51.
Isolation And Molecular Detection Of Salmonella Species In Milk And Milk Products
by Muhammad Umar Ijaz (2007-VA-040) | Prof. Dr. Mansur-ud-Din-Ahmad | Dr. Muhammad Hassan Mushtaq | Dr. Ali Ahmad Sheikh.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Salmonellosis is one of the emerging zoonotic diseases. Human infections result from contaminated raw or undercooked food. Various sources of contamination in milk are dirty udder, unhygienic handling and utensils, dirty hands of milkmen and poor quality water supply at the farm. To ensure food safety there is a dire need for the availability of valid, rapid and accredited diagnostic system. Conventional culture methods for detecting Salmonella spp. in foods needs 4–5 days. The development in molecular techniques made it possible to cut short the procedure.
The present study was conducted with the aim to evaluate the burden of Salmonella spp. in milk and milk products. In total 150 samples were collected, out of which there were 75 milk samples. These samples were collected from farm dairy herds (pooled milk) located in Harbanspura Dairy colony, Lahore. Salmonella was detected in 8 samples (11%) by conventional method.
In addition to milk samples, 75 samples of milk products were also collected from retail shops. These include 50 samples of Yogurt and 25 samples of Yogurt milk. Milk products had 6 positive samples (8%). No sample of Yogurt was detected positive for Salmonella. The reason for this is that Yogurt had only Salmonella if it is present in starter culture. Furthermore yogurt is made after frequent heating. Salmonella is killed by such continuous and vigorous heating. Yogurt milk is prepared from Yogurt along with raw milk in a separate utensil. There are chances of contamination there so it had 6 positive samples. Total 14 (9%) samples were detected in 150 samples by conventional method. It was found that Salmonella was present in raw milk samples and milk products at places where either cleanliness was not proper, milk handling practices
Summary
53
were not up to the mark, udder was not washed before milking or overall management practices were poor.
Positive samples obtained by conventional method were further analyzed by PCR for Salmonella genus confirmation. Out of total 8 positive milk samples by conventional method, 5(62%) were confirmed as Salmonella genus. Similarly from 6 positive samples of milk products by conventional method, only 2(33%) were confirmed as of Salmonella genus. Further PCR was conducted for Salmonella typhimurium detection. Milk samples were containing 3(60%) positive samples while no positive sample was detected in milk products.
On the basis of the results of present study, it is recommended that milk should always be boiled before use. Further Hygienic measures should be adopted during milking. Proper handling of milk and milk products is also important to limit the cross contamination. It is also advised that standards such as pasteurization and HACCP should be introduced to facilitate production of good quality milk. Electronic and print media should also create awareness among people about food safety. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2408-T] (1).
52.
Effect Of EDTA As Chelating Agent In Extender On Post Thaw Quality Of Buffalo Bull Spermatozoa
by Nadir Hussain (2009-VA-128) | Dr. M. Usman Mehmood | Dr. Syed Murtaza Hassan Andrabi | Dr. M. Irfan-ur-Rehman Khan | Prof. Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Pakistan is an agricultural country where livestock has main contribution in the agriculture. Livestock fulfils the demands of milk, meat and hides. Nili-Ravi is the most important and well developed breed of buffalo and also the highest milk producer among buffalo breeds. Artificial insemination (AI) is the main genetic improvement tool in domestic animals. Spermatozao is cryopreserved for A.I. but is prone to mechanical and biochemical damages during cryopreservation. Numerous strategies have been implemented to overcome this problem which include supplementation of different additives in semen extender to avoid the damages and improve post thaw quality. One of the reason for poor fertility with cryopreserved semen is early capacitation and acrosome reaction signaled by calcium. Early capacitation and acrosome reaction be suppressed by adding calcium chelators. Therefore, present study was aimed to evaluate the effect of EDTA as a calcium chelator in semen extender. The study was conducted at National Agricultural Research Center, Islamabad. Semen was collected twice in a week from 4 mature semen donor Nili-Ravi buffalo bulls maintained at same management conditions. Total of 4 ejaculates were collected and each ejaculate was further divided into 4 aliquots on the basis of EDTA concentration. Group I (0% EDTA), group II (0.1% EDTA), group III (0.2% EDTA) and group IV (0.3% EDTA). Semen was cryopreserved and on post thaw visual motility, acrosome integrity, plasma membrane integrity and chromatin integrity were assessed. Sperm motility and motion characters were assessed through computer assisted semen analyzer (CASA). Through CASA, total motility %, VSL μm/sec (straight line velocity), VCL μm/sec (curve line velocity), VAP μm/sec (average path velocity), BCF (beat cross frequency), LIN % (linearity) and STR % (staginess) were observed. Observations of CASA was were taken at 2 different time intervals i.e. 30 and 60 minutes after post thaw. Data was analyzed by statistical
Summary
31
software one way ANOVA (MINITAB v 12.22, State College, Pennsylvania, USA) and was presented as (mean ± SEM). Significant level was set to be (p<0.05). Group III improved visual motility, progressive motility %, plasma membrane integrity significantly (p<0.05). Results of BCF, VCL, VSL and VAP were highest in group III which differed with other three groups significantly (p<0.05). 0.3% EDTA deteriorated most of the parameters of semen observed. Control group and 0.1% behaved almost in similar pattern and no significant different was observed between these two groups but they did not improved all the parameters like group III. hence it can be concluded that 0.2% EDTA improves most of the semen parameters observed so it should be included in semen extender to have better post thaw quality of Nili-Ravi buffalo bull semen. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2506-T] (1).
53.
Epidemiology Of Bovine Tuberculosis And Its Public Health Significance In Peshawar
by Irfan Khatak (2011-VA-562) | Dr. Muhammad Hassan Mushtaq | Prof. Dr. Umer Sadique | Prof. Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: A cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis (bTB)
and associated risk factors in cattle and buffalo in Peshawar, Pakistan. Cattle and buffalo,
randomly selected from all four towns of District Peshawar were screened for bovine
tuberculosis using comparative cervical intradermal tuberculin test (CCIT). For obtaining data on
risk factors, socio-demographic condition, animal characteristics and management, interviewer
administered pretested questionnaire to animal owners. Multivariable logistic regression models
were used to measure association between risk factors and comparative cervical intradermal
tuberculin reactors. A total of 556 cattle and buffalo were screened for bovine tuberculosis. Out
of 556 animals screened, 5.75% (3.9-8.0%) were found positive. The prevalence was higher in
old animals (P= 0.001) as compared to younger animals. Prevalence also varied with source of
animal (either raised on farm or purchased), stay of animals at night (indoor or outdoor) and herd
size. Farmer’s knowledge about transmission of TB from animals to human as well as signs and
symptoms of TB was extremely low. Only 3.6% farmers correctly stated the combination of
three major symptoms of TB. Results of the study call for immediate intervention to control bTB
in animals as well as its transmission to human population. Furthermore, it is suggested to
emphasize on local epidemiology of bTB and husbandry practices of cattle and buffalo during
the control program.
To assess the presence of Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) in milk sold at retail shops and find
the knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) about tuberculosis (TB) in the high risk M. bovis
contaminated milk consumers, milk samples were obtained from 92 milk shops and analysed for
presence of M. bovis. Data on socio-demographic characteristics and KAP about TB was
Summary
152
obtained from 800 M. bovis contaminated milk consumers. Mycobacterium bovis was detected in
8.7% (8/92) milk samples. Although 97.4% of the participants had heard of TB but only 39.6%
knew that cough lasts for more than 3 weeks was one symptom. Only 79.2% have awareness that
TB can be prevented and the most frequently stated (48.4%) method of TB prevention was good
nutrition. Participants believed that TB can be cured by prayers/ eating well (41.8%) and also by
herbal cures/ consulting Hakeem (35.7%). Mean knowledge score for the participants was 12.1±
2.47 out of maximum 22. Mean knowledge score varied significantly with ethnicity, level of
education and residential status (Urban vs rural). Overall knowledge about TB was low.
Therefore community’s health education focused on increasing knowledge of TB must be
initiated.
This part of study was conducted to determine the occurrence of active pulmonary tuberculosis
due to M. bovis in abattoir workers, butchers, livestock farmers and veterinarians and to
document the Knowledge and practices of these professional regarding bTB. The cross sectional
study included 141 abattoir workers, 317 butchers, 50 livestock farmers, 5 veterinary doctors and
3 veterinary assistants. Sputum samples were collected from those respondents who had chronic
cough that last for more than 2 weeks. Four out of 16 suspected abattoir workers and 1 out of 50
livestock farmers were found positive for M. bovis by Polymerase chain reaction analysis.
