1.
Prevalence And Treatment Of Ovine Fascioliasis In And Around Rawalakot A.J.K
by Anisa Mushtaq | Dr. Nisar Ahmad | Dr. Aneela | Dr. Haroon Akbar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Fascioliasis is a wide spread parasitic disease of ruminants causing great economic losses in terms of decreased milk and meat yield and predisposing to many bacterial infections. Looking the importance and utilization of the small ruminants in our country and the substantial losses because of the Fascioliasis this study was designed to study the prevalence and treatment of Fascioliasis in and around Rawalakot Azad Kashmir.
For this purpose a total of 300 Ovine faecal samples were collected from different areas of Rawalakot. Faeces were collected from sheep of various age, breed and sex. Faeces of each sheep were examined by direct smear, sedimentation and flotation techniques. Positive animals were selected for therapeutic trials.
Out of 300 faecal samples 101 were found positive for Fascioliasis. Overall prevalence was 33.6%. Sex wise prevalence was also studied and it was found that out of 75 male sheep 23 were found positive while out of 225 female 78 was positive for Fascioliasis. Prevalence of Fascioliasis was 30.6% in male and 34.6% in female. The prevalence was also studied age wise and three groups were made. Sheep in first group were less than 1 year of age, out of 25 sheep 4 were found positive and prevalence was 16%. Sheep in second group were between 1-2 years of age, out of 156 sheep 39 of this age group were found positive having a prevalence of 25%. The sheep included in third group were greater than 2 year of age, out of total 119 sheep in this group 58 were found positive for Fascioliasis with prevalence of 48.7%.
For therapeutic trials 80 positive sheep were divided in to 4 groups A, B, C and D. Group A and B were further divided in to three sub groups A1, A2, A3 and B1, B2, B3. 10 animals were placed in each sub group and group C and group D. Animals in groups A and B were treated with herbal extracts. Fumaria parviflora was given to group A animals and Caselpinia crista to group B animals @ 60, 70, 80 mg /kg body weight. Animals in group C were treated with Oxyclozanide @ 10 mg/kg body weight, while animals in group D were kept as infected untreated control. The efficacy of single dose of Oxyclozanide was found 100 percent on 18 day post treatment where as the efficacy of single dose of Fumaria parviflora at 60, 70, and 80 mg/kg body weight was 51.6%, 54.6%, 59.4% on 18th day post treatment, While its efficacy at same dose level after second dose was 79.6%, 82.8%, 86.9% on 21st day post treatment and 83.8% 87.5%, 91.8% respectively on 28th day. The efficacy of single dose of Caselpinia crista at 60, 70, and 80 mg/kg body weight was 31%, 41.42%, 58.7% on 18th day post treatment, while its efficacy at same dose level after second dose was 47.36%, 58.85%, 82.55% on 21st day and 51.3%, 63.2%, 87.3% respectively on 28th day.
At the end of research data on prevalence was analyzed by chi square test P < 0.05 was considered as significant whereas data on therapeutic trials was analyzed by using ANOVA in this case p < 0.01 was considered as significant.
From this study it was concluded that Fascioliasis is significantly prevalent in sheep in and around Rawalakot. While Oxyclozanide is most effective drug against Ovine Fascioliasis. The outcome of this study will help the veterinarians and farmers in the field.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1789,T] (1).
2.
Prevalence Of Mange Mites And Herbal Treatment In Sheep
by Asif Fiaz | Dr. Nisar Ahmad | Dr. Haroon Akbar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1886,T] (1).
3.
Optimization Of Loop Mediated Isothermal Amplification Lamp Technique For The Molecular Diagnosis Of Surra In Domestic Animals
by Muhammad Saleem iqbal | Dr. Haroon akbar | Dr. Muhammad lateef | Prof. Dr. Asim.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2039,T] (1).
4.
Phylogenetic Analysis Of Plasmodium Species In Sparrows And Domestic Chicken
by Ghanwa ahmad | Dr. Haroon Akbar | Dr. Muhammad lateef | Prof Dr. Aftab.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2075,T] (1).
5.
Prevalence Of Soil Borne Species Of Toxocara And Ancylostoma In Different Public Parks Of Dera Ghazi Khan
by Muhammad Abubakar | Dr. Nisar Ahmad | Dr. Haroon Akbar | Dr. Jawaria Ali.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2155,T] (1).
6.
Molecular Diagnosis Of Feline Babesiosis
by Muhammad Younus Khan | Dr. Haroon Akbar | Dr. Muhammad | Dr. Muhammad Lateef.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2168,T] (1).
7.
Evaluation Of Different Preparations Of Allium Sativum (Garlic) Against Coccidiosis In Broilers Dr. Muhammad Lateef
by Muhammad Waqas | Dr. Muhammad Ijaz | Dr. Haroon Akbar | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Poultry industry is playing a pivotal role for the prosperity of Pakistan and is growing day
by day. However, this sector is still facing many problems like coccidiosis which are hindering
its progress (Saima et al. 2010). Coccidiosis with the protozoan parasite Eimeria as the
infectious agent causes enormous economic losses, particularly in poultry farms (Dkhil et al.
