 250 mg/kg. After 5 minutes of AGE injection, an i.p. injection of KCN at 5.5 mg/kg was given and righting reflex recovery time was recorded.
Potassium Cyanide (KCN) + Aqueous Garlic Extract (AGE) at 250 mg/kg: Group 2 (5-min post-KCN)
A group of 6 mice was administered with KCN intraperitoneally (i.p) at 5.5 mg/kg. After 5 minutes of KCN injection, each mouse was treated with AGE at 250 mg/kg i.p. and righting reflex recovery time was noted.
Potassium Cyanide (KCN) + Aqueous Garlic Extract (AGE) at 500 mg/kg: Group 3 (5-min pre-KCN)
A group of 6 mice was given AGE intraperitoneally (i.p) at 500 mg/kg BW. After 5 minutes of AGE injection, an i.p. injection of KCN at 5.5 mg/kg was given and righting reflex recovery time was recorded.
Potassium Cyanide (KCN) + Aqueous Garlic Extract (AGE) at 500 mg/kg: Group 4 (5-min post-KCN)
A group of 6 mice was administered with KCN intraperitoneally (i.p) at 5.5 mg/kg. After 5 minutes of KCN injection, each mouse was treated with AGE at 500 mg/kg i.p. and righting reflex recovery time was recorded.
Potassium Cyanide (KCN) + Aqueous Garlic Extract (AGE) at 750 mg/kg: Group 5 (5-min pre-KCN)
A group of 6 mice was treated with AGE intraperitoneally (i.p) at 750 mg/kg. After 5 minutes of AGE injection, an i.p. injection of KCN at 5.5 mg/kg was given and righting reflex recovery time was recorded.
Potassium Cyanide (KCN) + Aqueous Garlic Extract (AGE) at 750 mg/kg: Group 6 (5-min post-KCN)
A group of 6 mice was administered with KCN intraperitoneally (i.p) at 5.5 mg/kg. After 5 minutes of KCN injection, each mouse was treated with AGE at 750 mg/kg i.p. and righting reflex recovery time was recorded.
Potassium Cyanide (KCN) + Aqueous Garlic Extract (AGE) at 250 mg/kg: Group 7 (30-min post-KCN)
One more group of 6 mice was given AGE at 250 mg/kg orally. After 30 minutes of AGE administration, an intraperitoneal (i.p) injection of KCN at 5.5 mg/kg was given and righting refelx recovery time was noted.
Potassium Cyanide (KCN) + Aqueous Garlic Extract (AGE) at 500 mg/kg: Group 8 (30-min post-KCN)
A group 6 mice was given AGE at 500 mg/kg orally. After 30 minutes of AGE administration, an intraperitoneal (i.p) injection of KCN at 5.5 mg/kg was given and righting reflex recovery time was noted.
Potassium Cyanide (KCN) + Aqueous Garlic Extract (AGE) at 750 mg/kg: Group 9 (30-min post-KCN)
One more group of 6 mice was given AGE at 750 mg/kg orally. After 30 minutes of AGE administration, an intraperitoneal (i.p) injection of KCN at 5.5 mg/kg was given and righting reflex recovery time was recorded.
Garlic Extract Group: (Group 10-15)
Three groups 10 - 12 each with 6 mice were injected intraperitoneally (i.p) with AGE at 250, 500 and 750 mg/kg respectively and righting reflex recovery time of each mouse in respective dose group was noted to observe any effects of AGE on righting reflex recovery time. Three groups 13 - 15 each with 6 mice were treated with AGE orally at 250, 500 and 750 mg/kg respectively and righting reflex recovery time of each mouse in respective dose group was noted to observe any effects of AGE on righting reflex recovery time.
Potassium Cyanide (KCN) + Sodium Nitrite (SN): Group 16 (5-min pre-KCN)
A group of 6 mice was given SN at 20 mg/kg intraperitoneally (i.p). After 5 minutes of SN injection, an i.p. injection of KCN at 5.5 mg/kg was given and righting reflex recovery time was recorded.
Potassium Cyanide (KCN) + Sodium Nitrite (SN): Group 17 (5-min post-KCN)
Another group of 6 mice was administered with KCN intraperitoneally (i.p) at 5.5 mg/kg. After 5 minutes of KCN injection, each mouse was treated with SN at 20 mg/kg i.p. and righting reflex recovery time was noted.
