51.
Comparative Efficacy Of Herbal, Homoeopathic And Standard Drugs Against Coccidiosis In Broilers
by Muhammad Ali | Dr. Muhammad Athar khan | Dr. Khalid | Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2002Dissertation note: The study was designed to compare the efficacy of four different drugs against coccidiosis. A total 240 day old broiler chicks were purchased and reared for 42 days under standard managemental condition. The birds were randomly divided into six groups comprising of 40 birds each. Group-A was medicated with Anjbar, Group-B medicated with Bael, Group-C medicated with Mere sol, Group-D medicated with Darvisul liquid. Group-E was kept as infected, unmedicated, while group-F served as uninfected, unmedicated control. All groups except that of group-F were given challenge dose of infection on day 22nd. The oocysts were counted on 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th and 10th day post-infection. The weight gain and feed consumption were recorded weekly. Record of mortality was maintained and postmortem of dead birds was performed. The data collected was subjected to statistical analysis using two way analysis of variance and least significant differences between treatment.
It was concluded that Aegle Marmelos (Bael fruit) and Darvisul liquid showed better results in term of wight gain, feed consumption, reduce oocyst count, as compared with Anjbar and Merc sol
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0849,T] (1).
52.
Prevalence And Treatment Trials Against Gastrodiscus Infestation And Its Effect On Various Blood Components In Horses
by Muhammad Ali | Prof. Dr. khalid pervez | Dr. kamran ashraf | Dr. muhammad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2005Dissertation note: This study was conducted to work out the prevalence of gastrodiscus infection in Lahore area and to check the comparative efficacy of one patent (Albandazole) and two Herbal Drugs i.e. Melia Azadarch Linn (Neem) and Nigella Sativa (Kalonji) against Gastrodiscus infection in Horses and its effect on various blood components including Hb, TLC, and DLC the purpose of this experiment was tomention extensive Pharmacological Experimentation on indigenous drug which result in the discovery of some potent Anthelmintic Drugs which would be a break through in limiting Gastrodiscus infection in horses. Furthermore, it could contribute to the improvement of our economy by making an industrial use of these resources and by saving foreign exchange via exporting these medicines abroad. In addition to these, studies were expected to contribute to the rationalization of Eastern / Unani system of Medicine, practiced by HKIMS and SIANAS.
To accomplish the study six hundred faecal samples of horses were collected and coprologically examined by fresh smear method to determine 40 naturally infected horses by Gastrodiscus infection.
The 40 infected animals were divided into four groups i.e. group A, group B, group C, and group D comprising 10 animals. Each groups A, B and C were treated with Albandazole, Melia Azadarch Linn (Neem) and Kalonji, respectively were as group D was control and remain untreated. The prevalence of Gastrodiscus infection at Lahore areas was found to be 6.6%.
The Egg per gram (EPG) counts was estimated by using Macmaster technique at zero day (pre-medication), 3rd day, 7th day and 10th day (post-medication). Groups A, B and C were treated with Albandazole, Neem and Kalonji seeds dose rate of 10ml/10kg body weight, 500 mg/kg body weight and 1gm/kg body weight, respectively.
After medication at 3rd, 7th and 10th day EPG count was measured. It was observed that at 3rd day, Albandazole Neem and Kalonji showed the efficacy 50%, 4769% and 9.09% respectively.
At 7th day, the efficacy of albandazole neem and kalonji was found to be 66.66%, 53.84%, 20% respectively.
At 10th day, the efficacy of albandazole Neem and Kalonji was found to be 95%, 60% and 27.27, respectively.
The average efficacy of Albandazole Neem and Kalonji was found to be 70.5%, 53.6% and 18.78%, respectively.
Hence, Albandazole, and Neem showed better results as compared to Kalonji. It was concluded that Albandazole and Neem were safe against Gastrodiscus in Horses.
HAEMATOLOGY
In the present study forty blood samples from naturally infected horses with different intensities of infection were examined for haematological studies to know the changes in the blood picture due to Gastrodiscus. The blood samples were collected premedication i.e. on Zero day and then on 3rd, 7th and 10th day post-medication.
A marked decrease in haemoglobin was observed after the study of infected animals on Zero day. The normal haemoglobin value was 10.5 to 15.5 g/dl. This value became near to normal on 7th day post-medication and went on increasing upto 10th day as the ova count in the faeces was decreasing.
The study regarding the total leukocytic count concluded a mild increase values of TLC, but after treatment these values decrease to normal level as the ova count in the faeces was decreasing.
The haematological finding of the present study are in complete accordance with the results of Chaudhry et al., (1991) and Peal et al. (1989). The reported that there was decrease in hemoglobin values of infected animals as compared to healthy animals. It is tempting to speculate that the decrease in haematological values may be due to the blood sucking habit of the parasite.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0851,T] (1).
53.
Clinico-Biochemical Studies On Detomidine Analgesia And Effects Of Its Combinatios On Animals
by Muhammad Arif Khan | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Haji Ahmad | Dr. Khalid Pervez | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2003Dissertation note: The overall objective of this study was to evaluate the newly introduced imidazole derivative, drug "detomidine" with alpha-2 adr2noceptor binding properties, and its various combinations in animals. A clinico-hiochemical study was carried out to explore the various aspects of a novel sedative and analgesic drug. Analgesia was evaluated by performing castration in small ruminants, rumenal fistulization in large ruminants, skin prick test, electric stimulation, and developing an experimental colic model in donkeys. The parameters used to evaluate analgesia revealed that detomidine has greater potential to lessen the pain during minor and major surgical interventions in different animals. However, its local usage to achieve paravertebral and epidural analgesia proved that detomidine produces general effect after getting into the circulation and very poor local effect. It has been concluded that the drug can be used as preanaesthetic with chloral hydrate and pentothal sodium anaesthesia to perform major surgical exercises in equine and canine respectively. In addition it has an edge over other sedative drugs on account of its undetrimental effect on various physiological parameters of the animals. Clinical trials have proved that detomidine "a novel sedative and analgesic" is a drug of choice for restraining, examination, and minor and major surgical manipulations on equine, bovine, caprine, ovine and canine species without any untoward effects.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0867,T] (1).
54.
Prevalence Of Brucellosis In Breeding And Game Horses In Lahore Division
by Syed Muhammad Jaafar Fayyaz | Dr. Khalid Pervez | Dr. Azhar | Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2004Dissertation note: Sero-prevalence of brucellosis in 400 breeding and game horses from various sources in Lahore Division was analysed. Two serological tests namely Rose bengal plate and standard tube agglutination tests were employed. The Rose bengal plate test served for initial screening and the sera declared positive by Rose bengal plate test were further analysed through standard tube agglutination test, which served for quantitation of Brucella antibodies. A higher incidence of disease prevalence was recorded through Rose bengal plate test than standard tube agglutination test. The overall prevalence of the disease investigated by Rose bengal plate test was 2.5% and with the standard tube agglutination test was 0.25% in horses. The male horses had a prevalence of 0.74% by the Rose bengal plate test, female horses demonstrated a prevalence of 6.15% by Rose bengal plate test and 0.76% by standard tube agglutination test. The higher prevalence of disease was observed in female horses. While interpreting the age group relationship of the disease. It was found that adult and old animals had a higher prevalence than the young animals. The horses over 10 years of age exhibited 7.95% disease incidence by Rose bengal plate test and 1.13% by standard tube agglutination test. Only 1.54% disease prevalence was investigated in horses below 10 years of age by Rose bengal plate test. Sero prevalence of brucellosis was only detected in horses recruited from Race Cource and Phool Nagar, whereas sera of all the horses belonging to Army, Police, Rangers, Race Club and Aitchison College was negative to brucellosis. It may be due to good management of horses, good nutrition, lack of stress and no contact with cattle. The sera with SAT titre of 1:40, were considered positive while the sera showing titre of 1:20 were declared doubtful. There is need to adopt an eradication programme for brucellosis especially because of its zoonotic importance and a continuous threat to livestock industry in the shape of heavy economic losses.
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55.
Clinico Epidemiological Study Of Bacterial Causes Of Respiratory Syndrome In Cattle And Buffalo Around Lahore
by Ahtasham-ur-Rehman | Prof. Dr. Khalid Pervaiz | Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Prof. Dr | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 2009Dissertation note: The present study was undertaken to determine the bacterial agents associated with respiratory tract infections in cattle and buffalo. For this purpose 100 clinically sick cattle and 100 clinically sick buffalo of both sex and age were examined. The samples were taken randomly from the Outdoor Hospital of University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences. Lahore. various District Veterinary Hospitals of Lahore and Private Veterinary Clinics of Lahore during September 2004 to February 2005.
All the animals presented during the above mentioned period were clinically examined. Those showing signs of cough and nasal discharge were clinically examined, and their respiration rate, pulse rate, temperature and lung auscultation was performed. The frequency of clinical signs were observed and found it as, abnormal lung sounds 36.5%, Nasal discharge 69%, Cough 73%, Anorexia 93.5%, Depression 90.5%, Dyspnea
28%, Fever 84.5%, Increased pulse rate 66%, Increased respiratory rate 76.5%, Increased breath sounds 64.5% and Loud breath sounds 56%.Whereas no above mentioned signs were observed in control group.
A total of 200 samples of nasal mucus were collected from 100 clinically sick cattle and l00 clinically sick buffalo. Nasal swabs were collected from clinically sick animals. Nasal swabs collected from the nasal cavity of the affected animals, in gamma sterilized cultural swabs, were properly labeled and kept at 4°C till further processing. Each affected animal was also tested For Bovine Tuberculosis using Single Intradermal Test. Smears were made from each nasal swab, stained with Gram's staining and was examined for the presence or absence of bacteria. Each positive bacterial swab was inoculated in nutrient broth, tubes, which was incubated at 37°C and then examined after
different intervals of time for turbidity. A loopful of material from positive turbid broth was streaked on the nutrient agar and incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. Different types of colonies were purified. Smears were prepared from each type of colony, stained with Gram's staining and examined under oil immersion lens. The staining and morphological characteristics were recorded. Out of total 200 samples, only 152 were positive for bacterial contamination. The prevalence so calculated was 76% amongst the animal examined. A total number of I 52 isolates belonging to the genera Pasteurella, Streptococcus. Staphylococcus. Escherichia and Mycobacteriurn were isolated and identified on the basis of morphological, staining, cultural and biochemical characters of the organisms isolated from nasal mucus of cattle and bLiffalo. Of these Pasteurella haemolytica was isolated from 43 (21 .5%), Pasteurella multocida 3 I (I 5.5%), Escherichia coli 11 (5.5%), Streptococcus 29 (14.5%), Staphylococcus 23 (11.5%) and Mycobacteriurn bovis 15 (7.5%).
The main objective of this study was to assess and record the incidence of various bovine respiratory tract infections and to study the bacterial etiological agents involved in the production of respiratory tract syndrome. The etiological agents were identified by cultural and biochemical characteristics of isolates. These findings will help in devising proper and early measures required to cure the disease and to boost LI the prodLictive performance of these ruminants.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0870,T] (1).
56.
Clinicotherapeutic And Haematological Studies Of Coccidiosis In Qualis
by Muhammad Zahir Iqbal | Prof. Dr. Khalid Pervez | Dr. Kamran | Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2005Dissertation note: The study was designed to compare the efficacy of different anticoccidials i.e. Coxigon and Toltrazuril and their effect on blood values in quails. A total of 100 young healthy quails were purchased and raised for a week in good husbandry and hygienic conditions. The birds were randomly divided into four groups i.e. A, B, C and D, comprising of 25 birds each. Group A was treated with Toltrazuril, while group B was treated Coxigon. Group C was infected, non medicated and group D was uninfected control group. All the groups except D were given primary challenge doses of infection. The oocysts count was done on day zero, 3, 5 and 7. Record of mortality, morbidity was kept and postmortem of dead birds was also performed. The data collected was subjected to statistical analysis using one way analysis of variance and least significant difference (LSD) test, to detect the differences between the treatments and means. It is concluded that Toltrazuril as anti-coccidial revealed significant (P<0.05) difference among all the treatments in terms of weight gain, feed efficiency, oocyst count, reduction and decrease in mortality ratio and help a lot to normalize the blood values of quails. The results of other anti-coccidial i.e. Coxigon was not satisfactory, due to less decrease in mortality ratio, feed intake and weight gain and help little to normalize their blood values, and group C was infected non medicated showed great mortality and morbidity rate as compared to other groups. The results of this study will help to the Feed Farmers in choosing the best anti-coccidial drug, while the farmers will get choice amongst anti-coccidial drugs.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0872,T] (1).
57.
Prevalence Of Ecto And Endo Parasites In Cross Bred Cattle At Lahore And Its Chemotherapy With Ivermectin
by Saleem Khan Niazi | Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Dr. Azhar | Prof. Dr. Khalid Pervez | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2003Dissertation note: The present project had been designed to study the prevalence of Ecto and Endo parasites in crossbred cattle of all age groups and to test the efficacy of ivermectin (Ivergen-Symans) at recommended
dose rate by the company against ecto and endo parasites in naturally infected cross bred cattle. For this project 400 crossbred
cattle were scanned to isolate 60 infected animals.
These 60 animals were divided in to 3 main groups i.e. A, B, and C, comprising 20 animals each. Each main group was subdivided into four sub groups, comprising 5 animals each and were marked as Al, A2, A3, & A4, Bi, B2, B3, B4 and Cl, C2, C3 & C4.
Out of total 400 animals, which were scanned 278 (69%) animals were found positive having ecto- endo- and mixed parasitic infection. Faecal samples of all 400 animals were tested for GIT nematodes, out of which 158 (40%) animals were found positive, skin scrappings of all 400 animals were tested for ecto-parasites, out of which 68 (17%) animals were found positive. 52 (13%) animals were found positive for mixed infection of both ecto- and endo-parasites.
The results of the present study revealed that Ivergen is highly effective at extremely low dosage against wide variety of nematodes and arthropods parasite, so it is recommended for field use.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0873,T] (1).
58.
Effect Of Norgestomet And Gnrh On Besumptio Nof Cyclicity And Pertility In Early Postpartum Non-Suckled Buffaloes
by Attiq Ullah | Dr. Muhammad Amir Saeed | Dr. Khalid | Prof. Dr. Nasim Ahmad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2004Dissertation note: Delayed resumption of postpartum estrus activity is the most vital factor responsible for poor reproductive efficiency of dairy buffaloes. This study was designed to induce ovulation in early postpartum buffaloes (30-37 days). Fifteen Nili-Ravi buffaloes with a mean postpartum period 32.6±2.72 were randomly divided into three equal groups A, B and C (n=5) on the basis of parity, postpartum period, age and milk production. The animals in group A were given Norgestomet implant at day 32.8±2.94 postpartum period for 9 days. One day after removal of implants animals were given Dalmeralin (Leciren). The animals of group B given only Norgestomet implant at day 32.4±2.50 postpartum for 9 days. Group C animals acted as control and did not receive any treatment.
Same number of animals (4/5) exhibited estrus in both groups A and B. None of the buffaloes in-group C showed estrus. It is concluded that treatment of norgestomet or norgestomet + GnRH in early postpartum buffaloes, are able to induce estrus, however, fertility remain compromised.
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59.
Prevalence And Schedding Intensity Of Giardia Duodenalis Cysts In Buffaloes
by Khurrum Goraya | Dr. Khalid Saeed | Dr. Haji Ahmad Hashmi | Dr. M. Sarwar | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2003Dissertation note: A total of 300 faecal samples from buffaloes were collected to determine the prevalence and shedding intensity of G. duodenalis. Information about age, sex, breed and faecal consistency were also recorded.
The overall prevalence of G. duodenalis was 33.0 per cent (99/300). Prevalence of Giardia was higher (43.0 %) in buffaloes of Group I (<1 year of age) followed by 28.7 and 27.5 per cent in Group 2 (1-3 years of age) and Group 3 (< 3 years of age), respectively. The prevalence of Giardia in buffaloes with normal faeces was 23.3 % (28/120) and in abnormal faeces was 39.4 % (71/180). The prevalence of G. duodenalis in male animals was 25.5 % (15/60) and 35.0 % (84/240) in females
The cysts counted in the faccal samples of buffaloes of Group I (<1 year of age) were 45383 per gram of faeces. Whereas, the cysts counted in the faecal samples of buiThiocs of Group 2 (1-3 years of age) were 28652. Group 3 (<3 years of age) showed 17273 cysts per gram of faeces. Mean shedding intensity of Giardia cysts per gram of normal faeces was 2705 and 43729 in abnormal faeces.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0896,T] (1).
60.
Comparative Efficacy Of Various Drugs Against Git Nematodes And Their Effect On Blood Parameters In Sheep And Goats
by Naseeb Ullah | Prof. Dr. Khalid Pervez | Dr. Kamran | Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2004Dissertation note: The present project was designed to study the comparative efficacy of various drugs; 1) Albendazole (Farbenda), 2) Oxfendazole (Oxafax) and 3) Karanjwa (Caesalpenia crista) against naturally infected GIT nematodes in sheep and goats under field condition in and around district Kohlu, Balochistan and to find out their effect on some blood parameters; 1) Haemoglobin, 2) Total leukocyte count and 3) Differential leukocyte count and to detect the prevalence
For this purpose 180 sheep and goats naturally infected coprologically were examined. Out of 180 sheep and goats 106 were found positive showed 58% prevalence. For the treatment protocol, forty naturally infected and ten non-infected were selected and divided randomly into five groups having ten sheep and goats in each group viz A, B, C, E and D. Group A was treated with Albendazole 1ml/20mg body weight. Group B was treated with Oxfendazole 1ml/5kg body weight. Group C was treated with Karanjwa (Caesalpenia crista) @ 2mg/kg body weight. Group E was kept infected non-medicated control group. Group D was kept non-infected non-medicated control group.