2011). Eimeria are common parasites in the digestive tract of the hosts causing diarrhea and fluid
loss. Infections begin with oral uptake of Eimerian oocysts which release sporozoites in the
intestine. These in turn invade enterocytes in which they multiply, and finally, oocysts are
released again with the faeces (Renaux et al. 2001). Medicinal plants as natural feed additives
are recently used in poultry diet to enhance the performance and immune response of chicken
(Tanweer et al. 2012). Coccidiosis of chickens is an enteric parasitic disease caused by multiple
species of the protozoan parasite genus Eimeria (Apicomplexa: Eucoccidia: Eimeriidae) and is
one of the commonest and economically most important diseases of poultry world-wide (Shirley
et al. 2005). It causes production losses, and high morbidity (due to acute, bloody enteritis) and
mortality rates. While the control of coccidiosis has relied mainly on the preventive use of anticoccidial
drugs together with the induction of species-specific natural immunity in chicken
flocks (Shirley et al. 2005), this widely used approach is costly and has led to serious problems
with drug resistance in Eimeria populations (Williams, 2006). Levine discovered that
sulphanilamide would cure coccidiosis in chickens, various anticoccidial feed additives have
been developed and added (Levine 1939). Efforts have always been made to add coccidiostats on
regular basis in chicken’s diet. Consistent use of coccidiostats has not only narrowed the gap
between cost of production and returns, it could be a potential threat to human being as a result
Introduction
2
of their residual effects. The increasing resistance of avian coccidiosis to anti-coccidial drugs
currently used by poultry industry together with the requirement for drug and antibiotic free
production systems has meant that it is now important to look for new ways to control the
disease. So, research initiated for possible use of herbal (natural) products against avian
coccidiosis. Herbal products in past have been effectively used for the control and treatment of
several ailments in poultry and human beings. Allium sativum a medicinal plant could be an
effective substitute for coccidiostats because of its chemical nature and antimicrobial activities.
Allium sativum (garlic) have been widely used for their broad range of pharmacological
activities, including antiparasitic activities. Avian coccidiosis is one of the most costly and widespread
parasitic diseases in the poultry industry, and has been mainly controlled by the use of
different chemotherapeutic agents. Due to the emergence of drug-resistant strains, alternative
control strategies are needed (Elbanna, 2012). Hence, further investigations are required to
understand the exact mechanism underlying the effects of these feed additives, which are still in
use in broiler nutrition as performance enhancers and as agents for controlling coccidiosis.
Garlic (Allium sativum ) has been known as an herbal remedy to prevent and treat a variety
of heart diseases and metabolic diseases, such as atherosclerosis, thrombosis, hypertension,
dementia, cancer, and diabetes (Elbanna, 2012). Garlic has rich organosulfur compounds and
precursors (allicin, diallyl sulfide, and diallyl trisulfide). The enzyme allinase that is responsible
for converting alliin (S-allyl cysteine sulfoxide) to allicin is inactive. When garlic is chopped or
crushed, the allinase enzyme present in garlic is activated and acts on alliin (present in whole
garlic) to produce allicin (Tanweer et al. 2012). Many studies indicate that allicin is the
potentially active component of garlic. These compounds provide garlic its characteristic odor
flavor as well as most of its biological properties and have been identified as having the
Introduction
3
hypocholesterolemic effect in human and animal products (Silagy and Neil, 1994; Konjufca et
al., 1997; Chowdhury et al., 2002).
Species of Eimeria in poultry are usually identified by the size and morphology of
different stages of the life cycle of the parasite and the nature and location of lesions in the
intestines. Differentiation of species in mixed infections, however, can be difficult because some
species have similar characteristics (Long and Reid, 1982).
Different workers have investigated the prevalence of eimeriosis in different classes of
poultry birds and in different areas of Pakistan (Dar and Anwar, 1981; Anjum, 1990; Ayaz et al.,
2003). Each Eimeria species has a particular predilection site in the chicken digestive tract; for
example, E. tenella attacks the cecum. However, the most common and pathogenic species that
affects the poultry industry in Pakistan is E. tenella, which results in high mortality (Ayaz et al.,
2003; Abbas et al., 2008).
The increasing resistance of avian coccidiosis to anti-coccidial drugs currently used by
poultry industry together with the requirement for drug and a production systems which should
be antibiotic free, it’s now very much necessary to go for the new and advanced methods to
prevent this disease. Therefore, scientists started to work on medicinal use of herbal products to
control this eimeriosis. In past for treatment of various human and poultry ailments the natural
herbal products have been effectively used several times. Because of the anticoccidial nature and
antibacterial effect, garlic could be served as a valuable alternative for coccidiostats as a
medicinal plant. Previously it has been used for multipurpose like as an antibiotic, for antiinflammatory
effects, for anti- eimerial response and as an anti-ulcer agent. Keeping in view the
importance of poultry industry in Pakistan, the present project has been designed to “Evaluate
different preparations of Allium sativum (Garlic) against coccidiosis in broilers”. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2189,T] (1).
8.
Seroprevalence And Molecular Detection Of Brucellosis In Hospitalized Patients With Clinical Manifestations Of Brucellosis
by Riffat Yousaf (2008-VA-342) | Dr. Wasim Shehzad | Prof. Dr.Tahir Yaqub | Dr. Haroon Akbar.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Brucella species are host specific facultative intracellular pathogens which cause brucellosis in both animals and humans. Brucellosis is one of the most common zoonotic diseases worldwide. In Pakistan, the incidence of brucellosis is increasing day by day due to lack of awareness of this deadly malady. It is transmitted from infected animals to humans who are in close contact with infected vaginal secretions, feces, blood, aborted fetus, or by consumption of unpasteurized milk and dairy products. Infection due to B. melitensis and B. abortus are mostly prevalent for brucellosis in human.