Potassium Cyanide (KCN) + Sodium Thiosulphate (ST): Group 18 (5-min pre-KCN)
A group of 6 mice was given ST at 600 mg/kg intraperitoneally (i.p). After 5 minutes of ST injection, an i.p. injection of KCN at 5.5 mg/kg was given and righting reflex recovery time was recorded.
Potassium Cyanide (KCN) + Sodium Thiosulphate (ST): Group 19 (5-min post-KCN)
A group of 6 mice was administered with KCN intraperitoneally (i.p) at 5.5 mg/kg. After 5 minutes of KCN injection, each mouse was treated with ST at 600 mg/kg i.p. and righting reflex recovery time was recorded.
Potassium Cyanide (KCN) + Sodium Nitrite (SN) & Sodium Thiosulphate (ST): Group 20 (5-min pre-KCN)
A group of 6 mice was given SN and ST at 20 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg intraperitoneally (i.p) respectively. After 5 minutes SN and ST injection, an i.p. injection of KCN at 5.5 mg/kg was given and righting reflex recovery time was recorded.
Potassium Cyanide (KCN) + Sodium Nitrite (SN) & Sodium Thiosulphate (ST): Group 21 (5-min post-KCN)
A group of 6 mice was administered with KCN intraperitoneally (i.p) at 5.5 mg/kg. After 5 minutes of KCN injection, each mouse was treated with SN and ST at 20 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg i.p. respectively and righting reflex recovery time was noted.
Potassium Cyanide (KCN) + Aqueous Garlic Extract (AGE) & Sodium Nitrite (SN): Group 22 (5-min pre-KCN)
A group of 6 mice was given AGE at 750 mg/kg and SN at 20mg/kg intraperitoneally (i.p). After 5 minutes of AGE and ST injection, an i.p. injection of KCN at 5.5 mg/kg was given and righting reflex recovery time was noted.
Potassium Cyanide (KCN) + Aqueous Garlic Extract (AGE) & Sodium Nitrite (SN): Group 23 (5-min post-KCN)
A group of 6 mice was administered with KCN intraperitoneally (i.p) at 5.5 mg/kg. After 5 minutes of KCN injection, each mouse was treated with AGE at 750 mg/kg and SN at 20 mg/kg i.p. and righting reflex recovery time was recorded.
Potassium Cyanide (KCN) + Aqueous Garlic Extract (AGE) & Sodium Thiosulphate (ST): Group 24 (5-min pre-KCN)
A group of 6 mice was given AGE at 750 mg/kg and ST at 600mg/kg intraperitoneally (i.p). After 5 minutes of AGE and ST injection, an i.p. injection of KCN at 5.5 mg/kg was given and righting reflex recovery time was recorded.
Potassium Cyanide (KCN) + Aqueous Garlic Extract (AGE) & Sodium Thiosulphate (ST): Group 25 (5-min post-KCN)
A group of 6 mice was administered with KCN intraperitoneally (i.p) at 5.5 mg/kg. After 5 minutes of KCN injection, each mouse will be treated with AGE at 750 mg/kg and ST at 600 mg/kg i.p. and righting reflex recovery time was noted.
Sodium Nitrite (SN) alone (Group 26)
6 mice in this group were treated with SN at 20 mg/kg intraperitoneally (i.p) and any effects on righting reflex recovery time were noted.
Sodium Thiosulphate (ST) alone (Group 27)
A group of 6 mice in group 27 were treated with ST at 600 mg/kg intraperitoneally (i.p) and any effects on righting reflex recovery time were noted.
Aqueous Garlic Extract (AGE) + Sodium Nitrite (SN) (Group 28)
The mice in group 28 were treated with AGE + SN at 750 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg intraperitoneally (i.p) respectively and righting reflex recovery time was noted.
Aqueous Garlic Extract (AGE) + Sodium Thiosulphate (ST) (Group 29)
A group of 6 mice in this group were treated with AGE at 750 mg/kg and ST at 600 mg/kg intraperitoneally (i.p) and righting reflex recovery time was recorded.
Sodium Nitrite (SN) + Sodium Thiosulphate (ST) (Group 30)
A group of 6 mice in group 30 were treated with SN and ST at 20 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg intraperitoneally (i.p) respectively and righting reflex recovery time was recorded.