Duration of work as abattoir worker was found significantly associated (p<0.05) with occurrence
of zoonotic TB. The knowledge of abattoir workers, butchers, livestock farmers and veterinary
assistants regarding transmission of bTB from animal to human and symptoms of TB in human
was very low. Most of these professional did not use protective material/ techniques and are
considered at high risk of acquiring zoonotic tuberculosis. This study declares zoonotic
tuberculosis a critical public health issue especially for professionally exposed groups in
Summary
153
Peshawar, Pakistan and warrant immediate intervention for control of bovine and zoonotic
tuberculosis.
The last part of study aims to determine the proportion of zoonotic TB cases out of overall
human TB patients and school children, drug resistance of M. bovis isolates and knowledge,
attitude and practices about TB. Total 300 human TB patients and 100 school children were
included in the study. Sputum samples were processed by PCR for presence of Mycobacterium
tuberculosis and M. bovis. Sputum samples from TB patients were cultured and M. bovis isolates
were subjected to drug susceptibility testing. Data on knowledge, attitude and practices were
obtained from TB patients by administering pre-tested questionnaire. Among TB patietns 4%
(12/300) were infected with M. bovis. None of the school children was positive for M. bovis.
Residence, occupation, presence of animals at home and sleeping in shed at night was found
significantly associated with occurrence of zoonotic TB. Except one all M. bovis isolates were
resistant to Pyrazinamide. Among other drugs resistance to streptomycin and isoniazid was high.
Low level of knowledge and practices were observed. The study concluded that considering
zoonotic aspect of TB during diagnosis and treatment of TB is necessary and recommends
national survey for true estimation of burden of zoonotic TB in Pakistan. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2540-T] (1).
54.
Comparison Of Commercial Triladyl Extender With A Tris-Citric-Egg-Yolk (TCEY) Extender On Post-Thaw Semen Quality Of Nili Ravi Buffalo
by Muhammad Asad Ullah Khan | Prof. Dr. Mian Abdul Sattar | Prof. Dr. Nasim Ahmad | Prof. Dr. Mansur ud Din Ahmad.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Cryopreservation of semen is the most important step for its usage in artificial insemination. Freezing of semen leads to a remarkable reduction in post-thaw semen quality. Therefore, selection of a better semen extender has always been considered priority that could serve as a good cryoprotectant.. Our semen production units (SPUs) have been using Tris based egg yolk semen extender since long time. Some modern SPUs like CEBG are using commercially available semen extenders for better post-thaw semen quality.
After collection pooled semen divided into two equal aliquots in separate sterilized test tubes and kept in water bath at 37 ºC. Semen was diluted with each of extender (TCEY and Triladyl) on the basis of sperm concentration (40x106sperm/ ml). Diluted semen was placed bottles and placed in safety cabinet cooled to 4 ºC over and equilibrated for 4 hrs. After equilibration semen was filled in 0.5 ml French straws (20x106sperm/ 0.5 ml). All semen straws placed in automatic freezer 4cm above liquid nitrogen surface in vapors for 10 minutes. Liquid Nitrogen vapors used in automatic programmable freezer to reduce temperature from 4 ºC to -180 ºC and then plunged into liquid nitrogen -196 ºC for freezing and was stored until analyzed. The experiment was repeated for seven times (replicates = 07)
CASA sperm motility parameter and kinematics were analyzed at Center of Excellence for Bovine Genetics (CEBG) Renala khurd District Okara. For further analysis frozen semen straws were brought to the Department of Theriogenology UVAS, Lahore. Effects of Triladyl and TCEY on post-thaw semen quality of the Nili Ravi buffalo semen were compared.
Summary
54
In Triladyl group, significantly (P<0.05) higher post-thaw motility (PTM %), Plasma membrane integrity (PMI, %),) DNA integrity (%), Live percentage was found. However, no significant (P<0.05) difference was found regarding NAR results between both groups. Sperm abnormalities were found significantly lower in Triladyl group as compared to TCEY group.
In overall assessment regarding and post-thaw CASA motility parameters, CASA motility, (PROG %), rapid (RAP %), medium (MED%), and slow (Slow, %) and sperm motility kinematics (VAP μm/sec), (VSL μm/sec), (VCL μm/sec), (ALH μm), (BCF HZ), (STR%) and (LIN%) Triladyl was found better than TCEY.
This was concluded that use of commercial semen extender Triladyl resulted in significantly better post-thaw semen quality as compared to Tris citric egg yolk (TCEY) extender. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2581-T] (1).
55.
Linking Childhood Obesity With Excessive Use Of Digital Media
by Hafiza Nida Rehmat (2014-VA-534) | Dr. Sana Ullah Iqbal | Ms. Tehreem Hussain | Prof. Dr. Mansur Ud Din Ahmad.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Obesity is one of the most prevalent problems all over the world particularly in children and adolescence that could lead to sedentary behavior and influence the dietary habits of children. The television food commercials have bad impact on children and increased brand advertisements may lead to unhealthy consumption patterns. The hypothesis of the study was excessive use of digital media can lead to weight gain in children. The sample of 400 children of class 4-6 was taken from private schools, Daar-e-Arqam school, Himayat-e-Islam higher secondary school and Al-Huda Educational Institute, Lahore.. Children of age 9-11 years was included from middle class group (monthly income 30,000-70,000/-). The demographic measurements were obtained by each student while having a personal interview with them. The anthropometric measurements (heights, weights, BMI, TSF, MUAC and MAMC) were taken by using specific measuring tools. The height were measured by stadiometers, weights by weighing machine and other anthropometric measurements by abs plastic medical body fat skinfold caliper meter. Growth charts were used to assess the degree of malnutrition (over nutrition or under nutrition). The questionnaire was filled by asking questions to the children in order to assess the relationship of body weight and digital media. Descriptive statistics and chi square, Pearson’s correlation (SPSS version 20) was applied on the data to assess either digital media has positive or negative relationship with children’s body weight. The age, gender and class are significantly associated with nutritional status of the students. The students of Lahore Pakistan like to use mobile and laptop and the duration of using mobile or laptop is positively associated with health status of the individual. Student has very busy life and they do not have spare time to watch television so it is not significantly
49
associated with health status of the individual. In such case, students have low physical activity and increase sedentary behavior. Parents do not allow their children to go out for games or activities because of security concerns or restrictions on girls especially. The physical activity is negatively associated with health status of the individual. The dietary habits of the individuals are badly affected due to the trends of junk and fast food consumption but it is not associated with food marketing campaigns in this study. The food marketing campaigns target young children for selling their products by advertising them in prime time of children programs but due to busy schedule of the individuals , they do not have time to be effected by them. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2579-T] (1).
56.
Seropravelance And Assosiated Risk Factor Of Avian Influenza Among Poultry Farm Workers/Handlers In District Lahore And Kasur
by Aneela Ilyas (2014-VA-512) | Dr. Mamoona Chaudhry | Prof. Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad | Dr. Hamad Bin Rashid.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Avian Influenza is one of the most important zoonotic diseases which are a major concern for public health. Avian Influenza Virus (AIV) is a potential source for the emer¬gence of human influenza pandemics (Fouchier et al., 2005; Olsen et al., 2006; Webster et al., 1992). The outbreaks of Avian Influenzas are usually associated with various factors e.g. do not wash hands after handling sick poultry and mortality, do not use of PPE’s (personal protective equipment), no dipping area, eating and drinking during working with poultry, confinement of birds, mode of disposal of infected birds, carcasses and poultry fecal matter; dry seasons in the dry zones just before the rains; wind conditions; short intermittent temperature changes and the restocking of farms with chickens from the markets.
Hypothesis:
Avian Influenza A, H9 virus was prevalent and potential risk factors are associated with AIV disease.
Parameter/Methodology:
A cross sectional survey in poultry farm workers of district Lahore and Kasur would be conducted in order to determine seroprevalence of Avian Influenza. A study population was the apparently healthy poultry farm workers/handlers of District Lahore and Kasur of Province Punjab. Stage one cluster sampling technique was adopted and with the help of formula and 525 blood samples of poultry workers were taken from 38 selected clusters.
