1.
Studies On The Incidence And Pathology Of Different Reproductive Disorders In Desi Laying Hens In And Around Lahore
by Shahbaz ul Haq | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Muhammad Aleem | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: This project was designed to study incidence and pathology of reproductive disorders in Desi laying hens. This study also represented an endeavour to establish relationship between salmonellosis, mycoplasmosis and egg drop syndrome-76 infections and diverse types of reproductive abnormalities. A total of 300 Desi laying hens were randomly selected from the various poultry sale centres of Lahore and villages around Lahore. Blood sample and female genital tract of each bird were collected. The ovaries and oviducts of all hens were thoroughly examined to detect any gross pathological lesion. Organs exhibiting gross pathological lesions were subjected to histopathological examination. The biometrical study of ovaries and oviducts of all birds was also conducted. Serologically the incidence of salmonellosis, mycoplasmosis and egg drop syndrome 76 was detected by adopting rapid method agglutination test, rapid slide agglutination test and haemagglutination inhibition test, respectively.
In this study 32 (10.67%) birds exhibited five pathological conditions i.e. oophoritis, degenerated ovarian follicles, salpingitis, cystic oviduct and adenoma. Macro and microscopic pathological lesions were studied in all the above five conditions. Out of 300 serum samples, 113 (37.66%) were positive for Salmonella pullorum and Salmonella gallinarum infection, 209 (69.66%) were positive for Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection and 41 (13.66%) samples were positive for EDS-76 infection.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0517,T] (1).
2.
Comparative Evaluation Of Polyvinyl Tube And Cephalic Vein As Ureteral Substitutes In The Dog
by Bilal Qasim | Dr. Mazhar Iqbal | DR. Asim Aslam | Dr. M. Arif Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 1998Dissertation note: Ureteral prosthesis was the procedure adopted for the conduit of urine in the most natural way either by introducing synthetic graft, autograft or both at different ureters.
In this project 21 healthy dogs of either sex were used. Laparotomy was performed under aseptic precautions on eighteen dogs with the remaining three as control animals.
In group A an eight centimeter piece of left ureter was removed from its mid portion. One end of the selected polyvinyl tube was introduced into the lumen of the renal portion of the ureter in a telescoping fashion upto a distance of 0.5 cm and firmly secured with modified matress sutures using 4/0 prolene. Other end of the tube was secured in cystic portion of the ureter in the same manner.
In group B, 8 cm segment of right ureter was removed in the same manner as described for group A, but in this group instead of Polyvinyl tube an 8cm cephalic vein graft, harvested from one of the forelimbs was used as a ureteral substitute. A 12 cm small diameter polyvinyl tube was passed through the lumen of the graft such that both the ends of the tube protruded beyon The protruding ends of the tube were passed into the renal and cystic segments of the ureter. This was done to stabilize the graft and proper approximation of the cut ends of the ureteral segments and the graft for suturing. The respective ends of the ureteral segments and the graft were sutured with horizontal mattress everting sutures using 4/0 prolene. Then a small nick was given in the renal ureteral segment to remove the tube. The nick was repaired with one horizontal mattress suture using the same suture material.
In group C polyvinyl tube and cephalic vein were grafted in the left and right ureters respectively as described for group A and B.
All the survivor dogs were kept under observation for 3 weeks and evaluated on clinical observations, biochemical studies and intravenous urography. Euthanasia was performed after the experimental period and operative sites were explored and gross changes were recorded.
The analysis of the results clearly indicated that the use of polyvinyl tube was a better option over cephalic vein for the ureteral prosthesis.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0554,T] (1).
3.
Evaluation Of Liver Functions At Varying Degrees Of Hepatectomy In Dogs
by Farhan Ahmad Atif | Dr. M. Arif Khan | Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 1999Dissertation note: Liver is the most important organ because of its multiplicity of functions. It played a pivotal rote in the nutrition and maintenance of the body.
In this project 16 dogs were taken and divided into 4 groups comprising 4 dogs each. In group-A total removal of right lateral lobe was performed. In group-B half part of the right lobe was resected. Group-C was sham operated in which only laparotomy was experienced. Whereas, group-D acted as control.
Liver function tests were conducted in all the groups before and after surgery. rfhe.e was slight elevation in the values of liver enzymes which remained within the normal range except alkaline phosphatase.
Metabolic ability was not affected appreciably after resection of half and complete removal of right lateral lobe.
All the dogs were euthanized after 8 weeks post-operatively. The dogs of group-B showed hepatic regeneration that was 31.2, 38.8 and 28.3 percent in dog No.6, 7 and 8 respectively. The histopathology of regenerated tissue revealed normal hepatic tissue.
The analysis of results has clearly indicated that resection of liver upto this extent does not alter liver functions noticeably and thus partial hepatectomy can be performed without any fear.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0596,T] (1).
4.
Study Of Incidence & Pathology Of Different Reproductive Disorders In Female Breeder Layers
by Imtiaz Ahmed Cheema | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr.Rashid Ahmad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: This study was carried out to find the incidence and pathology of reproductive disorders in breeder female layers. A total of 120 breeder female layers were randomly selected from various poultry sale centers of Lahore. Blood sample and female genital tract of each bird were collected. The ovaries and oviducts of all hens were thoroughly examined to detect any gross pathological lesion. Organs exhibiting gross pathological lesions were subjected to histopathological examination. The biometrical study of ovaries and oviducts of all birds was also conducted. Serologically, the incidence of Salmonella pullorum and Mycoplasma gallisepticurn was detected by adopting rapid method agglutination test and rapid slide agglutination test, respectively. This study also represented an endeavor to establish relationship between Salmonellosis and Mycoplasmosis infections and adverse types of reproductive abnormalities.
In this study 15 (12.5 %) birds exhibited seven pathological conditions i.e. cystic ovary, degenerated ovarian follicles, salpingitis, impaction of oviduct, ruptured oviduct, adenoma and underdeveloped tracts. Macro and microscopic pathological lesions were studied in all the above conditions. Out of 120 serum samples 57 ( 47.5 % ) were positive for Salmonella pullorum infection and 87 (72.5%) were positive for Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0654,T] (1).
5.
Comparative Efficacy Of Craniodorsal & Ventral Surgical Approaches For Femoral Head And Neck Excision In Dogs
by Aamir Aslam, Ch | Dr . Muhammad Arif Khan | Dr . Asim Aslam | Dr . Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: There are different joint problems in dogs but out of all the incidence of hip joint problems is higher. There are different problems of hip joint mainly, hip dysplasia, leg-calve-perthes disease, degenerative joint disease, irreparable fracture of acetabulum, femoral head and neck. Different methods are used as a treatment for above mentioned ailments. The methods used for such type of problems are categorized into conservative, palliative and surgical.
The surgical treatment is further divided into (1) salvage procedure i.e. femoral head and neck excision (2) total hip replacement.
The present project was launched to find out the efficacy of two approaches used for the femoral head and neck excision in dogs. The study was conducted on 18 mongrel dogs of either sex ranging in weight from 20.25 kg, which were divided into three groups of 6 dogs each.
In group A femoral head and neck excision was performed by using craniodorsal approach, whereas in group B ventral approach was used for the same procedure. Group C was kept as control in which the femoral head was luxated by using either approach. All the dogs were kept in kennels for a period of sixteen week and results were collected on the basis of clinical and radiographic evaluations. All the dogs were euthanized at the end of experimental period and operation sites were explored to find out the gross changes and also to find out the evidence of false joint formation in the muscles.
The analysis of results clearly indicated that craniodorsal approach was a better procedure than ventral approach for the femoral head and neck excision in dogs.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0667,T] (1).
6.
Effect Of Stress Following Vaccination (Bur - 706) Against Infectious Bursal Disease In Broilers
by Ilyas Rasheed | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Habib-ur-Rehma | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: The project was designed to detect and control vaccination stress, following vaccination with live intermediate type infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) vaccine administered orally and also its effects on immune response in commercial broiler chicks. Comparative efficacy of aspirin and multivitamins was determined to combat the sress. One hundred and sixty day old broiler chicks were divided into four groups i.e. A, B. C and D, each group having 40 birds. Group A was kept as control, B was vaccinated but non-medicated, C was given multivitamins alongwith vaccine for 3 postvaccination days and group D was treated with Aspirin for 3 postvaccination days. Blood samples were collected on days 1st, 14th 28th and 42nd for detection of antibody titer against IBDV. Blood samples were collected from randomly selected 10 birds of each group after 24, 48 and 72 hours of vaccination for ascertaining the following parameters, heterophil/lymphocyte ration, estimation of serum biochemical substances (protein, glucose and cholesterol). On day 42, adrenal gland/body weight ratio and pathological lesions in adrenal gland wre noted. An effort was also made to ascertain the economics of flock at the end of the experiment. No significant statistical difference among birds of different groups was noted in the following parameters: heterophil/lymphocyte ratio, serum biochemical substances and adrenal gland/body weight ratio. Vaccine did not cause detectable stress in broilers. Multivitamins therapy showed positive effects on the immune response growth traits of the birds.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0670,T] (1).
7.
Detection & Control Of Vaccination (Gumboro Vaccine Nobilis Strain D-78 Stress Against Infectious Bursal Disease
by Subtain, Syed M | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr . Asim Aslam | Dr . Khushi Muhammad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: This research programme was intended to ascertain the stress produced after vaccination with live intermediate type of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) vaccine, which was administered orally through drinking water. It was also intended to manage the effects of vaccination stress with the supplementation of vitamins and aspirin. One hundred and sixty day old layer chicks were divided into four experimental groups i.e. A, B, C and D, 40 birds in each group. Group A was kept as control (non-vaccinated), B was given vaccine but not medicated, group C was administered vaccine as well as multivitamins for 3 days post-vaccination while group D was also medicated with aspirin for 3 days post-vaccination. The studied parameters were: heterophil/lymphocyte ratio, serum biochemical analysis (serum protein, glucose and cholesterol), determination of antibody response against IBDV. At the end of experiment (42nd day) adrenal glands were isolated from 10 randomly selected birds from each group. The glands were subjected to gross and histopathological
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0678,T] (1).
8.