The efficacy of the antidote estimated was based upon the reduction in righting reflex recovery time.
The righting reflex recovery time that was close to 1 hour was determined against KCN regimen. AGE was tested as potential antidote against sub-lethal KCN toxicity at dose regimens 250, 500 and 750 mg/kg intraperitoneally as well as orally at dose regimens 250, 500 and 750 mg/kg 5 minutes before and 5 minutes after KCN administration. SN and ST were tested at 20, and 600 mg/kg respectively as antidotes against sub-lethal KCN toxicity, 5 minutes before and 5 minutes after KCN administration. These were also tested in comparison and a dose with minimum recovery time was noted. A comparison was made between the efficacy of AGE and SN or ST or SN + ST as potential antidote against sub-lethal KCN toxicity. After 48 hours 3 mice from each group was sacrificed for postmortem examination.
For this purpose the righting reflex recovery time and survival data was collected for each mouse challenged with KCN. A group of 3 mice was tested with each increasing dose of KCN to create dose response curves for both righting reflex recovery times and percent survival. Increasing doses of KCN increased the recovery time of the righting reflex. The dose 5.5 mg/kg of KCN showed the righting reflex recocery time mean 64.66 ± .333 min and was selected for trials.
AGE (750 mg/kg) showed the most significant results as compared to ST and SN alone as well as in combination. Second most effective drug was ST as it showed better results than SN. Treatment results were more pronounced in 5 min pre-KCN groups as compared to 5 min post-KCN groups.
From this study it was concluded that the aqueous AGE is an effective antidote against sub-lethal KCN toxicity as the recovery times indicated that its effects are more pronounced than SN and ST, secondly, as it is easily available and very much cheaper in Pakistan and due to easy unavailability of SN and ST, it is effective antidote that could be used in the field against sub-lethal KCN toxicity with comparatively better results both orally and intraperitoneally.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1776,T] (1).
6.
Pathological Investigations Of Theileriosis (T.Annulata) In Cattle In Disteict Lahore Punjab
by Syed Sadeed ud din Shah | Dr. Muti-ur- Rehman Khan | Dr. Raheela Akhtar | Prof. Dr. Aneela Zameer Durrani.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Theileriosis is very important protozoal disease in crossbred cattle. According to an
assessment, about 250 million cattle are endangered by this disease and millions of high milk
yielding cattle are at risk of exposure to disease. It acts as a bigger restraint on livestock
improvement and production in many developing countries (Nagore et al. 2004). Theileria
annulata is the main specie that causes high morbidity and mortality. It causes heavy economic
and production losses in cattle in tropical and sub-tropical regions. The recorded mortality rates
in cattle reached to 70% (Moor house et al. 2001).
Theileria species are intracellular obligate hemoprotozoan parasites. All Theileria species
are dangerous and cause disease but two of them are important for livestock. Theileria parva and
T. annulata produces diseases named as East Coast fever and tropical theileriosis in cattle
respectively. Genus Theileria has many other species like T. buffeli, T. taurotragi, T. velifera, T.
sergenti and T. mutans. These species cause infections in wild and domesticated ruminants.
Theileria species present in large and small animals show signs like fever, anorexia,
swelling of the superficial lymph nodes, dyspnoea, lethargy, progressive anemia, constipation,
diarrhea, lacrimation and nervous symptoms (Saeed et al. 2010; Irvin and Mawmachi 1983). A
pronounced rise in body temperature, reaching 40-41.5 °C is pursued by lacrimation, depression,
swelling of the superficial lymph node and nasal discharge. The characteristic sign of tropical
theileriosis is anemia and finally haemoglobinuria occur with heavy weight losses. The clinical
course of the disease alter from per acute to acute or sub-acute to chronic (Oliveira- Sequeira et
al. 2005). The disease is lymphoproliferative in its early phases resulting enlargement of lymph
nodes, later on enters lymph destructive phase which is associated with a pronounced
Introduction
2
leukopenia. In the piroplasms phase in erythrocytes, the parasite becomes infective for the tick
(El-Deeb and Younis 2009).
Trans placental Bovine Tropical Theileriosis causing a deadly disease in a 3 day old
neonate cross bred calf and cerebral form of the disease (turning sickness) in a cow were
incriminated to T.annulata infection. It mainly depends upon the harmful effects of the T.
annulata on lymphoid tissues and susceptibility of the host (Sudan et al. 2012).