In group A the eggs per gram of faeces were 22,700 on day zero and no eggs were found on day 7th which was treated with Albendazole. It has been observed from the result that Albendazole showed 100% efficacy on day 7th. In group B which was treated with Oxfendazole with egg per gram of faeces were 23,200 on day zero 22,800 on day 7th and no egg were found on day 14th. It has been observed from above results that the Oxfendazole shown 95% efficacy on day 7th and 100% efficacy on day 14th. In group C which was treated with Karanjwa, the eggs per gram faeces were 19,500 on day zero 22,100, on day 7th 31,800 on day 28th. Group E which was kept infected non-medicated control group, the egg per gram were found on day zero, 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th, 20000, 23700, 27500, 31200 and 35300.
On the haematological study the haemoglobin and lymphocyte level were decrease as compared to non-infected control group whereas the value of leukocyte, neutrophil, monocyte and eosinophil were increased as compared to normal group. In group A and B the haemoglobin and lymphocyte value slightly increase on day 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th post-medication. Moreover, the values of leukocyte, neutrophil, monocyte, eosinophil and basophil were slightly decrease on day 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th post-medication in group A and B. It has been observed from above study that Albendazole and Oxfendazole shown their effect on blood parameters, whereas group C which was treated with Karanjwa have shown no effect on faecal egg count and blood parameters.
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61.
A Study Of Babesiosis In Calves At Livestock Experimental Station, Qadirabad And Adjacent Areas
by Nadeem Niazi | Prof. Dr. Khalid Pervez | Dr. Javed Iqbal | Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2006Dissertation note: Bovine babesiosis (Piroplasmosis, Texas fever, redwater, tick fever) is a febrile, tick-borne disease of cattle, caused by one or more protozoan parasites of the genus Babesia and generally characterized by extensive erythrocytic lysis leading to anemia, icterus, hemoglobinuria, and death.
There are probably at least six Babesia species responsible for bovine babesiosis. Most can be categorized as being small or large Babesia. Morphological and serological differences are used to distinguish the different species. The two that are of most concern in our country are Babesia bigemina and Babesia bovis which are inflecting considerable losses to the livestock especially cattle.
The present study was conducted to find out the prevalence of babesiosis in cow calves at livestock experimental station Qadir Abad and adjacent areas of District Sahiwal and to find out the comparative efficacy of two babesicidal drugs i.e Fa-try-banil (diminazene aceturate) Prix Pharmaceutica. Lahore, Pakistan and Imizol (Tmidocarb dipropionate) ICI, Pakistan. In this study effect of babesiosis on different blood parameters i.e hemoglobin estimation and total ervthrocytic count was also studied.
For this purpose 415 calves were examined for the presence of babesiosis. Out of these 30 calves were found positive showing 7.2 percent prevalence. For treatment purpose 40 calves were selected randomly i.e. 30 infected and 10 healthy. i'hcse were divided into 4 groups A, B, C and D comprising 10 animals each. Diagnosis was confirmed on the basis of blood smear method. The animals of group A were treated with Fa-try-banil (dirninazene aceturate) @ 3.5 mg/kg body weight intramuscularly at day zero.
Four out of 10 calves recovered at 3" of injection, one calf recovered 7 day of 1S' injection, 4 calves recovered at 10th day of injection. This drug showed 90% efficacy while the calves of group B were treated with Imizol (Imidocarb dipropionate) lml/l00 kg body weight at day zero. Seven out of 10 calves recovered at 3rd day of injection, two recovered at 7 day of injection and remaining recovered at l0" day of 1S1 injection. This drug showed 100 percent efficacy at 10th day. Animals of group C served as infected untreated control and group D served as healthy non-infected control. Comparative efficacy of both the drugs was determined on the basis of disappearance of clinical signs and babesia from the blood. No side effects of the drugs were noted.
Haematological examination revealed a significant decrease in haemoglobin concentration and total erythrocytic count pre-medication. It has been observed from the present study that Imizol was the drug of choice for the treatment of babesjosis in calves.
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62.
Incidence Of Ecto Parasites &Therapy Of Tick Infestation In Cattle Of District Dera Ghazikhan
by Muhammed Ramzan | Prof. Dr. Khalid Pervez | Dr. Allah Devyia Khan Khosa | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2006Dissertation note: The project was designed to find out the prevalence of ecto-parasites and to evaluate and compare the efficacy of Ivermectin, Doramectin and Azadirachta Indica (Neem) against tick infested cattle. These animal were randomly divided in groups i.e. A, B, C, D and E having ten animal in each group. Animal in group A, B, C were treated with Ivermectin, Doramectin and Azadirachta Indica (Neem). Animals in group D served as infected non-treated whereas animals in group E served as healthy and un-treated control. The efficacy of Ivermectin, Doramectin and Azadiracht Indica (Neem) on 14thi day post-treatment 100%, 60% and 0% respectively. Whereas animals in group D remained positive throughout the course of treatment whereas healthy animals in group E remained negative throughout the course of treatment from this result it was noted that Ivermectin is the drug of choice in the treatment of tick infestation. No side effect were observed with this drug.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0914,T] (1).
63.
Sero-Epidemiological And Haematological Studies On Toxoplasmosis In Cats, Dogs And Their Owners in Lahore
by Azeem Shahzad | Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Mr. Kamran | Prof. Dr. Khalid Pervez | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2005Dissertation note: Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic zoonosis with worldwide distribution, caused by Toxop1asna gondii and is very common in cats, dogs and human. Keeping in view the zoonotic importance of the disease, the current study was conducted to find out the epidemiological status of toxoplasmosis in cat, dog and human population in Lahore city and to determine the possibility of transmission of toxoplasmosis from cats and dogs to their owners. For this purpose serum samples from cats (ii=25 domestic, n=25 stray) dogs (n=50 domestic, n=50 stray) and human (n=25 cat owners, n=50 dog owners, ii=50 people having no contact with cats and dogs, ii=25 UVAS, Employees) were collected and analyzed by using Latex Agglutination Test (LAT) to find out the prevalence of toxoplasmosis in cat, dog and human population.
Overall 56% cats were seropositive for anti-toxoplasma antibodies. Stray cats had the high prevalence (64%) followed by domestic cats (48%). Overall, 53%, 25%, 10.7%, 10.7% cats were seropositive at screening dilution of 1:16, 1:64, I : 128 and 1:256, respectively. The highest prevalence (71%) was detected in cat in the 7 year or above age group. Neither of the positive rates was found to be different between male (56.5%) and female (55.5%). The sero-positivity percentage of toxoplasmosis was highest in local breeds of the cats (64%) followed by Himalayan and Persian (50%) and Siamese breed of cat (46%). Furthermore the domestic cats, which had wandering habits, had higher seropositivity (62%) than the cats, which had not these habits (41%). The prevalence of toxoplasmosis was high in the cats receiving raw meat (66%) however the prevalence in the cats receiving commercial cat food and kitchen prepared/left over human food was 40% and 44.4%, respectively.
Overall 39% dogs were sero-positive for anti-toxoplasma antibodies. Stray dogs had the high prevalence (50%) than the domestic dogs (28%). Overall 46%, 28.2%, 15.3% and 10.2 % dogs were sero-positive at screening dilution of 1:16, 1:64, 1:128 and 1:256, respectively. The highest prevalence of toxoplasmosis (45.9%) was recorded in dogs of age group of >1-3 years. Neither of the positive rates was found to be different between male (35.4%) and female (35.4%). The sero-positivity percentage was highest in local breeds of dogs (50%) followed by German Shepherd (42%), Bulldog , Labrador Retriever and Russian (33%), English Pointer (30%), Alsatian, Bull Terrier and German Pointer (25%) and Greyhound (20%). Dogs having access to house as well as yard has the highest prevalence (40%) following the dogs having access only to yard (25%) and the dogs kept strictly at homes had the lowest prevalence (16%). Dogs fed raw meat had a relatively high prevalence of toxoplasmosis (40%) than the dogs fed commercial dog food and home cooked food had prevalence of 18.7% and 2 1.4%, respectively. Overall 22% human were sero-positive for anti-toxoplasma antibodies. The highest seropositivity was observed in cat owners (3 2%) followed by dog owners (26%), UVAS, employees (20%) and the lowest sero-positivity (14%) was observed in people having no contact with dogs and cats. Overall 63.6%, 27.2%, 3.0% and 6.0% human were seropositive at screening dilution of
1: 16, 1:64, 1: 128 and 1:256, respectively. The highest prevalence of toxoplasmosis (26%) was observed in people of 30-40 years or above age group. Neither of the positive rates was found to be different between male (21.9%) and female
(22.2%).
There was decrease in haemoglobin level of cats, dogs and human positive for anti-toxoplasma antibodies. There was significant decrease in total leukocytic count of cats, dogs and human positive for anti-toxoplasma antibodies. Nutroplielia, lymphocytopenia, cosinopenia and monocytopenia was observed in cats, dogs and human positive for anti-toxoplasma antibodies.
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64.
Clinico-Therapeutical And Haematological Studies On Babesiosis In And Around The Livestock Experimental Station Qadirabad in Lohi Sheep
by Asif Rashid | Dr. Jawaria Ali Khan | Dr. Javaid Iqbal | Prof. Dr. Khalid Pervez | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2006Dissertation note: Ovine Babesiosis is a serious haemoparasitic disease of sheep. it is caused by two hemosporidian parasites i.e. Babesia motasi and Babesia ovis, transmitted by ticks. The disease results into death due to fever, excessive destruction of RBC's, anemia, haemoglobinuria and icterus. The present study was conducted to find out the prevalence of babesiosis in Lohi sheep in and around the Livestock Experimental Station, Qadirabad and to study the effect of 2 anti-protozoan (babesicidal) drugs i.e.Diminazene diaceturate (Diminazene; star lab.) and Imidocarb dipropionate (Imizol; ICI) on the recovery and health of animal. The effect of hernosporidian parasites on various blood parameters was also studied. The parameters included: Haemoglobin (Hb) estimation and Packed Cell Volume (PCV).
For this purpose 310 Lohi sheep were examined for the presence of babesiosis. Out of 310 Lohi sheep, 30 were found positive showed 9.67% prevalence. For treatment protocol, thirty naturally infected and ten noninfected sheep were selected and divided into four groups having ten sheep in each group i.e. A, B, C and D.
Diagnosis was confirmed on the basis of blood smear method, which revealed the presence of Babesia. The parasite appeared as piriform bodies within the light pink erythrocytes.
The animals of group A were treated with diminazene (Diminazene diaceturate) at a dose rate of 3.5mg/kg body weight at zero day. Three out of ten animals recovered at 3rd day of first injection, three animals recovered at 7th day of first injection, two recovered at 10th day of first injection, while two animals did not show any improvement and might be chronically infected. This drug showed 80% efficacy at 10th day while the animals of group B were treated with Imizol (Imidocarb dipropionate) at a dose rate of 2mg /kg body weight at zero day. Six out of ten animals recovered at 3rd day of first injection, three recovered at 7th day of first injection and remaining one recovered at 10th day of first injection. This drug showed 100% efficacy at 10th day. Animals of group C were served as infected untreated control while animals of group D were served as healthy control.
Efficacy of drugs was detected by negative blood smear. Imizol gave best results where as Diminazene was second in efficacy against babesiosis.
Haematological examination revealed a significant decrease in .Hb and PCV in group A and C on 3rd, 7th and 10th day post medication as compared to group B.
From the results of present study, it has been concluded that Imidocarb dipropionate (Imizol) was the drug of choice for the treatment of ovine babesiosis in Lohi sheep when given at the dose rate of 2mg/kg body weight by intramuscular route.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0921,T] (1).
65.
Prevalence And Chemotherapy Of Balantidium Coli In Cattle Around River Ravi Bank Lahore
by Ch. Qasim Bilal | Prof. Dr. Khalid Pervez | Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Prof. Dr. Haji | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2006Dissertation note: The present project was designed to find out the prevalence of Balantidium coli and to evaluate the efficacy of Terramycin, Dysen forte, Flagyl against naturally occurring balantidosis in cattle under field conditions around the river Ravi bank Lahore. The faecal samples from animals were collected directly from rectum of animals and brought to the laboratory of Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore for coprological examination.
For this purpose two hundred cattle were examined coprologicaly around the bank of river Ravi in Lahore. Out of 200 cattle, 50 were positive, so the prevalence of Balantidium coli in cattle was 25%. Out of 50 positive animals thirty two cattle having balantidiosis were selected for chemotherapeutic trials and eight non effected cattle were selected and divided into five groups viz. A, B, C, D and E comprising eight animals each. The animals of Group-A were treated with oxytetracycline capsules (Terramycin) @ 8mg/kg orally, Group-B with secnidazole tablets (Dysen forte) @ 10mg/kg orally, Group-C with metronidazole tablets (flagyl) @ 25mg/kg orally. The animals in Group-D were serving as infected untreated control group and Group- E were serving as untreated healthy control.
The efficacy of drugs was evaluated on the basis of disappearance of clinical signs and by reduction in number of cysts/trophozoites on zero, 3, 7 and 1 0 day post medication. Efficacy of oxytetracycline (terramycin) was 25%, 50% and 62.5% on 3, 7 and 10 day, respectively. Efficacy of secnidazolc (dysen forte) was 37.5%, 75% and 87.5% on 3, 7 and 10 day, respectively. Efficacy of metronidazole (flagy) was 12.5%, 25% and 37.5% on 3, 7 and 10 day, respectively.
It was concluded from the above results that Dysen Forte was more effective than Terrarnycin or Flagyl. However, Terramycin showed better efficacy than that of Flagyl.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0927,T] (1).
66.
A Study On The Occurrence Of Enteric Protozoa Of Pet Dogs
by Dr. Khalid Qasir | Dr. Kamran Ashraf | Dr. Asim Khalid | Prof. Dr. H.A. Hashmi | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2004Dissertation note: This study was designed to record the occurrence of enteric protozoan parasites of pet dogs. A total of 150 faecal samples of pet dogs of different age, breed and sex were collected. These dogs were equally divided into three age groups i.e. group A (< 6 months of age), group B (> 6 months and < 1 year of age) and group C (> 1 year of age). These faecal samples were examined by direct smear method, Sheather's sugar flotation technique and zinc sulfate flotation technique. Information regarding the clinical status of animals, age, breed and faecal consistency were also recorded. The overall prevalence of enteric protozoan parasites was 35.3 percent. Prevalence of various species belonging to Genera Giardia, Isospora, Cryptosporidium Entamoeba and Balantidium was 18.66, 14.66, 5.33, 1.33 and 1.33 percent. Prevalence of enteric protozoan was higher (44%) in pet dogs of group A, followed by 36.0 and 26.0 percent in group B and group C, respectively. The prevalence of gastro-intestinal protozoan in domestic dogs passing normal faeces was 33.65% and passing abnormal faeces was 39.13%.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0935,T] (1).
67.
Incidence, Chemotherapy And Haematology Of Strongylosis In Horses Of District Layyah
by Kashif Mahboob | Dr. Jawaria Ali Khan | Dr. A. D. Khan Khosa | Prof. Dr, Khalid | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2007Dissertation note: The present project was designed to find out the infection rate of strongylosis, to test the anthelmintic efficacy of Endoectiven, Vermox, Neem (Melia Azadarch linn) and Oxfendazole, to study the effect of strongyloids on blood parameters in horses of district Layyah.
Horses were examined for the presence of strongylosis coprologically, till 50 horses naturally infected with strongyle spp. become available. Fifty horses were found positive for strongylosis out of eighty seven horses, so the infection rate of strongylosis was 57.47%. Fifty positive animals were randomly divided into five groups A, B, C, D and E each comprising of 10 animals. Another group F comprising of healthy horses was made. Each animal of group A was treated with Endoectiven (8 mg/kg body weight.), group B was treated with Vermox (10 mg/kg body weight), group C was treated with Neem (375 mg/kg body weight), group D was treated with Systamex (10mg/kg body weight) while group E was kept as positive control (untreated) and group F was kept as negative control (uninfected untreated). The efficacy of anthelmintics was calculated on the basis of reduction of eggs per gram (EPG) of faeces on day 7 and 14 post treatment. Efficacy of Endoectiven (Closantel) was 0 % and 0 % on day 7 and 14 respectively. Efficacy of Vermox (Mebendazole) was 91.93% and 95.16% on day 7and 14 respectively. Efficacy of Neem (Melia Azadarch linn) was 6.89% and 8.62% on day 7 and 14 respectively. Efficacy of Systamex was 96.82% and 98.4 1% on day 7 and 14 respectively. It was concluded from the above results that Oxfendazole was found most effective than Mebendazole, Neem (Melia Azadarch linn) and Closantel, while Mebendazole showed better results than Neem (Melia Azadarch linn) and Closantel. Neem (Melia Azadarch linn) showed better results than Closantel.
Haematological parameters showed significant reduction in total erythrocyte count (TEC), haemoglobin (Hb) level and packed cell volume (PCV).
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0961,T] (1).
68.
Prevalence And Chemotherapy Of Helminthases In Parrots At Lahore Zoo.
by Ashgar Khan | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Prof. Dr. Haji | Prof. Dr. Khalid Pervaiz | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2007Dissertation note: The study was conducted to determine the incidence of helminthiasis in all breeds of parrots and to evaluate the comparative efficacy of two different broad spectrum anthelmintics, albendazole (Farbenda, Farvet) and levamisole (Nilverm drench, ICI) used against the nematodes at Lahore Zoo. For this purpose, 130 Faecal samples were collected group wise in clean polythene bags, properly labeled for identification and examined for the identification of helminths. Eighty eight out of 130 were positive for single or mixed infection of Heterakis gallinae and Ascardia gaul have individual percentage as 73.86% and 26.14% respectively.
Of 88 positive birds belonging to different breeds of parrots, 72 of the same age, weight and number were devided in three equal groups (24 each) i.e. A (love birds peach face breed), B (budgerigar ring necked breed), and C (Alexandrine parrots, Blossom headed parakeet and Blue fronted amazon breeds), while in group D (Cockatiel, Blue ring necked parakeet, Eclectus parrot and African grey parrot breeds), only uninfected and untreated birds were kept.
Drug therapy was only induced to the group A i.e. albendazole (Farbenda, Farvet) @ 0.lml/kg body weight and group B (levemisole hcl (Nilverm, ICI) @ 5m1/litre of water, while infected but non treated birds were placed in group C.