Evaluation And Management Of Stress Induced By Vaccination Against Coccidiosis In Broilers
by Irfan Asghar, M | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr . Asim Aslam | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: The present study was undertaken to evaluate the impact of vaccination stress on the performance of broilers by "Coccivac" vaccine against coceidiosis. Different blood factors like heterophil / lymphocyte ratio, total serum proteins, serum cholesterol, serum glucose levels and adrenal gland/body weight ratio, and pathological exmination of adrenal gland were used to appreciate the effects of stress in broilers. Vety-stress check and vitamin C were found useful in combating vaccine stress; the use was also economical. The results of this study represents an endaveour to suggest effective post vaccination measures for improving health status of broiler chiccks.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0681,T] (1).
9.
Effect Of Ivermetin On Liver At Therapeutic And Higher Doses In Healthy And Diseased Dogs
by khawar Qayyum | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2002Dissertation note: The project was designed to evaluate the efficacy of ivermectin against external parasites as well as its toxicity on liver at therapeutic and higher doses in healthy and disease (positive for external parasites) dogs of local breeds. For this purpose forty dogs were selected and divided into four groups (A, B, C and D) comprising 10 dogs in each. Dogs of groups A and B were healthy while dogs of group C and D were positive for external parasites. Dogs of group A were administered ivermectin at therapeutic doses (0.2mg/kg body weight subcutaneously) while of group B were given ivermectin 10 times higher dose (2mg/kg body weight subcutaneously). Similarly dogs of group C and D positive for external parasites were given normal and higher doses of ivermectin respectively. To assess the efficacy of ivermectin, skin scrapping examination was performed before and after treatment, while to evaluate the toxicity alkaline phosphatase and alanine aminotransferase enzyme activity was measured before and after treatment. The results indicated that ivermectin was quite effective against external parasites 70% and 80% at therapeutic and higher doses respectively, but the efficacy against ticks was 100% at both the dose rates without any side effect except in one dog showing irritation at the site of injection at the higher dose of ivermectin. Liver enzyme study indicated that alkaline phosphatase was not altered significantly in diseased or healthy dogs at low or higher doses of ivermectin. Alanine aminotransferase activity was also not altered significantly in diseased as well as in healthy dogs. Therefore it is concluded that ivermectin is a safe drug for the treatment of ectoparasites in local breeds of dogs.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0742,T] (1).
10.
Effects Of Lincomycin And Spectinomycin Combination On The Immune Response Of Newcastle Disease Virus Vacinated
by Rahat Munir Chaudhry | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Khalid Saeed | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2002Dissertation note: The project was designed to observe the effects of Lincospectin on the immune system of broiler chicks. Chicks divided in groups A, B and C were offered Lincospectin at 225mg/kg; 450mg/kg and 112.5 mg/kg body weight levels, respectively. All the chicks in various treatment groups were reared upto day 42 and the effects of Lincospectin on organ body weight indices, gross lesions on liver, spleen, thyrnus and bursa of Fabricius, and immune response of chicks against Newcastle Disease Virus vaccination, were determined.
The organ body weight indices of spleen, thymus and bursa of Fabricius and liver did not indicate significant differences (P>0.05) amongst the Lincospectin treated and untreated groups. However, the bursal body weight ratio of chicks in groups A, B and C at day 7 were significantly higher than those of group D.
The data obtained on the analysis of HI antibody titre against Newcastle Disease Virus on days 1,7,14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 indicated that the geometric mean HI titres of Lincospectin treated groups (A, B and C) were quite different from each other and the chicks of group A had the best sero conversion. It was concluded that over all group A had the best immune response against NDV vaccination.
This study indicates that Lincospectin at a dose rate of 225mg/kg body weight did not interfere in the immune response of chicks to NDV, helped in better wiehgt gains upto day 42 and did not cause any gross or histopathological lesions in the organs like thymus, bursa of Fabricius, spleen or liver.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0756,T] (1).
11.
Effects Of Supplementation Of Selenium And Zing Alone And In Combination On The Immune Response Of Broiler Chicks
by Ashfaq Ahmad | Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2002Dissertation note: The present project was designed to investigate whether different levels of selenium and zinc alone and in combination in diet had any effect on the immune response of broiler chickens. For this purpose two hundred and twenty five day-old broiler chicks were taken and equally divided into three different trials i.e. A, B and C. Trial A was supplemented with selenium (Se) at four different rates 0.18, 0.5, 1.0 and 0.0 mg/kg in groups Al, A2, A3 and A4, respectively. Trial B was supplemented with zinc (Zn) at four different rates 40, 80, 120 an zero mg/kg in groups Bi, B2, B3 and B4, respectively. Trial C was supplemented with Se + Zn at rates of 0.18±40, 0.5±80, l.0±120 and 0.0±0 in groups Cl, C2, C3 and C4, respectively. Immunomodulatory effects o Se and Zn were evaluated by conducting hurnoral immune response against Newcastle disease vaccine (ND vaccine), delayed hypersensitivity reaction, weights of immune organs, growth traits and economy. Highest humoral immune response was observed in groups A3 (Se 1.0 mg/kg), B3 (Zn = 120 mg/kg), C3 (Se = 1.0 mg/kg + Zn = 120 mg/kg). rp1.e groups A4, B4 and 04 which were kept without Se and Zn supplementation had the lowest Immoral immune response. Delayed hypersensitivity index was highest in groups A3, B3 and C3, while lowest in control groups A4, B4 and C4. There was positive effect of Se and Zn on the histopathology of bursa of Fabricius, thyrnus and spleen. Body weight gains were also highest in A3, B3 and C3 and FCR was best in groups A3, B3 and C3. Weights of bursa of Fabricius, thymus and spleen were also highest in groups A3, B3 and C3, while lowest in the control groups A4, B4 and C4.
On the whole immunomodulatory effects of supplementation of Se and Zn ir combination were better than individual supplementation of Se and Zn.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0759,T] (1).
12.
A Study On Effect Of Different Antibiotics On The Immune System In Broiler Chickens
by Shahzad Ahmed | Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2002Dissertation note: The project was designed to study the effect of entrofloxacin and oxytetracyclone on the immune system and blood parameters. A total number of 120 day old broiler chicks were randomly divided into three equal groups; A, B and C at therapeutic dosage, each groups contined 40 birds. Group A and B were kept as medicated with enrofloxacin and oxytetracycline respectively, while group C was non medicated. All groups were vaccinated against ND, IBD and HPSon day ( 7, 21), (14,24) and 15 respectively. Groups A and B were medicated at therapeutic dose at 5th to 15th day and 21st to 25th day respectively. The experimental period was 42nd day. On day 42 organ body weight indices, gross lesions on spleen, thymus, bursa of Fabricius and kidneys were observed. Determination of immune response against Newcastle disease, IBD and HPS diseases estimation of blood parameters, DLC, TLC and TEC were conducted on day 1st, 14th 28th and 42nd. Histopathology of spleen, thymus bursa of Fabricius and kidney were also studied.
The study indicated that geometric mean of antibody titre were low in group B (Medicated with oxytetracyline) than group C (medicated with enrofloxacin) and A (control) Gross and pathological lesions were not found in any visceral organ (spleen, thymus, bursal) of groups A, B and C. There were no significant difference in weight of spleen, bursa of Fabricius, thymus and kidney of all group. Total leucocyte count and total erythrocyte count were low in groups B, than A and C on day 14, recorded after 10 day medication. In differential leucocytic count, lymphocyte were increased in group B than group A and C, whilte heterophil were decreased in group B than A and C.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0761,T] (1).
13.
Prevalence And Taxonomical Studies On Haemoparasites Of Equine And Their Effect On Blood Parameters During Winter Season
by Wasim Shehzad | Dr. Haji Ahmad Hashmi | Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Kamran Ashraf | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: The present study was conducted between November 1999 and January 2000 to find out the prevalence and to study the taxonomy of haemoparasites of horses. In addition, their effect on haematological parameters was also studied.
A total of 40 out of 435 horses were found positive for haemoparasites. The prevalence recorded was 9.20%. Out of positive animals 22(5.O6%) were positive for babesia species, of which 10 (45.45%) were infected with 6 (27.27%) were infected with B.caballi and 6 (27.27%) were positive with mixed infection of and B caballi out of remaining positive cases, 14 (3 22%) were positive for T.evansi and 4 (0.92%) were positive for P.multipapillosa.
Animals of group A, belonged to all the places of other groups. Animals of group B showed 10.52 % prevalence for haemoparasites, Babesia species was present in 6 (6.31%) and T.evansi was present in 4 (4.21%) animals respectively. Horses of group C showed prevalence as 14.28% haemoparasites out of which 6(8.57%) were positive for babesia species, and 4 (5.7l%) positive for T.evansi. Similarly, animals in group D, indicated 11.11 % prevalence of haemoparasites including babesia species 3 (3.33%), T.evansi 3 (3.3%) and P.multipapiltosa, 4 (4.44%) respectively. Ten out of 180 (5.56%) horses of group E were positive for haemoparasites and 7 (3.89%) were positive for Babesia spp. and 3 (1.66%) were positive for T.evansi.
Haematological examination revealed a significant decrease (P<0.05) in the total erythrocyte count, total leukocyte count, haemoglobin estimation, packed cell volume, neutrophils and basophils in the infected horses as compared with healthy horses. However, there was a significant increase (P<0.05) in lymphocytes and eosinophils in the infected horses as compared with healthy horses of group A
From the results of the present study it may be concluded that the horses belonging to the poor community need due attention for the control of haemoparasite diseases. Services must be extended to educate owners of these Tonga ponies for the control of haemoparasitic diseases and their vectors.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0767,T] (1).
14.
Effect Of Different Routes Of Vaccination Against Newcastle Disease On Lymphoid Organs Of Broilers
by Rabia Salam | Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Khalid | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2002Dissertation note: This project was designed to compare two routes (intraocular and drinking water) of vaccination against Newcastle disease in terms of protection against velogenic field isolate of NDV by noting immune response and morphological changes in Harderian gland, Bursa of Fabricius and thymus of broilers. This project would also help to evaluate role of Harderian gland to generate local and humoral immunity in response to eye drop and drinking water vaccination against NDV.