Total 218 blood samples were collected in gel vacutainer tubes from hospitalized patients who were clinically manifested with brucellosis. Out of 218, 12 RBPT positive blood samples were collected in EDTA containing vacutainer tubes separately. Serum was isolated from all blood samples (without EDTA). These serum samples were first screened by Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT). DNA was extracted from all positive RBPT blood and serum samples and randomly selected negative RBPT serum samples. All extracted DNA (≤10ng/µL) were subjected to Brucella genus and two species specific (B. abortus and B. melitensis) Quantitative Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR) assay. Furthermore, few selected extracted DNA (≥20ng/µL) from blood and serum samples were examined by genus and Multiplex specie specific PCR. The PCR products were electrophoresed on 2.5% agarose gel. Then selected products were sequenced by ABI 3130 XL sequencer. The data were analyzed by SPSS software using Chi square test.
The present study helped to diagnose accurately and precisely brucellosis in clinical manifested patients, which is further helpful for devising the strategies to control this disease.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2286-T] (1).
9.
Distribution and Localization of Brucella Melitensis in Aborted Fetal Tissues of Small Ruminants
by Muhammad Zain Saleem (2008-va-158) | Dr. Raheela Akhtar | Prof. Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Haroon Akbar.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Submitted with blank CD. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2369-T] (1).
10.
Characterization Of Recombinant Surface Antigen-1 (Rsag-1) Of Toxoplasma Gondii Through Western Blotting Using Mouse Anti-Serum
by Mati Ullah Khan (2008-VA-107) | Dr. Haroon Akbar | Prof. Dr. Khalid Saeed | Dr. Uzma Farid Durrani.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Toxoplasmosis is caused by Toxoplasma gondii, which is an obligate intracellular apicomplexan protozoan parasite. The infection is highly prevalent worldwide, and is important both from veterinary and human health concern. In the past recombinant surface antigen-1(rSAG-1) has been shown to be a good candidate for the development of immuno-diagnostic kits as well as Vaccine. Through immuno-blotting, Surface antigen-1 has been identified by sera collected from Toxoplasma gondii infected cats, dogs and humans. Looking at the importance of this health threatening issue, the current study was designed to characterize rSAG-1 through western blotting for development of local diagnostic kit through western blotting using mouse anti-serum. The rSAG-1 was previously expressed under the project of Grand Challenges Canada at Molecular Parasitology laboratory, Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore. Recombinant SAG-1 was quantified by using commercial kit based on BCA assay. The 15 μg of rSAG-1 was inoculated subcutaneously (S/C) 3 times with each 2 weeks interval in mice to raise hyper-immune serum. Blood was collected from mice two weeks after the each injection through lateral Retro-Orbital Bleeding (Sharma et al. 2014). Serum was collected by centrifugation. The rSAG-1 was electrophoresed on 12% polyacrylamide gel through SDS-PAGE technique and the protein was transferred to nitrocellulose membrane for western blotting. Anti-serum raised against rSAG-1 was cross-reacted with the rSAG-1 already immobilized on the nitrocellulose membrane. Anti-mice immunoglobulin G conjugated with Alkaline Phosphatase (AP) was used as secondary antibodies for the development of immuno-blot. Immuno-blot revealed a band of 35 KDa. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2397-T] (1).
11.
Evaluation Of Anthelmintic Resistance In Gastrointestinal Tract Nematodes Of Goats In Malakand Agency, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
by Abdul Qadeer (2013-VA-859) | Dr. Muhammad Lateef | Dr. Haroon Akbar | Dr. Asim Khalid Mahmood.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Endoparasites are among the major obstacles posed to the development of small ruminants industry of Pakistan. A number of endoparasites are prevalent in Khyber Pakhtun Khwa province and district Malakand. Anthelmintic resistance(AR) is a very important emerging issue in the control of parasites. The current project was designed to study the point-prevalence of various gastro-intestinal parasites of goats in Kot Manzaray BaBa of Malakand Agency and to determine the presence of AR in the parasites prevalent there. Keeping in view the importance of small ruminants in our country and due to the routine use of dewormer, the present project has been designed to achieve our objective. For this purpose Eight Teddy goat farms were selected from different localities of Kot Manzari Baba District Malakand for studies on AR using faecal egg count reduction test and egg hatch test to further confirm the results of the FECRT. Information regarding flock management and worm control practices was collected through a well-structured questionnaire. The questionnaire was filled out by 20 (each) goat farmers, quacks (traditional healers), qualified veterinarians and veterinary assistants through interviews and/or group discussions. Results revealed that majority of the goat flocks were found to have nematode populations resistant to oxfendazole and levamisole. None of the goats were found to have nematode populations resistant to ivermectin accept the Haemonchus contortus which showed a little bit indication of resistance in the study. Majority of the goat flocks were found to have nematode populations susceptible to ivermectin. The frequency of resistance was comparable among Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus colubriformis and Teladorsagia circumcincta. Veterinary assistants look after for maximum number of flocks for their healthcare. Awareness level of the healthcare personnel about the parasitic diseases was the highest among veterinary
Summary
75
officers and vice versa. People treat their animal on the basis of sign and symptoms and used modern anthelmintics and not on the basis of faecal examination. Among the anthelmintics, levamisole was found to be used most frequently followed by oxfendazole and ivermectin. Interestingly, in the field the veterinary assistants were the highest users of traditional dewormer in contrast to their training in modern medicine.