Theileriosis is prevalent in various regions of the world including Pakistan. It is transmitted by
Hyalomma species ticks. These ticks spread T. annulata which causes tropical theileriosis
(Durrani et al. 2009). The developmental stages of Theileria inside the Hyalomma ticks varies in
different shapes and forms (Hamed et al. 2011). Therefore to increase the milk and meat
production of cattle we can prevent the spread of the disease by controlling ticks
(Hekmatimoghaddam et al. 2012). The sufficient amount of Hyalomma ticks are found in warm,
commonly hard marshland and in central and Southern Europe, south west Asia and Southern
Africa having very long dry season. A toxin is produced in the adult ticks. This toxin produce
clinical signs of mucus membrane hyperemic and moist profuse eczema (Adam et al. 2000).
The sporozoites of Theileria enter into cattle host during tick feeding and they
immediately infect mononuclear leukocytes, these sporozoites develop into macroschizonts and
induce proliferation of the host cells. Macroschizonts constantly mature into microschizonts and
finally into merozoites, which are discharged from leukocytes. These merozoites attack
erythrocytes and mature into piroplasms, become available to ticks. Infective sporozoites,
injected during tick feeding, rapidly enter target cells, escape from the surrounding host-cell
membrane and differentiate to schizonts that interact with different host-cell components
(Dobbelaereand Rottenberg 2003). This interaction includes host cell signaling pathways that
Introduction
3
regulate proliferation and cell survival (Chaussepied and Langsley 2011) and thus cause
blastogenesis and clonal expansion of predominantly T and B cells (Fawcett et al. 1982; Baldwin
et al. 1988; Spooner et al. 1989). Merozoites released from these schizonts subsequently infect
red blood cells and become trophozoites. Lymphocytic stage of Theileria (schizonts) is the cause
of many of the severe disease manifestations like lymphadenopathy, pyrexia, thrombocytopenia,
and panleukopenia (Homer et al. 2000). Marked anemia, anisocytosis, pikilocytosis, and
leucopenia were commonly observed in bovine theileriosis (Ceci et al. 1997). Cattle may survive
the disease, but recovery and convalescence may be protracted and incomplete, this leads to
permanent debilitation, loss of productivity and prolonged carrier state. (Shahnawaz et al. 2011).
Cattle with subclinical infection in endemic regions become carrier of piroplasms and act as a
source of infection for the vectors (Brown 1997; Brown 1990; Uilenberg 1995).
The diagnosis of theileriosis in acute cases is majorly done on clinical signs and Giemsa
stained blood smears of cattle but the detection of agent is not reliable and is almost impossible
in carrier stage. Advances in molecular biological techniques have resulted in the improved
detection, identification, and genetic characterization of many hemoparasites. Species specific
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been developed for the detection and identification of
various Theileria species and has been shown to have higher sensitivity and specificity compared
with serological assays and examination of Giemsa-stained blood smears (Bhoora et al. 2009).
Primers were derived from the gene encoding the 30-kDa major merozoite surface antigen for T.
annulata (Aktas et al. 2006).
Most of the previous studies on haematological parameters in T. annulata infection were
carried out on experimentally infected cattle (Sandhu et al. 1998; Singh et al. 2001). The present
investigation was conducted to study haematological parameters in cattle naturally infected with
Introduction
4
T. annulata. Hematology has been broadly used in attempts to give information about disease
condition, performance problems and health in cattle (Rezaei and Naghadeh. 2006).
Hematological and sero-biochemical alterations are the indicators of severity of disease and are
considered to be good tools for the diagnosis, prognosis for effective therapy (Col and Uslu
2007; Nazifi et al. 2010b).
Lahore is one of the larger district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. Different cattle
breeds are reared by the people of the area for meat and milk production. The exact current
situation about the prevalence and pathogenesis of Theileriosis in the selected area is unknown.
The present study was conducted to screen cattle by finding schizonts or piroplasms in Giemsa
stained thin blood smears at slaughter house of district Lahore (Aktas et al. 2006) and later to
confirm through Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) (Chaisi et al. 2013) in order to implement
efforts and regulation to eradicate the spread of disease in the selected area. Data generated from
this study provided the latest status of Theileriosis, sex wise prevalence and its pathogenesis in
cattle population of Lahore. The study has also provided the necessary information to formulate
strategies for control of disease in the area. An investigation was also undertaken to ascertain the
changes in haematology as a result of Theileria annulata infection. These studies will help better
understanding of the pathogenesis and supportive therapy of this disease. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2186,T] (1).