For this purpose, a total of 160 day-old chicks were procured from local commercial hatchery. At day 7 birds were randomly divided into four groups i.e. A, B, C, D comprising 40 birds each. Group A and B were vaccinated through ocular and oral route respectively. While groups C and D were kept as control. At day 21, groups A and B were revaccinated through the same routes. At day 28, groups A, B and C were further sub-divided into two subgroups each i.e. Al and A2, Bi and B2, Cl and C2, respectively. Subgroups Al, Bl and Cl were challenged, ocularly while subgroups A2, B2 and C2 were challenged orally with velogenic field isolate of NDV.
Ocular vaccination resulted in higher level of circulating antibodies and increased number of plasma cells in Harderian gland. It can be inferred that ocular vaccination stimulated Harderian gland to produce strong lcal protective immunity both in ocular and oral mucosa.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0774,T] (1).
15.
Comparative Immunopathological And Immunosuppressive Effects Of Three Different Gumboro Vacine Strains
by Rana Muhammad Ayyub | Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2002Dissertation note: This project was planned to know the comparative immunosuppressive effects of three different Gumboro live vaccine strains on ND vaccination and to choose the least immunosuppressive out of these three vaccine strains.
A total of 100 chicks were divided into 4 groups (A, B, C and D), 25 birds in each group. All the birds of all the groups were vaccinated against Newcastle disease on 5th and 21st day of age. Specific IBD vaccine was given to specific groups at l4t1 day and 28th day of age. Group A was given intermediate plus strain vaccine (228 E strain), group B was given intermediate strain vaccine (Strain D78) and group C was given another intermediate strain vaccine (Bursine-2 strain), on both days of IBD vaccination, as per schedule. While group D was unvaccinated control.
Immune organs including bursa, thymus and spleen were examined for their gross and microscopic pathological changes, before and after IBD vaccination. For this purpose, these organs were collected at 13th j7th and 31st days of age. At j3th day, gross and histopathological examination showed no lesions in any case of any group (as so far no IBD vaccine was given ). At 17th and 31st days, gross and histopathological examination revealed more severe lesions in group A, moderate lesions in group B, mild lesions in group C and no lesion in immune organs of group D.
Haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test was performed, to study the comparative humoral immunosuppressive effects of these IBD vaccines on antibody titre against ND vaccination, on birds of each group. Statistical analysis showed that 228 E vaccine strain (group A) while, D78 vaccine strain (group B) was less immunosuppressive but, on the other hand Bursine-2 vaccine strain (group C) was least immunosuppressive. No humoral immunosuppression was observed in unvaccinated control group D.
This study suggests the use of Bursine2 strain of IBD vaccine, in a flock at risk of ND infection, as it has least immunosuppressive effect against ND vaccination. Therefore, still the need of the hour is to choose the most proper IBD vaccine strain, among all the available strains in the market, which can provide excellent protection against IBD infection as well as has least immunosuppressive effects on ND vaccination.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0775,T] (1).
16.
Effect Of Asocrbic Acid And Acetylsalicylic Acid Supplementation On Performance Of Broiler Checks Exposed to Heat Stress
by Bilal Anwar | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2002Dissertation note: This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of ascorbic acid and acetylsalicylic acid on the performance of broiler chicks exposed to heat stress. A total number of 100 chicks were purchased from a local hatchery and divided into 5 groups (A, B, C, D A and E) having 20 birds each. Group A was kept is control. Group B was kept at (34-36°C) only during 3rd and 4th week. Group C was kept at 34-36°C) and Sb-Asper-C was also supplemented only during 3rd and 4th week. Group D was kept at (34-36°C) only during 5th and 6th week. Group E was kept at (34-36°C) and Sb-Asper-C was also supplemented only during 5th and 6th week. All the birds were vaccinated with Lasota NDV strain on day 1 and 14. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was calculated at end of experiment. Serum samples were collected on day 1, 14, 28 and 42 of life for determination of geometric mean haemagglutination inhibition (GMHI) titer against NDV. Five birds from each group were slaughtered on day 28 and 42 for the pathological examination of bursa, thymus and spleen. Ratio of weight of bursa, thymus and spleen to body weight were also calculated on day 28 and 42. The data was analysed statistically.
Our results indicated that heat stress increased the FCR of the birds but decreased the immune response (GMHI) and ratio of bursa, thymus and spleen to body weight of the birds. On gross pathological examination, heat stress caused atrophy of bursa, spleen and thymus but no microscopic changes were observed.
This study also indicated that Sb-Asper-C (containing ascorbic acid and acetylsalicylic acid) supplementation during heat stress had beneficial effects on FCR, serum antibody development and ratio of weight of bursa, thymus and spleen to body weight of birds.
It is concluded from this experiment that the Sb-Asper-C (containing ascorbic acid and acetylsalicylic acid) has expressed itself as an anti-heat stressor and also shown to be an immunopotentiating agent under heat stress. So Sb-Asper-C is recommended in heat stressed birds.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0777,T] (1).
17.
The Effect Of Experimentally Induced Yolk Sac Infection With Staphylococcus Aureus On Immune Status Of Broiler Chicks
by Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Khalid Saeed | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2002Dissertation note: The present project was carried out to study the effect of experimentally induced yolk sac infection with Staphylococcus aureus on immune status of broiler chicks. For this purpose one hundred day-old chicks were procured from local market and were randomly divided into two groups, A and B having fifty chicks each. Confirmed pathogenic isolate of Staphylococcus aureus was inoculated into the yolk of each chick of group A while group B acted as control. Ten chicks from each group were slaughtered at interval of 48 hours i.e. on 3rd 5th 7th, and 9th day of the experiment and serum and yolk were collected. Experimental parameters included pathological examination of yolk sac, yolk sac weight/body weight ratio, antibody titres against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in serum and yolk and analysis of fractional serum proteins.
Results showed that yolk sac weight/body weight ratio was higher in treatment group than in control group. Marked pathological changes (abnormal colour, consistency and odour) were also observed in unabsorbed yolks of the infected group. Geometric mean titres of maternal antibodies against NDV were significantly lower in serum while higher in yolk of the infected group as compared to control one. Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) was used for serum protein analysis and percent area covered by each protein fraction was calculated. The percent area covered by most fractions of serum protein was lower in infected chicks than the control chicks.
It is therefore concluded that experimental yolk sac infection with Saphylococcus aureus leads to decreased maternal antibodies absorption from infected yolks and altered serum proteins indicating decline in the immunity of the chicks.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0786,T] (1).
18.
Effect Of Experimental Yolk Sac Infection With Escherichia Coli On Immune Status Of Broiler Chicks
by Muhammad Salah-ud-Shah | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Masood Rabbani | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2002Dissertation note: The present project was designed to evaluate the effect of experimental yolk sac infection with E. coli on immune status of broiler chicks. One hundred day old broiler chicks were divided in to two groups i.e. A and B containing 50 birds each. Experimental infection with E. coli was given intra yolk to group A on day-1 of experiment, while group B was kept as control. Ten chicks from each group were sacrificed to collect serum and yolks on 3rd, 5th, 7th and 9th day. Parameters studied were pathological examination of yolk sac, yolk sac/body weight ratio, antibody titer against Newcastle disease virus and analysis of fractional serum proteins.
Results of this experiment showed that yolk sac infection with E. coli led to gross pathological changes of yolk sac (enlarged, discoloured, abnormal consistency and congested blood vessels) and increased yolk sac/body weight ratio. Geometric mean titer against NDV was decreased in serum and yolk of treatment group. Analysis of fractional serum proteins by SDS-PAGE revealed that percentage area covered by most of serum protein fractions was decreased in treatment group as compared to control group.
It was concluded that intra yolk infection with E. coli resulted in pathological changes of yolk sac, increased yolk sac/body weight ratio and decreased immunity, which was evident from decreased maternal antibody titers and altered serum proteins profile of chicks.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0790,T] (1).
19.
Molecular Diagnosis Of Bovine Tuberculosis In Humans
by Muhammad Bilal | Prof. Dr. Zafar Iqbal Chaudhary | Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Mnsur-uddin | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2005Dissertation note: Tuberculosis is a highly infectious disease. In humans it is mainly caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and occasionally by Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium africanum. Bovine tuberculosis caused by M bovis is the main cause of enteric TB in humans. it is transmitted through milk, meat and dairy products. It is also recorded that it can also cause pulmonary tuberculosis in humans.
A study was conducted to detect the M bovis in human pulmonary sputum samples through PCR based techniques. A PCR assay was described which could differentiate M bovis from M. tuberculosis in clinical samples. Sputum of 400 patients was randomly analyzed with PCR assay. Two (0.5%) out of 400 sputum samples were positive for M bovis while remaining were positive for M tuberculosis. Over all 0.5% cases were positive for M bovis causing pulmonary tuberculosis in humans.
The two positive cases were analyzed in the background of their history. History revealed that both of them belong to different families and areas were in close contact with animals for a long time. It suggested that they caught infection from animals. It was an evidence of pulmonary tuberculosis of M bovis in humans.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0865,T] (1).
20.