Low dosing/under-dosing had a main contributory role in the development and a tendency for the development of AR against all the anthelmintics included in the present study. In a year high treatment frequency had a associated contributory role in the development and tendency for the development of resistance against all the anthelmintics included in the present study. Combined or Mixed livestock farming, especially sheep and goats together, was contributive towards development of resistance against all the anthelmintics classes included in this study. None or partial rotation of pasture was also discovered to take part in the development of resistance against all the anthelmintics included in the study.
CONCLUSIONS
• There is a serious threat of either developed or a tendency for development of anthelmintic resistance against levamisole, oxfendazole and ivermectin in nematode populations of Teddy gaots in the study area.
• The factors that assist to the development of anthelmintic resistance in nematode populations of Teddy goat flocks recorded in the present study can be divided in to operational, inherited, and medicinal, which need to be addressed together as a part of a potent worm control program.
• The level of alertness, awareness and technical know-how is unsatisfactorily poor among all the farmers concerned in small ruminant farming. Therefore, there is no dewormer schedule for
Summary
76
worm control practices in place at present, which describes a severe fear on the future of sheep and goats production on the one hand and permits an immediate attention on the problem of anthelmintic resistance on the other.
• A combined approach based on the application of plants extract with modern anthelmintics appear to be promising for the management of anthelmintic resistance in small ruminants. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2396-T] (1).
12.
Indigenous Elisa Kit For Toxoplasma Gondii: Optimization Of Antibody Detection Elisa Of Sag 1 Protein As An Antigen In Mouse Model
by Madiha Sana (2013-VA-957) | Dr. Muhammad Imran Rashid | Dr. Haroon Akbar | Dr. Wasim Shehzad.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Toxoplasma is an apicomplexan intracellular parasite which is the cause of toxoplasmosis
in man and animals. It occurs by the ingestion of oocyst from feces of cats or by eating raw meat
in which cysts are present. It is the one of the major cause of encephalitis and abortion in
immuno-compromised animals and humans. As it is difficult to screen out infected live animals
from field, it is important to vaccine animals as well as humans for toxoplasma to prevent its
transmission from animals to humans and from humans to their off springs. Cloning of surface
antigen genes plays an important role in development of vaccine and for serology of T. gondii.
Enzyme linked immuno-sorbant assay proves to be a significant tool to estimate the humoral
response elicited against expressed recombinant protein in mice.
The recombinant protein of SAG1 was collected from Molecular Parasitology
Laboratory, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore. In the previous studies,
SAG1 sequence was cloned in the expression plasmid and successfully expressed in prokaryotic
expression system. In the current study, rSAG1 was quantified by using BCA protein assay
through BioWORLD protein quantification kit. In another experiment, the Swiss mice were
immunized with 15 μg rSAG1 protein 3 times with 2 weeks intervals. Two groups of mice were
formed with five mice in each group. Sera were collected after 2 weeks of each inoculation. For
performing ELISA, four different experiments were performed with different concentrations i.e.
5μg/ml, 250μg/ml and 500μg/ml with two different dilutions; 1/50 and 1/20. The O.D. values of
concentrations 5μg/ml and 250 μg/ml with two dilution series of 1/20 and1/50 were not observed
significant while the antigen coating concentration of 500 μg/ml with 1/50 dilution showed 1:160
titre and with 1/20 dilution showed 1: 1280 titre after the 3rd shot. The O.D values with 500
CHAPTER 6
SUMMARY
SUMMARY
36
μg/ml concentration with 1/20 dilution after the 3rd shot were observed significant in the
inoculated group as compared to the O.D values of un-inoculated negative group. It is suggested
to carry out ELISA with purified rSAG-1 protein and to optimize ELISA to test toxoplasma
infected mice. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2433-T] (1).
13.
Exploring Anthelmintic Resistance In Ovine Haemonchosis Through Faecal Egg Dna At Livestock Research And Development Station, Paharpur, D .I. Khan
by Ghulam Hassan (2007-VA-144) | Dr. Haroon Akbar | Dr. Muhammad Imran Rashid | Dr. Muhammad Ijaz.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Gastrointestinal nematodes are recognized as a major constraint of small ruminant production system at small and large-scale farming in developing countries, leading to significant economic losses. The most important of these is Haemonchus contortus. Anthelmintic resistance now poses problems to sheep farmers throughout the world. This study has been designed to check anthelmintic resistance against haemonchosis of sheep by an in vivo method. The current study was carried out at Parasitology laboratory (Toxovacc lab), Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore. 100 faecal samples were collected from sheep at Livestock Research and Development Station, Paharpur, D.I. Khan. Animals were drenched with anthelmintic (Albashell containing Albendazole 2.5%, administered @10 mg/kg of body weight) orally after 1st sampling, at 0 day. The faecal samples were examined microscopically, micrometery was exploited and EPG analysis was performed by using McMaster technique. After 14 days, the second sampling was done. The fecal samples were brought and stored at 4°C in Parasitology laboratory (Toxovacc lab). Pre-trial & Post trial EPG were compared and positive samples were taken (tag#1057 Damani sheep male, tag#13 Balkhi sheep male, tag#1096 Damani female, tag#06 Balkhi female, tag#20 Balkhi) for egg isolation (Module, 2004) for egg DNA extraction through classical method of Phenol-Chloroform-Iso-Amyl Alcohol extraction. DNA samples were subjected to polymerase chain reactions (PCR) targeting β tubulin gene for detection of benzimidazole resistance at genetic level. Fecal egg count reduction percentage of 74.57% at day 14 post treatment clearly shows the presence of benzimidazole drug resistance in parasites infecting Balkhi and Damani sheep at Livestock Research and Development Station, Paharpur, D.I. Khan.