7.
Common Nosocomial Bacterial Isolation And Identification From Veterinary Hospitals
by Muhammad Umar Zafar Khan (2008-VA-255) | Prof. Dr. Aneela Zameer Durrani | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Dr. Hassan Bin Aslam.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: CD not available. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2217-T] (1).
8.
Comparison Of Two Imported Live Attenuated PPR Vaccines In Local Sheep In Pakistan
by Saliha Saba | Prof. Dr. Aneela Zameer Durrani | Dr. Hassan Salem | Dr. Imran Altaf.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) also famous as goat plaque is of viral origin and is extremely contagious disease of sheep and goat (Dhar et al. 2002; Asim et al. 2009). PPR can cause high mortality about 50 – 80 % in non-immunized sheep and goat population. Due to its similarity with other diseases, Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is being devalued but at the same time it is said to be one of the major constraints to successful small ruminant farming in tropics (Sen et al. 2010). PPR virus is paramyxovirus, enveloped and belongs to the genus morbillivirus. These viruses comprise of 16Kb long, single stranded RNA showing negative polarity (Barrett et al. 2005).
The various vaccines like homologous and recombinant vaccines have been manufactured for the management of Peste des petits ruminants (PPR), as no accurate treatment is available for its control. For the immunity of animals against this disease, the tissue culture based, attenuated rinderpest vaccine (TCRV) had been accustomed over a extensive period because of the antigenic association among RPV and PPRV (Diallo et al. 1989).With the help of fresh freeze-drying methods and stabilizing agents the thermostability of the present PPR homologous vaccine has been enhanced significantly (Worrwall et al. 2001).
In Pakistan, PPR vaccine was manufactured with the help of PPRV Nigerian 75/I (PPR 75/1 LK 6 Vero 75) for the sheep and goat immunization (Asim et al. 2009). India had manufactured numerous live attenuated vaccines like the PPRV Sungri/96 that has been regularized for use (Hegde et al. 2008). ). The Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPRV-Sungri/96 ) vaccine is being manufactured on small and large scale for prevention of Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) outbreaks in India (Singh et al. 2004).
Summary
41
The current study was designed to study the immunogenicity of two imported live attenuated PPR vaccines in local sheep. A total of sixty (60) animals were selected and further separated into two groups, viz. Group-A and Group-B, having thirty (30) animals each. Group-A was further sub-divided into A1 comprising 10 sheep to which Raksha PPR vaccine (Sungri 96) was administered, A2 comprising of 10 sheep to which PPR vaccine (Nigeria 75/1) was administered and A3 comprising of 10 non-vaccinated sheep which served as control. Group B was separated into two sub-groups i.e B1 and B2 having fifteen (15) animals each. The Group-B1 was sub-divided into B1a having 05 sheep to which Raksha PPR vaccine (Sungri 96) was only administered, B1b having 05 sheep to which along with Raksha PPR vaccine (Sungri 96), Vitamin AD3E was administered and B1c having 05 unvaccinated sheep which served as control.
Similarly the Group-B2 was sub-divided into B2a having 05 sheep to which PPR vaccine (Nigeria 75/1) was only administered, B2b having 05 sheep to which along with PPR vaccine (Nigeria 75/1), Vitamin AD3E was administered and B2c having 05 non-vaccinated sheep and served as control group respectively. The serum samples were collected and mean antibody titer was calculated by complement fixation test (CFT) at zero day, 7th day, 14th day, 28th day and 48th day post-vaccination.
The live attenuated, Raksha PPR (Sungri 96) vaccine induced the mean antibody titers of 0 ±0.00, 4.7±0.48, 4.7±0.48, 4.9±0.31 and 4.9±0.31 which was significantly higher than the mean antibody titers shown by the PPR (Nigeria 75/1) vaccinated animals i.e. 0±0.00, 3.3±0.51, 3.4±0.51, 4±1.15 and 4.1±1.19 at zero, 7th, 14th, 28th, 48th day post-vaccination respectively. Similarly the mean antibody titers shown by the PPR (Nigeria 75/1) vaccinated animals were 0 ±0.00, 10.4± 3.86, 11.2±4.13, 20±11.31 and 21.6±11.80 at zero, 7th,14th, 28th and 48th day post vaccination respectively. Result of present study demonstrated
Summary
42
that the mean antibody titer values of animals vaccinated with Raksha PPR (Sungri 96) was significantly higher than animals vaccinated with PPR (Nigeria 75/1) at zero, 7th,14th, 28th and 48th day post vaccination respectively. The study also concluded that the mean antibody titer of animals receiving vaccination along with vitamin supplementation was significantly higher than animals receiving only vaccination. While performing the statistical analysis of data, it was revealed that the results were significant (p<0.05).