Effect Of Hormone Addition (Pgf 2 Alpha) And Oxytocin In Semen Extender On Post Thaw Semen Quality And Fertility in Nili Ravi Buffaloes
by Dr. Rafaqat Ali | Dr. Muhammad Amir Saeed | Dr. Asim Aslam | Prof. Dr. Nasim Ahmad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2005Dissertation note: This project was executed to improve the semen quality during freezing process and to improve subsequent fertility rate in Nili-Ravi buffaloes with hormones (PGF2a and oxytocin) supplementation. Pooled semen from Nih Ravi buffalo bulls (n2) was divided into 8 equal parts after complete evaluation and subjected to the hormonal treatments. PGF2a (Lutalyse®) @ 2.5mg, 5.0mg and 7.5mg and oxytocin (Cintocinon®) @ 2.5 I.U, 5.0 I.U and 7.5 I.U/lOOml of diluted semen were added. One group (-ye control) received indomethacin @ 20mg + PGF2a @ 5.Omg/lOOmi of diluted semen. One group remained without any treatment (+ve control). Semen was cooled, filled in 0.5ml straws, equilibrated at 4°C for 4 h ours and frozen i n liquid nitrogen. After 24 hours of deep freezing, semen was thawed and evaluated for percentage motility of spermatozoa, plasma membrane integrity (HOS assay), acrosome integrity (NAR), viability (Live/Dead), longevity (hours) and fertility. Four (4) straws from each treatment group were thawed and pooled in 5m1 cuvette in water bath at 37°C and evaluated for quality parameters. Twenty five (25) straws from each treatment group were used to inseminate the buffaloes in standing estrus at 3 A.I centers (Phool nagar, Changa manga and Kot radlia kishen) in district Kasur. Pregnancy was checked 60 days post insemination. Data collected was presented as mean ± SEM, treatment groups were compared using ANOVA, unpaired two sample test and Pearson correlation at 5% level of confidence interval using Minitab® computer software. Results o f this study revealed that addition of both Lutalyse® (PGF2a) and Cintocinon® (oxytocin) did not show significant (P>0.05) improvement in any quality parameters measured and a non significant correlation was observed between treated groups and control except indomethacin and viability of spermatozoa where a significant negative correlati9n (r = -0.980) was found. However, blocking of seminal prostaglandins with indomethacin shows significant (P<0.05) deterioration in percentage motility, plasma membrane integrity, viability and longevity of spermatozoa but acrosome integrity remain unchanged. Results of fertility trial showed significant difference (P<0.5) among treatment groups. In conclusion, we can say that although hormonal addition did not improve semen quality but improve fertility rate, therefore, the importance of prostaglandins in semen can not be neglected. The W nature and physiological amount in buffalo semen should be investigated and maintained by exogenous addition after dilution during processing to maintain post thaw semen quality and fertility. However, it is suggested that pure forms of hormones should be used to add in semen instead of Lutalyse® as it contains 1.56% alcohol which is supposed to be detrimental to spermatozoa.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0923,T] (1).
21.
Application Of Different Control Measures Against Argas Persicus
by Qaiser Siddique | Dr. Kamran Ashraf | Dr. Asim Aslam | Prof. Dr. H.A. Hashmi | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2006Dissertation note: To final out the comparative efficacy of different control measures against Argas persicus, In-Vitro and In-Vivo studies were carried out for the in-Vitro studies three thousand soft ticks Argas Persicus at different stages of their development were used in the experiment. The ticks were divided in to 5 groups A, B, C, D and E having 600 ticks in each group. The ticks of each group (600) were further divided in to three replicates having 200 ticks in each. The ticks were maintained in small plastic boxes containing tick rearing medium at a controlled temperature of 25 Co and 60% relative humidity. The 5 treatments are applied with a small (1 liter) hand held sprayer at the rate of 20ml per box 345 cm2 surface area. The first application was made after 24 hours and repeated twice at 48 hours intervals. On day 0,3,5,7 and 10, the ticks were separated from the manure by immersing the manure in water and retrieved the ticks with the help of sieve. The ticks relating to each group were counted and the counts of each group were compared. The reduction in the counts in test groups as compared to control group A indicated the efficacy of the treatment. It was noticed by the comparative mortality of the ticks in the replicates of different groups that in mortality of ticks in Group A occurred as 6.17% in B as 67.67% in C as 70.67% , in D as 100% and in E as 71.83%. The findings of the In Vitro experiment showed that the efficacy of Tiekide was 100% and in ranking order was placed at No. 1 amongst the test groups and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05) as compared to B, C and E groups. However the findings of Groups B, C and E were not significant amongst each other (P>0.05). For the In-Vivo studies, the experiment was conducted on a layer farm infested with Argus persicus. A total of 100 layers infested with Argas persicus were reared under experimental conditions on particular farm. One hundred infested birds were divided into 5 groups i.e A,B,C,D and E, each group consisting of 20 birds. The ticks of all members of the groups were counted on day 0,3,5,7 and 10. Group A acted as infested and non treated, B was treated by application of EM1 under the infested wings, C was applied EM5, D was applied Tiekide (Homoeopathic formula) under the wings the medicine was also orally administered @ 2 drops in 1 ml water and members of Group E were applied 1% solution of Ivomec (Ivermectin). The results indicated that the reduction in the mean tick counts was 95.74% in Group D which was placed at No. I, in descending order the mean tick counts reduced by 70.97% in Group E, 68.59% in Group C, 67.63% in Group B and only 1.93% in control Group A. The Tiekide was claimed to be a drug of choice.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0932,T] (1).
22.
Standardization Of Tuberculin Test In Buffaloes And Detection Of Mycobacterium Bovis In Blood Through PCR
by Asad Ullah Khan | Prof. Dr. Zafar Iqbal Chaudhary | Dr. Asim Aslam | Prof. Dr. Abdul Rauf Shakoori | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2007Dissertation note: Tuberculosis is a highly infectious disease. In bovine it is mainly caused by Mycobacterium bovis. Bovine tuberculosis caused by M bovis is the main cause of enteric TB in humans. It is transmitted through milk, meat and dairy products. Bovine TB is still a significant zoonosis in many parts of the world and it accounts for 25.8% of TB in man.
A study was conducted to standardize the tuberculin test in buffaloes and to detect the M bovis in buffalo blood samples through PCR based techniques. A total of 100 buffaloes were tested by Single Comparative Cervical Intradermal Tuberculin Test (SCCIDTT) for this research and 100 blood samples were also collected from the same under aseptic condition. Data was also collected from owners & milkers of buffalo before and after SCCIDTT. A PCR (is a nucleic acid-based technique that enables the rapid and sensitive detection of micro-organism) assay was described which could detect M bovis in blood samples. Blood of 100 buffaloes was randomly analyzed with PCR assay. Over all two (2.0%) out of 100 buffaloes were found positive to tuberculin test while fifty four (54 %) out of 100 blood samples of the same buffaloes were found positive for M bovis in PCR.
The positive cases were analyzed in the background of their history. History revealed that the animals herd was crowded and were reared much closed to each other for a long time. It suggested that they got infection from other animals. It was an evidence of bovine tuberculosis of M bovis in buffaloes.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0951,T] (1).
23.
Comparison Of Multiplex Pcr & Conventional Methods For The Diagnosis Of Tuber Culosis (TB) in Human, Buffalo & Cattle in Lahore District
by Naima Mumtaz | Prof. Dr. Zafar Iqbal Chaudhary | Dr. Asim Aslam | Prof. Dr. Abdul Rarf Shakoori | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2007Dissertation note: Tuberculosis, one of the most widespread infectious diseases, is the leading cause of death due to single infectious agent among humans and animals in the world. It is endemic in Pakistan with about 1.5 million people infected, and Pakistan ranks seventh among the 22 high-burden tuberculosis countries worldwide (WHO, 2006). Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the most common cause of human TB, but an unknown proportion of cases are due to Mycobacterium. bovis.
The study was conducted in Lahore to compare the multiplex PCR and conventional methods for the diagnosis of tuberculosis caused by M tuberculosis and M bovis in 300 humans' sputum and 1000 bovines' milk samples. Conventional methods included Ziehi Neelsen staining, culture and biochemical tests. For M tuberculosis and M bovis the pncA gene and specie -specific 500 bp fragments were targeted respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of multiplex PCR was found statistically significant in comparison to Ziehl Neelsen staining and culture for the differential diagnosis of TB. Pyrazinamide resistance was found in 15 (34.8%) out of 43 isolates recovered from media inoculated by sputum and milk.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0954,T] (1).
24.
Diagnosis Of Bovine Tuber Culosis In Deers Kept In Captivity By Pcr And Tuberculin Test
by Zeeshan Nayyer | Prof. Dr. Zafar Iqbal Chaudhary | Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2007Dissertation note: Tuberculosis is an infectious, chronic, granalomatous, highly communicable, zoonotic and debilitating disease. The etiological agents of tuberculosis belong to the bacteria Mycobacterium bovis. A total of 50 blood samples from emaciated deers were collected from deer’s kept in captivity suspected from TB. These samples were subjected to DNA extraction for polymerase chain reaction and tuberculin test for the sensitivity and specificity of these tests.The results obtained were analyzed by standardization of PCR for M. bovis.
PCR is a nucleic acid based technique that enables the rapid and sensitive detection of microorganism. Results indicated that 4% and 20% of deers were positive for M. bovis infection with the tuberculin test and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) respectively. From the results it is evident that polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique is more sensitive than the tuberculin test for the diagnosis of tuberculosis and gives much higher percentage of positive cases.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0970,T] (1).
25.
Clinicopathological Changes Induced By Heat Stress, Their Resolution By Minerals And Vitamin C Supplementation In Quails
by Khurshid Anwar | Dr. Asim Aslam | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Younus Rana.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: The present study was designed to overcome heat stress in Japanese quails through potassium chloride, sodium bicarbonate and vitamin C solution in calculated amount in water on thermo tolerance, histopathology and hematology of quails exposed to heat stress: This experimental trial was carried out at Avian Research and Training Centre (ARTC), UVAS Lahore and tests were performed at Department of Pathology UVAS, Lahore. There were three replicates in each treatment group and each replicate was of twenty quails, each group was comprised of 60 birds. The body weight of each the bird was. recorded on weekly basis. Blood samples were collected on the 21, 22, 23, 24, 29, 30 and 31 days of treatment from each group to evaluate the serum potassium and bicarbonate level in the blood. For hematological parameters the blood samples were collected on 22, 28 and 31 day of treatment and the vital organs for histopathology were collected after slaughtering 3 birds from each group. The hematological parameters were studied and the data was analyzed by two ways ANOVA. Group A quails revealed significantly higher weight gain than those of group B, but no significant difference was observed, when all groups were compared. Significantly less weight gain was revealed by the quails of group B, when compared to all other groups. Comparison between groups A, C, D, E, F and G was non significant. The highest FCR was exhibited by the birds of group A while the group B showed the poorest FCR. Better FCR was exhibited by group C, D, E, F and G. Serum samples were obtained from each group, for bicarbonate and potassium determination by spectrophotometric method. Group A, C, E, F and G exhibited a significantly higher serum potassium level than those of groups B and D. A significantly higher bicarbonate level was revealed in the serum of group A, D, E, F and G as compared to group B and C, on day 23 and onwards. But no significant difference was observed in serum of groups A, D, E, F and G. Blood hematology revealed no significant difference in red blood cells of groups A, C, D, E, F and G. Group B exhibited a significant lower values of red blood cells, packed cell volume, basophils, monocytes and showed a significant increase H/L ratio and eosinophils when compared to all other groups. Histopathological studied showed infiltration of heterophils, hyperemia, congestion of liver, heart and adrenal gland. It is concluded that, quails of group B (kept in high environmental temperature) revealed a decreased weight gain, poorest FCR, decreased serum potassium and bicarbonate level, decrease in hematocrit, monocytes and basophils and increased in eosinophils and H/L ratio. Supplementation of electrolytes and vitamin C (125 mg/L KC1, 75 mg/L NaHCO3 and vitamin C 62.5 mg/L) in water effect on heat stressed quails exhibited the better results in term of weight gain, serum electrolytes, blood profile and histology than those quails kept in heat stressed condition with no supplementation. From the present results it is concluded that 125 mg/L of KCI, 75 mg/L of NaHCO3 and 62.5 mg/L of vitamin C solution in water, alone or in combination may be used in quails to combat the effect of high ambient temperature and heat stress.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1226,T] (1).