Summary
64
In conclusion, PCR-Sequencing technique finds its value in the detection of benzimedazole resistance at molecular level in eggs of Haemonchus contortus of sheep and this technique also helps the understanding of the development of drug resistance in the parasite. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2513-T] (1).
14.
Anthelmintic Resistance In Gastrointestinal Nematodes Of Cattle At District Dera Ghazi Khan Punjab
by Ahsaan Ullah (2014-VA-210) | Dr. Nisar Ahmed | Dr. Haroon Akbar | Prof. Dr. Aneela Zameer Durrani.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Anthelmintic resistance in nematode parasites of grazing livestock is now common throughout much of the world and poses a significant threat to the productivity and/or profitability of farming operations in many countries. In many cases, the presence of resistance does not jeopardise effective worm control, which can be maintained simply by switching to use of an alternative class of anthelmintic to which resistance has not yet developed. It is an inevitable conclusion that consideration of anthelmintic resistance and its management should be an integral component of anthelmintic use regardless of country or host species. Resistance to anthelmintic drugs by gastrointestinal nematodes infecting ruminants has been demonstrated throughout the world. 6.2 Hypothesis Anthelmintic resistance is prevalent in gastrointestinal nematodes of cattle in 3 different union councils, Darkhast Jamal Khan south, Darkhast Jamal Khan north and Darkhast Jamal Khan Nawan of district Dera Ghazi Khan (D.G.Khan), Punjab.
6.3 Parameters/Methodology
The present study was conducted at 3 union councils, Darkhast Jamal Khan south, Darkhast Jamal Khan north and Darkhast Jamal Khan Nawan of the district Dera Ghazi Khan
A total of 100 fecal samples were collected from the cattle by convenience sampling method to check the anthelmintic resistance against gastrointestinal nematodes in the cattle. The inclusion criteria of the animals for the present study was,
(I) All selected animals were 1-3 years of age
CHAPTER 6
SUMMARY
Summary
29
(II) Animals not dewormed during 60 days prior to the study
For diagnosing the presence of gastrointestinal nematodes resistant to oxfendazole and levamisole, the Faecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT), recommended by the World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology was used. On day 0, a sample of feces was collected directly from the rectum of each animal (using a labelled plastic bag). Faeces were transported in a plastic cooler (4◦C) to the parasitology lab, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore. Faecal egg count (FEC) was determined using the McMaster technique. On day one, animals were distributed according to their parasite loads (balanced) into three experimental groups: firstly a control group having 20 animals maintained without treatment, secondly a treatment group with oxfendazole having 10 animals in which EPG was 150 or above, maintained with treatment and thirdly another treatment group with levamisole having 10 animals in which EPG was 150 or above, maintained with treatment. Fourteen days after treatment, another faecal sample was obtained from each animal to calculate the Faecal Egg Count Reduction as mentioned previously.
6.4 Statistical Analysis Appropriate statistical test (like Chi2 and ANOVA) was applied using statistical software like SPSS version 21. Anthelmintic resistances was calculated using formula by (Coles et al. 1992) and RESO© software (CSIRO,1990, Animal Health Division) as mentioned below,
Percentage reduction (%) = (1 –T/C) × 100
where T is the arithmetic mean of EPG of the treated group, and C is the arithmetic mean of EPG of the control group after treatment (at day 14). Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2512-T] (1).
15.
Identification Of Isospora Species In Domestic Cats And Its Chemotherapy
by Waseem Hassan (2008-VA-137) | Prof. Dr. Kamran Ashraf | Dr. Haroon Akbar | Dr. Asim Khalid Mahmood.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Dogs and cats are kept as pet animals in and around Lahore area. Along with other problems, parasitic problems are common in these animals. Isospora felis and Isospora rivolta are the most commonly seen parasites in cats in many parts of the world. No data existed about its prevalence, possible risk factors and therapeutic control of Isospora infection in cats in Lahore, Pakistan. Hence the present study was aimed to assess the associated risk factors, prevalence and best therapeutic remedy for Isospora infection. A total 100 faecal samples were collected from Tollinton market, pet clinics of Lahore and pet center of University of Veterinary and Animal Science, Lahore. Epidemiological parameters taken into consideration included sex (Male n=61, Female n=39), breed (Persian n=54, Siamese n=18, Himalayan n=16 and local or cross bred n=12), age (kittens n=21, adults n=79), environment (captive n=60, household n=40). Samples were examined by using direct smear technique. Species of Isospora were differentiated on the basis of their size by micrometry and by oocyst shape. Oocysts were counted by Mc-Master counting technique. Oocysts were counted on day of sample collection and day 10 post treatment. Positive samples were subjected to two chemotherapeutic agents; Amprolium and Furazolidone. Chi square test was applied to assess the prevalence and its relation with other risk factors was applied on pre-treatment and post treatment oocysts reduction count. Higher (P < 0.05) prevalence of Isospora was found in cats from captive system (65%) as compared to cats from household (10%) system. Persian breed was found to be more prone (42.59%) to the infections with Isospora species. Age group was not associated as a risk factor. Positive cats were divided into 2 groups for therapeutic trials. Group I (n=16) was treated with Amprolium 150 mg/kg/day for 5 days while group II (n=16) with Furazolidone 20 mg/kg/day for 5 days. Amprolium reduced the oocysts by 100% while Furazolidone causes 87.5% reduction of oocysts.