The present study summarized and concluded that the mean antibody titer values of Raksha PPR (Sungri 96) was significantly higher than PPR vaccine (Nigeria 75/1). As both India and Pakistan are two neighbouring countries, so PPR among them also falls in trans-boundary disease category. It signifies that both being part of Asia subcontinent and PPRV strain of lineage IV prevails in both regions. Keeping these factors under consideration proper vaccination strategy should be followed for the immunization of animals. In past, Nigeria 75/1 strain of PPRV vaccine had been used in Pakistan but the results were not reliable in terms of desired immune response and protection. Although titer was shown by this vaccine but protection is not reliable for proper health care of small ruminants. There was an immense need to come up with the authentic research on PPRV vaccine Raksha PPR (Sungri 96) in Pakistan which is already being used in India with desirable results.
The results of present research project were mostly similar with the findings of other scientists. The results of this study were analyzed through Independent t-test for independent samples. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2385-T] (1).
9.
Evaluation Of Risk Factors And Molecular Diagnosis Of Dermatophytosis In Dogs
by Muhammad Haseeb Saeed (2008-VA-241) | Prof. Dr. Aneela Zameer Durrani | Dr. Hassan Saleem | Prof. Dr. Azhar Maqbool.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Dogs are most kept and beloved pets in Pakistani society. Dermatophytosis is among the common disease of the pets. Many predisposing factors are involved in development of clinical cases of dermatophytosis including climatic conditions, housing condition of dogs and physical attributes such as coat hair size. Dermatophytosis is not only of concern as being infection of pets but also of its zoonotic importance hence it is very crucial to diagnose dermatophytic infection well in time. Dermatophytosis is caused by Dermatophytes,Microsporum, Trichophyton and Epidermophyton, the fungal species. It is difficult to diagnose the Dermatophytosis from other skin infections by routine tests in most of the cases especially subclinical. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is advanced and the most reliable technique to detect genome of Dermatophytes even in minute quantities specifically and can efficiently detect the presence of any Dermatophyte specie on the skin of dog. The current study was planned to develop and validate a diagnostic assay which could be able to detect and distinguish tree important dermatophytes species including Microsporum, Trichophyton and Epidermophytonby a uniplex PCR reaction. Analysis of involvement of certain predisposing factors in dermatophytosis was second goal to be worked on in this study. Samples of suspected pet dogs (n=50) were collected by scraping the skin at affected areas over skin. DNA was extracted from the skin scraping samples by organic Phenol Chloroform Isoamyle Alcohol method. Primers, specific to the 18-S ribosomal RNA region of genomes of the Dermatophytes, were designed after alignment of available sequences of Microsporum,Trichophyton and Epidermophyton at NCBI. Annealing temperature and recipe of PCR reaction was optimized by gradient PCR in BIO-Rad thermal cycler. Amplification reaction of all samples collected was carried out as per optimized reaction conditions, afterwards. Amplified products obtained were subjected to genotyping by agarose gel electrophoresis for size based separation of the amplified products. The specific amplified bands of desired genomic region of dermatophytes were seen in UV light transilluminator. The data of results of predisposing factors involved in dermatophytosis wasanalysedby using Pearson’s chi squared test with the help of Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) Program.
Genome specific product sizes of Microsporum and Trichophyton i.e. 366 bp and 351 bp in respective positive samples were observed. Out of 50 suspected samples 46 samples were positive for dermatophytosis out of which 38 samples (82.6%) were positive for Microsporum, 6 samples (13%) for Trichophyton and 2 samples (4.4%) were positive for both Microsporumand Trichophyton.
This study will help to validate a diagnostic technique for Dermatophytosis with greater efficacy and reliability. Moreover, this investigation may become basis for the future research activities in this field in Pakistan.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2528-T] (1).