Blood sample from apparently healthy poultry workers were collected from brachial veins. Blood (4-5ml) was collected in vacutainers and allowed to clot for separation of serum. Collected sera were stored in freezer at -70°C for further laboratory analysis.
Haemagglutination assay (HA) and Haemagglutination Inhibition (HI) test was applied on samples as per protocol of world health organization (WHO, 2013).
I had to work on H5, H7 and H9 strains according to my topic but due to the non-availability of H5 and H7 live viruses I could not perform lab analysis. So, I worked only on H9 strain of AIV.
Statistical Design:
The proportion estimate with 95% Cl (Confidence Intervals) of the overall seroprevalence would compute by using “R” software. Descriptive analysis was conducted by using SPSS (version 20). Logistic regression (univariable and multivariable) was conduct to estimate the effect of each study variable on the outcome (Hosmer and Lemeshow 2000).
Outcomes:
The current study had provided useful estimates of risk factors related to AIV. The finding of above study will be published. These findings could be utilized by the policy maker to control the epidemics of AIV in population.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2585-T] (1).
57.
Effect Of Nutrition Education On Dietary Compliance Of Pre-Diabetics
by Aniqa Maqbool (2014-VA-520) | Ms. Tahreem Hussain | Dr.Sanaullah Iqbal | Prof. Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Pre-diabetes or borderline diabetes, a condition characterized by impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance is a wakeup call to forestall the path leading to diabetes and its related complications. Nutrition education is thought to be a cornerstone in the prevention of chronic diseases. Intervening at right time through nutrition education will help to minimize the risk of diabetes.
The current study hypothesized that nutrition education can improve dietary compliance in pre-diabetics.
The current study was carried out on 400 participants who were interviewed and screened by arranging diabetes awareness camps arranged at Hafiz Medical and Diagnostic Centre.
Filled questionnaires were analyzed using SPSS version 21. Descriptive and inferential statistics was done to analyze data.
The results of the current study showed positive effect of nutrition education on dietary compliance with improved blood glucose levels. The results showed compliance to go up with increasing education level (100% compliant in post-graduation) and importantly in extremely obese people (100%). Furthermore, it was observed that total calorie intake was significantly reduced by decrease in the intake of bakery products, starchy vegetables, refined sugar, sweets and desserts, fried products and sweetened carbonated beverages from baseline food consumption of pre-diabetics. Also, it was noted that consumption of fresh fruits, non-starchy and leafy vegetables was increased although not statistically significant but it replaced the refined carbohydrate intake thereby showing reduction in total percentage of carbohydrate consumed from total calories.
Summary
83
Protein intake was statistically significant whereas percentage of fat consumed from total calories was not statistically significant between groups. Moreover, compliant pre-diabetics had significant improvement in fasting blood glucose levels on monitoring after 2 months of nutrition education whereas no statistically significant change was observed in anthropometrics measurements between groups although slight decrease was assessed in experimental group. Therefore, it can be concluded from the current study that nutrition education can definitively improve dietary compliance in pre-diabetics by good nutritional and lifestyle counseling. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2604-T] (1).
58.
Isolation, Molecular Identification And Antibiotic Resistance Pattern Of Salmonella Enterica From Fancy Birds
by Aqeela Kousar (2010-VA-303) | Mr. Muhammad Asad Ali | Prof. Dr. Aftab Ahmed Anjum | Prof. Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Salmonellosis is a disease with serious health issues related to food borne illness and
most of world’s population is suffering from it. Early diagnosis in case is very important for
treatment of disease. Salmonellosis may hidden as a carrier state, acts as zoonotic components
for transmission of disease. Therefore the test with more diagnostic value needs to be developed
like Polymerase chain reaction after culturing and microbiological examination.Salmonella
enterica infections continue to pose a significant risk for poultry industry and fancy birds.
Salmonella infections have been controlled by antibiotics but in recent times antibiotic resistance
in microorganisms especially in Salmonella is a global health issue. Antibiotic resistant
Salmonella has further compounded the problem. Poultry isolate of Salmonella enterica (n=150)
were procured from Jallo park, Safari park and household pets which are taken to Pet Centre
University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore then brought to Department of
microbiology UVAS Lahore and identified by biochemical testing, morphology, staining
characters and genus specific PCR. Antibiotic Susceptibility was checked by disc diffusion
method against amoxicillin (30μg), ampicillin (10μg), cefixime (5μg), , ceftazidime (30μg),
ceftriaxone (30μg), ciprofloxacin (5μg), gentamicin (10μg), nalidixic acid and tetracycline
(30μg) and resistant pattern was 100 % in ampicillin and tetracycline and 41.18% and 58.82% %
in gentamicin and ciprofloxacin respectively while antibiotic show 0% resistance. Fancy birds
are carriers of drug resistant Salmonellae.
A total of 150 samples collected from Zoo Lahore, safari park and household pet fancy
birds each of n=50. Samples will enriched by non-selective and selective media, After isolation
on selective media macroscopic, biochemical analysis and microscopic examination done. DNA
Summary
53
extracted from culture isolated from cloacal swabs and polymerase chain reaction performed
using primers. Amplication will be observed using Agarose gel electrophoresis.
Research highlighted the prevalence of Salmonella in fancy birds and its possibility of
transmission to human beings. Research also provided data on antibiotic resistance in
Salmonellae from fancy birds and its possible role in ever increasing problem of antibiotic
resistance. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2615-T] (1).
59.
Salmonella Contamination In Vegetables Due To Irrigation With Wastewater In Lahore
by Muhammad Shahjahan Zafar (2009-VA-398) | Prof. Dr. Mansur-ud-din Ahmad | Dr. Muhammad Hassan Mushtaq | Ms. Noor-ul-Hudda.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Salmonella has been one of the major food-borne pathogens for animals and humans for last many years. Many food borne outbreaks and other sporadic cases occur due to Salmonella in many countries. Foods of animal origin are considered major sources of Salmonella. However, Salmonella infections due to consumption of raw vegetables have occurred numerously in recent past. 30% of sewage water is directly used for irrigation purposes in Pakistan for various crops including vegetables. It may be the cause of Salmonella contamination. Apart from conventional microbiological techniques, nucleic acid amplification technologies have provided the opportunity for rapid detection of Salmonella from various sources, providing better sensitivity and superior specificity, thereby refining the administration of outbreaks by more rapid confirmation.
Untreated wastewater is the major source of Salmonella contamination of vegetables. Vegetable sampling was done from field, wholesale and retail markets of Lahore city and wastewater sampling was done from River Ravi, Lahore Canal and other sources by using aseptic techniques and was transported at 4°C. Salmonella species was isolated by conventional methods and suspected colonies were confirmed by biochemical tests TSI and Urease Test. DNA was extracted through boiling and 10% chelex method. Molecular characterization of isolated strains was done through PCR. Antibiotic resistance of confirmed isolates were also checked.
A total of 320 (Vegetable n=160, Wastewater n=160) samples were taken for present study for screening of salmonella microbial contamination in it. Different types of vegetables including Coriander (n=40), Mint (n=40), Carrot (n=40), Radish (n=40) were used for analysis.
CHAPTER 6
SUMMARY
Summary
46
Wastewater samples were also collected from various sources like River Ravi (n=60), Lahore Branch Canal (n=60) and Kharak Nala (n=40).
Salmonella was found in 4/40 (10%) samples of Coriander, 3/40 (7.5%) of Mint, 5/40 (12.5%) of Carrot, 3/40 (7.5%) of Radish and 33/160 (20.63%) of wastewater samples through PCR detection. Many of the isolates were found multi-drug resistant.
This study revealed the presence of multi-drug resistant Salmonella species in vegetables and wastewater. All the vegetables studied were contaminated with Salmonella. This data was designed to find out the magnitude and real picture of the pathogen. It helped in drawing a relationship between Salmonella contamination of vegetables and irrigation of wastewater. As wastewater is the main reason for bacterial contamination of vegetables, measures should be adopted at governmental level for reduction of this contamination. Water disinfection practices and continuous water supply for irrigation can reduce the bacterial load. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2624-T] (1).
60.