26.
Immuo-Pathological Response Of Pigeons To Challenge Infection Of Newcastle Disease Virus (Ndv)
by Yasir Amin | Dr. Asim Aslam | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Younus Rana.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: This study trial was designed to evaluate and compare the efficacy of two locally available live Newcastle disease vaccines (Medivac ND LaSota and VRI, Mukteshwar ND vaccine), also to compare two routes (Oral and Ocular) of vaccine administration in term of antibody titre and assessment of protection against field (chicken) isolated virulent Newcastle virus challenge (NDV) in pigeons. Study of clinical signs, gross and histopathological lesion in different organ of non-vaccinated and challenged birds was also the part of our present study. For this purpose one hundred and twenty pigeons were purchased from the local market and screened for Newcastle disease antibodies using Hemagglutination inhibition test. Healthy pigeons were randomly divided into six groups i.e. A, B, C, D, E and F, comprising 20 birds each. Group E and F were kept as positive and negative Control respectively. Group A and C were vaccinated with Medivac ND LaSota vaccine at day 7th and 21st of experiment through oral and ocular route. Similarly Group B and D were immunized with VRI (Mukteshwar) ND vaccine through oral and ocular route respectively. At 28th day of experiment all the groups except group F were challenged with velogenic field isolate of NDV at a dose rate of 0.1 ml through ocular route. Serum samples were collected at day 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 of experiment for the determination of antibody titre. Post-infection clinical signs in control positive group were i.e. anorexia, dullness, depression, decreased feed intake, discharge from mouth, greenish diarrhea, nervous manifestations, leg and wing paralysis. Gross lesions on different organs were hemorrhages in trachea, proventriculus, spleenomegaly and greenish intestinal contents. Medivac ND LaSota vaccine produced higher immune response in term of antibody titre as compared to VRI (Mukteshwar) ND vaccine. It was also observed that ocular route irrespective to vaccine type produced significantly (P<0.05) higher immune response than oral route. Vaccine strains used in this study efficiently induced immune response through ocular route, suggesting that implementation of this vaccination programs in future may prevent ND outbreaks in pigeons, especially in racing pigeons, and may prevent NDV spread to other avian species, mainly poultry.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1228,T] (1).
27.
Haematologial And Immunological Effects Of Naturally Occurring Probiotic (Yogurt) And Garlic Supplementation On Broiler Chicks Vaccinated Against Newcastle Disease
by Muhammad Ishaq | Dr. Asim Aslam | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Younus Rana.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: The present project was undertaken to study the various hematological. immunological and gross/histopathological parameters in ND vaccinated chicks with different supplementation of yogurt and garlic. For this purpose one hundred twenty-six day old broiler chicks were divided into three experimental groups A, B and C. each having 42 chicks per group. The group B and C \\ere Further subdivided into 3 groups yl, y2, y3 and gi, g2. g3 respectively comprising of 14 chicks per group having different supplementation of yogurt and garlic respectively, while group A was kept as a control and fed basal diet having no supplementation. Our result showed that yogurt augmented serological response and help in increasing HI antibody titer in which 200 gm yogurt showed immense potential in increasing HI titer until last day of experiment. All levels of Garlic group augmented serological response in term of antibody titer hut remain statistically insigni flcant in increasing HI titer.The heterophil population and I I/L ratio was also improved in both yogurt and garlic groups however 40 grn garlic fed group showed a better response in increasing hctcrophil population. TLC remains insignificant both at treatment and levels throughout the experiment. Body weight gain and FCR was also improved with yogurt and garlic supplementation however 200 gm yogurt showed a curvilinear response over the range of yogurt bd levels. Yogurt and garlic supplementation also showed improvement in the development of immune organ such as spleen, thymus and liver, their I listological examination revealed that an increase in supplementation of yogurt and garlic have no lethal effect upon morphological structure of these organs. In conclusion, yogurt as a probiotic and garlic as a growth promoter agent displayed a greater efficacy in increasing HI titer, heterophils population and improving productive performqnce of broilers in which 200 gm yougurt/kg diet group and 40gm garlic/kg diet showed an immense potential in improving above traits, so their use in broiler diet should be considered instead of using costly commercial probiotics and antibiotics.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1229,T] (1).
28.
Study Of Incidence Rate And Chemotherapy Of Balantidiasis In Donkeys
by Adnan Khan | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Muhammad Avais.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Equines have been serving the mankind for many purposes since as early as the human history. In equines parasitic infection is a major problem. Factors such as continuous exposure to parasites, climatic conditions, and lack of knowledge on the part of livestock farmers regarding parasitic transmission play an important role in sustaining parasitic diseases. Balantidium coli causes a protozoal disease known as Balantidiasis. It is normally found in large intestine of pigs (wild and domestic) and also explained in camels, primates including human, rodents, and equines but distinctly found in dogs. Balantidiasis is manifested by diarrhea, dysentery, severe colic pain, tenesmus, anorexia, nausea and vomiting. Balantidium coli may act as opportunistic pathogen in other infectious diseases. There is considerable information on B. coli in cattle and buffalo raising communities in the world. Investigations on Balantidium coli have not been conducted actively in the study area where equine rearing is one of the major occupations. This study will therefore is expected to serve as base line data for further work on this parasite.
The faecal samples of 400 donkeys irrespective of age and sex reared in and around Lahore were examined coprologically out of which 73 were found positive for Balantidium coli yielding the incidence rate of 18.25%. Chemotherapeutic trials of Secnidazole and Nigella sativa were performed on a group of 10 donkeys each (Group A & B) along with keeping 10 donkeys as positive & 10 donkeys as negative control (Group C & D). The animals of group A were treated with secnidazole (Dysen forte) at a dose rate of 10mg/kg orally for one day. The group A Showed the efficacy of 89.51% at day 14th (post treatment). The animals of group B were treated with Nigella sativa (Kalonji) at a dose rate of 200 mg/kg body weight orally for five days. This group showed the efficacy of 40.02% at day 14th after medication.
Similarly the effect of B. coli on various blood parameters (Hemoglobin and Packed cell volume) was studied in these animals. At day zero (pre-medication), the average Hb (g/dl) and PCV (%) values of groups A, B, C and D were 10.61 + 0.076, 10.61 + 0.13, 10.60 + 0.15, 11.01 + 0.068 and 31.47 + 0.27, 31.48 + 0.22, 31.47 + 0.24, 32.14 + 0.243 respectively. On day 14th after medication the average Hb (g/dl) and PCV (%) values of groups A, B, C and D were 10.79 + 0.094, 10.69 + 0.126, 10.60 + 0.15, 11.01 + 0.068 and 31.79 + 0.16, 31.64 + 0.13, 31.47 + 0.24, 32.14 + 0.243 respectively.
On day zero (pre-medication), the hemoglobin and pack cell volume values of groups A, B and C were below the normal (Hb = 11.0 - 11.6 g/dl, PCV (%) = 32 - 33) while of group D were approximately normal. On day 14th (post-medication), there was increase in Hb and PCV values of groups A and B. The Hb and PCV values of group C and D were not changed.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1307,T] (1).
29.
Clinico- Pathological Studies Of Ascites In Broiler Chickens
by Hafiz Muhammad Anwar- ul- Haq | Dr. Asim Aslam | Prof. Dr | Prof. Dr. M. Younus Rana.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: This study was carried out on total of 310 samples. Out of these samples, 200 were the blood samples (100 from the diseased birds and 100 from the apparently healthy birds), second were the tissue samples of liver which were 80 in number (50 from the ascitic birds and 30 from the apparently healthy birds). Then 20 were the water samples (10 from the source of water production and remaining 10 were from the drinking levels of the birds) and 10 feed samples. Samples were collected from randomly selected ten (10) broiler poultry farms in the district Gujranwala having the problem of ascites. The study was completed in four parts. In first part, serum biochemical parameters of liver were studied. The included parameters were total serum proteins, albumins, globulins, A/G ratio and SGPT. In second part of project, mineral profiles of serum concentrations were studied. Then in third part of the study, the collected, feed and water samples were analyzed for their dietary mineral levels. Sodium, potassium and chloride were the minerals, selected for study. Studies of the mineral profiles of feed and water samples were conducted at the Department of Nutrition, U.V.A.S. Lahore. Then the correlation was studied between the dietary mineral levels present in the feed and water, to the mineral levels exhibiting in the serum samples. On the basis of mineral levels present in the feed, water and serum samples, it was concluded that the Na and chloride may contribute to the development of ascities as the results were significant (P>0.05) but the role of K in this regard was not seemed to be significant (P<0.05) thus it may not has any significant contribution in the development of ascites syndrome. In fourth and last part of study, histopathology of the tissue samples was conducted. In this part of study, the tissue samples, collected from liver of ascitic birds and apparently healthy birds were subjected to histopathology and microscopic examination for significant changes. Histopathological studies showed that the hepatic degeneration, hepatic necrosis and fibrosis of the hepatic capsule were the common findings in the diseased group. The study elucidated the marked decrease of serum proteins including the total serum proteins and albumin while it was observed that the ascites syndrome has no significant effect on the enzyme assays of the liver.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1326,T] (1).