Faccal samples of experimental birds were examined for counting of egg/gram of faeces on day"O" (pre-medication) with McMaster egg counting technique (Soulsby, 1982).
Faecal egg counts were again carried out on day 3, 7 and 10 of medication and percentage reduction of EPG calculated. The overall prevalence of gastro intestinal helminthes in different breeds of parrots was found as 67.69%.
Albendazole was found to be the more effective (96.33%) among the two anthelmintics while levamisole was less effective (84.90%). The EPG rise up to 8.98% at day 10 post medication in untreated group C was noted while no infection was observed in group D through out the experimental study.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0962,T] (1).
69.
Genetic Characterization Of Pakistani Buffalo Breeds By Mitochondrial D-Loop And Microsatellite Analyses
by Tanveer Hussain | Prof.Dr.Masroor Elahi Babar | Dr. Khalid Javed | Prof. Dr. Irshad Hussain.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2008Dissertation note: Pakistan has various dairy breeds of buffalo and cattle, but the genetic data of different buffalo breeds like Nih, Ravi, Nihi-Ravi, Kundi and Azakheli is lacking which need to be established for their genetic characterization. Blood samples of unrelated true representatives of all breeds were collected from their respective home tracts i.e Nih Ravi (LPRI Bahadarnagar, Okara, BRI Pattoki, Rakh Dera Chahi, Lahore); Nih (Pakpatan,
Minchnabad, Arifwala, Hasilpur); Ravi (Kamahia, Tandlianwala); Kundi (Tandojam, Tando Muhammad Khan, Dadu) and Azakheli (Directorate of Livestock Research & Development Station Surezai, Peshawar and Matta, Swat). DNA was extracted with the use of standard protocol and amplification of the mitochondrial D-loop region was done with specific primers in Molecular Cytogenetics and Genomics Laboratory in the department of Livestock Production. Sequencing of amplified portion of mt DNA D-loop was done. Sequences were analyzed with the help of software blast2sequence. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified and comparison of 52 mitochondrial DNA haplotypes of all buffalo breeds was done. Genetic distance and identity between five buffalo breeds were calculated and phylogenetic tree was constructed using BioEdit and MEGA 4.1 softwares showing the relationships between different haplotypes. Domestication events were also observed through network analysis. For further confirmation of the genetic structure of buffalo breeds 8 dye labeled microsatehhite markers (recommended by ISAG) were used and genotyping was done. Results were analyzed with the help of different softwares. Genetic diversity, Allele frequencies, observed and expected homozygosity and heterozygosity, Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, F-Statistics and Gene Flow for all Loci, population's dendogram, Neis genetic identity and genetic distance/ diversity was calculated. This work provided the genetic data which is very helpful for determining the genetic diversity of buffalo population, breed identification, animal forensic and paternity cases and making effective breeding policies and conservational activities in future.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1114,T] (1).
70.
Git Helminthiasis Indigenous And Commercial Layers In District Quetta.Balouchistan
by Rizwan ullah hashmi | Dr. Khalid saeed | Dr. kamran ashraf | Dr. muhammad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: The study was conducted to identify and compare the extent of gastrointestinal helminths in indigenous poultry and commercial layers. For this purpose, 200 gut samples (100 each from indigenous and commercial layers) were collected from different sources of Quetta district. All the material was brought to disease investigation lab, Quetta, for detailed postmortem and coprological examination.
The overall incidence of nematodes in indigenous chickens and commercial layers was 87% and 08% respectively. Three species of nematodes were recovered from both indigenous chickens and commercial layers. Ascaridia galli was the most common specie of nematodes recovered from small intestine while Heterakis gallinae and Subulura brumpti were isolated from the caeca of the sampled birds. The incidence of Ascaridia galli, Heterakis gallinae and Subulura brumpti was 75%, 25% and 16% in indigenous chickens and 06%, 04% and 03% in commercial layers respectively.
The overall incidence of cestodes was lower than those of the nematodes. It was found to be 78% in indigenous chickens and 05% in commercial layers respectively.
Five species of cestodes recorded from the gastrointestinal tract of indigenous chicken and were Raillietina tetragona (60%), Raillietina echinobothrida (21%), Raillietina cesticillus (14%), Cotugnia digonopora (29%) and Choanotaenia infundibulum (13%). On the other hand, following two species of cestodes were isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of commercial layers and included Raillietina tetragona (04%), and Choanotaenia infundibulum (02%).
Older birds have higher prevalence as compared with younger birds in indigenous and commercial layers. Slightly higher infection rates were recorded in females (51.7%) as compared with males (48.2%). On coprological examination, a greater proportion of birds were found infected with various helminthes and infection rate in indigenous birds was 66% as compared with commercial layers which was 3%.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1300,T] (1).
71.
Prevalence Of Dermatophytosis In Domestic Dogs And In-Vivo Evaluation Of Topical Anri-Fungal Agents
by Muhammad Mudassar Aziz | Dr. Asim Khalid Mahmood | Dr. khalid Saeed | Dr. Muhammad Hassan Saleem.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: The pet dog is a domesticated animal, belonging to the family Canidae and it comes within the order Carnivora. The given nomenclature is used for all varieties of pet dogs. Earlier, this pet animal was used for different purposes which include hunting, fighting and also different types of work had been taken from it. Dermatophytosis is the common skin infection in dogs especially in the young ones. A total of 300 samples were collected. The 36 samples were found positive and then divided into 3 groups. In group K, Ketoconazole was applied topically twice a week. Later on the efficacy of Ketoconazole was observed by collecting the samples on day 7, 14 and 21 after the commencement of treatment, which was 20%, 60% and 90% respectively. Similarly, Group L was treated with Lime sulphur and the efficacy of Limesulphur against M.canis infection, was found to be 60%, 80% and 100% on day 7, 14 and 21 respectively. Group M was treated with Miconazole. The efficacy of miconazole against M.canis was found to be 50%, 75% and 100% on day 7, 14 and 21 respectively. At the end, it was concluded that Lime sulphur was the best drug of choice among the three drugs used and the efficacy of ketoconazole was lesser than the others.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1304,T] (1).
72.
Genetic And Phenotypig Trends In Some Performance Traits Of Kajlli Sheep
by Farman Ullah | Prof. Dr. Khalid Javed | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Abdullah.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Kajli sheep is one of the native breeds and is found in the irrigated areas of central Punjab
(Districts of Sargodha, Khushab, Gujrat, Mandi Baha-ud-Din, and Mianwali). Kajli sheep is
mostly raised for mutton, wool and occasionally for milk production. Wide variation exists in
various production and reproduction traits of Kajli sheep which indicates a great scope of
improvement in these traits of economic importance. Any program of breed improvement is
based on maximum exploitation of genetic variation. The potential of genetic improvement
largely depends on genetic variation of the trait and its relationship with the other traits.
Knowledge of heritability, repeatability and correlations among various traits is essential for
formulating efficient breeding plan and selection strategies. Objective of this study is to evaluate
the performance of a purebred flock of Kajli sheep maintained at Livestock Experimental Station
Khushab and Livestock Experimental Station Khizrabad (Sargodha). Data on performance traits
as Birth weight, Weaning weight, Yearling weight and Greasy fleece weight from 1994 to 2009
were collected, An effort was made to determine the effect of all environmental and non genetic
factors on the performance of animals. For this purpose LSMLMW computer program was used.
The genetic parameters i.e., heritability, and phenotypic and genetic correlations among various
traits will be estimated. The breeding values for different traits were estimated for comparative
ranking of animals. Phenotypic and genetic trend lines were drawn to assess the selection success
in previous generations of Kajli sheep. These analyses were done using DFREML computer soft
ware which is s pecially designed for the estimation of variance components. The information so
generated will ultimately be helpful in developing future breeding plans for genetic improvement
of Kajli sheep in Pakistan. The birth and weaning weight in this flock averaged 4.16±0.0Ikg and
18.70±0.08 kg whereas yearling weight was 37.52±0.06 kg. The pre weaning average daily gain
was 142.34±0.83 gms. Birth weight varied significantly due to years, season, sex, type of birth
and flock. Data showed non- significant interaction between sex and type of birth. Analysis of
variance revealed significant effect of year of birth and season of birth on weaning weight.
However, the difference due to sex is non-significant. Type of birth and age of the dam were
significant. Effect of weaning age of the lambs on weaning weight was also significant, whereas,
birth weight had a non significant effect (P<0.05) on weaning weight. The variation in body
weight due to year, sex, and season of birth were significant (P<0.05).Whereas, effect of flock
and type of birth were non- significant. Weaning age of the lambs and birth weight had a non
significant (P<0.05) effect on yearling weight whereas weaning weights of the lambs had
significant effects on the trait under consideration. The analysis of variance revealed that year
and season of birth and birth type showed significant effect on pre weaning average daily gain
while sex had non-significant effect on the trait. The regressions of weaning weight and birth
weight on pre weaning average daily gain were significant (P<O.OI). The estimates of heritability
for birth weight, weaning weight, yearling weight, pre-weaning average daily weight gain, and
greasy fleece weight were 0.054±0.019, 0.069±0.016, 0.015±0.020, 0.056±0.016, and
0.170±0.060 respectively. The low heritability estimates indicated the presence of less additive
genetic variance and large environmental variance. Hence, improvement in the traits through
selection may be limited. The estimated breeding values for Khizerabad farm were, for birth
weight from -0.205 to 0.164 kgs in males. The corresponding values were from -0.149 to 0.180
kgs in females. The estimated breeding value for weaning weight ranged from -1.029 to 1.822
kgs in males and corresponding values were from -1.205 to 1.555 kgs in females. The breeding
value estimated for yearling weight was -0.152 to 0.285kg in males and -0.159 to 0.224kg in
females. The estimated breeding value for pre weaning growth rate was -0.194 to 0.212 gms in
males and -0.174 to 2.00 gms in females, and for greasy fleece weight it was -0.247 to 0.708 kgs
and -0.429 to 0.575 kgs in males and females respectively. The estimated breeding values for
Khushab farm were, for birth weight from -0.157 to 0.173 kgs in males. The corresponding
values were from -0.148 to 0.145 kgs in females. The estimated breeding value for weaning
weight ranged from -1.478 to 0.284 kgs in males and corresponding values were from -0.976 to
1.923 kgs in females. The breeding value estimated for yearling weight was -0.198 to 0.176 in
males and -0.166 to 0.170 in females. The estimated breeding value for pre weaning growth rate
was -0.281 to 0.195 gms in males and -0.205 to 0.148 gms in females, and for greasy fleece
weight it was -0.380 to 0.706 kgs and -0.267 to 0.590 kgs in males and females respectively. The
estimated breeding values for sire in Khizerabad farm were, for birth weight ranged from -0.169
to 0.164 kgs. The estimated breeding value for weaning weight ranged from -1.029 to 1.694 kgs.
The breeding value estimated for yearling weight was -0.151 to 0.285 kgs. The estimated
breeding value for pre weaning growth rate was -0.190 to 0.212 gms, and for greasy fleece
weight it was -0.146 to 0.520 kgs. The estimated breeding values for sire in Khushab farm were,
for birth weight ranged from -0.157 to 0.173 kgs. The estimated breeding value for weaning
weight ranged from -1.478 to 2.846 kgs. The breeding value estimated for yearling weight was -
0.198 to 0.176 kgs. The estimated breeding value for pre weaning growth rate was -0.281 to
0.195 gms, and for greasy fleece weight it was -0.335 to 0.706 kgs. The genetic trends for birth
weight in Kajli sheep showed decreasing trend and phenotypic trend was fluctuating, whereas, the genetic
and phenotypic trend for weaning weight showed fluctuating trend. For yearling weight genetic and
phenotypic trend was also observed which show fluctuation, pre weaning growth rate also not statistic.
The phenotypic trend for greasy fleece yield showed little increasing trend.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1345,T] (1).
73.
Identification Of Molecular Markers In Bmp15 Gene Of Different Pakistan Sheep And Goat Breeds
by Ahmad Nawaz | Prof.Dr.Masroor Elahi Babar | Prof. Dr | Prof. Dr. Khalid Javed.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Genetics of prolificacy in sheep and goat emphasize the importance of main genes which have been made known to affect litter size and rate of ovulation through various mechanisms. Natural mutations in prolific sheep and goat breeds have shown that the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-?) super family ligands such as bone morphogenetic protein 15 is crucial for ovulation and as well as for increasing litter size. Keeping in view the importance of prolificacy in sheep and goat, a research project was planed to identify the polymorphism, its association with fecundity and uncovering the nucleotide picture of BMP15 fecundity gene in sheep and goat breeds of Pakistan. In the research finding, various polymorphism, insertion and deletion of nucleotides in goat and sheep breeds of Pakistan were identified and associated with fecundity and secondly, some novel polymorphism in Pakistani goat and sheep breeds were identified which are different from the goat and sheep breeds of the world. This is the first report of the whole nucleotide of BMP15 gene in the sheep. A lot of work has been reported on these genes but total nucleotide picture in the sheep is not reported. Sequences of Bmp15 gene from sheep and goat breeds of Pakistan has been submitted to the NCBI GenBank database libraries,USA under accession numbers JN655669, JN655670, JN655671 and JN655672. It will result in fast vertical expansion of small ruminants to increase the mutton production and uplift the socio economic condition of small ruminant's farmers in the country.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1421,T] (1).
74.
The Study Of Hematological Parameters Of Indian Rock Python (Python Molorus Molorus) In Punjab, Pakistan
by Rehan ul Haq | Dr. Khalid Mahmood Anjum | Dr. Aneela | Dr. Arshad Javid.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: The background of the hematological studies of reptiles has assumed greater significance due to an increased trend of keeping them as pets and to identify any pathological condition in them in wild for their conservation. The objectives of study is to identify the hematological parameters of Indian Rock Python (Python molorus molorus) in Punjab, Pakistan. This is the only species of python found in Pakistan and a Near Threatened species according to IUCN Red Data Book. There is no data available on the blood chemistry of this species in Pakistan . These values will act as reference values for future studies in Pakistan.
The hypothesis of the present study is that the hematology of Indian Rock Python could vary from that of Burmese Python and thier is a relatively high difference in the values of heterophyls,Basophils Eosinophils and monocytes so hypothesis proved.
The parameters like red blood cells count, total leukocyte and thrombocyte counts, packed cell volume, hemoglobin evaluation and differential leukocyte count were studied by collecting the 3 ml blood from the caudal vein of pythons by 23 Gauge syringe and we compare the results with published record of Burmese Python other than this captive and wild pythons hematology is also compared. Mostly standard procedures for counting these values were be followed. Results showed that the Packed cell volume for all the five samples is 3.9 ± 4 SD, Hemoglobin is 7.18 ± 0.61 SD and the Red blood cells count mean is1.23 × 106 /µl with SD of 0.32. White Blood cell count is15.46 × 103 /µl with SD of 1.97,Heterophils6.66 × 103 /µl with SD of 4.16,Lymphocytes4.98 × 103 /µl with 2.47 SD,Monocytes0.22 × 103/µl with standard deviation of 0.13,Azurophils(× 103 /µl) are 0.904+0.55, Eosinophils(× 103 /µl)0.836+0.61, Basophils(× 103 /µl)1.38+ 1.77
This present study will provide important information about hematological parameters of Indian Rock Pythons that could be a ready reference for the wildlife veterinarians, conservationists and biologists in future for the conservation and treatment of this near threatened species.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1426,T] (1).
75.
Prevalence And Control Of Gastrointestinal Nematodes Of Goats In District Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
by Habibun Nabi | Dr. Khalid Saeed | Dr. Aneela | Dr. Muhammad Lateef.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Goat rearing is a traditional activity in peri-urban areas and villages and plays an important role in the nutrition, social and economic needs of the population. Gastrointestinal nematodes are common in various production systems and these infections are the single most significant constraint to small ruminant productivity.
The present study was carried out at Saidu Sharif, District Swat to generate data about the gastrointestinal (GIT) nematodes prevalent in the area. To record the prevalence of various nematodes of goats, a total of 150 faecal samples were examined. A total of 61/150 (40.67 %) of samples were found positive. Different species were identified and included Nematodirus spathiger (28.66 %), Haemonchus contortus (14.66 %), Trichostrongylus spp (4 %), Strongyloides papillosus (6 %) and Trichuris ovis (11.33 %). Highest prevalence of GIT nematodes were found in young and immature animals (48 %) with mean EPG 282 and 211 respectively. Adult had lower infection rate (26 %) with mean EPG of 142. Sex related prevalence indicated that male had higher prevalence (46.66 %) than female (34.66 %) and greater intensity of infection in males as compare to females. Higher infection rate with GIT nematodes was recorded in pregnant goat (42 %) as compared to non pregnant (33.92 %). House hold animals showed high infection rate i.e. 45.33 % with mean EPG of 254 as compared to commercially raised animals which had infection rate 36 % with mean EPG of 169. The Study
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71
showed significant difference of egg per gram count between breeds. Beetal goats had high infection rate (100 %) and intensity as compared with other breeds.
Higher egg shedding was recorded in animals around parturition as compared to dry goats. Liter size also effected the EPG and higher counts were recorded in goats with duplets and triplets.
Albasym (Albendazole) was evaluated at two dose levels i.e. 1 ml/ 20 kg body weight and 1.25 ml/20 kg body weight. The efficacy at normal dose and higher dose at day 7th was 98.81 % and 100 % respectively, at day 14th 95.24 % and 99.53 % and at day 28th 80.95 % and 93.90 % respectively. No significant difference at normal dose and higher dose was observed while significant difference with control group was recorded.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1435,T] (1).
76.
Prevalence Of Trichomonas Foetus In Large Ruminants Of District Hafiizabad
by Amjad Atta Bhatti | Dr. Khalid Saeed | Dr | Prof. Dr. Kamran Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Trichomonas foetus (T. foetus) is a protozoan parasite of reproductive tract of large ruminants and causes abortion. This organism is found in males and females associated with varied pathology and clinical symptom. Disease has venereal transmission and male remain infected throughout the life. Pakistan is a developing country and artificial insemination facility is not available to all farmers and some are reluctant to avail it.