41
So it can be concluded from the present study that Isospora is highly prevalent in Lahore area and Amprolium is better chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of coccidiosis in cats than Furazolidone. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2541-T] (1).
16.
Effect Of Platelet Rich Plasma On Full Thickness Skin Transplant In Dogs
by Ali Raza (2009-VA-154) | Dr. Uzma Farid Durrani | Dr. Asim Khalid Mahmood | Dr. Haroon Akbar.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Wound healing is a complicated mechanism that includes inflammatory, proliferative and remodelling stages. Platelet rich plasma (PRP) is a small volume of blood plasma fortified with platelets and growth factors that enhance the healing by stimulating proliferation of blood vessels and formation of granulation tissue.
The present study was performed to evaluate the effect of autologous and homologous platelet rich plasma on full thickness skin transplant reconstructive surgery in dogs. The dogs were divided in two groups A and B, each with four clinical cases. In groups A and B, autologous and homologous PRP was used respectively as skin graft healing promoter. The macroscopic parameters of the study included colour, edema, exudation and microscopic parameters acute inflammation, fibroblast proliferation and granulation tissue formation. All these observations were made on 3, 7 and 14 days post-operatively. Conclusion On the basis of findings of this study: it was concluded that autologous PRP is a better wound healing promoter as compared to homologous PRP with minimal post operative complications.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2555-T] (1).
17.
Study Of Hematological Alterations And Chemotherapeutic Trials Of Camels Naturally Infected With Trypanosomiasis In Cholistan, Bahawalpur
by Zubair Bashir (2014-VA-782) | Prof. Dr. Aneela Zameer Durrani | Dr. Khalid Mehmood | Dr. Muhammad Avais | Dr. Haroon Akbar.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Trypanosoma evansi (T. evansi) is a flagellated protozoan that is mechanically spread through biting flies like Stomoxys, Tabanus and Lyperosia.T. evansi was first isolated in 1880 from diseased equines and camels of Indian sub-continent. It is the parasite of likewise intravascular as well as extra vascular fluids causing “surra” in the subtropical and tropical regions all over the world, including Africa, Asia, and America. It affects a wide range of mammals. It is mostly observed in camelids and equines but camel is the principal host. Trypanosomiasis in Pakistan is prevalent as a major threat to the camels causing heavy financial losses like causing anemia, weight loss, high fever, anorexia, dullness, depression, pale mucous membranes, facial paralysis, and thin hump dropped to one side, abortion in females and even death of camels.Considering the significance and utilization of camels in our country and the substantial losses rendered by trypanosomiasis, the present study was designed to study incidence, hematological alterations and chemotherapy of trypanosomiasis in camels of Bahawalpur district.
For this purpose, 100 camels were examined for Trypanosoma infection. The blood was collected by ear-tip puncture and from Jugular venipuncture. Then thin blood smear slide was prepared and dried up in air and stained with Geimsa's staining method and examined under microscope. Trypanosomes were identified by their morphological characteristics (Chandler and Read, 1961), as described by standard texts like Taylor et al. (2007). Overall incidence of T. evansi in camels was estimated as 20%.
The effect of trypanosomiasis on various blood parameters (Hb, ESR, TEC, TLC, DLC, and PCV) was determined in 30 camels including 15 apparently healthy and 15 trypanosome infected camels to compare normal blood parameters. The remarkable decrease in Hb, TEC, PCV, platelets and lymphocytes were observed while remarkable increase inESR and TLC was observed.Severe leukocytosis, neutrophilia, monocytosis, eosinophilia and basophilia were also observed in diseased camels.
For chemotherapy, 12 camel’s positive for trypanosomiasis, were divided into three groups (A, B and C). The animals of group A were treated with Imidocarb dipropionate @ 1.2 mg Kg-1 BW I/M, and efficacy of drug was found 50% in camels against trypanosomiasis. The group B was treated with Buparvaquone @ 3 mg/kg BW 1/M and was observed 25% effective. While the group C was treated with Isometamedium chloride(Trypamidium Samorin®, Merial, Pakistan) @ 0.75mg/kg BW I/M, which was found 100% effective. The efficacy of drugs was measured on the basis of disappearance of clinical signs and recovery rate of the animals, and blood smear examination at day 2, 4 and 07 of post-medication.
Finally, the data on hematology were analyzed by Student's T-test using statistical software package SPSS v22 (statistical package for social science), P < 0.05 was considered significant. Considering the significance and utilization of camel in our country and the substantial losses rendered by trypanosomiasis, the present project was designed to record clinical cases and chemotherapy of trypanosomiasis in camels of Bahawalpur districts. The results of this study will help farmers and veterinary practitioners in field.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2668-T] (1).
18.
Anthelmintic Activity Of Ginger Against Gastrointestinal Nematodes In Goats
by Muhammad Shahid (2008-VA-127) | Dr. Haroon Akbar | Prof. Dr. Kamran Ashraf | Dr. Muhammad Avais.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Gastrointestinal tract nematodes are responsible for wide range of health problems,
economic losses in goats and are characterized by impaired milk production, meat process,
decreased fertility, low kidding rates, decreased working efficiency and even death of the goats.
Gastrointestinal tract nematodes cause economic losses via morbidity and negative effects on
feed intake, nutrient utilization efficacy and also reduce young animal’s growth rate as a result,
leading to decreased productivity and performance of the infected animal. Due to such economic
losses, the control of the helminths is unavoidable which is also possible by herbal products such
as Ginger. Ginger has pharmacological and gastrointestinal prokinetic activities to cure
constipation, indigestion, vomiting, infectious diseases and helminthiasis. In the current study,
anthelmintic activity of Ginger has been tested against gastrointestinal nematodes of goats.