30.
Relationship Of Gender And Body Condition Score On Histomrphometric And Physical Characteristics Of Selected Selected Skeletal Muscles in Kundi Buffalo
by Muhammad Usman Saleem | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Saima Masood.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Introduction: Present study was conducted to study the effect of gender and BCS on selected skeletal muscle properties in Kundi buffaloes. Tenderness, juiciness and water holding capacity are the attributes of meat quality and are related with the muscle fiber number and diameter. Normal pH of the meat is 5.2-5.4 and any deviation from these values show that the animal was under stress before slaughter.
Materials and Methods: Four groups of 10 animals each were taken. The first group was of 10 male animals having BCS 1-4 and the second group was of 10 male animals having BCS more than 4. The third and fourth groups were of 10 female animals each having BCS 1-4 and more than 4 respectively. Samples of muscles trapezius cervices longissimus dorsi and semitendinosus were taken from each animal 24 hours post mortem. pH of the meat was measured with the help of pH meter 24 hours post mortem. Water holding capacity of the meat sample was measured 24 hours post mortem using Honikels gravimetric bag method. Samples were processed for light microscopy and stained by using Eosin and Hematoxylin staining technique. Tissue sections were observed for counting muscle fiber number and measuring the diameter of muscle fiber using a morphometry program.
Statistical Analysis: Statistical analysis was made using independent sample t- tests for the comparison based on gender or BCS between groups, and analysis with in a group was made using one way ANOVA.
Results: It was observed that the pH, WHC and muscle fiber number was higher in males as compared to those of females. Muscle fiber diameter was greater in females as compared to those of males. Animals with BCS 1-4 had a lower pH, greater WHC, larger muscle fiber diameter and higher muscle fiber number than those animals having BCS > 4. pH of trapezius cervicalis is higher than longissimus lumborum and semitendinosus but its WHC is lower than semitendinosus and longissimus lumborum. Longissimus lumborum has least muscle fiber diameter however trapezius has got the largest muscle fiber diameter. Number of muscle fibers in semitendinosus muscle is highest.
Conclusion: Through this research we determined that gender and BCS affect meat quality parameters.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1451,T] (1).
31.
Detection Of Soulfonamide Residues With Associated Histopathological Findings In The Tissues Of Cattle An Buffalo
by Mujahid Iqbal | r. Muhammad Yasin Tipu | Dr. Asim Aslam | Prof. Dr. Tahir Yaqub.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1483,T] (1).
32.
Etiological Study Of Pancytopenic Children
by Dr. Syed Maaz Nadeem | Dr. Muti-ur-Rehman Khan | Dr. Aftab Ahmed Anjum | Dr. Asim Aslam.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Pancytopenia is a hematological condition in which there is a decrease in all three cell lines of peripheral blood i.e. erythrocytes, leucocytes and platelets leading to anemia, leucopenia and thrombocytopenia. Complications of anemia, repeated infections and bleeding tendencies are sometimes horrifying and may result in death of individual.
The present study was designed to analyze the underlying pathology, different clinico-haematological features and importance of bone marrow study in one hundred children presenting with pancytopenia. Present study was carried out in pediatric laboratory of Mayo Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan..
Detailed history was taken in all cases. Complete blood counts were done on an automated blood analyzer (Sysmex Kx-21). For counter check of total leucocyte count, differential leucocyte count and platelets, smears were also prepared and stained by using Giemsa stain. Red cell morphology was done on blood smear for theconfirmation of red cell indices. A total volume of 3 ml venous blood was drawn into a syringe. Out of which 1.0 ml was delivered into EDTA containing vacutainer and remaining 2 ml blood was transferred to a plain glass tube. After clotting and centrifugation serum was obtained for screening of hepatitis B surface antigen and antibodies against hepatitis C virus. Bone marrow aspiration was also performed where indicated.
Megaloblastic anaemia (42%) Aplastic anaemia (26%) and ALL (8%) were found to be the common causes of pancytopenia in our scenario. Less common causes of pancytopenia were infections (8%), mixed deficiency (4%), MDS (4%) and lymphoma (4%). In all above mentioned cases clinical manifestations and peripheral blood counts played an important role in their evaluation.
Two cases of haemophagocytic syndrome (2%), a rare cause of pancytopenia were also diagnosed in this study.
This study also explained the importance of physical examination, peripheral blood findings and bone marrow examinations in the management of pancytopenic patients. Peripheral blood film and bone marrow aspiration should be performed simultaneously in pancytopenia patients when the diagnosis is not confirmed. Bone marrow examination in most cases gives the specific diagnosis. However, in few cases, additional tests may be required.
Serum vitamin B12 and folic acid levels may be needed for confirmation of megaloblastic anemia. Serum iron, TIBC and iron staining on bone marrow smears may be required in iron deficiency anemia. In cases of leukemia flow cytometry study may be more helpful in reaching a final diagnosis. Bone marrow biopsy is mandatory in aplastic anemia.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1539,T] (1).
33.
Patho-Morphological Studies Of Reproductive Tract Disorders In Cattle And Buffalo
by Abdul Jabar | Dr. Ishtiaq Ahmed | Dr. Aftab Ahmed Anjum | Dr. Asim Aslam.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Reproductive tract disorders like endometritis, pyometra, follicular cysts, leuteal cysts etc have been reported as major causes of low conception rate and poor productivity of livestock. Reproductive tract lesions in cattle and buffaloes play an important role in animal breeding either by causing infertility or sterility of animals resulting in high economic losses. Besides of other reasons, presence of different types of bacteria inside the uterus of breeding animals causes deleterious effects on the reproductive tracts causing severe disorders and ultimately leads to failure of pregnancy. All these microbes results in the infection of uterus that ultimately affects animal's conception rate.
A total 100 reproductive tracts of slaughtered cattle (n=40) and buffaloes (n=60) were randomly collected from Lahore abattoir, Sherakot to study the impact of bacteria on the reproductive tracts, efficacy of variety of antibiotics on different bacterial isolates, gross and histopathological lesions. The swab samples for bacteriology were processed for purification and identification of bacterial isolates by doing number of conventional tests for final characterization and in vitro antibiotic sensitivity was performed. In this study seven different bacterial isolates were identified from all the samples. These include: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Corynebacterium species, Aeromonas species, Micrococcus species and Lactobacillus species. By the analysis of in vitro antibiotic sensitivity, all eight different species of bacteria isolated were 100% sensitive to Ciprofloxacin, Norfloxacin and Chlortetracycline. Contrary to these, all bacteria were 100 % resistant to Bacitracin followed by Sulphaphenazole, Ticarcillin/Clavulanic acid and Trimethoprim.
Out of the total 100 reproductive tracts of cattle and buffaloes collected randomly, 54 showed lesions with different severity. Most of the lesions were uterine hemorrhages followed by pyometra, para-ovarian cysts, pyosalpinx, hydrosalpinx, leuteal cysts, follicular cysts and uterine tumors. These lesions were observed slightly higher in number in buffaloes than in cows. Tissue samples of reproductive tracts were processed for histopathology and histopathological lesions were observed under microscope at 4X, 10X and 40X.
Histopathological lesions in endometritis were hemorrhages in stratum compactum, very thick blood vessels, congestion, necrosis and degeneration of endometrial glands, glandular tissue fully filled with mononuclear cells, completely destroyed secretary epithelial cells. While in metritis, intact endometrial mucosa, proliferation of connective tissue, infilteration of inflammatory cells and mononuclear cells in the myometrium were observed.
In pyometra samples, thick layer of exudate on the surface of endometrium, severe infilteration of mononuclear cells, sloughing of endometrial mucosa, necrosis of endometrial glands and glands filled with heavy population of mononuclear cells, proliferation of fibrous connective tissues in between endometrial glands, many macrophages are also present, infiltration of polymorphs mononuclear cells were observed in stratum functionalis.
In uterine lymphoma, tumor tissue was in follicular pattern, neoplastic cells variable in size and having round nucleus, many mitotic figures present, and stroma consisted of broad irregular bands of collagen.
In conclusion, out of 100 reproductive tracts of slaughtered cattle and buffaloes were examined and gross lesions were found 54% including uterine hemorrhages 20% followed by pyometra, para-ovarian cysts, hydrosalpinx, luteal cysts, follicular cysts and uterine lymphoma as 17, 8, 3, 3, 2 and 1%, respectively. The bacteria isolated from reproductive tracts in cattle and buffaloes were Escherichia coli 100% followed by Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus species, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Lactobacillus species, Corynebacterium species and Aeromonas species as 51, 47, 40, 34, 24 and 5%, respectively. In endometritis, PMN cells, thickening of endometrium, congestion, very thick blood vessels, degeneration of endometrial glands, glandular tissue fully filled with mononuclear cells, completely destroyed secretary epithelial cells, intact endometrial mucosa, proliferation of connective tissue and hemorrhages are observed while in pyometra, sloughing of endometrial mucosa, glands filled with heavy population of mononuclear cells, proliferation of fibrous connective tissue in between endometrial glands, many macrophages are also present, congestion and degeneration of endometrial glands was seen. Tumor tissue was in follicular pattern, neoplastic cells variable in size and having round nucleus, many mitotic figures present, and stroma consisted of broad irregular bands of collagen.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1541,T] (1).
34.
Comparison Of Histological Alterations In Intestinal Mucosa And Morphometery Of Different Organs In Two Strains Of Broiler Under Selected Dietary Conditions
by Hafiz Yasir Ahmad | Dr. Saima Masood | Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Hafsa Zaned.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Organic acid are well known for their positive influence on the histomorphology of different organs of broiler birds. Present study aims to evaluate the effect of organic acid (formic acid and propionic acid) on histomorphology of two strains of broiler used in Pakistan. One hundred and twenty day old broiler chicks were divided into 4 groups (n=30). Out of 120 day old broiler chicks, 60 birds of Hubbord strain divided in two groups and remaining 60 birds comprising of Cobb strain and also divided in two groups. These Hubbord and Cobb strains further divided into Hubbord organic acid supplemented group (HOAS), Hubbord non-supplemented (HNS), Cobb organic acid supplemented group (COAS) and Cobb non-supplemented group (CNS).