This study was designed to check the prevalence of T. foetus in large animals in district Hafizabad. One hundred and fifty preputial and vaginal samples were collected from cattle and buffaloes 75 each. These samples were from 100 females and 50 males. Vaginal mucus from females was thoroughly examined for T. foetus in direct smear and in smear stained by Giemsa stain. Male samples were subjected to examination by direct smear, centrifugation and stained smear performed from sediments for detection of T. foetus. Overall prevalence of T. foetus was 12.0% (18/150) in sampled animals and species wise T. foetus infection was 8% (6/75) for cattle and 16% (12/75) for buffalos. Sex related prevalence of T. foetus in cows is 6% (3/50) and in buffaloes was 14% (7/50). Infection was more common in buffalo bulls 20% (5/25) as compared with cow bulls 12% (3/25).
There was no difference in diagnosis of T. foetus in females by direct smear or by examination of stained smears. Whereas stained smears prepared from sediments of preputial washings were more sensitive in diagnosing of T. foetus infection as compared with direct smear method. Study also indicated that infection was exclusively seen in animals that were involved in natural breeding.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1438,T] (1).
77.
Clincal Cytogenetic Investications In Cattle & Buffalo Population Of Punjab For Chromosomal Abnormalities
by Muhammad Bilal Bin Majeed | Prof. Dr. Khalid Javed | Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum | Dr. Ahmad Ali.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1439,T] (1).
78.
Morphological Differences Among Fulvous Fruit Bat, Rousettus Leschenaulti Populations From Khyber
by Tehseen Javed | Dr. Arshad Javid | Dr. Khalid Mahmood Anjum.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1454,T] (1).
79.
Adulticidal And Larvicidal Activity Of Cassia Fistula And Piper Nigrum Against Anopheles (Malaria Vector).
by Sara Mehmood | Dr. Muhammad Lateef | Dr. Aftab | Dr. Khalid Saeed.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Mosquitoes are major vectors, in transmitting many diseases like malaria, filariasis, Japanese encephalitis and dengue fever etc, which are greatly, affecting human beings worldwide. Malaria is a major global health problem. There are estimated 247 million malaria cases with almost half of the global population at risk and nearly a million deaths each year. Several Anopheles species are responsible for transmission of malaria .i.e. Anopheles stephensi, An. Subpictus.
Control of mosquitoes primarily depends on chemical insecticides includes organochlorine, organophosphates, synthetic pyrethroids, IGRs etc, but all these chemicals have developed a feedback of environment ill-effect, have negative impact on non-targeted biota and most mosquitoes species have become physiologically resistant to these insecticides. These problems have highlighted the need for the development of new strategies for mosquito control. Botanical insecticides are naturally occurring products that are derived from plants. The use of plant extracts for insect control has several appealing features, as these are generally more biodegradable, less hazardous, and rich storehouse of chemicals of diverse biological activity.
The current study were carried out to evaluate the activity of methanol extract of leaves of C.fistula, and ripened fruits of P. nigrum against Anopheles mosquito. Among both of these plants the methanolic extracts of Piper nigrum (black pepper) were exhibited remarkable adulticidal and larvicidal potentials. The percentage mortalities were increased by gradual increase in extracts concentrations. Larvae were more susceptible to
these methanolic pepper extracts than adults. Larvae were showed mortalities even at very low concentrations. The LC50 values obtained by using probit analysis were 25.05 ppm and 12.05 ppm after 24 hrs and 48 hrs respectively, whereas LC90 were 78.63 ppm and 53.06 ppm respectively for aulticidal bioassays. Larvicidal assays were also showed good results having LC50 values as 3.87 ppm and 2.07 ppm after 24 hrs and 48 hrs respectively, whereas LC90 were 10.63 ppm and 6.56 ppm respectively.
Cassia fistula (golden shower) leaf extracts were also showed promising mosquitocidal efficacy against Anopheles stephensi. LC50 values obtained by using probit analysis were 35.13 ppm and 16.18 ppm after 24 hrs and 48 hrs respectively, whereas LC90 were 94.57 ppm and 76.43 ppm respectively for aulticidal bioassays. Larvicidal assays were also showed good results having LC50 values as 44.99 ppm and 24.40 ppm after 24 hrs and 48 hrs respectively, whereas LC90 were 106.12 ppm and 76.30 ppm respectively.
It is concluded that methanolic extracts of these plants Cassia fistula and Piper nigrum have high potential of adulticidal & larvicidal activities. So the extracts of these plants can be used as an alternatives to the conventional insecticides for long lasting mosquito problems as these are less hazardous and ecologically feasible. However, a lot of work on biochemistry as well as insectidal activity and on other aspects has to be done.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1474,T] (1).
80.
Productive Performance Of Four Close-Bred Flocks Of Japanese Quails With Different Body Weights And Its Effect on Subsequent Progeny Growth
by Ahmed Sultan | Dr. Abdul Waheed Sahota | Dr. Khalid Javed | Dr. Muhammad Akram.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: In Pakistan, the low live and dressed market weights in Japanese quails has been one of the significant problems badly influencing future development in quail production. No serious attempts have yet been made in the country to improve body weight and meat yield in local quails. The present study of one year duration was therefore, planned at Avian Research and Training (ART) Centre, Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore. The main objectives of the study were to evaluate productive performance, egg quality, hatching performance, slaughter characteristics and blood biochemical profile in four close-bred flocks of Japanese quails with different body weights and examine its effect on the subsequent progeny growth. For this purpose, a total of 432 (108 males and 324 females) adult quails were randomly picked up from 4 close-bred flocks maintained at ART Centre and then were divided into 108 experimental units/ replicates (comprising 1 male and 3 females each). These experimental units were randomly assigned to 12 treatment groups, having 4 close-bred flocks (imported, local 1, local 2, and local 3) x 3 female body size (heavy, medium and small) with randomized complete block design (RCBD) in factorial arrangements having 9 replicates in each treatment.
The experimental quails were maintained under standard management conditions in individual compartments in multi-deck cages equipped with separate nipple drinkers and were fed ad-libitum with a quail breeder ration prepared according to NRC standards. The weekly data on productive performance (body weight, egg production and feed intake) were recorded. Feed conversion ratio (g feed/egg and g feed/g egg mass) was worked out. Egg quality characteristics (egg weight, shell weight, shell thickness, haugh unit, yolk index, and blood and meat spots) and hatching traits (dead germ percent, dead in shell percent, infertile egg percent, hatchability percent and mal-positions) were recorded. At the termination of the experiment, two breeder quails from each experimental unit (one male and one female each) were randomly picked up and were slaughtered to record the slaughtering traits (live and dressed weight, dressing percentage, weight of giblets and other visceral organs). Proximate composition (crude protein, ether extract, dry matter and ash contents) of thigh and breast meat was determined. Blood samples from each group were analyzed for blood serum glucose, total protein, albumin, cholesterol and urea. Blood macro mineral profile for plasma calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), sodium (Na), potassium (K) and magnesium (Mg) was determined.
The eggs from each replicate were collected and separately incubated on fortnightly basis to study 3 weeks progeny growth performance (average weight of day-old quail chicks, weekly body weight, weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio (feed/g gain) and mortality rate). At the end of 3rd week, 2 quails (one male and one female each) from each experimental unit were picked up randomly and were slaughtered to record slaughtering traits (slaughter and dressed weight, dressing percentage, weight of giblets and visceral organs). Economics of quail production up to 3 weeks was worked out.
The data thus collected were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique with randomized complete block design (RCBD) under factorial arrangement for further interpretation using general linear model (GLM) procedures (SAS, 9.1 version). The comparison of means was made using Duncan's Multiple Range (DMR) test.
6.1. Parent breeder flock
In the present study of 31 weeks duration, imported flock of Japanese quails gained significantly higher body weight than local flocks. With respect to body size categories, there was a significant (p<0.05) difference in their mean body weight. The interaction between flocks and body size was also observed to be significant (p<0.05). The heavy weight quails had maximum body weight followed by that of medium and small size quails.
The difference in mean egg production percentage, egg number and feed conversion ratio (g feed/egg) were not significant, whereas, egg weight was significantly (p<0.05) higher in 4 close-bred flocks of Japanese quails. Mean feed conversion ratio (g feed/g egg mass) in imported and local-3 flocks of Japanese quails was significantly (p<0.05) different from other local flocks. The body weight categories had significant (p<0.05) effect on egg production percentage, egg number, feed conversion ratio (g feed/egg) and egg weight, however, their effect was not significant on egg mass. The interaction between flocks and body size showed a similar trend. The mortality remained nil in the experimental breeder quails during this study.
The significant (p<0.05) differences were noted in egg weight, shell weight, shell thickness, yolk index, dead germ, infertile egg and hatchability percent, whereas, haugh unit value was not significantly different in all the close-bred flocks of Japanese quails. The dead in shell percent in different close-bred flocks was significantly (p<0.05) different in all the parental groups except in H male x H female, M male x H female, S male x M female and S male x S female. With respect to body size categories, differences for egg weight, shell weight, shell thickness, yolk index, haugh unit value, dead germ, infertile egg and hatchability percent were significant (p<0.05). The interaction between flocks and body size was significant in respect of all the above egg quality and hatching traits. Blood and meat spots were found nil and no mal-positions were noted.
The minimum dead germ percent was recorded in local-2 and local-3 flocks in S male x H female, however, the highest hatchability percent was recorded in M male x S female parent of local-3 flock. The significant (p<0.05) effect of parental body weight on dead in shell percent was recorded in H male x M female (in imported, local-1 and local-2 flocks), H male x S female (in imported and local-1 flocks), M male x M female (imported and local-1 flocks), M male x S female (imported and local-1 flocks), S male x H female (imported and local-1 flocks).
The dressed weight (g) in imported and local flocks of Japanese quails was significantly (p<0.05) different in female quails, whereas, dressing percentage in imported and local flocks of male Japanese quails was not significantly different. With respect to body size categories, there was a significant (p<0.05) difference for dressed weight and dressing percentage in both the sexes.
The imported flock of male Japanese quails was significantly (p<0.05) different from all the other local flocks in relative weight of gizzard (with and without contents) .Imported and all the local flocks of Japanese quails were not significantly different in their relative weight of liver in both the sexes. The relative weight of heart and mean weight of intestine in local-3 flock of male Japanese quails were significantly (p<0.05) different, whereas, female birds were not significantly different in this respect from all the local and imported flocks. With respect to body size categories, relative weight of heart, liver, gizzard and intestines in both the sexes were not significantly different. The interaction between flocks and body size was not significant for liver weight, whereas, it was significant (p<0.05) for heart, gizzard and intestinal weight only in male quails.
The intestinal length and testes weight in male and mature ovarian follicle number and reproductive tract weight in female quails were not significantly different in imported and local flocks. With respect to body size categories, differences in mean length of intestine and mean weight of testes were not significant in male quails. The similar non-significant difference in reproductive tract weight and number of mature ovarian follicles was recorded in female quails. The interaction between flocks and body size for intestinal length, reproductive tract and testes weight was not significant, whereas, it was significant (p<0.05) for reproductive tract length.
The crude protein and ether extract percent in breast meat of male and female Japanese quails were not significant. With respect to body size categories, there was a significant (p<0.05) difference in percent crude protein in female quails, whereas, similar trend for ether extract was observed only in male quails. The dry matter percent in breast meat of Japanese quails was significantly (p<0.05) different only in male quails. With respect to body size categories, mean dry matter percent was not significantly different in both the sexes. The interaction between flocks and body size was not significant for crude protein and ether extract, whereas, it was significant (p<0.05) for dry matter percent in both the sexes of quails.
Ash percent in breast meat was not significantly different in male quails, whereas, it was significantly (p<0.05) different in female quails. The ash percent in breast meat and ash and crude protein percent in thigh meat in male and female quails were significantly different among imported and local flocks With respect to body size categories, there was a significant (p<0.05) difference in ash percent in breast meat in female, whereas, difference was noted in ash and crude protein percent in thigh meat in both the sexes of quails was not significant. The interaction between flocks and body size was also non-significant for these components in thigh meat.
The difference in dry matter percent in thigh meat of local -1 male flock was significant (p<0.05) from local-2 and local-3 flocks, whereas, female quails were not significantly different in this respect. With respect to body size categories, there was a significant (p<0.05) difference in mean dry matter percent in male quails. Ether extract percent in thigh meat was significantly different between male and female quails. With respect to initial body size categories, ether extract percent was not significantly different in both the sexes. The interaction between flocks and body size was significant (p<0.05) in both sexes of quails for dry matter and ether extract percent.
The mean serum glucose level in male and female quails was not significantly different among imported and local flocks. With respect to body size categories, a non-significant difference was noted in serum glucose levels. The interaction between flocks and body sizes was also not significant. The total serum protein level was significantly different in both the sexes of imported and local flocks, whereas, serum cholesterol and serum albumin levels were significantly different only in female quails of imported and local flocks. Serum urea concentration was significantly (p<0.05) different only in male quails of imported and local flocks. However, with respect to body size categories, serum protein, cholesterol, albumin and urea levels were not significantly different in both the sexes of quails. The interaction between flocks and body size was significant for serum protein and urea in both the sexes of quails. However, this interaction in respect of serum cholesterol was significant only in male quails, whereas, it was significant for serum albumin only in females.
The difference in mean plasma calcium and sodium levels in male and female quails of imported and local flocks of Japanese quails was not significant. With respect to body size categories, mean plasma calcium level in both the sexes of quails was not significantly different, however, plasma sodium concentration was significantly (p<0.05) different only in female quails. The interaction between flocks and body size for plasma calcium levels was significant (p<0.05) in both the sexes of quails, whereas, for plasma sodium it was significant (p<0.05) only in female quails. The mean plasma phosphorus and potassium levels in imported and local flocks of Japanese quails were significantly (p<0.05) different only in female quails, whereas, plasma magnesium was significantly (p<0.05) different only in male quails. However, with respect to body size categories, plasma phosphorus, potassium and magnesium were significantly (p<0.05) different in female quails only. The interaction between flocks and body size was significant for potassium and phosphorus in female quails only, whereas, it was also significant for plasma magnesium levels in both the sexes of quails
6.2. Progeny flock
In the present study different parental body weight categories significantly (p<0.05) affected day-old, 1st, 2nd and 3rd week progeny body weight in Japanese quails. The heavy male parents had apparently more pronounced effect on day-old and 1st week progeny body weight, however, the results were not significant in all close-bred flocks. The results indicated significant (p<0.05) effect of male parent body weight on 1st week progeny body weight in Japanese quails. The progeny day-old and 1st week progeny body weights in different close-bred flocks were not significantly different from each other. The interaction between parental body weight and close-bred flocks was not significant for day-old body weight.
The cumulative body weight gain in quail progenies from different close-bred flocks were significantly (p<0.05) different in all the parental groups. The interaction between parental body size and close-bred flocks was significant (p<0.05). Effect of different parental body size on 1st, 2nd, 3rd week and cumulative progeny body weight gain was significant (p<0.05). The interaction between parental body size and close-bred flocks was significant (p<0.05) for progeny cumulative weight gain.
In the present study, 1st, 2nd, 3rd week and cumulative progeny feed intake and feed conversion ratio-FCR (feed/g gain) were significantly (p<0.05) influenced by parental body size of Japanese quails. The interaction between parental body weight and close-bred flocks was significant (p<0.05) for weekly and cumulative feed intake and feed conversion ratio-FCR (feed/g gain) in the progeny. A significant (p<0.05) effect of different parental groups on 1st, 2nd, 3rd and cumulative progeny mortality rate (%) was recorded with significant (p<0.05) interaction between parental body weight and close-bred flocks.
Different parental body size significantly (p<0.05) influenced progeny slaughter weight, dressed weight and dressing percentage at 3rd week in 4 close-bred flocks of Japanese quails. The slaughter weight (g) in different close-bred flocks in male progeny quails from all the parental groups differed significantly (p<0.05) except in M male x M female and S male x H female, M male x S female and S male x M female parents. The slaughter weight (g) in different close-bred flocks in female progeny in all the parental groups was significantly (P<0.05) different except in H male x H female, M male x H female and M male x S female. The interaction between parental body size and close-bred flocks was significant (p<0.05) in both the sexes. The dressing percentage between different close-bred flocks was significantly (p<0.05) different in female progeny group. The dressing percentage between different close-bred flocks was significantly (p<0.05) different in the male progeny group, whereas, M male x H female, M male x M female, S male x M female and S male x S female were not significantly different. The interaction between parental body size and close-bred flocks was significant (p<0.05).
The relative weights (g/100g BW) of liver, heart and gizzard in the progeny was found to be significantly (p<0.05) influenced by parental body size in different close-bred flocks of Japanese quails. The liver weight in female progeny of different close-bred flocks in all the parental groups differed significantly (p<0.05) except from H male x S female, M male x S female and S male x M female parent groups. The interaction between parental body size and close-bred flocks was significant (p<0.05) for different organ weights. The heart weight in female progeny in different close-bred flocks in all the parent groups was significantly (p<0.05) different. The relative weight of gizzard in different close-bred male and female progenies of quails were significantly (p<0.05) different from all the parental groups. The interaction between parental body size and close-bred flocks was significant (p<0.05). The intestinal length in the progeny was influenced (p<0.05) by different parental groups in close-bred flocks of Japanese quails. The intestinal length in female quails in different close-bred flocks was significantly (p<0.05) different in all the parental groups except from H male x M female, H male x S female parent groups. The interaction between parental body weight and close-bred flocks was significant (p<0.05). A higher profit margin was recorded in progeny quails hatched from heavy imported parent flock.