Prevalence Of Influenza Virus Among Children Of Tehsil Kot Radha Kishen
by Shamsa Rafique | Dr. Mamoona Chaudhry | Prof. Dr. Mansur-ud-Din-Ahmad | Dr. Amir Ghafoor Bajwa.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Influenza belongs to orthomyxoviridae with single stranded RNA genome. Influenza has three types namely A, B and C with further subtypes on the basis of hemaglutinin and neuraminidase surface proteins that are H1, H2, H3, N1 and N2. Influenza infection causes headache, muscle ache, runny nose, sneezing and often fever with cough. Nose, lungs and bronchi are affected by it. Human influenza infection usually follows a period of 10-14 days with no residual effects. However, sometimes it may cause serious respiratory illness and rarely involve other body organs. On the other side, newly evolve strains of influenza have little immunity against them so these may cause serious illnesses and even lead to death. Various strains of influenza have caused epidemics, pandemics and zoonotic diseases at different times all over the world. This cross sectional study was conducted to estimate the prevalence rate of influenza in Pakistan. Study period was 12 months. A cross sectional survey of Kot Radha Kishen, district Kasur was undertaken in children less than 15 years from 35 localities. Data was collected through two stage cluster sampling techniques. After a written consent, questionnaires were filled up. Total sample size was 245.
In this study, Child aged less than 5% were 46%, 5-10 year were 40% and 10-15% were 14% including 50.8% female and 49.2%male children. Vaccination was completed in 86.4% and continued in 4.8%. However, 4.4% children were not immunized at all. These families were mostly shifted in that area after migration. During the survey 22% community showed their knowledge about seasonal influenza vaccination while 78% were ignorant of it.
About 40.8% of community kept bird and 51% kept animal at home. Among those children, 33.2% children suffered from influenza like illness within the week of surveillance.
Summary
53
Influenza contact history was positive in 33.2% of these cases. In case of illness 24.4% regularly took medicine from hospital While 34.8% population moved to traditional doctors for medicine and 17.2% took medicine from pharmacies without any doctor’s prescription. Prevalence estimates of human influenza were generated; associated risk factors were identified through this study. Results were shared with international community working for the control and eradication of human influenza Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2634-T] (1).
61.
Relationship Of Parent’s Level Of Education And Socio-Demographic Variables With Child’s Immunization Status: A Cross-Sectional Study In The Rural Areas Of District Layyah
by Abida Zahoor (2012-VA-573) | Prof. Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Athar Khan | Prof. Dr. Masood Rabbani.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Immunization is a very important element of public health. It is the process whereby a person is made immune or resistant to an infectious disease, generally by the administration of a vaccine. Vaccines stimulate the body’s own immune system to protect the person against subsequent infections. It prevents against various communicable diseases such as Tuberculosis, Tetanus, Pertussis, Diphtheria, Poliomyelitis, Hepatitis B and Measles.
A cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 parents having at-least one child under five years of age. Data was collected from the rural areas of district Layyah. The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship between parent’s level of education and child’s immunization status on one hand and the effect of sociodemographic variables on child’s immunization status on the other hand. In this study, it was concluded that there was a significant association between parent’s level of education and the socioeconomic variables with child’s immunization status.
Low rate of parent’s literacy, especially health literacy, poor socioeconomic status, large population size, parent’s refusal, difficulty in accessing immunization services and lack of health facilities were identified as the main barriers to immunization completion. As parent’s level of education is considered to be the corner stone in the progress of modern nation so education is a very important element as educated parents play a significant role in achieving the health of their children. It was concluded that there was a significant association between literacy status of parents, income status of parents and the immunization status of children. The immunization status of children in the rural areas can be improved by higher household income, literacy, better
Summary
41
health knowledge, exposure to media, maternal empowerment and mother’s participation in decision-making process. The policy makers should stress on the education of the people especially female education. Health awareness campaigns should be carried out so that parents can gain the benefits of vaccination.
6.1 Hypothesis
Ho: there is no significant relationship between parent’s level of education and child’s immunization status.
H1: Parent’s level of education has significant relationship on child’s immunization status
6.2 Methodology A cross-sectional study of six months duration from July 2016 to December 2016 was conducted in the rural areas of district Layyah in which parents of children under 5 years of age were interviewed about the immunization status of their children. Convenient sampling technique was used to collect the data. Data was collected from 200 parents living in the rural areas of district Layyah. The collected data was analyzed by using SPSS version 16.0.
6.3 Statistical Design
The dependent variable “child’s vaccination” and independent variables “parent’s educational level, household income, parent’s occupation and family composition” were analyzed by using SPSS version 16 and Microsoft Excel. Data entry and analysis was done on SPSS-16. Chi-square test was used for statistical testing. A p-value of <0.05 was considered significant. Frequencies and percentages of categorical variables were calculated. Cross
Summary
42
tabulations were done among dependent and independent variables. Chi-square test was applied on different sociodemographic factors and child’s immunization status to define the significant associations.
6.4 Study Outcomes It is concluded that there is a significant association between literacy status of parents, income status of parents and the immunization status of children. The major benefit of this study is that, the research findings can be used to assess the relationship of parent’s education with child’s immunization status and to find out those factors which are the main hindrance in child’s vaccination coverage. It will also provide new dimensions for further research related to child immunization and the health managers will find new facts and figures that will help them to make national decisions with the certainty of success. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2654-T] (1).
62.
Comparison Of Conventional And Modern Diagnostic Techniques For Bovine Tuberculosis With Associated Risk Factors
by Arslan Tariq (2014-VA-960) | Prof. Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Yasin Tipu | Prof. Dr. Mansur-Ud-Din Ahmad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Bovine tuberculosis is a chronic bacterial disease of cattle that occasionally affects other species of mammals. It is a zoonotic disease that can be spread to humans, typically by the inhalation of aerosols or the ingestion of unpasteurized milk. The present study was conducted to diagnose tuberculosis in cattle and buffalo by using conventional method of Tuberculin. Later on, the positive samples of tuberculin test were tested on ELISA and PCR. Additionally, associated risk factors including the age, sex, breed and body condition were also investigated.
One hundred and ninety-two sexually mature animals of age 2-8 years for detection of tuberculosis were selected randomly from four organized farms in eastern wing Lahore district. The animals were divided into two main experimental groups labeled as group B (Buffalos) and group C (Cows). Each group was further sub-divided into 3 sub-groups namely B1, B2, B3 and C1, C2, C3 with age group of below 4y, 4-6y and over 6y respectively.
On the basis of tuberculin test number of positive cases of bovine tuberculosis in buffalo were 7.29 % while in cattle were 11.46% out of total 96 animals of each group. On the basis of diagnosis with ELISA-IFN-γ assay, percentage of positive cases were 71.43% and 72.73 % respectively out of tuberculin positive samples. Whereas the percentage of positive cases in case of PCR of buffalo and cattle were 85.71% and 90.91% respectively.
Number of positive cases in buffalo at age below 4 years, 4-6 years more than 6 years were observed as 1, 2 and 4 respectively. While in cattle, number of positive cases were found to be 2, 3 and 6. In case of buffalo, number of positive cases of bovine tuberculosis in male and female were 2 and 5 respectively. In cattle, 4 males and 7 females were declared as positive. In case of buffalo, number of positive cases of bovine tuberculosis in Nili Ravi (pure breed) and non-descript breeds were 2 and 5 respectively. Number of positive cases in case of indigenous and exotic breeds
Summary
41
of cattle were 3 and 8 respectively. In buffalo, only 1 animal with good body condition was found positive against bovine tuberculosis, while 2 animals with fair body and 4 animals with poor body condition were observed as positive cases. In case of cattle, only 1 animal with good body condition, 3 with fair body condition while 7 with poor body condition were declared as positive cases.
It can be concluded from the study that Modern techniques are more specific than conventional techniques. It is also deduced from study that cattle are more susceptible to bovine tuberculosis rather than buffalo. Moreover, female animals were more prone to infection than that of male, older animals were found to be infected more frequently than that of younger animals. Animals with poor body conditions were at high risk of infection than animals with good body conditions. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2648-T] (1).
63.
Case Control Study Of Brucellosis And Its Associated Risk Factors At Commercial Dairy Farms
by Amna Riaz (2008-VA-257) | Prof. Dr. Mansur Ud Din Ahmad | Dr. Mamoona Chaudhry | Dr. Muhammad Imran Rashid.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Brucellosis, is a febrile, zoonotic disease caused by bacteria of genus Brucella. It is a second most important zoonotic disease after rabies. (WHO, OIE, FAO). Brucella is gram negative, aerobic, non-spore forming and non-motile coccobacilli. (Gull and Khan, 2007).The main signs are abortion after fifth month of pregnancy, still births, birth of weak calves, infertility, placentitis in females and in male’s epididymitis and orchitis. Due to its zoonotic nature farm labors, butchers, veterinarians and slaughter house workers are at high risk. Signs in human brucellosis are highly variable i.e., flu, rising and falling of temperature and causes many other complications in the body. (Baba et al.2001; Grillo et al. 2006; Shimol et al. 2012). Standard tests for brucellosis are Rose Bengal Precipitation Test (RBPT), Serum Agglutination Test (SAT) and Complement Fixation Test (CFT) (Memish et al, 2002). Its control is very difficult due to its variable incubation period, long survival time in both extracellular and intracellular environments, asymptomatic stages and resistant to the treatment, co-mingling, increasing population size and nomadism (Rahman et al. 2006).