All non-supplemented groups were fed a corn-soya based basal diet and supplemented groups were fed same diet with addition of organic acid (formic acid 70%and propionic acid 30%) in the ratio of 1gm per Kg of diet. At 21 day, fifteen birds of each group were slaughtered and measurements, weight of heart, liver, gizzard, proventriculus, small intestine and large intestine and also length of small and large intestine, were taken. Samples from all three segments of small intestine of all groups were processed for measurements of villus height by H&E staining. Same procedure was repeated after 42 days for remaining birds. Results showed that the organs of organic acid supplemented birds gained more weight than non-supplemented groups and supplemented birds gained more villus height than the non-supplemented groups. There was no significant difference of results showed between two strains of broiler except in case of villus length of duodenum and jejunum. All the results were same for both age groups (21 & 42 days).
It could be concluded from the results that organic acid has beneficial effect on the growth of different organs of broiler birds and supplementation with organic acid can positively influence the height of villus of small intestine but there is no significant difference between two strains of broiler in case of organic acid supplemented birds as well as non-supplemented group in case of villus length of duodenum and jejunum where hubbard strain of broiler perform significantly better than cobb strain of broiler. Hence organic acid improved the histomorphology of different organs of broiler birds which resulted in more absorption and utilization of nutrients which further led to improved growth performance of broiler birds.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1543,T] (1).
35.
Pathology And Serum Biochemistry Of Layers Affected With Fatty Liver Hemorrhagic Syndrome
by Ahmad Jawad Sabir | Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Muhammad | Dr. Muhammad Yasin Tipu.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Fatty liver syndrome is a non-infectious disease of chickens, primarily cage layers, characterized by enlarged, fat-infiltrated livers, with or without subcapsular hemorrhages and excessive abdominal fat deposits. Excessive caloric intake is thought to be one causative factor, and the disease occurs frequently after molting when caloric intake is high. Cage layers move less, using less energy which may contribute to the problem. The present project was designedto study the serum biochemical and pathological changes in the laying hens affected with fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome and possible dietary sources responsible for this syndrome.
For this purpose healthy and diseased birds from commercial poultry farms having problem of FLHS in their flocks were selected. Three types of samples i.e. blood, tissue and feed samples were collected. Serum samples were processed to quantify concentration of different plasma enzymes including ALT, AST, triglycerides, serum cholesterol, glucose and LDH levels by using standard protocols. Values obtained from both healthy and diseased birds were compared. While liver samples were collected from both diseased and healthy birdsfor study of gross and microscopic changes in their structure. Proximate analysis of feed samples which were collected from each farm having this problem was conducted to check the level of fats and carbohydrates. Data was statistically analyzed by applying student t-test.
The average concentration of serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT),serum glutamic oxaloacetate transaminase, triglycerides, serum cholesterol, glucose and lactate dehydrogenase were 10.78±2.01 (IU/L), 195.5±28.93 (IU/L), 69.2±5.14 (mg/dl), 217.52±23.63 (mg/dl), 205.14±19.6 (mg/dl) and 2466.06±336.2 (IU/L) respectively in diseased birds. The corresponding values in the healthy birds were 4.12±1.7 (IU/L), 81.16±6.83 (IU/L), 59.44±4.92 (mg/dl), 131.94±8.93 (mg/dl), 188.38±13 (mg/dl) and 1706.64±244.37 (IU/L) respectively. The activities of SGPT, SGOT, serum cholesterol and LDH were significantly higher in diseased than in healthy birds (p<0.05). Some birds in diseased group showed 2-3 times greater concentration of plasma enzymes as compared to healthy birds. For the definitive diagnosis of this problem histopathological studies were conducted on liver samples. Liver from healthy birds showed no changes while diseased birds showed both gross and microscopic changes. Feed samples were collected from respective farms and proximate analysis was conducted. Average fat and carbohydrate content recorded for feed samples was 6.44±1.43% and 57.75±3.79% respectively. While feed analysis of control poultry diets showed a significant difference having fat 03.21±0.89% and NFE was55.77±1.67%.
It was concluded from this study that selected parameters of serum biochemistry including SGPT, SGOT, serum cholesterol, triglycerides and lactate dehydrogenase could be useful in the diagnosis of FLHS. There is significant increase in concentration of these enzymes in blood of affected birds specially laying hens. Macroscopic and microscopic changes can also be observed but it will lead to delayed diagnosis of this syndrome. Furthermore balanced feed will be helpful in prevention of this problem while farmers and poultry practitioners can seek help through proximate analysis of feed samples that can help in prevention of this metabolic problem.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1609,T] (1).
36.
Clinicopathological Study Of Theileriosis In Naturally Infected Sheep
by Muhammad Waseem Akhter | Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Muti ur Rehman Khan | Prof. Dr. Habib.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Theleiriosis in sheep is an important infectious disease of small ruminants characterized by General weakness, weight loss, anorexia, elevated body temperature, petechial hemorrhages on conjunctival mucosa, swollen lymph nodes, anemia and cough. Changes in hematological, serum biochemical and histopathological parameters are good indicators for diagnosis of theileriosis. For this purpose a total of 100 blood samples from infected sheep as well as 50 blood samples from healthy sheep were collected on the basis of clinical examination and peripheral blood smears from different farms in and around Lahore. The collected samples were processed at Clinical Pathology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Lahore. Hematological parameters were measured by automatic hematology analyzer & serum biochemical parameters were measured by using commercial kits by colorimetric methods using spectrophotometer. Histopathological changes were observed by making slides of tissue samples, and observed under microscope. Molecular confirmation of Theleria sp. was done by using Polymerase Chain Reaction. Finally the data obtained for hematological and serum biochemical parameters were analyzed by using Student's t test.
Previous studies on serum biochemical parameters and hematological parameters were mostly done in large ruminants. But there is little investigation available on the biochemical and hematological alterations of theileriosis in small ruminants. In this study blood samples taken from sheep were examined under microscope by making thin blood smears using Giemsa stain. Theileria piroplasms were seen in RBCs at 100x. Blood samples were also processed for PCR test. In all Theileria ovis positive samples 520-bp fragment was generated on gel by using primers TSsr 170F and TSsr 670R for sheep. All samples positive on microscopy were also positive by PCR. This study provides the base line data for molecular diagnosis of Theileria ovis in sheep in Pakistan. Hematological and biochemical parameters were evaluated in the sheep naturally infected with theileriosis while healthy sheep were selected as control. Hematological findings revealed a significant decrease (P<0.05) in RBC count, WBC count, Hb Conc. and PCV in infected animals as compared with healthy animals. Serum biochemical findings also revealed alterations in activities of enzymes and plasma proteins. A significant decrease in total proteins, albumin, glucose and creatinin and triglycerides was observed while significant increase (P<0.05) in ALT, AST, bilirubin was observed in affected animals as compared with healthy animals. A non significant increase in urea and cholesterol concentration was also observed in infected animals as compared to healthy animals. Different tissues were examined to study gross and histopathological changes. Liver was large, pale and friable. Prescapular lymph nodes were swollen and spleenomegaly was also seen. Kidney showed hemorrhagic spots and some were mottled. Histological examination of the lymph nodes revealed edema, widened intercellular spaces, parenchyma degeneration, massive lympholysis, widened sinuses at some areas and macrophages. Splenic nodules were sparse, diminished in size and lymphocyte depletion in follicles was prominent.In liver, mild infiltration of leukocytes around blood vessels, vacuolation in hepatocytes, increase in sinusoidal space and atrophy of hepatic cord was seen and hepatic cord was broken. In kidney, degeneration of tubular epithelium cells was seen. This study concluded that theileriosis in sheep was associated with some alterations in blood parameters and histopathological changes which could be useful in the diagnosis of ovine theileriosis.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1642,T] (1).
37.
Immunohistochemical Detection Of Infectious Bronchitis Virus In Different Organs Of Experimentally Infected
by Mudassar Iqbal | Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Ishtiaq ahmed | Prof. Dr. Tahir.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1671,T] (1).
38.
Histopathological & Immunohistochemical Studies In Experimentally Infected Commercial
by Raoof Aslam | Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Jawad Nazir | Dr. Yasin Tipu.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1704,T] (1).
39.
Comparative Pathological Studies Of Brucellosis In Azikheli And Nili Ravi Buffaloes At Slaughter House I District Sawat
by Sayyed Irfanullah Khan | Dr. Muti-ur-Rehman Khan | Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Saima Masood.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1741,T] (1).
40.
Cytotoxic Efects Of Saw-Scaled Viper Snake Venom On Brain, Heart, Liver And Hematological Parameters Of Albino
by Amara Mushtaq | Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Muti-ur-Rehman Khan.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1783,T] (1).
41.
Tissue Tropism Of Velogenic-Viscerotropic Newcastle Disease Virus In Broiler Chickens
by Tasra Bibi | Prof. Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Raheela Akhtar | Prof. Dr. Tahir.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: ND is an infectious, highly contagious and widespread disease of avian species and has a considerable economic impact on poultry industry. This study is a preliminary work to understand the mode of action of the recent VVNDV isolate of the UVAS, towards the tissue tropisms of both lymphatic and non lymphatic organs. One hundred chicks purchased from the local hatchery and reared for the trial including control, however, the VVNDV strain was received from the QOL, UVAS, Lahore, Pakistan. Three trials were conducted using the challenge dose 100,000 ELD50 (Group C) and 10,000 ELD 50 as (Group B) and 1000 ELD 50 as (Group A). Five chickens were selected randomly from each group and slaughtered on daily basis, including two chicks from control. These samples were used for histopathology and immunohistochemistry (IHC) test. Conclusively, the study indicates that NDV induces early necrosis in the lymphoid tissues of infected chickens which is correlated with the severity of the disease caused by each dilution. Necrosis does not seem only to be the direct viral replication and indirect effects may lead to death of the animals, due to depletion of lymphoid organs. However, the peak hours were recorded 72 hours to 96 hours post infection in all lymphoid and non lymphoid organs irrespective of the dilution factor of the VVNDV. Immunohistochemistry is not a routine practice in diagnostic test, however, this study may lead to a roadmap in understanding the interpretation of the clinical/pathological picture and the tropism may be helpful in future to study some other aspects like failure of commercial vaccines and to control the outbreaks of NDV in the country an endemic as well as a devastating disease of the poultry industry.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1824,T] (1).