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6.3. CONCLUSION
Based on the findings of this study, the following conclusions have been formulated.
i. Parent breeder flock
a. Effect of close-bred flocks
i. Imported flock of quails had significantly (p<0.05) better egg production percentage, egg weight, yolk index, feed conversion ratio-FCR (g feed/g egg mass), shell weight and dressing yield. Feed conversion ratio (g feed/egg) and egg mass were significantly (p<0.05) better in local-1 and local-3 flocks, respectively. Egg shell thickness and haugh unit were better in local-2 flock.
ii. Final live body weight was higher in female than male quails and it was also better in local-1 male quails than in other close-bred flocks.
iii. Reproductive tract weight and length and mature ovarian follicle numbers were higher in imported flock. Significant variation was recorded in relative weight of giblets, testes and intestines and intestinal length among different close-bred flocks.
iv. The imported male flock had significantly (p<0.05) higher crude protein, dry matter and ash contents in breast and thigh meat.
v. The mean serum glucose and cholesterol concentrations in local-1 male flock and mean serum albumin and urea levels in local-3 male flock were higher; however, total serum protein was also higher in male imported flock than in other local flocks.
vi. Plasma phosphorus and potassium concentrations were not significantly different in male parents, whereas, plasma magnesium concentration was not significantly different in female parents. Plasma calcium was significantly (p<0.05) different in both the sexes.
b. Effect of body size
i. Egg production percentage, feed conversion ratio (FCR), fertility and hatchability percent, reproductive tract weight and length, mature ovarian follicle number and gizzard weight were better in small parents in comparison to medium and heavy parents, whereas, better egg weight and egg quality traits were recorded in heavy quail parents. Dressed weight and dressing percentage were higher in heavy female parents than in medium and small quails.
ii. Crude protein and ether extract contents in breast and thigh meat were higher in heavy female parents, whereas, ash content was higher in thigh meat of heavy female parents.
iii. The higher concentrations of serum glucose, total protein, albumin and cholesterol in heavy male quails were detected, whereas, serum urea was higher in medium female parents.
iv. Plasma macro minerals profile for all the parameters studied was not significantly different in male parents, whereas, plasma calcium (Ca) was not significantly different in both the sexes.
6.3.2. Progeny flock
a. Effect of close-bred flocks
i. The day-old and subsequent weekly body weights/weight gain and feed intake were higher in imported than in local flocks. The lower feed intake and better feed conversion ratio-FCR (feed/g gain) and higher mortality rate were recorded in local-3 as compared to other flocks.
ii. Dressed weight and dressing percentage were higher in male progeny of imported flock. The liver, heart and gizzard weights were higher in local-2 and local 3 male flocks, whereas, higher weight of intestine was recorded in local-1 male flock. Significant variation in carcass traits between different close-bred flocks was observed.
iii. The highest final return per bird of Rs. 5.64 was observed in local-1 flock followed by imported, local-3 and local-2 flocks (Rs. 5.41, 5.15 and 5.14, respectively).
b. Effect of parent body size
i. The progeny secured from heavy male parent had higher hatch weight, body weight, weight gain, feed intake, dressed weight and dressing percentage than those hatched from medium and small male parents, showing more pronounced effect of male parent on progeny growth and on almost all the other parameters.
ii. The liver and gizzard weight and intestinal length were higher in quail progenies secured from small parents than from heavy and medium parents.
iii. The highest final return per quail (Rs. 5.92) was recorded in medium weight parent followed by heavy and small parents (Rs. 5.25 and 4.90, respectively).
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SUGGESTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Research
The findings of the present study may be helpful in setting up production standards in local quails to be further used as base line data by the research workers and quail breeders for formulating viable future strategy of quail breeding at national level.
Extension
For the future national quail breeding programs, use of heavy male parents for crossing with medium or small female parents may be considered for better progeny meat yield and higher egg production in the female quail parents.
Considerable variations in body weight and other carcass characters in our local quail flocks recorded during the course of this study indicate possibility of further improving their genetic potential.
Further research work is needed for improving genetic potential of our local quail stocks.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1524,T] (1).
81.
Effect Of Yeast On Growth, Milk Yield And Its Composition In Beetal Goats
by Muhammad Jawad Khan | Mr. Nisar Ahmad | Prof. Dr | Prof. Dr. Khalid Javed.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: During last few years, rate of the use of yeast in dairy animals feed had greatly been increased. The use of live yeast culture (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) in feed of ruminants and especially of goat is being used throughout the world. The effect of the live yeast culture (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) in vitro and in vivo conditions may vary widely. Yea-Sacc1026 is a live yeast culture which consists of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain 1026, a yeast strain specially selected for its influence on animal performance. Yea-Sacc1026 is ideal for beef, dairy, calf and equine feeds. In the present study, eighteen lactating Beetal goats each having approximately same body weight and age, were selected from the flock. These goats were randomly divided into three groups A, B and C of six animals in each group. All the animals were offered similar concentrate ration @ 500gm/day to meet their daily requirements. Alltech's product "Yea Sacc" was added in the concentrate ration of lactating Beetal goats. In group Aeach goat was fed @500 gm concentrate ration (without treated with Yea Sacc) per day. In group B each goat was fed @ 500gm concentrate ration (treated with Yea Sacc @ 1.5 gm/goat) per day. In group C each goat was fed @ 500gm concentrate ration (treated with Yea Sacc @3gm/goat) per day. The effects of Yea Sacc on milk production, milk quality, weight gain and dry matter intake were evaluated.The mean milk production of goats treated with yeast in groups A, B and C were 0.6417 ± 0.067, 0.8600 ± 0.066and 1.0267± 0.146litters, respectively. The analysis of variance of experimental groups was significant between groups. The mean milk fat percentage of goats treated with yeast in groups A, B and C were 4.3133± 0.004, 4.4417± 0.010 and 4.5900± 0.042 % respectively. The analyses of variance of experimental groups were significant between groups. The mean milk protein percentage of goats treated with yeast in groups A, B and C were 3.1167± 0.014, 3.2783± 0.012 and 3.2867± 0.003%, respectively. The analysis of variance of experimental group are non significant between treated groups. The mean milk lactose percentage of goats treated with yeast in groups A, B and C were3.6083± 0.014, 3.6400± 0.006and 3.6583± 0.006%, respectively. The analyses of variance of experimental groups were significant between treated group and group A. The mean milk ash of goats treated with yeast in groups A, B and C were0.5100± 0.004, 0.5300± 0.004and 0.5483± 0.014 %, respectively. The analyses of variance of experimental groups were significant between the treated groups and group A. The mean milk total solid of goats treated with yeast in groups A, B and C were 11.5483± 0.018, 11.8983± 0.013and 12.0750± 0.005%, respectively. The analyses of variance of experimental groups were significant between group A and group C. The mean weight gain of goats treated with yeast in groups A, B and C were 0.218 ± 0.010, 0.285 ± 0.031 and 0.442 ± 0.019 kg, respectively. The analysis of variance of experimental group were significant between the treated groups and group A while non significant between group A and group B. The mean dry matter intake of goats treated with yeast in groups A, B and C were1.2133± 0.008, 1.2183± 0.012and 1.2383± 0.014%, respectively. In above experiment group C animals were fed 3 gm yeast had shown high milk production, fat %, protein %, lactose %, ash %, total solid %, weight (kg) and dry matter intake (kg) than other groups.
Data on milk yield, composition, growth rate and dry matter intake of Beetal goats were evaluated.
The data obtained was analysed through one way analysis of variances of (ANOVA) (Steel et al. 1997). The difference among treatment means were tested through least significance difference (L.S.D) (Steel et al, 1997).
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1527,T] (1).
82.
Genetic Evaluation Of Teddy Goats In Pakistan
by Zulfiqar Hussan Kuthu | Prof. Dr. Khalid Javed | Prof. Dr. Masroor Ellahi Baber.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Data available on 20455 kidding and performance records of 5545 Teddy goats and progeny of 406 sires maintained as separate flocks at three different locations i,e (I) Livestock Experiment Station Rakh Ghulaman, District Bakkhar (1983-2008) (II) Livestock Experiment Station, Rakh Khariewala District Layyah (1971-2008) and (III) Livestock Experiment Station Chak Katora, District Bahawalpur (1975-2008) Punjab, Pakistan were analyzed for documenting both genetic and environmental sources which influence growth and reproductive traits. Breeding values of sires and does were estimated and genetic and phenotypic trends for various performance traits were drawn. The data was analyzed using the GLM procedure (General Linear Models) of the Statistical Analysis Systems (SAS, 2004) to study the influence of environmental sources of variation on various growth and reproductive traits. The genetic parameter estimation was done using REML procedure fitting an Individual Animal Model. Estimates of breeding values for various performance traits were also calculated by using BLUP. For these purposes WOMBAT software was used.
The Least squares means for Age at first service, Age at first kidding, Weight at first service, weight at first kidding, services per conception, service period, kidding interval, birth weight, weaning weight, weight at six months, weight at nine months, yearling weight, pre-weaning daily gain, post-weaning daily gain at six months, post-weaning daily gain at nine months and post-weaning daily gain at twelve months the least squares means were 245.65±0.73 days, 14.07±0.01 kg, 394.14±0.76 days, 18.06±0 kg, 1.24±0.004, 153.58±0.73 days, 327.53±1.12 days, 1.66±0.03 kg, 9.59±0.01 kg, 11.70±0.02 kg, 16.69±0.02 kg, 21.03±0.03 kg, 70.21±0.16 grams, 31.39±0.08 grams, 45.25±0.03 grams and 45.95±0.02 grams, respectively. The percentage of single births was 43 percent, while multiple births were 57 percent. The sex ratio was 51:49 males and females.
Year, sex, flock, and type of birth were main sources of variation on all the growth traits. The influence of season of birth was significant on yearling weight; however its effect on weight at six and nine months was non-significant. A significant influence of (p<0.01) birth and weaning weight was noticed on weight at 6, 9, 12 months and on post-weaning daily gain at 6,9 and 12 months. A significant effect (p<0.01) of year, birth weight and weight at service were observed on age of does at first service, while the seasonal and flock effect on the trait was non-significant. The influential environmental sources of variation on weight of does at first service were year, season and age at first service(p<0.01). A significant effect (p<0.01) of year, season, type, age and weight at service on age and weight at first kidding was noticed. The influence of year of service, flock, age and weight at service on services per conception was significant (p<0.01); however, effect of season of service on the trait was non-significant. A highly significant effect (p<0.01) of year and season of service, services per conception and weight at service were observed on service period. A significant effect (p<0.01) of year and season on kidding interval was noticed. The effect of flock was non-significant on the trait, however, age and weight at kidding had a significant effect (p<0.05) on the service period and kidding interval.
The heritability estimates for birth weight, weaning weight, weight at six, nine and twelve (yearling) months, pre-weaning daily gain, post-weaning daily gain at six, post-weaning daily gain at nine, post-weaning daily gain at nine, post-weaning daily gain at twelve months, age at first service, weight at first service, age at first kidding, weight at first kidding, services per conception, service period and kidding interval were 0.28±0.23, 0.23±0.32, 0.19±0.42, 0.09±0.01 and 0.12±0.01, 0.21±0.32, 0.17±0.42, 0.12±0.02, 0.15±0.01, 0.19±0.22, 0.21±0.01, 0.19±0.04, 0.20±0.04, 0.07±0.01, 0.06±0.05 and 0.05±0.03, respectively. The repeatability estimates for birth weight, weaning weight, services per conception, service period and kidding interval were 0.53±0.02, 0.38±0.01, 0.02±0.05, 0.01±0.04 and 0.05±0.03, respectively.
The estimates of genetic, Phenotypic and environmental correlations between birth weight and other growth traits were; weaning weight 0.61, 0.20 and 0.19, with weight at six months 0.39, 0.24 and 0.23, with weight at nine months 0.25, 0.38 and 0.36, with yearling weight 0.29, -0.01 and -0.02 and with pre-weaning daily gain 0.55, 0.31 and 0.29, respectively, while corresponding values for correlations between weaning weight and other growth traits were; with weight at six months 0.29, 0.19 and 0.17, with weight at nine months 0.23, 0.27 and 0.25, with yearling weight 0.45, 0.29 and 0.27 and with pre-weaning daily gain 0.97, 0.68 and 0.65, respectively, while the corresponding values for these correlations between weight at six months and other growth traits were; with weight at nine months 0.71, 0.27 and 0.25 with yearling weight 0.64, 0.21 and 0.19 and with pre-weaning daily gain were 0.31, 0.33, 0.31, respectively. The values for these correlations between weight at nine months and other traits were; with yearling weight 0.79, 0.23 and 0.21, with pre-weaning daily gain 0.25, 0.39 and 0.37, with post-weaning daily gain at six months 0.72, 0.81 and 0.79, respectively, while the estimates of these three correlations between yearling weight and other traits were; with pre-weaning daily gain 0.47, 0.41 and 0.42 and with post-weaning daily gain at six months 0.65, 0.10 and 0.08, while the corresponding values between pre-weaning daily gain and other traits were; with post-weaning gain at six months were 0.34, 0.15 and 0.13, with post-weaning gain at nine months 0.22, 0.13 and 0.12 and with post-weaning daily gain at twelve months were 0.54, 0.17 and 0.14, respectively.
The estimates of genetic, Phenotypic and environmental correlations between age at first serviceand other traits were; with weight at first service 0.22, 0.79 and 0.76, with age at first kidding 0.76, 0.97 and 0.91 and with weight at first kidding 0.34, 0.14 and 0.11, respectively, while the corresponding values for these correlations between weight at first service and other traits were; with age at first kidding 0.39, 0.81 and 0.80, with weight at first kidding 0.35, 0.22 and 0.21 and with weight at first kidding 0.82, 0.18 and 0.16, respectively.
Analysis of pedigree records for coefficient of inbreeding revealed that number of animals being 4465 (42.61 percent) with an average inbreeding of 2.43 percent and the highest level being 46.48 percent. The number of non-inbred animals was 6014 (57.39%). Out of the total of 406 sires used 23 were found inbred having an average inbreeding coefficient of 3.125 percent. Most frequent value for this category of animals was zero. The highest number of animals 1531 (14.61 percent) had an inbreeding percentage between 0.1 to 3.125, while only 104 animals (0.99 percent) were found with inbreeding of more than 25 percent. Most of the growth traits were statistically better in non-inbreds as compared to inbreds except yearling weight and post-weaning weight gain at twelve months, in which the means of both the traits were similar in both the groups. Among reproductive traits, age at first serviceand kidding, services per conception, service period and kidding interval were also statistically better in non-inbreds as compared to inbreds, while weight at first service and kidding interval were similar in both the groups.
The ranges for estimated breeding values for different traits were, birth weight (-0.18 to 0.08 kg), weaning weight (-0.61 to 0.40 kg), weight at six months (-0.27 to 0.11 kg), weight at nine months, (-0.07 to 0.09 kg), yearling weight (-0.12 to 0.18 kg), pre-weaning daily gain (-0.30 to 1.20 grams), post-weaning daily gain at 6 months (-0.74 to 1.27 grams), post-weaning daily gain at 9 months (-0.32 to 0.57 grams), post-weaning daily gain at 12 months (-1.08 to 1.57 grams), age at first service(-43.23 to 58.06 days), weight at first service (-0.55 to 1.07 kg), age at first kidding (-53.31 to 48.34 days), weight at first kidding (-1.19 to 3.50 kg), services per conception (-0.18 to 0.16), service period (-7.07 to 9.80 days) and kidding interval (-13.23 to 20.89 days), respectively. The genetic trend in both birth weight and weaning weight showed an increasing trend during the period of study, while the genetic trend in weight at six, nine and twelve (yearling) months had no significant trend and fluctuated in the vicinity of zero.
It is envisaged from the present study that over the 34 years period selection remained ineffective to bring the desired changes and it will remain so if random use of breeding animals is practiced. The possible use of ineffective selection could be unavailability of efficient techniques for the evaluation of animals and incorrect performance recording etc. It is therefore, necessary to correct all these discrepancies by taking corrective measures as discussed above. The following corrective measures may be a first step towards a goal oriented breeding policy.
1. The animals kept mainly for producing meat, the single most important factor is reproductive rate, which contributes to the efficiency of production (Shelton 1978). The most striking feature of sheep and goat enterprise is the ability to breed, off-season. Teddy goat is a non-seasonal breeder as kidding was observed throughout year with 36%, 19%, 25% and 20% kiddings recorded during spring, summer, autumn and winter, respectively, therefore a controlled breeding programme being practiced at times (as was observed during the present study at all the three stations) should not be advocated in any form at all and the desirable trait of non-seasonality should be the main pillar of a meat goat enterprise.
2. Although a higher percentage of abortions (70%) was observed in summer months but the percentage of dead births and mortality was almost equally distributed throughout the year, which indicates that better management of the flock during extremes of weather will results in less abortions and reduced mortality.
3. The high percentage of multiple births (57%) as against single births (43%) in teddy goats found in present study has backing of several studies, which showed that although there was slow growth rate in multiple births, yet they performed better by producing more total weight of kid weaned. Therefore prolificacy becomes a very important reproductive criteria and therefore emphasis should be selection of those animals with higher percentage of multiple births.
4. Environmental effects on productive and reproductive traits were significant; therefore through better management there are ample chances of improvement in these traits.
5. Low to medium heritability was recorded in all the growth traits, which offers scope for genetic selection.
6. Selection of animals to be the parents of future flock must be based on EBVs of growth traits.
7. Reproductive performance in present study was more than satisfactory. Early maturity which has been the main characteristic of Teddy breed was better as compared to many other breeds of the tropics (Beetal, Kamori, Jamunapari and Sirohi). Teddy goats were efficient than other breeds of the region when the means of the other reproductive traits like services per conception, service period and kidding interval were taken into consideration, however, room for improvement is still there.
8. Inbreeding in present study showed some increasing trend during the last five years and the percentage of animals kept on increasing during the last decade, therefore to control inbreeding a breeding plan with introduction of new blood from time to time is of utmost importance.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1582,T] (1).
83.
Phenotypic And Genetic Aspects Of Some Performance Traits Of Buchi Sheep In Pakistan
by Maqsood Akhtar | Prof. Dr. Khalid Javed | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Abdullah.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1598,T] (1).
84.