10.
Study On Prevalence Of Intestinal Nematodes In Buffalo And Comparative Efficacy Of Herbal And Conventional Drugs Against Intestinal Nematodiosis In Buffalo Calves
by Abdul Rehman Qureshi (2014-VA-09) | Prof. Dr. Kamran Ashraf | Dr. Imran Rasheed | Prof. Dr. Aneela Zameer Durrani.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Parasites are a major cause of disease and production losses in livestock, frequently causing major economic loss and impacting on animal health. In livestock roundworms are deliberated the important economically upsetting internal parasites. Although buffalo can be diseased with tapeworms and flat worms, their effect on animal performance is minimal compared to the round worms. Buffalo feed on dry concentrate are less infected with parasite as compared to those who fed on pastures. The timing and frequency of anthelmintic treatments under such climatic conditions will vary greatly from place to place. Humid climates are permanently favorable for the development of infective larvae. With the frequently use of one or more dewormer animal produces anthelmintic resistance also its cost a lot for large herds. Herbal medicine is better option for control of intestinal worms. Herbal drugs are cheap, easy available and easy in administration.
The present study was designed to
1. Check the prevalence of intestinal nematodes in the buffalo population.
2. To determine the efficacy of herbal drugs against intestinal Nematodes in buffalo calves
3. To evaluate the comparison of effectiveness between herbal and commercial drugs to control the intestinal Nematodiosis in buffalo calves.
One hundred buffalo’s faecal samples were examined to check intestinal nematodes prevalence. All buffaloes belonging to various breeds were examined. 56 (93.33%) were Mix breed, 13 (72.22%) Nili Ravi breed and 18 (81.82%) of Kundi breed were positive for intestinal nematodiosis. 47
SUMMARY
Among the examined (87 %) buffaloes were found positive for nematodiosis. Ten buffaloes found positive (10 %) were less than 12 months, 25 buffaloes were between 1-2 year, 39% buffaloes were between 2 - 4 year and 13 buffaloes were above 4 years old were found positive for intestinal nematodiosis.
Among these buffaloes, 65 were male and 35 females. Out of male buffaloes 55 were found positive. While among 35 females 32 were positive for intestinal nematodes.
A total of 30 infected buffalo calves, of various ages (8-12 months), both sexes average body weight of 100 kg and naturally infected with intestinal nematodiosis were used for anthelmintic trials. These were randomly divided into 3 groups i.e. A, B, and C each having 10 calves. Group A and B were treated with herbal medicine. Group A was treated with dried powder Nigella Sativa (Kalonji) seeds at dose level of 250 mg/kg body weight. Group B was treated with Citrullus colocynthis (Kor Tumbha) fruit dried powder at dose level of 250 mg/kg body weight, group C was treated with Albandazole at dose level of 7.5 mg / kg body weight. The sample were taken on 0 day, 7th day, 14th, 21st and 28th day and EPG was determined by modified McMaster technique.
Statistical analysis was done using the statistical package for social science, (SPSS) version 20 (Chicago IL, USA). Data was presented as (mean+ S.D), the group descriptive measures were compared by CR Design (Anova) and applying differences were considered significant at P < 0.05. Post hoc test using Duncan multiple range test, to check the pair wise differences and alpha M. There was highly significant difference between commercial and herbal drugs. There was small significant difference between herbal drugs Nigella sativa and Citrullus 48
SUMMARY
colocynthis, both were highly effective against intestinal nematodiosis but less effective than Albandazole.
It is observed Nigella sativa dose showed a significant reduction in EPG .p value is p > .2284 at o day and at 7th day P>0.0146 ,at 14th day p> .0029 . There was also a significant decrease in EPG by Citrullus colocynthis but when compared these herbal drugs with commercial drugs the efficacy of herbal drug is 100 % at 21st day.
Recommendation.
Both herbal drugs Nigella sativa and Citrullus colocynthis used in trial were found highly effective against intestinal nematodiosis in buffalo calves but less effective than synthetic drug Albandazole hence, these herbal drugs cannot be recommended to be used as routine deworming of animals at farm level.
Keeping in view effectiveness of these herbal drugs in early age and having no side effects, it is recommended to be administered as feed additive to enhance immune-potentiation, effective anthelmintic and liver tonic.