For therapeutic trials, a total of 75 goats positive for nematodes having EPG >150 were
selected randomly and divided into three groups named as Group A, B and C, each group
comprising of 25 animals. The goats of Group A were orally treated with crude powder of ginger
(Zingiber officinale) @ 3 gram/kg body weight, orally. Goats in group B served as positive
control (infected and treated with Oxfendazole). Group C comprised of positive animals which
were not treated during whole the experiment. The fecal samples were collected at day 14 (Posttreatment).
Drug’s efficacy was assessed on the Fecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT) and
was calculated by following formula (Traversa et al. 2007).
[((Pre-treatment EPG – Post-treatment EPG)) / Pre-treatment EPG] × 100
SUMMARY
34
Data regarding therapeutic trails were analyzed by repeated measures one-way ANOVA, using
SPSS version 20.0, p< 0.05 was considered as significant. Trial was analyzed under different
parameters.
Ginger has shown good anthelmintic activity against gastrointestinal nematodes in goats
as evident from 63% reduction in EPG. It is suggested hereby to conduct a dose trial for the use
of ginger against nematodes in goats by using different dose levels including at least 5 different
groups of dosages like 3gram; 3.5grams; 4grams; 4.5grams and 5grams per Kg body weight. The
current study has highlighted the anthelmintic activity of ginger (Zingiber officinale) against
gastrointestinal nematodes in goats. More trials using this herbal product in other animals will
further highlight the importance of using this commonly-available and economical herbal
product in the control of gastrointestinal nematodes in livestock. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2712-T] (1).
19.
Anthelmintic Activity Of Euphorbia Plant Against Gastrointestinal (Git) Nematodes In Goats In District Killa Saifullah, Balochistan
by Wseem Khan (2008-VA-214) | Dr. Muhammad Lateef | Dr. Saadullah Jan | Dr. Haroon Akbar | Dr. Muhammad Avais.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: With the passage of each day, the parasites are becoming more and more drug resistant thus reducing the options for their treatment. There is a need to explore herbal products having anthelmintic activity. The aim of this study was be to evaluate therapeutic efficacy of Euphorbia plant against gastrointestinal nematodes of goats. It is documented that Euphorbia plant extracts have efficacy against GIT nematodes in goats. (CP) and (CME) of the plants were used to evaluate the effect of the plant on GIT nematode in goats. Eighty goats positive for GIT nematodes were selected for GIT nematodes in vivo study of the plant and Albendazole. Goats were divided into 8 groups and each group containing 10 goats. Animals in group A were positive Control Untreated Group, in group B that is B1, B2 and B3 were treated with 1g/kg b.wt. CP of Euphorbia 2g/kg b.wt. CP of Euphorbia and 3g/kg b.wt. CP of Euphorbia respectively. Animals in group C that is C1, C2 and C3 were treated with CME of Euphorbia. At the equivalent dose rate of 1g/kg b.wt CP, CME of Euphorbia at the equivalent dose rate of 2g/kg b.wt CP and CME of Euphorbia at the equivalent dose rate of 3g/kg b.wt CP. Group D were treated with Albendazole at recommended dose rate of 3.8mg/kg body weight. Animals were treated on day zero with crude methyl extract of Euphorbia plant, crude powder of Euphorbia plant, and Albendazole. Sampling was done on day 0 pre-treatment 7, 14 and 21 post-treatment to determine eggs per gram (EPG) of faeces. Data was tabulated and subjected to SPSS and one way ANOVA was performed to find out treatment differences. Potential anthelmintic efficacy of Euphorbia plant against GIT nematodes of goats was a good herbal alternate for treatment of GIT nematode worm infections. Albendazole gave the best results in the in-vivo drug trial. The efficacy of the drug was 99.26%. This efficacy of 99.26% showed by animals in group D was highest in all treated groups. The effect of Albendazole at 21st day post treatment was significantly higher (P<0.05) than other groups treated with Euphorbia plant preparations. Crude powder of Euphorbia was highly effective as (P < 0.05) compared to the untreated control group of animals. The crude powder showed dose and time dependent decline in EPG of the nematodes infested animals. Highest efficacy was shown by the dose rate of 3g/kg body weight monitored for 21 days post treatment. The efficacy of crude powder 1g/kg body weight, 2g/kg body weight and 3g/kg body weight was 17.86%, 20.34% and 36.24% respectively. Highest efficacy was shown by crude methyl extract of the plant given orally at the dose rate equivalent to 3g/kg body weight of the animal. The efficacy of the CME of plant was 53.96% at 21st day post treatment. The old-fashioned remedy used for the cure of helminthes Euphrbia an herbal medicinal plant exhibit the anthelmintic activity against gastrointestinal nematodes. It may be suggested that the herbal plants used traditionally as curative agent should be tested out extensively for their efficacy against GIT nematodes. Further studies are required to be carried out for the Euphorbia plant and identification of active principles of the plant and toxicity studies.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2769-T] (1).
20.