Detection of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I (IGF-I) Gene Polymorphism in Native Aseel, Desi and Naked Neck Chicken Breeds in Pakistan.
by Asad Ali | Prof. Dr. Khalid Javed | Dr. Afzal Ali | Prof. Dr. Muhammad.
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Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Growth traits in chicken production system have an important role. Molecular analysis is an easier mean to identify desirable genotypes for growth. Candidate gene (s) for growth trait like insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) has imperative function for growth, body composition, metabolic and skeletal traits. The polymorphism of Insulin-like growth factor-1 was detected in native Aseel, Desi and Naked Neck chicken breeds of Pakistan. Fifty, fifty birds of Aseel and Naked Neck breed were selected from Indigenous chicken genetic resource center, Department of Poultry Production, UVAS, Lahore, Ravi Campus. While Desi birds were procured from conventional production farm for genetic analysis. Insulin-like growth factor-1 plays very important role in the cell growth, cell differentiation, food intake of cells and have role in overall body growth, this is why it is being used as a marker to study traits like growth. The polymorphism of IGF-I gene was detected by PCR-RFLP-Pst-Iand this revealed two alleles A (364 and 257 bp), B (621 bp),and three genotypes AA, AB, BB.Genotypic data was analyzed with the help of Pop-gene 1.32 software to calculate genotypic and allelic frequencies. GenotypeAB had the highest frequency in all three native breeds. Genotypic frequency of AA, AB and BB in Aseel was 20, 66 and 14% and in Desi it was 12, 64 and 24 % respectively. While in Naked Neck genotypic frequencies of AA, AB and BB were 18, 60 and 22 %. The highest frequency of allele A (0.53) was found in Aseel while highest frequency of Allele B (0.56) was found in Desi. Genotypic frequency of heterozygotes was highest in all three native breeds i.e. 66, 64 and 60 % in Aseel, Desi and Naked Neck respectively. As the frequency of heterozygotes is significantly higher in all three breeds, so all these native breeds have potential to improve through selection.Furtherstudies are needed to link these polymorphisms with performance traits and then using
that information in future breeding plans for high producing individuals would be very helpful for animal breeder in marker assisted selection (MAS). As Aseel carried highest frequency of allele A so, it can be reared for selective breeding program especially for meat type line development in Pakistan.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1637,T] (1).
85.
Effect Of Mineral Variation In Soil, Water, Fodder And Serum On Reproductive Efficiency Of Buffaloes
by Muhammad Binyameen | Dr. Mian Abdul Satter | Prof. Dr. Khalid | Prof. Dr. Nasim ahmed.
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Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: This was the first study in which maximum parameters were covered to see the effect of mineral variation in canal water, drinking water, soil and fodder on blood serum. This study was conducted at canal water, drinking water, soil, fodder (Berseem), and blood samples from different groups of buffaloes at Livestock Experiment Station Bhunikey Distt. Kasur. The objectives of these samplings were to find out the concentration of calcium, magnesium, and inorganic phosphorus in the different types of samples and also to find out the effect of mineral variation on reproductive efficiency of buffaloes.
All the sample collection was carried out on standard basis. Analyses of water and soil were performed at Agriculture Soil and Fertility Center (Thokar Niaz Baig) Lahore. To overcome variations, water sample used for drinking of buffaloes and for irrigation of soil were collected and checked separately. Soil samples were taken from same places at different depths from where fodder was coming. Samples of soil were collected between 0-18 inches up to where roots of fodder can penetrate. The soil was highly deficient in phosphorus. Fodder (Berseem) samples were checked at the start of December and at the end of March. The values of minerals were significantly (P < 0.05) low in fodder (Berseem) at the end of March because Trifolium alxendrium was at ripening stage. The history of animal reproductive status was confirmed by Honda ultrasound at 2.5 Mega Hertz. Serum minerals profile was analyzed at Buffalo Research Institute (Pattoki). All the animals were lactating excluding heifers. Blood serum of all buffaloes in this study was analyzed twice at the interval of two months to check the variation. The levels of minerals were non-significant (P > 0.05) among the groups but were significant (P < 0.05) between the groups at the start of December and at the end of March. Overall calcium was low in anestrus heifers. The calcium level was in blood serum low at the end of March.
The level of magnesium were significantly (P < 0.05) different between canal and drinking water. Magnesium was non-significant (P > 0.05) in soil at different depths and similarly in fodder (Berseem) at start of December and at the end of March. Magnesium was significantly (P < 0.05) different in blood serum at start and end of March between the groups. Level of magnesium was low in normal cycling and repeat breeder buffaloes. Inorganic phosphorus was non-significant (P > 0.05) among water, soil, fodder (Berseem) and blood serum and concentration of inorganic phosphorus was low in non cycling buffaloes. Deficiency of minerals in soil, and drinking water was significantly (P < 0.05) contributing its effect on fodder. Anestrus heifers had lower Ca: P ratio among the buffaloes groups.
All the results were analyzed through Independent sample T test. To observe the relationship between mineral profile of soil, water, fodder and serum of buffaloes Correlation Coefficient and multiple regression was applied. To compare difference between mineral profiles of 4 groups in buffaloes serum ANOVA was applied (Steel et al, 1997). Difference between means compared through DMR (Duncan. 1955) by using SPSS version 13. It was concluded from this study inorganic phosphorus is required to soil of Distt. Kasur. Mineral mixture rich in calcium required to anestrus heifers and Ca: P ratio was low in this group.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1658,T] (1).
86.
Phenotypic Characterization Of Two Indigenous Chicken Ecotypes Of Pakistan
by Amjad Iqbal | Dr. Afzal Ali | Prof. Dr | Prof. Dr. Khalid Javed.
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Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Poultry is the second largest industry of Pakistan and a significant proportion of poultry products (meat and eggs) originates from the rural poultry production system which is an important source of livelihood for about 80% of the rural households in Pakistan. The quest for greater production through the use of exotic breeds has created difficulties for backyard production systems and is dangerous on economic, social and scientific grounds. This practice is also resulting in rapid erosion of indigenous genetic resources.
The commercial sector itself may require access to indigenous genotypes as its genetic base is quite narrow and for catering the future needs industry may require improvement in many other characteristics (for instance, adaptability and disease resistance) in addition to just egg and meat yield enhancement. Unfortunately, in many countries the indigenous breeds have not been studied for their potential uses and benefits and have been indiscriminately cross bred with exotic breeds. Therefore, it is crucial to study and characterize the indigenous breeds and generate necessary information to be used in future to reap maximum benefits. The generated knowledge would provide useful information essential for conservation of indigenous genetic resources.
The knowledge about the morphological attributes of native chickens has not been adequately documented on technical and scientific grounds. Keeping this in view the present study was planned and data on qualitative and quantitative traits regarding the morphology were collected on Aseel and Naked-neck chickens using a specially designed performa.All recorded data were entered in MS Excel 2010 spreadsheets. The qualitative parameters were expressed as percentages and quantitative parameters were expressed as mean ± standard error.
A great variation in plumage colors and patterns was observed in both Aseel and Naked-neck chickens. The Aseel chickens possessed a pea comb whereas Naked-neck chickens possessed single comb. Also it was interesting to note that about 10% of Aseel hens possessed spurs however spurs were absent in Naked-neck females. On the basis of quantitative traits,it was found that the Naked neck chickens were smaller in size than the Aseel chickens regarding body weight (Aseel: 1938.7±36.9 g in females and 2317±98.4 g in males; Naked neck: 1160.4±19.3 g in females and 1415±22.2 in males), shank length (Aseel: 8.1±0.1 cm in females and 10.3±0.1 cm in males; Naked neck: 7.5±0.05 cm in females and 8.6±0.1 cm in males), shank circumference (Aseel: 44.2±0.5 mm in females and 52.4±1.1 mm in males; Naked neck: 36.5±0.7 mm in females and 41.4±0.5 mm in males), and keel length (Aseel: 15.1±0.1 cm in females and 16.0±0.2 cm in males; Naked-neck: 14.1±0.2 cm in females and 14.7±0.1 cm in males).
The information about indigenous Aseel and Naked-neck chickens documented in the present study can be used as reference in future for conservation and breed improvement programs.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1679,T] (1).
87.
The Relationship Between Production And Growth Traits Of Ring-Necked Pheasants (Phasianus Colchicus) In Captivity
by Saira Malik | Dr. Arshad Javid | Dr. KHalid Mahmood Anjum.
Material type: ; Format:
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not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1688,T] (1).
88.
Cytogenetic Analysis Related To Infertity Problems In Buffalo In Pakistan
by Muhammad Dawood | Prof. Dr. khalid Javaid | Prof. Dr. masroor Ellahi babar.
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Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Cytogenetics is a branch of genetics which deals with the study of the structure and function of the cell, especially the chromosomes. It includes routine analysis of chromosomes using different banding techniques and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). Chromosomes were first discovered in plant cells by Karl Wilhelm von Nägeli in 1842 and in animal (salamander) cells were described by Walther Flemmin, in 1882.
In 1964 IngemarGustavsson was the first who work on clinical cytogenetics in animals and found first 1/29 robertsonian translocation in cattle. Hundreds of abnormalities have been reported in past 50 years with clinical disorders. Some abnormalities include robertsonian translocation in captive Thai Gaur (Chaveerach et al. 2007), in Veitnamese cattle (Tanaka et al. 2000), pericentric inversion of chromosomes and chimeric karyotypes in cattle and buffalo, sex chromosomes reciprocal translocation including X;X translocation in Mehsana buffalo (Patel et al. 2006) and bovine freemartin syndrome. Livestock population have been extraordinarily improved in the last 40 years through cytogenetic screening (Ducos et al. 2008).
This study was carried out to optimize the protocol for lymphocyte culture, harvesting and slide preparation techniques for indigenous buffalo in local conditions and to document the incidence of chromosomal abnormalities leading to infertility problems in buffalo. Lymphocyte culture was used for the cytogenetic studies of indigenous buffalo. Procedure for lymphocyte and culture was standardized in Animal Genetic Lab, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Ravi Campus. In blood cell culture incubation time will be 72 hours at 370C. Mitosis was induced through Phytohaemagglutinin. After incubation cells were arrested by colcimid. Slides were prepared for karyotyping and checking for the chromosomal abnormalities.
In this study 30 repeat breeder and anestrus animals along with 5 normal animals were used for chromosomal analysis. Good quality metaphase spreads were cytogenetically analyzed for chromosomal abnormalities (structural and numerical). Results of this study show that there is not any sex chromosome abnormalities and autosomal abnormality foundin the group of repeat breeders and anestrus animals.
All the standard procedures regarding cytogenetic culture, harvesting, slide preparation and staining were optimized in Animal Genetic Lab. Genus 3.2 Applied Imaging System software was used for karyotyping the animals.
We can conclude that cytogenetic analysis can play more effective role in the betterment of livestock. Through this technique we can screen out abnormal animals at very early stage.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1699,T] (1).
89.
Characterization Of Linear Type Traits In Nili Rivei Buffaloes Of Pakistan
by Riaz Hussain Mirza | Prof. Dr. Khalid Javed | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Abdullah.
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Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: The present study on conformation recording of Nili Ravi buffaloes was planned because there was lack of studies on this aspect of Nili Ravi buffaloes. The main objective of the study was to document and characterize linear type traits in Nili Ravi buffaloes so that the buffaloes with proper body characteristics could be identified for selection and breeding programs. Nili Ravi buffalo herds maintained at Livestock Experiment Station Bhunikey, Pattoki, distt. Kasur, Livestock Experiment Station, Chack Katora distt. Bahawalpur, Livestock Experiment Station Haroonabad distt. Bahawalnagar, Livestock Experiment Station Khushab, distt. Khushab, Livestock Experiment Station Rakh Ghulaman distt. Bhakhar and some private breeders were utilized in this study.
The guidelines for conformational recording of dairy cattle provided by the International Committee for Animal Recording (ICAR) were followed in this study. A total of 437 milking buffaloes were scored for linear type traits on a scale of 1-9. First scoring was performed within 15 to 90 days of calving and then each after about 90 days interval.
Genetic parameters viz. heritabilities, phenotypic and genetic correlations were estimated using Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (BLUP) evaluation techniques. Influencing factors such as age of the buffalo at scoring, stage of lactation, parity, herd and season of scoring were included in the model. Individual Animal Model was fitted under Restricted Maximum Likelihood (REML) Procedure. Data were analysed using the mixed model procedure of the Statistical Analysis Systems. Genetic parameters were estimated fitting an Individual Animal Model using the ASREML set of computer programs.
A total of 1180 records on different linear type traits and body measurements were generated over a scoring period of 2 years. Most of the average values for linear type traits were seen to fall under the intermediate category of 4-6. The means±SD for different linear type traits were found as 5.07±1.35, 5.23±2.35, 5.41±1.45, 5.76±0.98, 6.73±1.53, 4.91±1.85, 4.99±0.88, 4.99±0.90, 5.39±2.13, 4.78±1.1, 5.36±1.56, 4.91±1.84, 5.76±1.67, 3.58±0.88, 5.66±2.24, 6.42±0.88, 4.88±0.69, 4.92±1.08, 4.87±0.84, 5.34±1.79, 4.76±1.78, 5.97±0.94, 5.04±2.488, 5.15±1.65 and 6.44±1.03 for stature, chest width, body depth, angularity, rump angle, rump width, rear legs set, rear legs rear view, foot angle , fore udder attachment, rear udder height, central ligament, udder depth, front teat placement, teat length, rear teat placement, locomotion, body condition score, top line, bone structure, rear udder width, udder balance, teat thickness, thurl width, and temperament, respectively.
A highly significant effect of herd was observed on all of the linear type traits (P< 0.0001). Effect of stage of lactation was found to be highly significant for udder conformation related traits. Parity was observed as a highly significant source of variation for some of the body traits including stature, body depth, body condition score and bone structure. However most of the udder related traits were affected by this factor. A non significant effect of parity was observed on chest width, angularity, rump angle, rump width, central ligament, locomotion, top line, udder balance, thurl width and temperament. A highly significant effect of season of scoring was observed on chest width, angularity, rump angle, rear legs set, rear legs rear view, locomotion and thurl width among body traits. However, stature, body depth, body condition score, top line, bone structure and temperament were not affected by season of scoring. Udder conformation traits including fore udder attachment, rear udder height, central ligament, rear udder width, and udder balance were affected by the season of scoring, however rest of the udder traits including udder depth, front teat placement, teat length, rear teat placement and teat thickness were not significantly different in different seasons.
Significant linear effect of age of the buffalo at scoring was seen on most of the linear type traits. including stature, body depth, rear legs set, rear legs rear view, foot angle, fore udder attachment, rear udder height, central ligament, udder depth, teat length, body condition score, bone structure, rear udder width, teat thickness and thurl width. However, chest width, angularity, rump angle, rump width, front teat placement, rear teat placement, locomotion, top line, udder balance and temperament were not affected by linear effect of age. Quadratic effect of age was found as significant on most of the linear type traits except chest width, angularity, rump width, front teat placement, rear teat placement, locomotion, udder balance and temperament.
Univariate heritability estimates of linear type traits were observed as for stature, 0.36±0.092; chest width, 0.10±0.081; body depth, 0.32±0.081; angularity, 0.06±0.071; rump angle, 0.15±0.071; rump width, 0.38±0.092; rear legs set, 0.02±0.07; rear legs rear view, 0.08±0.07; foot angle, 0.09±0.07; fore udder attachment, 0.21±0.07; rear udder height, 0.09±0.07; central ligament, 0.09±0.09; udder depth, 0.10±0.091; front teat placement, 0.11±0.091; teat length, 0.08±0.091; rear teat placement, 0.11±0.081; locomotion, 0.06±0.06; body condition score, 0.14±0.091; top line, 0.03±0.05; bone structure, 0.09±0.09; rear udder width, 0.15±0.09;
udder balance, 0.16±0.07; teat thickness, 0.22±0.091; thurl width, 0.31±0.09 and temperament, 0.14±0.07, respectively.
Some important positive phenotypic correlations of linear type traits with 305 days milk yield were observed as 0.18±0.04 for body depth, 0.15±0.04 for rump angle, 0.13±0.04 for rump width, 0.30±0.04 for rear udder height, 0.43±0.03 for central ligament, 0.16±0.03 for rear teat placement and 0.19±0.04 for rear udder width. Rest of the phenotypic correlations were very low. Considerable negative phenotypic correlations included -0.16±035 for body condition score, -0.15±0.04 for top line, -0.16±0.03 for front teat placement, -0.14±0.04 for udder depth and -0.26±0.04 for fore udder attachment.
Most of the linear type traits showed positive but low genetic correlation with 305 days milk yield including 0.140±0.0001 with stature, 0.210±0.0001 with body depth, 0.11±0.0001 with rump angle, 0.19±0.0002 with rump width, 0.14±0.0001 with rear udder height, 0.20±0.000001 with central ligament, 0.14±0.0000001 with rear teat placement, 0.13±0.0001 with rear udder width, 0.14±0.0000001 with udder balance, 0.09±0.0001 with thurl width and 0.12±0.0000001 with temperament.
Phenotypic and genetic correlations of most the linear type traits with score day milk yield were generally higher than with 305 days milk yield. Phenotypic correlations with score day milk yield were observed as 0.09±0.03 for stature, -0.21±0.03 for chest width, -0.05±0.04 for body depth, -0.17±0.03 for angularity, -0.12±0.03 for rump angle, -0.16±0.05 for rump width, -0.32±0.03 for rear legs set, -0.16±0.04 for rear legs rear view, -0.22±0.03 for foot angle, -0.34±0.03 for fore udder attachment, -0.16±0.04 for rear udder height, -0.16±0.04 for central ligament, -0.25±0.03 for udder depth, 0.06±0.04 for front teat placement, 0.008±0.03 for teat length, -0.19±0.04 for rear teat placement, -0.15±0.04 for locomotion, -0.22±0.03 for body condition score, -0.35±0.03 for top line, -0.08±0.04 for bone structure, -0.17±0.05 for rear udder width, -0.18±0.04 for udder balance, -0.20±0.03 for teat thickness, -0.11±0.04 for thurl width and -0.11±0.05 for temperament, respectively.