There is dire need to carry out more research with increased dose rate of these herbal drugs and also use in combination with other herbal as well as synthetic drugs to evaluate its synergistic effect so farmer can be benefited of its maximum potential. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2637-T] (1).
11.
Epidemiology Of Major Bacterial And Parasitic Causes Of Foal Diarrhea
by Ikramul Haq (2010-VA-60) | Prof. Dr. Aneela Zameer Durrani | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Dr. Muhammad Hassan Mushtaq.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Present study was carried out in District Lahore and District Sargodha, Punjab province of Pakistan, from January, 2016 to December, 2016. The study was conducted to study the prevalence of Diarrhea in foals and to identify the major viral, bacterial and parasitic causes of diarrhea in foals in these districts. The foals that passed lose feces a least 4 to 5 times a day were considered diarrheic. The results showed that the prevalence of diarrhea was 72.8% in the foals. District wise prevalence showed that the prevalence of diarrhea in foals were 73.7% in district Sargodha and were 72% in District Lahore. According to the results the prevalence of diarrhea in male foals was 74% and in female foal were 72%. The diarrhea was more prevalent in donkeys at is 76.6% as compaired to horses which was 74.5%.
The viral (rotavirus), bacterial (Salmonella, Clostridium perfirengens and E. coli) and parasitic causes of diarrhea were identified by appropriate technique. The viral causes were diagnosed using ELISA technique. The bacteria were isolated by culturing and were confirmed by polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The parasitic causes studied using microscopic examination. To identify the cause of diarrhea 400 samples (200 from each district) were collected and processed for viral, bacterial and parasitic detection.
The results showed that 91.1% of the samples were positive for one or more infectious agents. District wise results showed that the prevalence of more or more than infectious agents were higher in district Lahore (95.5%) as compared to district Sargodha which was 87.5%. The isolation of one or more than one infectious agents were higher in males it is 92.7% while were low in females which was 90.5%. The results showed that the prevalence of one or more than one infectious agents were higher in horses (92.4%) in comparision with donkey which was 87.8%.
Experiment No. I: Investigation of Parasitic causes of Foal Diarrhea
Fecal samples were preserved in 10% formalin and transported to the laboratory for diagnosis of parasites. The fecal samples from foals suffering from diarrhea were processed by using following parasitological examination.
4. Direct microscopic examination
The sample negative with direct microscopic examination was examined using simple floatation examination.
5. Simple floatation examination
The sample negative with Simple floatation examination was examined by using sedimentation floatation technique.
6. Sedimentation floatation Technique
The sample negative by using Sedimentation technique was recorded as negative for parasites.
The results show that 340 (85%) out of 400 samples were positive for one or more than one endo-parasites. The prevalence of endo-parasites was higher in district Sargodha it is 87.5% as compared to district Lahore, which was 82.5% (Table No.7). Gastrodiscus Spp were the higher prevalent endo-parasite and 308 (77%) (Table No. 10) of the samples were positive for Gastrodiscus Spp while the lowest prevalent endo-parasite was Anoplocephala spp with (3) 0.75% prevalence (Table No. 12). other helmenth such as Dictyocaulus Spp. (22.5%), Oxyuris Spp. (15.75%), Strongyloides Spp. (15.75%), Ascaris equorum (4.75), Tridontophorus Spp. (2%), Trichomena spp. (1.5%) Strongylus spp. (1.5%), and Paranoplocephala Spp. (5%)
Experiment No. II: Molecular Diagnosis of Bacteria Causes of Foal Diarrhea
The samples were culture for Salmonella, E.coli and Clostridium perfirengins on respective selective media and DNA was extracted from the culture. DNA was amplified by PCR and the bacteria were confirm using PCR. To diagnose Lasonia the DNA was extracted directly from fecal sample and were processed for lawsonia. The result show that 55% of the samples were positive for one or more than one type of bacteria. Maximum prevalence were observe of E. coli 48.75% and none of the sample were positive for lawsonia. The other isolated bacteria were Salmonella 18.24% and Clostridium perfiengens 18%.
Experiment No. III: Investigation of Viral causes of Foal Diarrhea
Foal suffering from diarrhea were screened and analyzed for presence of rotavirus by using commercially available ELISA kit
The result of detection of rotavirus shows that rotavirus was detected in (70) 17.5% of the sample processed for the diagnosis of rotavirus.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2800-T] (1).