The case study was conducted on the commercial dairy farms situated in the catchment area of University Diagnostic Laboratory, UVAS Lahore which were located Lahore, Kasur and Sheikhupura districts in Punjab. The data about positive and negative farms was obtained from university diagnostic lab, UVAS, Lahore. A predesigned questionnaire was filled from that farm workers in face to face interview. The sample size was calculated by the formula given by Schlesselman, 1982. The parameters for calculation of the sample size were power of study kept at 80% with 95% confidence interval. Total 90 samples were included (cases= 45, controls=45). Data was analyzed using chi-square. All statistical tests were performed at the significance level of 0.05.
In this study, absence of the calving pens at the farm, feeding and water practices, presence of streams and lakes near the farm and breeding practices show the strong association with this disease,by controlling the above factors and improving management at the farm can low the occurrence and spread of the disease in animals.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2664-T] (1).
64.
Epidemiology Of Influenza Virus H5n1 In Islamabad Capital Territory
by Zahida Fatima (2005-VA-246) | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Athar Khan | Dr. Khalid Naeem | Prof. Dr. Mansur Ud Din Ahmad | Prof. Dr. Khushi Muhammad.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: The poultry sector in Pakistan is the second largest industry that contributes to the national gross domestic products (GDP) and remains a major source of nutrition (protein and energy) for human population in Pakistan. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) outbreaks due to H5N1 virus in poultry have been recorded in over 62 countries, indicating the contagious nature of the disease and its potential to infect various avian species. These HPAI outbreaks in poultry have lead to killing/culling of around 120 million birds in various countries. During 2009, the Avian Influenza continues to occur in poultry in China, Hong Kong, India, Egypt, Nepal, Bangladesh and Canada . In Pakistan, an HPAI outbreak due to H7N3 virus was first observed in 1994-95 and those due to H9N2 virus in broiler and layer chickens were recorded between late 1990’s and early 2000. During the period between 2006 and 2008, poultry heavily suffered due to multiple outbreaks caused by H5N1 virus.
The country experienced several and severe HPAI subtype H5N1 outbreaks during 2006-2008 in commercial poultry farms mostly, causing mass economic losses. In Pakistan all the four poultry production system exists being identified by FAO. The present study was conducted in peri-urban areas of ICT Islamabad, capital of Pakistan. The objectives of the present study were to investigate the outbreaks due to HPAIV H5N1 in 2006-2007 in ICT and identify the pattern and trends of these outbreaks. For this purpose descriptive epidemiological study was conducted and data was collected on a predesigned questionnaire regarding farm demography, culling, morbidity and mortality. The result statistical analysis showed a significantly (P< 0.05) higher morbidity, mortality, case fatality and culling rate in layers farms than breeders and broilers respectively. Layers and breeders of old ages were mostly affected with having higher mortality and culling in comparison to younger age layer and breeder commercial farms. The mean morbidity and mortality rates ranged 57–95% and 5-43% correspondingly.
After the HPAIV H5N1 first reported outbreak in Pakistan in 2006 culling strategy was adopted after devastating outbreaks regularly reported from throughout the country. The reasons behind these emerging epidemics were unknown and several hypotheses were given birth after these outbreaks. Knowledge regarding potential risk factors responsible for HPAIV H5N1 epidemics in commercial poultry farms in Pakistan was lacking. Therefore we conducted a longitudinal cross sectional survey (1:1 matched case control study) to identify potential risk factors at farm level responsible for 2006-2007 HPAIV H5N1 infection in poultry in ICT. Information on farm characteristics, biosecurity practices and farm management were collected. Logistic regression model on data was used to unveil the potentially associated risk factors with cases (farms confirmed HPAI H5N1 Positive). Several candidate variables were studied and investigated for association. The results multivariable logistic regression showed that farm location such as in urban area (P<0.05: OR=18.50), wild birds entry (P<0.05: OR= 12.66) and farms situated in highly dense poultry populated area (P<0.05:OR=4.50) were found significantly associated with outbreaks of HPAIV H5N1 infection in commercial poultry farms during 2006-2007 epidemics in the study area.
Live bird markets (LBMs) are essential for poultry marketing in developing countries like Pakistan. One year active disease surveillance for influenza viruses in avian species in LBMs in ICT area was conducted in 2011. LBMs in Pakistan are typically urban that brings together many avian species produced by different suppliers. Which make LBMs in Pakistan a potential source of HPAIV viruses as well as other emerging poultry pathogens i.e. new castle disease virus,infectious bronchitis etc. The results of the present surveillance data showed that seroconversion against H5N1 and H9N2 is present in LBMs bird species which were isolated from different samples like serum, cloacal, nasal samples and organ samples.This indicates the continuous threat of AIV viruses circulating in the live bird markets set up of Pakistan.
Findings of these studies will help to tailor control and prevention measure against devastating outbreaks in future regarding the local circumstances of commercial poultry farms as well as in LBMs. These studies also succeeded to unveil the true reasons behind these devastating outbreaks and their higher impact on poultry industry. Such type of surveillance programs will be useful in future to investigate several emerging diseases and outbreaks in Pakistan and other developing countries. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2700-T] (1).
65.
Molecular Epidemiology Of Mycobacterium At The Animal Human Interface And Its Co-Morbidity With Diabetes Mellitus
by Zarfishan Tahir (2011-VA-624) | Prof. Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad | Dr. Abdul Majeed Akhtar | Dr. Muhammad Hassan Mushtaq | Prof. Dr. Tahir Yaqub.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Tuberculosis (TB) is a common and fatal infectious disease which has afflicted mankind for several millennia. At the moment, TB is positioned at number five when it comes to the most common causes of fatality worldwide. TB is curable if it is properly diagnosed and treated. In 2015, it was estimated that 1.5 million deaths (an equivalent of 4,000 deaths per day) and 9 million new TB cases have been reported. Diabetes Mellitus is also widely distributed and estimated to affect 366 million people by 2030. The co-morbidity of DM and TB is re-emerging because of the progressive epidemiology of both diseases especially in the developing countries. Endemicity of TB and DM is growing in developing countries because of low socio-economic status and poor living conditions.
In this study, a total of 500 tuberculosis positive patients were selected under TB DOTS program from five tertiary care hospitals of Lahore. Sputum samples were collected from all the enrolled patients and smear microscopy was performed for TB confirmation. Blood samples were collected from the same patients for screening of diabetes mellitus. Sputum samples were also processed for culture and drug sensitivity on LJ medium. Molecular identification by PCR technique was carried out on all positive cultured strains and results were compared with reference strain H37RV. For DNA sequencing, PCR products were sent to Singapore where sequencing was performed by Sanger method.
Data was compiled and variables including gender, age, drug resistance and treatment history and correlation among different variables was analyzed using chi-square test and Fischer’s exact test method at P-value of ≤0.05. SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences, Version 20.0) was used for statistical analysis. The count data was statistically analyzed using
SUMMARY
124
descriptive statistical tools. On screening for fasting blood sugar level, 74 (14.8%) patients were recorded as diabetics as well i.e. blood sugar level ≥ 126 mg/dl. Out of these 74 patients, 22 patients had previous history of diabetes whereas remaining 52 patients were newly diagnosed at the time of screening. The maximum distribution of TB-DM patients was found in age group > 57 years. Mean age of the group without DM was 39 years and with DM was 48 years. Coexistence of DM in TB patients was higher in males (62.2%) as compared to female study subjects. However, the gender difference is statistically non-significant (p value 0.243).