42.
Comparison Of Various Strains Of Ibd Vaccines On Basis Of Pathological Lesions And Antibody Titer
by Sohaib alam | Dr. Mautti ur rehman | Dr. Asim aslam | Dr.Aftab ahmed anjum.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1867,T] (1).
43.
Study Of Carrier Potential Of Newcastledisease Virus In Common Wild Bird Species
by Tahir Munir | Prof. Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Muhammad | Dr.Ishtiaq Ahmed.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1892,T] (1).
44.
Optimization Of Multiplex Pcr For The Simultaneous Detection Of Babesia Caballi Theileria Equi And Trypanosoma
by Muhammad Zeeshan Khalid | Prof. Dr. Asim aslam | Dr. Yasin tipu | Prof. Dr.Habib ur rehman.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2006,T] (1).
45.
Pathological Studies On Contagious Edthyma In Naturally Infected Small Ruminants
by Muhammad Usman ghani | Dr. Mati ur rehman khan | Dr. Muhammad | Prof. Dr. Asim aslam.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2070,T] (1).
46.
Comparisons Of Histopathological Effects Of Live Vector Immune Complax And Intermediate Plus Vaccines Of Infectiors Bursal Disease on the Bursa of Fabricius of Commercial Broiler
by Rana Waqas Arshad | Prof. Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr, Muhammad Saeed Imran.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2086,T] (1).
47.
Study Of Carrier Potential Of Salmonella Infections In Common Wild Birds Species
by Mutahir Ali Mir | Prof. Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Ishtiaq Ahmad | Dr. Muhammad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2148,T] (1).
48.
Molecular Characterization Of Brucella Abortus Strains In Bovines
by Muhammad Ramzan | Dr. Raheela Akhtar | Prof. Dr. Aneela | Prof. Dr. Asim Aslam.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2169,T] (1).
49.
Detection Of Influenza A Virus Contamination In Newcastle Disease Live Virus Vaccines And Their Pathological Effects On Visceral Organs
by Munir Hussain (2004-VA-64) | Mr. Muhammad Saeed Imran | Prof. Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Shafqat Fatima Rehmani.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Poultry is one of the most vibrant commercial sector which is playing a vital role to
bridge the gap between supply and demand of animal protein foods to cater for its ever
increasing human population 2.1 per cent annually in Pakistan (Sahota et al. 2003).
Vaccination is one of the most effective way to prevent the poultry birds from the
specific diseases. Disease producing microorganisms can be classified smallest to largest as
viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and parasites. All, except the viruses are sensitive to drugs
when outbreaks occur. Vaccination is basically the introduction of a specific biological substance
(antigen) into the bird to stimulate the antibodies formation or immunity to a particular disease.
Usually the biological substance is avirulent the live disease organisms, which are capable to
protect the bird against the particular disease by producing an immune response. Presence of
these organisms (antigen) in the blood stimulates the body's defense mechanism to produce
antibodies that neutralize the disease causing organisms when the bird is exposed to them
(Kamboh et al. 2009).
A danger of such type of live vaccines is that the live microbes can back mutate to a
virulent form. While, dead vaccines that contain whole killed (usually by formalin or phenol)
microbes are safe. They may contain little or no extraneous material and therefore tend to
produce fewer adverse effects (Palombo and Semple 2001). The vaccines that contain dead
organisms are safe with respect to residual virulence and are easy to store, since organisms are
already dead. While live vaccines may possess residual virulence for the animal by reversion of
avirulent organisms to fully virulent type or spread to nonvaccinated animals. Dead vaccines
have very little risk of ‘alive’ contamination, while live vaccines always run the risk of
contamination with unwanted organisms; for instance, outbreaks of reticuloendotheliosis in
Introduction
______________________________________________________________________________
2
chickens in Japan and Australia have been traced to contaminated Marek’s disease vaccine
(Tizard 1995).
Avian Influenza viruses typically produce Syndromes ranging from asymptomatic
infection to respiratory disease and drops in egg production to severe, systemic disease with near
100% mortality (Olsen et al. 2002). Avian influenza initially was recognized as a highly lethal,
systemic disease (i.e., highly pathogenic). HPAI was known by various name including fowl
plague, fowl pest etc. Avian Influenza viruses are classified in the family orthomyxoviridae,
genus influenza virus A (Garten et al. 2009). Avian influenza viruses can be categorized into
four clinical groups:1) highly virulent, 2) moderately virulent, 3) mildly virulent, and 4)
Avirulent (Swayne and Suarez 2000). Avian Influenza further sub type based on serologic
reaction of HA and NA surface glycoproteins. Fifteen sub types of HA and nine sub types of
NA are recognized (Swayne and Suarez 2000). MP AI viruses in domestic poultry produce
clinical sign reflect abnormalities in the respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive organs
(Allwright et al. 1993). To date, naturally occurring highly virulent influenza A viruses that
produce acute clinical disease in chickens, turkeys and other birds of economic importance have
been associated only with the H5, H7 and H9 subtypes. Influenza A viruses of subtype H9 are
now considered to be wide spread in poultry and have demonstrated the ability to infect humans
(Fedorko et al. 2006).
To date, all outbreaks of the highly pathogenic form have been caused by influenza A viruses
of the subtypes H5 and H7. The disease is transmitted horizontally by direct contact through
contamination. There is little or no evidence of vertical transmission (egg-borne infection).
However, eggshell surfaces can be contaminated with the virus (Potima 2007). Wild and
domesticated water fowl is the major natural reservoir of influenza A viruses. Representatives of
Introduction
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3
all of the different subtypes of avian influenza A virus have been isolated from birds, particularly
from aquatic species such as ducks, geese, and gulls (Karasin et al. 2000). Wild birds such as
geese, ducks and game birds; they can be carriers of even highly pathogenic strain H5N1
shedding the virus in their feces without clinical signs of disease.
Thus, the present study was carried out to examine the viral contamination (Influenza A
virus) in poultry vaccines manufactured locally and imported from different countries of the
world in Pakistan. The findings of the study have helped us to see the Avian Influenza A virus
contamination in vaccines which are used in field conditions and also help to evaluate the purity
of vaccines. The RT-PCR based technology has been described for the detection of different
RNA viruses such as Newcastle disease virus etc. (Payne et al. 1981) revealed contamination of
vaccines with ALVs, specifically in two Marek´s vaccines, which confirms that these agents are
potential contaminants of viral vaccines applied in poultry. This assay has meant a considerable
advance due to a higher sensitivity and specificity upon differentiating the subgroups compared
with ELISA. It is quicker test for detection of RNA viruses than the viral isolation, which
requires until 10 days and it needs detection by ELISA for the identification result. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2212,T] (1).
50.
Effect Of Temperature And Relative Humidity On The Survival Of Newcastle Disease Virus Isolates Using Germ Carrier Techniques
by Tayyeba Sohail (2009-VA-209) | Dr. Jawad Nazir | Prof. Dr. Khushi Muhammad) | Prof. Dr. Asim Aslam.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Newcastle Disease (ND) is a highly contagious viral disease that affects almost all avian species including poultry, cage and wild birds around the globe (Terregino et al. 2003; Vidanovic et al. 2011). ND is economically important disease and included as list-A disease of Office des International Epizootics (OIE) (Anonymous). Mortality of infected birds ranges from negligible to as high as 100 % depending on the pathotype of the virus involved and health status of the birds (Alexander and Manvell 2004). NDV is an enveloped virus with single stranded, non-segmented, negative sense RNA genome (Makoui et al. 2013). The virus belongs to Avulavirus genus of Paramyxoviridae. There exist only one serotype of NDV designated as avian paramyxovirus-1 (Kapczynski et al. 2013) however, different virus strains do vary in their pathogenicity. There are 3 pathotypes of NDV; velogenic (highly virulent), mesogenic (moderate virulent), and lentogenic (mild virulent) based upon diseases producing potential and severity of signs in the infected birds (de Leeuw and Peeters 1999).
NDV is primarily transmitted to the susceptible birds through aerosol and fecal oral route (Martin 1992). Infected birds secrete high amount of the virus in their feces, saliva, mucous and nasal secretions which might contaminate the premises. Inanimate objects or fomites are a potential reservoir of viruses outside the host and might play an important role in the transmission of pathogens (Nicas and Sun 2006). Several factors can influence the survival of viruses outside the host (Sobsey and Meschke 2003; Weber and Stilianakis 2008; Stallknecht and Brown 2009). A number of studies show that respiratory pathogens can survive from hours to months on fomites (Abad et al. 2001; Kramer et al. 2006). Certain physical factors like temperature, humidity, pH, salinity, exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays etc drastically affects the
Introduction
2
virus persistence in the environment. Effect of such physical insults is more pronounced on enveloped viruses than non-enveloped ones (Mbithi et al. 1991; Schaap et al. 2012; Tuladhar et al. 2012). High humidity and temperatures not only reduces the survival of influenza viruses on contaminated surfaces but also modulates their transmission to the susceptible birds (Shaman and Kohn 2009; McDevitt et al. 2010; Paynter 2014). Similarly lower temperature and less humidity promote the survival of NDV in the environment (Dat and Chuc 1985; Kournikakis et al. 1988).
ND is endemic in Pakistan but since last few years several new virus strains are circulating in commercial and rural poultry of the country (Munir et al. 2012; Shabbir et al. 2013). Central Punjab region is densely populated with commercial poultry and serve as disease epicenter every year. It has been observed that the disease outbreaks usually start in December, attain peak in the late winter and spring season, start decline in June and disappear in the rainy season. Apart from several other contributing factors, environmental survival of the viruses might contribute to the disease outbreaks. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2227-T] (1).