Genetic correlations with score day milk yield were observed as 0.57±0.05 for stature, 0.09±0.02 for chest width, 0.31±0.04 for body depth, 0.06±0.02 for angularity, 0.15±0.03 for rump angle, 0.30±0.05 for rump width, 0.04±0.02 for rear legs set, 0.06±0.01 for rear legs rear view, 0.06±0.02 for foot angle, 0.10±0.02 for fore udder attachment, 0.18±0.03 for rear udder height, 0.12±0.02 for central ligament, 0.18±0.02 for udder depth, 0.60±0.06 for front teat placement, 0.23±0.03 for teat length, 0.07±0.01 for rear teat placement, 0.021±0.02 for locomotion, 0.12±0.02 for body condition score, 0.08±0.02 for top line, 0.08±0.03 for bone structure, 0.19±0.04 for rear udder width, 0.19±0.03 for udder balance, 0.095±0.02 for teat thickness, 0.12±0.02 for thurl width and 0.27±0.05 for temperament, respectively.
Among body measurements, head related measurements included head length, horn diameter at base, length and width of ear and poll width and their average values were found as 54.13±3.48, 18.65±2.06, 29.5±2.12 and 18.66±1.22, and 30.95±2.35 cm, respectively. Average values for neck length and neck circumference were observed as 53.32±4.56 and 95.77±8.58 cm, respectively.
The height and length of body was measured at different body points and average values were found as 139.56±6.29 cm for horizontal body length, 154.01±7.61 cm for diagonal body length, 135.77±4.4 cm for height at sacrum, 132.04±4.57 cm for height at withers, 130.77±4.61 cm for height at 6th rib position, 126.34±4.51 cm for height at last rib position, 128.89±4.83 cm for height at hook bone and 118.81±4.45 cm for height at pin bone.
The average values for heart girth, paunch girth, sprung at 6th rib position and sprung at last rib position were resulted as 194.46±10.31, 238.52±13.96, 45.15±4.48 and 68.72±5.2 cm, respectively. Mean estimates for top wedge area, front wedge area and side wedge area were obtained as 3152.79±309.53, 1030.17±136.34 and 3105.07±345.26 cm2, respectively. The length of tail and its diameter at base was measured and its value averaged 103.51±12.55 and 22.41±2.005 cm, respectively. Average values of skin thickness at neck, ribs, belly and tail region were found as 4.16±1.16, 5.85±1.36, 7.34±1.49 and 1.71±0.55 mm, respectively. Mean values for some other traits included 43.52±2.582 cm for rump length, 3.12±0.56 cm for heel depth and 523.13±81.63 kg for body weight. It was observed that herd was a significant source of variation for all body measurement traits. Age of the buffalo at classification was a significant source of variation for all of the body measurements except horn diameter at base, poll width, tail length, skin thickness at tail and height at hook bone.
Most of the body measurements have been found to be lowly to moderately heritable in the current study. Heritability estimates for various body measurements were observed as 0.16±0.09 for horn diameter at base, 0.38±0.04 for ear length, 0.06±0.09 for ear width, 0.25±0.091 for head length, 0.14±0.09 for poll width, 0.03±0.06 for neck circumference, 0.05±0.07 for neck length, 0.05±0.09 for body length, 0.05±0.09 for diagonal body length, 0.41±0.09 for tail length, 0.28±0.091 for tail diameter at base, 0.04±0.09 for skin thickness at neck, 0.02±0.09 for skin thickness at ribs, 0.10±0.09 for skin thickness at belly, 0.07±0.08 for skin thickness at tail, 0.11±0.09 for height at sacrum, 0.28±0.09 for height at withers, 0.22±0.092 for height at 6th rib position, 0.25±0.092 for height at last rib position, 0.18±0.091 for height at hook bone, 0.07±0.08 for height at pin bone, 0.04±0.06 for sprung at 6th rib position, 0.07±0.06 for sprung at last rib position, 0.13±0.09 for heart girth, 0.05±0.09 for paunch girth, 0.11±0.09 for top wedge area, 0.05±0.06 for front wedge area, 0.16±0.07 for side wedge area, 0.13±0.08 for rump length, 0.02±0.06 for heel depth and 0.33±0.07 for body weight.
Phenotypic correlations of 305 days milk yield with various body measurements were in low range. Positive phenotypic correlations ranged from 0.02±0.04 for sprung at 6th rib position to 0.17±0.05 for ear length. Some of the important body measurements have positive phenotypic correlation with 305 days milk yield as 0.15±0.04 for head length, 0.04±0.04 for diagonal body length, 0.04±0.02 for height at withers, 0.11±0.03 for height at sacrum, 0.11±0.04 for sprung at last rib position, 0.04±0.04 for heart girth, 0.08±0.03 for rump length and 0.07±0.03 for body weight. Negative phenotypic correlations with 305 days milk yield ranged from -0.03±0.03 for side wedge area to -0.25±0.03 for horn diameter at base. Some important negative phenotypic correlations included -0.25±0.03 for horn diameter at base, -0.04±0.04 for neck circumference, -0.12±0.03 for skin thickness at neck and -0.08±0.03 for front wedge area.
Positive phenotypic correlation with score day milk yield included 0.09±0.05 for body weight, 0.07±0.002 for rump length, 0.09±0.003 for sprung at last rib position, 0.09±0.005 for height at hook bone, 0.08±0.02 for height at sacrum. Rest of all the traits were low in correlation with milk yield. Negative phenotypic correlation with score day milk yield included horn diameter at base as -0.15±0.02 and heel depth as -0.13±0.04. Rest of all negative phenotypic correlations were very low.
Positive genetic correlations of 305 days milk yield varied from 0.02±0.002 for ear width to 0.23±0.02 for side wedge area. Some important body measurements have positive genetic correlation values as 0.121±0.000001 for head length, 0.162±0.000001 for diagonal body length, 0.080±0.000001 for height at withers, 0.15±0.000001 for height at sacrum, 0.15±0.000001 for sprung at last rib position, 0.14±0.0005 for heart girth and 0.16±0.007 for body weight. Negative genetic correlation for this trait was observed only for skin thickness at neck region as -0.16±0001.
About 40 traits regarding udder and teat measurements before and after milking were analysed. Average values for udder length, width, height, depth and circumference before milking were found as 52.65±6.87, 53.52±6.19, 54.34±4.99, 18.76±3.87, and 77.05±11.69 cm, respectively while the corresponding values for the same traits after milking were found as 47.08±6.57, 48.15±5.79, 55.39±5.15, 18.11±4.11 and 67.04±8.11 cm, respectively. Teat impression distances between front teats, rear teats, fore and rear teats from right side and fore and rear teats from left side were found as 12.46±3.01, 7.01±1.91, 8.08±1.8 and 7.71±1.75 cm, respectively. Pre stimulation and after milking teat characteristics were found as 12.93±3.12 and 11.71±2.83 cm for distance between front teats; 7.48±1.93 and 6.61±1.58 cm for distance between hind teats; 8.34±1.91 and 7.54±1.60 cm for distance between fore and hind teats of right side; 8.004±1.95 and 7.17±1.60 cm for distance between fore and hind teats of left side; 10.19±2.17 and 9.057±1.50 for diameter of fore right teat; 10.92±2.45 and 9.611±1.66 cm for diameter of rear right teat; 10.33±2.11 and 9.33±1.45 cm for diameter of fore left teat; 11.25±2.54 and 9.937±1.76 cm for diameter of rear left teat; 10.71±2.63 and 11.2±2.39 cm, for teat length of fore right teat; 13.05±3.27 and 13.13±3.03 for teat length of rear right teat; 11.09±2.71 and 11.88±2.61 cm for teat length fore left teat and 13.75±3.04 and 14.47±2.99 for teat length of rear left teat, respectively.
All of the udder conformation traits before and after milking were highly significantly different in different herds (P<0.0001). Stage of lactation was found to be highly significant source of variation (P<0.0001) for before milking udder length, before milking udder height, average before milking udder circumference, after milking udder length, after milking average udder circumference, teat impression distance between fore, between rear and between fore and rear teats on both sides. However, before milking average udder width, before milking udder depth, after milking average udder width, after milking udder height and after milking udder depth were not affected by this factor.
All of the above mentioned traits were significantly affected by parity except after milking udder depth and teat impression distance between fore teats and between rear teats.
Season of scoring significantly affected before milking udder length (P<0.01), before milking average udder width (P<0.05), before milking average udder circumference (P<0.01), after milking average udder width (P<0.01), after milking average udder circumference (P<0.0001), teat impression distance between fore and hind teats of left side (P<0.05). Rest of all the traits were not significantly different in different seasons.
Most of the udder traits were significantly affected by linear and quadratic effect of age of the buffalo at classification. Herd was a significant source of variation for all teat related traits recorded at pre stimulation before milking time. Stage of lactation significantly affected pre stimulation distance between front teats, pre stimulation distance between hind teats, pre stimulation distance between fore and hind teats on right and left side, pre stimulation diameter of fore right teat, pre stimulation teat length of fore right teat, pre stimulation teat length of rear right teat, pre stimulation teat length of fore left and rear left teat. However, pre stimulation diameter of rear right teat, pre stimulation diameter of fore left teat and pre stimulation diameter of rear left teat were not affected by this factor. All of these parameters were affected by parity except pre stimulation distance between hind teats and pre stimulation teat length of fore left teat. Similarly all of these traits were affected by season of scoring except pre stimulation distance between fore, between hind, between right and between left teats.
All of teat characteristics after milking were significantly affected by herd. Stage of lactation significantly affected after milking distance between fore and hind teats of right side (P<0.05), after milking teat length of fore right and rear right teat (P<0.01), after milking teat length of fore left teat (P<0.05) and rear left teat (P<0.0001). Rest of all traits after milking were not affected by stage of lactation. Most of the teat parameters after milking were significantly affected by parity except after milking distance between front and between rear teats, after milking teat length of rear right teat and after milking teat length of fore left teat. Distances among teats after milking and after milking diameter of rear left teat were not significantly affected by season. Rest of all traits were significantly affected by this factor.
Heritability estimates for before milking udder length, average udder width, udder height, udder depth and average udder circumference were found as 0.08±0.07, 0.22±0.08, 0.22±0.09, 0.05±0.06 and 0.21±0.07, respectively. The corresponding values after milking for these traits were observed as 0.14±0.07, 0.20±0.08, 0.09±0.08, 0.02±0.08 and 0.09±0.07, respectively.
Heritability estimates for before milking and after milking teat characteristics were found as 0.11±0.09 and 0.15±0.09 for distance between front teats; 0.03±0.06 and 0.03±0.07 for distance between hind teats; 0.32±0.09 and 0.06±0.07 for distance between fore and hind teats of right side; 0.16±0.08 and 00.09±0.07 for distance between fore and hind teats of left side; 0.21±0.08 and 0.11±0.08 for diameter of fore right teat; 0.05±0.05 and 0.02±0.05 for diameter of rear right teat; 0.19±0.08 and 0.25±0.09 for diameter of fore left teat; 0.07±0.06 and 0.03±0.07 for diameter of rear left teat; 0.12±0.06 and 0.08±0.06 for teat length of fore right teat; 0.02±0.05 and 0.11±0.07 for teat length of rear right teat; 0.29±0.09 and 0.29±0.092 for teat length of fore left teat and 0.14±0.08 and 0.08±0.07 for teat length of rear left teat, respectively.
Phenotypic correlations of before and after milking udder length, average udder width, udder height, udder depth and average udder circumference with 305 days milk yield were found as 0.29±0.04 and 0.18±0.04; 0.30±0.04 and 0.33±0.04; -0.26±0.03 and -0.20±0.03; 0.07±0.04 and 0.06±0.05 and 0.18±0.04 and 0.14±0.04, respectively. Corresponding values in the same order for genetic correlations were observed as 0.17±0.0002 and 0.21±0.0003; 0.33±0.0002 and 0.19±0.0003; -0.29±0003 and -0.34±0003; 0.10±0.0001 and 0.07±0.0001 and 0.28±0.0004 and 0.23±0.0003, respectively.
Phenotypic correlations of before and after milking udder length, average udder width, udder height, udder depth and average udder circumference with score day milk yield were found as 0.29±0.03 and -0.18±0.02; -0.32±0.02 and 0.17±0.01, -0.38±0.001 and -0.20±0.002, 0.28±0.01 and -0.04±0.04 and 0.21±0.04 and -0.15±0.04, respectively.
Phenotypic correlations for pre stimulation and after milking teat characteristics with 305 days milk yield were found as 0.19±0.03 and 0.07±0.03 for distance between front teats; 0.20±0.04 and 0.20±0.04 for distance between hind teats; 0.21±0.03 and 0.21±0.03 for distance between fore and hind teats of right side; 0.18±0.03 and 0.18±0.03 for distance between fore and hind teats of left side; 0.07±0.03 and 0.27±0.04 for diameter of fore right teat; -0.04±0.03 and 0.14±0.04 for diameter of rear right teat; -0.03±0.04 and 0.20±0.04 for diameter of fore left teat; -0.02±0.04 and 0.20±0.03 for diameter of rear left teat; 0.24±0.03 and 0.28±0.03, for teat length of fore right teat; -0.13±0.03 and -0.009±0.04 for teat length of rear right teat; 0.01±0.02 and 0.12±0.03 for teat length fore left teat and 0.06±0.03 and 0.22±0.03 for teat length of rear left teat, respectively.
Genetic correlations for pre stimulation and after milking teat characteristics with 305 days milk yield were found as 0.22±0.0002 and 0.12±0.0003 for distance between front teats; 0.26±0.0001 and 0.13±0.0001 for distance between hind teats; 0.11±0.0001 and 0.09±0.0001 for distance between fore and hind teats of right side; 0.10±0.0001 and 0.07±0.0001 for distance between fore and hind teats of left side; 0.11±0.0001 and 0.11±0.0001 for diameter of fore right teat; 0.09±0.0002 and 0.16±0.0001 for diameter of rear right teat; 0.001±0.000001 and 0.001±0.0001 for diameter of fore left teat; 0.001±0.000001 and 0.001±0.0001 for diameter of rear left teat; 0.080±0.00001 and 0.11±0.0001 for teat length of fore right teat; 0.07±0.000001 and 0.001±0.0002 for teat length of rear right teat; 0.003±0.000001 and 0.003±0.0003 for teat length fore left teat and 0.003±0.000001 and 0.002±0.0002 for teat length of rear left teat, respectively.
Phenotypic correlations for pre stimulation and after milking teat characteristics with score day milk yield were found as -0.37±0.02 and -0.48±0.03 for distance between front teats; 0.04±0.04 and 0.06±0.04 for distance between hind teats; 0.04±0.04 and 0.03±0.04 for distance between fore and hind teats of right side; 0.03±0.039 and 0.08±0.04 for distance between fore and hind teats of left side; -0.33±0.03 and -0.16±0.04 for diameter of fore right teat; -0.46±0.03 and -0.26±0.04 for diameter of rear right teat; -0.41±0.03 and -0.24±0.04 for diameter of fore left teat; -0.30±0.03 and -0.28±0.04 for diameter of rear left teat; -0.43±0.03 and -0.49±0.03 for teat length of fore right teat; -0.36±0.02 and -0.47±0.02 for teat length of rear right teat; -0.41±0.034 and -0.43±0.03 for teat length fore left teat and -0.28±0.021 and -0.53±0.02 for teat length of rear left teat, respectively.
Genetic correlations for before and after milking teat characteristics with score day milk yield were found as 0.13±0.016 and 0.15±0.02 for distance between front teats; 0.30±0.04 and 0.40±0.05 for distance between hind teats; 0.19±0.05 and 0.38±0.05 for distance between fore and hind teats of right side; 0.32±0.06 and 0.44±0.06 for distance between fore and hind teats of left side; 0.22±0.03 and 0.27±0.04 for diameter of fore right teat; 0.16±0.02 and 0.23±0.03 for diameter of rear right teat; 0.15±0.02 and 0.22±0.03 for diameter of fore left teat; 0.11±0.02 and 0.24±0.03 for diameter of rear left teat; 0.19±0.02 and 0.17±0.02 for teat length of fore right teat; 0.075±0.01 and 0.07±0.01 for teat length of rear right teat; 0.27±0.029 and 0.27±0.03 for teat length of fore left teat and 0.10±0.01 and 0.08±0.01 for teat length of rear left teat, respectively.
Least squares means for various performance traits were found as 7.02±2.46 for score day milk yield, 1801.61±624.59 for lactation milk yield, 2074.1±360.85 for 305 days milk yield, 2149.09±680.59 for best milk yield, 272±69 for lactation length, 408.553±203.63 for preceeding dry period, 1762.05±305.97 for age at first calving, 477.68±64.53 for weight at first calving, 110±33 for age at scoring in months, 523.133±81.63 for weight at scoring in Kg.
Most of the phenotypic studies on Nili Ravi breed are limited to recording only few body measurements. In order to explore the physical features of this breed, linear scoring system needs to be adopted which is based on measurement of certain specific parts of body as per international standards according to the ICAR guidelines. However, some of the linear scores developed for dairy cattle breeds do not fit for this breed and harmonization of certain trait definitions is needed even for the linear score system for this breed. The following points are important regarding linear scoring system for Nili Ravi buffaloes:
" In case of rump angle, the score ranging as 1-3 which refers to higher pin bone than hook bone is not present in Nili Ravi buffaloes. The score for central ligament ranging as 1-3 which refers to convex floor of udder has not been observed in this breed. The position of front teat placement as inside of quarter scoring as 7-9 has not been observed in Nili Ravi buffaloes. The position of rear teat placement as outside of quarter scoring as 1-3 has not been observed in Nili Ravi buffaloes. The score for top line ranging as 8-9 which represents a back bent upwards has not been observed in this breed. The score of 1 and 2 which represents a rear udder deeper than the fore udder has also not been observed in the present study. A higher temperament score indicates that buffaloes tend to be excited especially at the time of milking and handling. This behaviour of buffaloes needs to be improved through selection and breeding.