The distribution of education level revealed that out of the total participants, maximum number of patients (n=220) were illiterate and similar trend was observed in diabetic patients with 54 (73%) individuals belonging to the illiterate group of the subjects. There is statistically significant difference between existence of DM and literacy level in tuberculosis patients. Among social and behavioral risk factors in tuberculosis patients, majority of the patients were unemployed (24%) in TB-DM group. Significant correlation p value ≤ 0.05 was found between coexistence of TB-DM and tobacco use. TB cases with diabetes were known to have history of smoking with 73% (n=54) while non-smokers were 27% (n=20).
On sputum smear microscopy frequency of 3+ results showing high bacterial load, was profoundly higher i.e. 67.6% in diabetic tuberculosis patients as compared to non-diabetics which was 4.9% only. Total culture yield was 363 out of 500 sputum samples. There were 193 samples that were sensitive to all drugs, 9.4% were MDR strains (resistant to Isoniazid and Rifampicin). MDR-TB is significantly higher in TB-DM patients i.e. 13.5% as compared to 8.7% in TB only patients.
In our study, DNA sequence data for drug resistance was studied by the sequence of rpoB gene of the wild type MTB strain. Sequencing results showed mutations at various spots of rpoB gene.
SUMMARY
125
Most common mutational sites identified were at codon 531, 526 and 516 with frequency of 70%, 15% and 7.5%, respectively. Moreover, mutation sites at 512 and 574 codon had also been reported. In this study, predominantly two phylogenetic variants were identified. Majority of the isolated strains were Central Asia Strain (CAS) with a prevalence of 88.2% and rest were Beijing strain. However, attempts to find zoonosis could not be established. A total of 900 raw milk samples were also screened for M. bovis and no positive sample could be detected.
The present study emphasizes the importance of screening for DM in TB patients, which had not been done in routine. This practice may prove to be helpful in reducing the disease burden of TB patients as well as DM patients. Thus it is recommended that the screening for DM should be implemented in TB/DOTS clinics.
Emergence of Multi drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis is also a serious challenge for clinicians. A very large financial implication in terms of treatment, duration of chemotherapy and spread of MDR TB strains is being faced. Treating MDR TB is more complicated than treating drug sensitive TB. Patients with MDR TB require longer, much more costly treatment and experience higher mortality rates. Such a long time to initiate the treatment is not affordable, thus there is a dire need for some rapid technique like molecular based diagnostics for MDR detection, which can provide quick results and making it possible to start treatment at earlier to minimize transmission, morbidity and mortality. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2710-T] (1).
66.
A Case Control Study Of Risk Factors Of Periodonitis In Pregnant Women In District Faisalabad
by Sehar Yousaf (2014-VA-539) | Prof. Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad | DR. MamoonaChaudhry | Dr. Muhammad Nasir.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Good oral health is the indicator of good general health of an individual. Poor oral hygiene is the most important factor to cause dental diseases. Severe form of gingivitis called periodontitis. Periodontal disease affects the gum and jaw bone.
If periodontitis is not treated in the early stages it become worse due to increased production of clavicular fluid, which contains inflammatory mediators and bacterial flora that can damages the periodontium. Gingival health is compromised during pregnancy due to hormonal changes. This is called pregnancy gingivitis which is initial stage of periodontitis.
A matched case control study was conducted to identify the risk factors of periodontitis during pregnancy. Study duration was three months and it was conducted in tertiary care hospitals of Faisalabad (Madina teaching hospital, D.H.Q, Allied hospital).Cases were matched on the bases of month of pregnancy and number of pregnancy with control.
Study sample was 282 (141 cases and 141 controls). Data were collected through questionnaire which comprises of two sections one is demographic data and one is questions related risk factors.
Data was entered on SPSS software value was less than 0.05 and confidence interval was 95%. Multi logistic regression test was applied to identify the potential risk factors of periodontitis. Results have been shown the different risk factors which are capable of cause periodontitis.
The most significant risk factors e.g. family history, systemic illness in which diabetes and hypertension were most common, poor eating habits due to lack of knowledge about oral health were common. Results have been shared with health authorities of concerned hospitals. Results cannot be generalized on the whole population due to its less sample size.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2695-T] (1).
67.
Prevalence Of Campylobacteriosis Among Diarrheic Children And Its Associated Risk Factors
by Zahra Aziz Butt (2014-VA-985) | Dr. Muhammad Hassan Mushtaq | Prof. Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad | Miss Noor-ul-Hudda.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Campylobacteriosis is an acute gastroenteritis characterized by diarrhea (which could be
bloody), fever and abdominal cramps. Campylobacter is becoming a leading cause of bacterial
diarrheal disease worldwide. Campylobacter is a food born pathogen that can transmit to
children through unhygienic practices by mother during feeding, through contact with pets, or
consumption of raw milk, milk products, vegetables, undercooked poultry meat and
contaminated water. It can leads to fetal outcome in children. Post infection complications can
lead to reactive arthritis, irritable bowel syndrome and Guillain Barre Syndrome (GBS). So the
study was design to measure the prevalence and associated risk factors of Campylobacteriosis
among children suffering from acute diarrhea in a tertiary care hospital in Lahore.
A total of 41 stool samples were collected through systematic random sampling from
children having complaint of acute diarrhea visiting a tertiary care hospital (MAYO Hospital) in
Lahore. The samples were transported within 6 hours of collection and cultured on modified
charcoal cefparazone deoxycholate agar and incubated at 42ᴼC for 42 hours for isolation of
Campylobacter. Then the samples were purified and various biochemical tests as catalase,3.5%
NaCl stress, and 1% glycine stress were performed. Out of 41 samples 7 showed no growth on
charcoal agar. Out of 34 samples that showed growth on charcoal agar 14 were positive
biochemically. So the prevalence was found to be 34%.
Data was analyzed by using SPSS 16.0 version. Descriptive statistics was applied to
check the frequencies of different risk factors. Risk factors like sociodemographics and other risk
factors related to hygiene as house member suffering from diarrhea, playing of child in muddy
areas, use of raw milk, bottle feeding, use of common latrines, washing of latrines, presence of
Summary
49
pets in house, access of pets to kitchen, restaurant eating and travelling to any other area were
studied. Chi square test was applied to check the association of different risk factors with
Campylobacteriosis. Three factors as washing of hands by mother before preparing food,
frequency of washing of latrines and consumption of food from restaurant before onset of illness
were found to be associated with the Campylobacteriosis.
Campylobacteriosis is an important disease of children which is underestimated in
Pakistan due to deficient knowledge in subject and financial constraints. Adequate awareness of
hand washing, good hygiene, proper cooking of food and boiling of drinking water can be
important in preventing infection. Careful attention should be given on the disease and further
studies should be conducted about the disease to study upcoming status of the disease . Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2734-T] (1).
68.
Epidemiological Investigation of rRisk Factors of Mastitis in Dairy Buffalo and Antibiotic Resistance of Staphylococcus Aureus
by Abid hussain2010-va-261 | Prof. Dr. Mansur ud din ahmad.
Material type: Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Phd. Availability: No items available
69.
Burden Of Respiratory Illness Related To Influenza Among Oupatient And Inpatients Healthcare Facility Centers District Sheikhupura
by Ayesha Mukhtar (2014-VA-1052) | Dr. Mamoona Chaudhry | Prof. Dr. Mansur-ud-din Ahmad | Dr. Shafqat Fatima Rehmani.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Influenza is a highly contagious, acute illness in humans. Influenza viruses have negative-sense RNA genomes and are placed in the Orthomyxoviridae family grouped into three types A, B and C on the basis of the internal nucleocapsid or the matrix protein. Droplet and airborne are the most common modes of transmission. In Humans infection appears to be direct or indirect exposure to infected person or infected live or dead poultry or contaminated environments.Globally the annual attack rate with influenza viruses ranges between 5 to10% in adults and 20- 30 % in children. The WHO estimates that 3-5 million cases of severe influenza illness occur every year resulting in 250,000 to 500,000 deaths worldwide, with most influenza deaths occurring among adults over 65 years of age.
Influenza is the cause of outpatient visits and inpatient hospitalization among population of District Sheikhupura.
A prospective study for duration of 3 months (September to october) was performed in Tehsil Muridke District Sheikhupra. Population of Tehsil Muridke is 4, 52,009. We selected Tehsil headquarter hospital randomly as sentinel sites .Our Target population was cases of ILI and SARI. All cases of influenza like illness (ILI) or severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) who meets the inclusion & exclusion criteria was enrolled. Data was obtained by the face to face interview. A detail investigation form was filled after taking written consent form. Throat swab was collected from patient. The sample was stored at -70°C for further laboratory procedure. We will use Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for detection of type of the influenza virus. RT-PCR allows viral template RNA to be reversed transcribed producing complementary DNA (cDNA) which can then be amplified and detected. So in our Study we used RT-PCR for influenza virus detection.