Influence Of Multiple Freeze Thaw Cycles On Texture And Water Holding Capacity Of Red And White Meat
by Aaqib Khalil (2009-VA-130) | Dr. Sher Ali | Dr. Muhammad Hayat Jaspal | Dr. Haroon Akbar.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Freezing has become the preferred choice in the global meat export market. During freezing & thawing, foods are damaged by chemical and physical changes especially during transportation and storage. These freeze-thaw cycles may be repeated several times and cause high drip loss which leads to economic losses. So, multiple freeze thaw cycles damage the meat in rigorous way. Multiple freeze and thaw cycles may have different effects on the water holding capacity and texture of meat which are detrimental for the meat quality
Sixty samples of fresh broiler chicken breasts and sixty samples of beef sirloin was collected from the commercial market. Samples were cut into 10 × 7.5 × 2.5 cmᶟ after cleaning and removal of visible fat and connective tissue from the surface of the samples. Initial data (weighting, pH and color) of all the samples were taken. All the samples were packed into polythene zip bags which wasnon-permeable. Samples (broiler breasts & beef sirloin) were arranged into five groups by random selection. Each group represented each cycle and five cycles were evaluated. Each group contains twelve random sample. First cycle was evaluated on the zero day that was a control group remaining groups were kept in horizontal freezer having -20 C temperature. After four days all samples were thaw at 4 C temperature for 12 hours. After thawing, second group or cycle was evaluated for proposed parameter and remaining three groups/cycles were again subjected to freeze. Every group was evaluated one by one after the period of four days each. Each sample was evaluated for pH, thawing loss, cooking loss, Drip loss, TBARS, meat color and shear force value. The collected data was analyzed by using general linear model under one-way ANOVA. The groups were further analyzed and compared by using post hock test i.e. Tukey test.
This study reveals the effect of different freeze-thaw cycles on physico-chemical changes in red and white meat. This study is helpful to determine the quality and structural changes taking place in red and white meat during different freezing and thawing cycles.
It is recommended to avoid refreezing over and over again. Fast freezing should be used instead of slow freezing for the export of meat. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2797-T] (1).
21.
Mosquitocidal Efficacy Of Cymbopogon Citratus Against Mosquitoes Of Genus Culex
by Azhar Chand Pervez (2004-VA-122) | Dr. Muhammad Oneeb | Dr. Haroon Akbar | Dr. Muhammad Ijaz.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Mosquitoes are most important group of insects, transmitting wide range of infectious agents. These are acting as vectors for numerous animal and human diseases like Bovine ephemeral fever, Filariasis, Dengue fever, Malaria, Yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis. The vector control strategies are the potent tool to minimize the risk of transmission of these infectious agents. In Pakistan, these vector control strategies mainly rely on chemical insecticides. The irrational use of these chemicals is the leading cause of emerging insecticide resistance in these mosquitoes. It has been also revealed that these conventional insecticides are not eco-friendly, has drastic effects on non-targeted biota and also having the potential of cross resistance among various compounds. To mitigate this issue, special attention is required to use natural products and plant origin as an alternate to these chemical insecticides. As these herbal plants are not eco-friendly but also having least drastic effects on non-targeted population. Cympbogon citratus (lemon grass) could have good adulticidal and larvicidal activity against mosquitoes of genus culex.
The mosquitoes of genus Culex were identified on the basis of distinguishing morphological features as described by standard published morphological key. After identification the adults of mosquitoes of genus Culex were further reared in the insectary of Department of Parasitology, UVAS, Lahore to take F1 and larval stages of mosquitoes of Culex spp. Briefly, female mosquitoes were feed on periodic blood for oviposition. These emerging L3 & L4 larvae and 2-3 days old adults were further used in protocol. The fresh green leaves of C. citratus were used in current study. After collection and identification the aqueous and methanol extract were taken by Soxhlet apparatus (Govindarajan et al., 2011). Afterwards different concentrations of these extracts were prepared to calculate the diagnostic dose of these extracts. Then the larvicidal and
Summary
46
adulticidal efficacy of these extracts were evaluated by using CDC bottle bioassays as described by (WHO2005)
The LC50 and LC90 were calculated by using probit analysis. Staistical package of social sciences (SPSS), version 13.00 were used for this purpose. Duncans’s Post HOC Test were applied to compare the main mortalities among the group of different concentrations of plant extracts and control group. The results revealed that C. citratus is effective against Culex mosquitoes both as larvicidal and adulticidal. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2948-T] (1).
22.
Comparative Efficacy Of Fipronil And Ivermectin Against Knemidocoptes In Budgerigars
by Serug Akhtar (2015-VA-1069) | Dr. Uzma Farid Durrani | Dr. Asim Khalid Mahmood | Dr. Haroon Akbar.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Knemidocoptes pilae causes scaly face condition in budgerigars. Present study was conducted in different K. pilae suspected cases of budgerigars at Pet Centre, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore. After the confirmation of knemidocoptes through skin scraping the birds were treated in 2 groups (10 birds each group), on group was topically treated with Fipronil and the other group was topically treated with Ivermectin.
Fipronil was applied on neck region on days 0,7,14 and the birds were examined for mite infestation on day 0,7,14 and 21. Similarly the ivermectin was also applied topically on neck region on day 0,7 and 14. Where infestation was reconfirmed by skin scraping on day 0, 7, 14 and 21. The group treated with fipronil showed generalized clinical improvement in health (Body weight, body itch, feed intake, activity and skin lesion) after day 14 whereas all the skin lesions disappeared by day 21. Ivermectin the birds started showing improvement in health (Body weight, body itch, feed intake, activity and skin lesion) on day 7 post treatment and all the skin lesion healed by day 21. On the basis of findings of this study it is conducted that bot ivermectin and fipronil are effective against K. pilae however ivermectin induced recovery is fast as compared to fipronil.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2955-T] (1).