" A highly significant effect of herd was observed on all of the linear type traits. Effect of stage of lactation was found to be highly significant for udder conformation related traits including fore udder attachment, rear udder height, central ligament, udder depth, teat length and rear udder width. Most of the udder related traits were affected by parity such as fore udder attachment, rear udder height, udder depth, teat length, rear udder width and teat thickness. significant effect of parity was observed on chest width, angularity, rump angle, rump width, top line, thurl width, and temperament.
" Initiation of conformation recording in public and private sector and use of selective and planned breeding will be helpful for the improvement in milk yield and to bring uniformity in body features of Nili Ravi buffaloes.
" Scoring in first parity should be adopted as in later parities adjustment for age and parity will be needed.
" Differences among herds for most of the traits suggest that performance can be improved by exploiting genetic potential through selection and breeding. Heritability estimates for most of the linear type traits were found as higher than the reported values available in literature. The reasons might be due to species differences and relatively small data set as well as incomplete pedigree records. Even then the results might be considered for inclusion of some of the linear type traits in selection programs. Keeping in view that this is a preliminary study on genetic aspects of linear type traits in Nili Ravi buffaloes, further studies and research with larger data set is needed to explore linear type traits and to validate the findings of the current study.
" A positive genetic correlation of stature with milk yield suggest that taller and heavier buffaloes produced more milk and selection for taller buffaloes may result in improved milk yield but the efficiency of milk yield must be studied before making indirect selection for milk yield through stature. Negative phenotypic correlation of chest width with score day milk yield suggested that buffaloes with wider chest are relatively less efficient in milk production. Further studies are needed with larger data set to verify the results. A considerable positive genetic correlation between body depth and milk yield suggest that body depth may be considered for indirect selection of higher milk yield in Nili Ravi buffaloes. Considerable genetic correlation with milk yield suggest that rump width is important in this breed of buffaloes and can be used for indirect selection for improved milk yield. A considerable negative phenotypic correlation of fore udder attachment with milk yield is important however negligible genetic correlation suggest that fore udder attachment is independent of milk producing genes and separate selection for each trait should be considered keeping in view heritability of the trait in Nili Ravi buffaloes. A positive genetic correlation of rear udder height with milk yield suggested that selection for this trait might be helpful for improved milk yield in Nili Ravi buffaloes. Genetic correlation of teat length with score day milk yield is considerable in the current study but very low with 305 days milk yield. The findings of current study suggested that rear teat placemen has a considerable genetic correlation with milk yield and can be used for indirect selection for better milk yield. The results of current study are not in agreement with most of the reports in the literature regarding correlation of BCS with milk yield. Further research is needed to verify positive genetic correlation of BCS with milk yield before using BCS as selection criterion for milk yield in Nili Ravi buffaloes. Due to negative phenotypic correlation of body condition score with milk yield, an optimal score of below average ranging from 4 to 5 may be recommended. A positive genetic correlation of rear udder width with milk yield suggested that some of the same genes are controlling milk yield and rear udder width and indirect selection for improved milk yield is possible through selection for rear udder width in Nili Ravi buffaloes. This genetic correlation with milk yield is considerable but further studies are needed before the udder balance could be included for selection program in Nili Ravi buffaloes.
" Current study indicated that teat thickness is not genetically important with negligible correlation with milk yield in Nili Ravi buffaloes but negative phenotypic correlation is considerable and buffaloes with thinner teats are suitable for more milk production. A low but positive genetic correlation of thurl width with milk yield provides a scope for further studies to explore this trait in Nili Ravi buffaloes. Further studies are needed with relatively larger data set to explore temperament and verify its relationship with milk yield in this breed of buffaloes. Generally, the least squares means for most of the body measurements were found in the normal range and were in agreement with most of the reports in literature.
" Comparatively higher body weight was observed than the reports available for Nili Ravi buffaloes. One of the reason for this might be relatively better supply of feed and fodder during the course of study and also the records pertaining to 3rd and latter parities were more in number than the records on younger buffaloes. The top and side wedge area are almost similar with less variation showing that Nili Ravi buffaloes are relatively more wedge shaped.
" Most of the body measurements were affected by the herd and age factors but the effect of parity, stage of lactation and season of scoring was variable for different traits and showed not very clear trend. Body weight was affected by all the factors studied in the current investigation. Most of the body measurements have been found to be moderately to highly heritable in the current study. Overall range of heritability estimates for body measurements was found as 0.08±0.09 to 0.92±0.00.
" Skin thickness has been found under the genetic control and can be improved through selection and breeding keeping in view its importance and demand in the leather industry and also its correlation with milk yield.
" Diagonal body length in the current study has shown a low but positive genetic correlation with milk yield and this trait might be considered in the selection program for Nili Ravi buffaloes. The negative genetic correlation of skin thickness in the neck region with 305 days milk yield is important and advocates the thinking of farmers about the negative correlation of skin thickness with milk yield. Genetic correlation of heart girth with milk yield although not very high but seems to be important and can be considered for indirect selection for milk yield through heart girth measurement. A reasonable genetic correlation of body weight with milk yield suggested that this trait should be considered in the selection program for improved milk yield in Nili Ravi buffaloes.
" Udder colour has not been found important. Buffaloes with pendulous udders have produced more milk. The possible reason for this more milk is that such buffaloes were recorded in latter parities and age of those buffaloes was high and the size of their udder was large. The frequency of buffaloes with such type of udder is only 8%. Buffaloes with such type of pendulous udders are more prone to udder and teat injuries and mastitis and their life time production is less. Thick and lengthy teats have been observed in this breed and the reason might be due to hand milking and direct suckling of cows by the calves.
" Most of the udder traits were significantly affected by herd, parity, stage of lactation and age of the buffaloes at classification. Most of the udder measurements have been found highly heritable and this provides a good scope for improvement of these traits through selection and breeding. A general decrease in the distance between fore, rear and fore and rear teats on both sides was observed after milking. This indicated that the distance measured after milking was a good indicator of actual distance between teats of this breed irrespective of stage of lactation. Udder length, width, udder circumference and height either recorded before milking or after milking have been found genetically correlated with milk yield and they should be considered for selection decisions in Nili Ravi buffaloes. A reasonable positive genetic correlation of distance between fore and between rear teats suggested that this distance is important for milk yield and should be considered for selection in Nili Ravi buffaloes. The results of present study suggest that teat diameter is not genetically much important for milk yield and the reason of thick teats is due to hand milking and direct suckling by the calves.
" Teat distance between front teat, between rear teat, diameter of fore right and rear right teat and teat length of fore right teat have shown low but not negligible genetic correlations with milk yield and should be given some importance in making selection decisions in Nili Ravi buffaloes.
" Brown colour buffaloes have not been observed in this study because such animals at Govt. livestock farms are culled at an early age, however farmers think that such type of buffaloes are better milk yielder and they like and demand such animals, development and conservation of these animals is advocated at experimental level to study their potential.
" Further research is needed to evaluate visual image analysis system as a tool for quick and more accurate conformation recording.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1708,T] (1).
90.
Effect Of Different Management Strategies On Growth Performance, Biochemical Profile And Immune
by Shahid Mehmood | Dr.Abdul Waheed Sahota | Dr. Khalid Javed | Dr. Muhammad Akram.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1768,T] (1).
91.
Temporal Analysis Of Crude Spectacled Cobra Venom On Various Haematiological And Serolocical
by Zainab Riaz | Dr. Muhammad Quaid Zaman | Dr. Khalid Abdul Majeed | Dr. Zia Ullah | Faculty of Biosciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
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drama
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: The snake venom has both neurotoxic and haemotoxic effects. The Pakistani spectacled black cobra venom is considered to be mainly neurotoxin and there is a need to evaluate its haemotoxic effects. This study aimed to determine the acute bio-physiological effects of LD50 dose of crude venom of cobraat different time intervals after I/M envenomation in mice.
The crude venom was obtained from the black cobra, Naja Naja karachensis found in the region of Mian Chanuu, Punjab and the venom was lyophilized. Twenty adult male mice, approximately 20g weight, were housed in cages for one week at the animal shed of University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore. Blood was drawn by cardiac puncture after general anesthesia at time 0 from the five overnight-nonfed mice injected i/m with normal saline. Remaining mice (15 in number) were injected i/m with LD50 dose (1.2mg/kg) of cobra venom. Blood samples were collected from five animals at each time intervals of 1, 1.5 and 2 hours of envenomation. The hematological and biochemical parameters studied were complete blood count, estimation of plasma glucose, plasma total protein, plasma albumin, alanine aminotranferase and urea by commercially available enzymatic kits.
There was a significant increase in red blood cells count and its indices (haemoglobin, packed cell volume, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration) and platelets at 1, 1.5 and 2 hours after envenomation in albino mice compared to 0 hr.A significant decrease in the count of white blood cells was observedafter 1 hour of injection compared to 0 hr, however it was increased significantly after
2 hours of envenomation compared to 0 hour. The lymphocytes, monocytes and granulocytes percentageswere not changed after envenomation in mice.Plasma glucose showed a significant decrease at 1 hour of I/M injection compared to 0 hr that increased in subsequent time intervals compared to 0 hr in albino mice. The concentration of urea was significantly increased at 1, 1.5 and 2hours of envenomation in comparison with the concentration at 0 hour. The concentration of plasma total proteins showed a significant increase at 2hours of time interval as compared to 0, 1 and 1.5hours after envenomation in mice. The plasma albumin concentration at 1.5 and 2hours of time interval showed a significant increase as compared to that at 0 and 1 hour. The concentration of ALT also increased at any time interval.
Therefore it is concluded that the crude spectacled cobra venom is both neurotoxin and hemotoxic in nature.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1775,T] (1).
92.
Fiber Levels Durig Different Physiological Stages In Nili Ravi Buffaloes
by Saeed Ahmed | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar | Prof. Dr. Anjum Khalique | Prof. Dr. Khalid.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1779,T] (1).
93.
Comparative Productive And Reproductive Performance Of Beetal Goats In Accelerated And Annual Kidding Systems
by Nisar Ahmad | Prof. Dr. Khalid Javed | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Abdullah.
Material type: ; Format:
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not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Three kiddings in two years or five kiddings in three years refers as accelerated kidding which is helpful to have more kids, helps to fetch higher market prices during off-season. This can also increase life time production in the form of meat, milk and fiber. High reproduction rate is the basiccondition to increase efficiency of production. Most of the goats do not follow seasonal breeding pattern and breed round the year resulting in management problems and high mortality during severe weather conditions. Accelerated kidding strategy is a viable option that affects the health and fertility of the flock. In the present investigation, three experiments were conducted at Small Ruminant Training and Research Centre (SRT&RC) Ravi Campus Pattoki, UVAS, Lahore. The experiment-I was about the initiation of estrus activity in anestrus Beetal goats during low breeding season. Twenty Beetal goats were selected from the existing flock, maintained at SRT&RC. These goats were divided randomly into 4 groups i.e. A, B, C and D having 5 animals in each group. Group A was treated as negative control by offering only green fodder, group B was provided flushing ration along with green fodder (control), group C was kept on green fodder along with hormone therapy of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) and prostagladin (PGF2?) while group D was provided with green fodder, flushing ration (600 gms/animal) and hormone therapy by providing GnRH and PGF2?. Hundred percent estrus induction was achieved in group B, C and D as compared to group A. The results revealed that fertility rate and kidding rate was high i.e. 80 and 60 percent among animals of B group while animals of control group had less fertility, kidding and gestation rate. The shortest gestation length was found in group B and C while triplet births were observed in goats of group D.
The experiment-II was regarding the initiation of estrus through buck effect in Beetal goats. This experiment was conducted in two phases. Phase 1 comprised two groups A and B for which estrus induction was done during pre-breeding (August) and normal breeding (September/October) season. Similarly, Phase 2 comprised two groups C and D in which estrus induction was done during post-breeding (December) and normal breeding (September/October) season. Different reproductive parameters like estrus, fertility percentage, were noted. The data regarding average birth weight (kg) and gestation length (days) were recorded. Estrus signs were maximum in group B while low in group C. However fertility rate was high in group A, instead of group B. Overall kidding percentage was higher in A group but the lowest in group D. The highest gestation length was observed in group D whereas the lowest value was found in group B. Average litter size was higher in group D as compared to A and B group, respectively.
The experiment-III was conducted to compare productive and reproductive performance of Beetal goats in accelerated and annual kidding systems. Total of 50 adult Beetal goats were divided into two groups viz. accelerated kidding and annual kidding having 25 animals each. The does were selected on the basis of their age, body size, weight and parity. Different breeding bucks were used for each group having similar size, weight and age. All the animals included in this study were fed according to national research council (NRC) nutrient requirements for goats (NRC, 1981). Flushing rations and estrus inducing hormones both were provided to the does of respective groups for preparation of breeding activity during out of season breeding. The annual kidding group was considered as the control group, while the does were bred every eight months for accelerated kidding. The offsprings produced by the pregnant does of 1st batch of both the groups were reared under similar managemental conditions up to maturity. Three crops were produced in accelerated kidding system as compared to two crops in annual kidding system. It was observed that more number of animals i.e. 17 out of 25 showed estrus signs as compared to annual kidding system where 15 animals showed estrus signs. There were non significant differences for number of services per conceptionin two crops under annual kidding groups. Higher percentage of estrus was observed in accelerated to annual kidding. Total number of kids produced in accelerated kidding system was 42 with an average 14 kids in three crops while 23 kids were produced in annual kidding system in two years. Average cost of concentrate was observed high in accelerated kidding system as compared to annual kidding system. Birth weight of kids produced in 3 different seasons i.e. March-April, October- November and June-July were found as 2.84, 2.91 and 2.98 kg. The overall results in term of reproductive efficiency, oestrus behavior and kidding percentage were better in accelerated group than annual kidding.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1812,T] (1).
94.
Effect Of Age And Gender On Hematological And Biochemical Parameters Of Beetal Goat And Lohi Sheep
by Sidra Shafique | Dr. Imtiaz Rabbani | Dr. Muhammad Shahbaz Yousaf | Prof. Dr. Khalid.
Material type: ; Format:
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; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Small ruminants are one of the domestic animals of the inhabitants of Pakistan. In semi-arid and arid areas goat and sheep provides the main means of survival and security. So the proper health management of animals is must require for their survival. Hematlogical and biochemical tests are widely used for the diagnosis of serious animal diseases which can lead to economics losses in animals like reduced fur, wool and milk production. A large number of factors such as sex, age, gender, breed, illness, stress, seasonal variation and nutrition can affect the pattern of these clinical values. Our hypothesis was to evaluate the effect of age and gender on hematological and biochemical indices of Beetal goat and Lohi sheep in Ravi campus Pattoki UVAS.
One hundred and twenty blood samples (60 Goats and 60 sheep) were taken and divided on the basis of their age and gender (0-3 months, 9-12months and 18-20 months). Complete blood counts were performed by hematology analyzer (Abacus junior vet. Serial # 130076, Diatron GmbH wein, Austria) at W.T.O, UVAS. The biochemical parameter included albumin, globulin, cholesterol, triglycerides, total protein, urea AST and ALT were determined by commercially available kits (Biogene® and Crescent®). The arithmetic means (± SE) of hematological and biochemical parameters in different groups were calculated. The arithmetic means (± SE) of hematological and biochemical parameters in different groups were calculated. The collected data were subjected to two way analysis of variance through statistical package SPSS version 13 to evaluate mean differences in hematological and blood biochemical parameters of different age groups. Difference among the means of groups with p<0.05 was considered as significant through LSD test (Steel et al.1997).
In this study age and gender had a remarkable influence on the pattern of hematological and biochemical values of both sheep and goat. The RBCs, Hb, PCV, MCV, MCH, MCHC, WBCs and lymphocytes counts found significantly (p<0.05) higher in animal of age 18 to 20 months as compared to other groups in both species, While MCHC, monocytes and granulocytes found non-significantly (p>0.05) different. Male showed statistically (p<0.05) higher RBCs, Hb, PCV and MCV values as compared to female. The glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, urea, AST, ALT, Total protein, albumin and globulin were found significantly (p<0.05) different by the aging of animal. Gender had no significant (p>0.05) influences on biochemical parameters of both sheep and goat.
Conclusion
Based on these findings age and gender had significant influence on hematological and biochemical parameters. In general veterinary practices, body weights are usually considered for therapeutic and nutritional strategies. Often too young animals are treated with more caution. In conclusion it can be mentioned that not only body weight but also age of the animals should be considered for devising therapeutic and nutritional strategy in livestock.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1814,T] (1).
95.
Effect Of Cholesterol On Post Thaw Semen Quality And Fertility In Sahiwal Bulls
by Ahmed Gul Tarin | Dr Mian Abdual Sattar | Dr Khurshid Ahmed | Prof Dr Khalid | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1861,T] (1).
96.
Documenting Goat Production System In Two Agro-Ecological Regions Of Punjab
by Maqsood shah muhammad | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Abdullah | Prof. Dr | Prof. Dr. Khalid javed.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1920,T] (1).
97.
Evaluation Of Social And Breeding Behavior Of Chinkara (Gazella Bennettii) In Wild And Captivity
by Muhammad Haris aziz | Dr. Khalid mahmood anjum | Dr. Arshad javid | Prof. Dr.Khalid javed.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1936,T] (1).
98.
Genetic And Phenotypic Evaluation Of Sheep And Goat Flocks Maintained At Small Ruminant Training And Research Center UVAS
by Raheela saeed malik | Prof. Dr. Khalid javed | Dr.Afzal ali | Mr. Qamar shahid.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1950,T] (1).
99.
Captive Management And Milk Composition Of Chinkara (Gazella Bennettii) Qith Prospects For Ex-Situ
by Muhammad Idnan | Dr. Arshad javid | Dr. Khalid Mehmood anjum.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1963,T] (1).
100.
Response To Selection For Three Week Body Weight In Japanese Quail For Three Generations
by Jibran hussain | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Akram | Dr. Waheed Sahota | Prof. Dr. Khalid.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1980,T] (1).