Data analyzed by using SPSS software with 95% confidence interval. Chi-square test used to measure the association of risk factors (age, sex, occupation, exposure, healthcare worker, travelling etc) and the rate of morbidity and mortality was calculated by using standard formulae.
We identified ILI and SARI cases associated with outpatients and inpatients & also provided data to identify and monitor groups at high risk for influenza and will measure trends in morbidity and mortality attributable to influenza.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2805-T] (1).
70.
Cross Sectional Study To Identify Risk Factors Of Appendicular Bone Fractures In Canine And Felines At Pet Clinics In District Lahore
by Mudassar Aziz (2015-VA-805) | Dr. Muhammad Hassan Mushtaq | Prof. Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad.
Material type: Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: With increasing trend in pet animal’s ownership, bone fractures constitute a major
problem including those caused by traumatic injuries. Orthopedic diseases are common in canine
and felines especially those caused by traumatic injuries. Appendicular fractures affecting femur
and tibia were most common in canine and felines. Forelimb fracture is particularly challenging
in orthopedic surgery as dogs bear most of their weight with the thoracic limbs. Pectoral limb
fractures were due to high energy trauma and therefore can result in both lives threatening
injuries, severe and permanent disability. Understanding the different types of fracture will be
helpful to develop improved techniques of fracture fixation in dogs. Young dogs above one and a
half month to six months are most commonly affected. Therefore management of pet’s
environment by the owner can play an important role in the preventing traumatic injuries in pets.
Recording the occurrence and pattern of appendicular bone fractures in canine and felines to
determine the principal causes is important for their management and control. Fractures in
animal bones have not received the required attention and there are few publications that deal
specifically with their epidemiology. Appendicular bone fractures due to trauma were most
common in canines and felines.
All canine and felines with appendicular bone fractured coming to pet clinics during 4
months and their owners willing to participate were enrolled in the study irrespective of age,
breed, and geography. Pet owners not willing to participate were excluded from the study. Data
about age, sex, breed; clinical signs, radiography report and other risk factors were obtained from
the pet owners on a pre-designed close ended questionnaire. Radiographs of the fractured area
were taken for confirmation of fracture. A cross-sectional study was conducted to classify
different types of fractures and to identify the risk factors associated with appendicular fractures
Summary
59
in canine and felines. The study was conducted for four months. The samples consisted of those
canine and felines brought to the selected three pet clinics with fracture during the study period.
Cases were confirmed after taking their radiographs.
The data were analyzed by using SPSS version 20.0.The dependent variable
“appendicular bone fracture” and independent variables “owner’s education, profession, monthly
income, pet sex, pet breed, weight and physical condition” were analyzed by using SPSS version
20.0. Data entry and analysis was done in SPSS 20.0. Chi-square test was used for statistical
testing.
A p-value of <0.05 was considered significant. Frequencies and percentages of
categorical variables were calculated. Cross tabulations were done among dependent and
independent variables. Chi square test was applied to different risk factors associated with
appendicular bone fracture in canines and felines status to define the significant associations.
The present study collected descriptive epidemiological data on appendicular bone
fractures in canine and felines important for control and prevention of fractures. Also, risk
factors associated with appendicular bone fractures in canine and felines were evaluated that
would be helpful in controlling in future such as accidents and falls.
Conclusion
The current study was conducted at three different pet clinics in District Lahore
namely Pet center UVAS, Dr. Asim Pet clinic Faisal town Lahore, Dr. Zia Pet Hospital DHA
Phase-I Lahore, to evaluate the risk factors leading to the appendicular bone fracture in canine
and felines so that these factors can be identified and possible strategies are taken to avoid bone
fractures in canine and felines. The chi-square test result identified the following 10 factors
strongly associated with the appendicular bone fractures in canine and felines during the study
period, which is
Summary
60
1) Owner’s education.
2) The physical condition of the pet.
3) Taking pet daily for outside walk.
4) Wandering habits of pet.
5) The habit of traveling with pets.
6) Not giving balanced diet daily to the pet.
7) Early weaning within two weeks after birth.
8) Aggressive behavior of the pet.
9) Road accidents.
10) Falling from a height. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2864-T] (1).
71.
Characterization And Antibiotic Resistance Profile Of Listeria Monocytogenes Isolated From Fish And Broiler Meat
by Mohammad Nasar (2015-VA-21) | Dr. Sameera Akhtar | Dr. Muhammad Nawaz) | Prof Dr. Mansur ud Din Ahmad).
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Gram positive rod shaped, non-spore former Listeria monocytogenes is the major food-borne pathogens for humans and animals. It can cause serious foodborne infection. The bacterium is saprophyte and can grow on wide range of temperature (0-45°C). Due to this it contaminates different food products. Consumption of this contaminated food products can cause serious problems in neonates, pregnant women and immunocompromised peoples. Its signs may develop between day one to three months after ingestion of the organism. The neonates can develop septicemia, respiratory diseases and meningitis. The pregnant woman may develop influenza like symptoms, or keep an asymptomatic infection that ends in abortion, premature birth or sepsis in the newborn. Healthy people hardly develop clinical signs but a febrile gastroenteritis syndrome has been reported. No doubt this disease is associated with unhygienic food consumption and is characterized by fever, nausea, diarrhea, headache, abdominal pain and sometime myalgia. These symptoms may be resolved in one to three days Listeria monocytogenes was isolated by conventional methods and suspected colonies were identified by Gram staining and biochemical tests catalase and oxidase test. The DNA was extracted from isolated colonies by 10% chelex method. The isolated strains were confirmed through PCR by targeting prfA gene of 479bp. Antibiotic resistance were also checked for confirmed isolates. A total of 160 (Fish meat n=80, Broiler meat n=80) samples were taken for the present study for screening Listeria monocytogenes. The bacterium was found in 19/80 (23.75%) samples of Fish and 5/80 (6.25%) of broiler meat samples through PCR detection.
Summary
45
Later the confirmed isolates were tested to check the resistance profile of the bacterium to different commonly available antibiotics. For this 24hrs old culture were used. Three to five colonies were picked by sterile loop and transfer to test tube containing 10ml normal saline. To check the turbidity the tube was compared with 0.5 Macfarland standard. Then by sterile cotton swab the bacterium was spread on Mueller Hinton agar. Antibiotics were placed by sterile forceps on agar. The plates were incubated at 37°C for 24hrs. Zones of inhibition were measured in mm by the help of ruler and then compared with staphlycoccus aureus break points in CLSI. The susceptibility result shows that the bacterium was resistant to gentamicin. Mostly L. monocytogenes isolates were susceptible to antibiotics used in this study. This study suggested ampicillin as drug of choice for treatment of listeriosis. Preventive measures should be adopted to avoid the risk of the disease. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2835-T] (1).
72.
Descriptive Epidemiology And Risk Factors Of Antenatal Depression Among Women Visiting Tertiary Care Hospital In Lahore
by Gulshan Umbreen (2015-VA-415) | Prof. Dr. Mansur Ud Din Ahmad | Dr. Mamoona Chaudhry | Dr. Muhammad Nasir.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Mental health is an important but neglected component of reproductive health. Mental health problems among women of reproductive age group (15–45 yrs.) contributes to 7% of Global Burden of Diseases of women of all ages. During pregnancy prevalence of depression ranges from 4% to 20%. Women with perinatal depression experience full-blown major depression during pregnancy or after delivery (postpartum depression). The feelings of extreme sadness, anxiety, and exhaustion that accompany perinatal depression may produce or create difficulties to perform daily care activities for themselves and for their babies. Several risk factors predispose to depression during pregnancy are poor antenatal care, economic deprivation, previous history of psychiatric disorders, previous events during pregnancy like previous abortions, and modes of previous delivery like past instrumental or operative delivery age, marital status, gravidity, whether pregnancy was planned. Antenatal depression was the strongest indicator of postnatal depression. A hospital based cross sectional survey for duration of 4 months (December 2016 to March 2017) was performed in Lady Aitchison hospital Lahore. Pregnant women who visited to the obstetrics and gynecology departments for routine prenatal or perinatal care. Woman belongs to lower middle class was included and women with physical disabilities such as deafness and dumbness as well as those with a history of or ongoing mental illness/retardation was excluded in this study. Sampling was done by using convenience sampling technique and sample size was 300. Information regarding risk factors of antenatal depression was collected by using structured questionnaire and a screening tool, Edinburgh postnatal Depression Scale to assess depression after taking written consent. Data was obtained by face to face interview. Data was analyzed by using SPSS software with 95% confidence
85
interval. Descriptive analysis was conducted in terms of who, when and where. Frequency distribution and graphs were be made. Chi- Square test was applied to see the association of risk factors. Depression and various risk factors have been identified among pregnant woman. Association found among various risk factors like age, education of woman and husband, occupation of husband, Husband income, Family type, number of persons living in home, number of children’s, number of daughters, trimester of pregnancy, mode of delivery, pregnancy status, fear from childbirth, Bitter experience/Complication in current /previous Pregnancy and Family Support. Through assessment provide an opportunity in need of intervention to safeguard the well-being of mother and baby and reduce the impact of antenatal depression on the mother, her baby, and her family. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2903-T] (1).
73.
Risk Factors Of Severe Pneumonia Among Children; A Hospital Based Case Control Study In Lahore
by Chanda Jabeen (2015-VA-416) | Dr. Muhammad Mushtaq | Prof. Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad | Ms. Noor-ul-Hudda.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Pneumonia is an infectious disease which causes inflammation of alveoli and airway structure of lungs. Pneumonia causes infant and children morbidity and mortality significantly.. It spreads through droplet infection. Epidemics of pneumonia occur in winter and spring. The sign and symptoms of the pneumonia are fever, cough, stridor, wheezing, tachypnea and respiratory distress. Pneumonia is transmitted through coughing and sneezing via air-borne droplets. Risk factors of pneumonia are less socio economic status, indoor crowding, indoor pollution, and contact with the persons having acute respiratory illness, poor access to health facilities and lower maternal education status.
A case-control study for duration of 4 months (December 2016 to March 2017) was performed in tertiary care hospital Lahore. Target population was the children 2- 59 months of age admitted in Pediatrics and Accident and Emergency Department in tertiary care hospital Lahore. Children 2-59 months of age meeting the case definitions admitted in the Tertiary Care Hospital Lahore. Children meeting the control criteria were selected as control visiting the Tertiary Care Hospital Lahore and children’s guardians who were willing to participate in the study were enrolled. Sampling was done by using convenience sampling techniques and sample size was 162 cases and 162 controls. Data was obtained by face to face interview with child’s guardian. A detail questionnaire regarding various risk factors was filled after taking written consent from the child’s guardian. Data was analyzed by using SPSS software with 95% confidence interval. Chi square test was used to compare the impact of various predictors on prevalence of pneumonia and odds ratios was calculated using logistic regression test at a significance level of 95%.
Summary
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Many risk factors were significantly associated with severe pneumonia among children 2-59 months of age like low socio economic conditions, low maternal and parental education, contact with the member having upper respiratory tract infection, having contact with member suffering from URTI, hospitalization due to diarrheal illness and being underweight were found strongly associated with severe pneumonia (having odds ratios more than 1) among children 2-59 months of ages in this study.
Health education should be given to promote exclusive breast feeding. Awareness campaign should be started to give awareness on the importance of vaccination programmes. Government should provide more health care facilities. People should be encouraged to involve themselves in income generating activities in order to reduce the poverty levels. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2904-T] (1).
74.
Spatial Ecology And Distribution Of Soil Borne Burkholderia Mallei In Punjab, Pakistan
by Muhammad Asad Ali (2002-VA-73) | Prof. Dr. Khushi Muhammad | Prof. Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum | Prof. Dr. Mansur-Ud-Din Ahmad.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Burkholderia mallei is a causative agent of glanders, the disease of equines. The disease is characterized by pulmonary, nasal and cutaneous forms. B. mallei is excreted through nasal discharge, lacerated skin/wounds and expiration. Diseased animals shed bacteria through the discharges contaminating soil, water, fodder and other susceptible animals in its vicinity. The present study was designed to map and investigate the association of different physical factors and soil chemistry analytes with persistence of B. mallei genome in soil of 10% percent villages (n=456) from eight selected districts of Punjab province, Pakistan.
Eleven (0.48%) out of 2, 280 soil samples were positive for B. mallei genome in varied locations of Punjab. Higher prevalence (2.37%) for genome was detected in Sheikhupura district followed by Chakwal district (2.10%). None of the samples from Gujranwala, Sahiwal, DG Khan, Attock, Faisalabad and Sargodha districts were found positive for B. mallei genome. The genome of B. mallei was distributed in 25% study districts of Punjab, Pakistan. In Chakwal district, the genome of B. mallei was strongly associated with moisture (p=0.008) in all positive samples ranging from 0.80 to 39.20%, Phosphorous (p=0.050) ranging from 1.74 to 21.75 mg/Kg. While, this association in Sheikhupura district soil samples was with Sodium (p=0.018) and moisture (0.026) ranging from 1.90 to 133.59 mg/Kg and 0.80 to 39.20%, respectively. The odds of detecting DNA of B. mallei were recorded higher (1.4, 6.8, 5.0, 2.8 and 10.6 ) when soil sample sites were < 500 meters away from vehicular traffic roads, < one kilometer from animal markets, < 100 meters from canal, animal density < 1,000 animals and human population < 300 houses/village. While the odds of detecting DNA of B. mallei were 0.1, 0.3, 0.4, 0.2 and 0.5 when soil sample sites were > 500 meters from vehicular traffic roads, > one kilometer from animal markets, > 100 meters from canal, animal density > 1000 animals and human population > 300 houses/village, respectively. Soil-borne B. mallei DNA is more likely to be detected in areas closer to roads with vehicular traffic along the interstate routes in Punjab and soil containing low level of moisture.
It was concluded that soil of two districts out of eight selected was positive for B. mallei genome in Punjab province. Odds of less distance from main road to animal farm and high animal density at farm were positively associated with B. mallei DNA persistence in soil. Moisture, sodium and phosphorus were positively associated with persistence of B. mallei DNA in soil.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2900-T] (1).
75.
Study On Contamination Of Toxigenic Staphylococcus Aureus In Frozen Desserts And Its Public Health Significance
by Moin Afzal (2009-VA-244) | Dr. Muhammad Hassan Mushtaq | Prof. Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad | Prof. Dr. Aftab Ahmed Anjum.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Frozen desserts are ice cream and other ices which are kept frozen or at low temperature that are said to be frozen dairy desserts. Frozen desserts include ice cream, ice milk and other edible ices. Ice cream is mainly prepared with milk fat which is about 10-16% according to manufacturer standard, without fat milk solids is almost 9-12%, sugar mainly sucrose is about 9-12%, it has water about 55 - 64% and 0.200.50% are stabilizeror emulsifier
In this study 100 samples of commercially prepared frozen desserts were collected and analyzed microbiologically. Nine towns of Lahore were studied, 10 samples were collected from each town from the street venders/local manufacturer, total 90 samples from venders/local manufacturers and 10 samples were collected from the brands outlets. Frozen desserts include dairy frozen dessert, synthetic frozen dessert and some frozen dairy desserts. These samples were culture on Baird Parker agar and the isolated bacteria were further confirmed by PCR tests for detection and identification of the genes encoding Staphylococcal Enterotoxin type A Staphylococcal Enterotoxin type B.
Total 100 samples were processed microbiologically to identify the S. aureuscontamination in frozen desserts. Samples were taken from street vendors and local manufacturers. The results showed that 64% of the dairy frozen desserts were found positive by Staphylococcus spp. 56.25% of the isolates were coagulase positive. The PCR results showed that 17.8% of the S. aureusisolates possess type A gene, while 12.5% had the type B gene, and 9.3% carry both genes.
Laboratory results showed that street vendors which do not have any hygienic conditions as well as temperature maintenance system for their product, they were found contaminated with S. aureus. Major factor of S. aureuscontamination is the personnel handling involvement in the manufacturing frozen desserts. Personnel who were not following hygienic rules to manufacture frozen desserts were found contaminated withS. aureus.S. aureuscan survive at low temperature but cannot grow and produce enterotoxins at low temperature whenever there is a temperature fluctuation S. aureus grows and produce enterotoxins, which could be public health hazard Street vendors don’t have any temperature control system when there is no electricity.Frozen dessert consumers are at risk to get food borne illness or food poisoning.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2942-T] (1).
