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251. Studies On Rats And Mice As A Reservoir Of Zoonotic Parasites

by Muhammad Sarfaraz Ahmad | Prf.Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Dr. Muhammad Mustaq-ul-Hassan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 2009Dissertation note: A total of 3600 rats and mice were examined for the prevalence of various zoonotic parasitic infections. Species of various parasites were identified. The order of ifection rate was as Hymenolepis nana (59.9%), Toxoplasma gondii in rats and mice 52.0%), Hymenolepis diminula (35.4%), Cryptosporidium parvum (16.5%), Taenia taenieformis (11.7%), Toxoplasma gondii in humans (11.3%), Capillaria hepatica 7.0%), Babesia spp. (2.3%), Trypanosomu spp. (2.3%) and Leishmania spp. (1.2%). The highest (78.0%) month-wise prevalence of FL nana was found during August whereas the lowest (43.0%) during February. The highest (70.8%) season-wise prevalence was noted during summer followed by autumn (62.9%) then spring whiles the lowest (46.8%) during winter. Infection was higher in males (78.0%) than females 45.9%). Adult rats and mice were more commonly affected than younger. Infection was higher in rats (65.1%) than mice (16.3%). The highest (48.0%) month-wise prevalence of H diminuta was found during August whereas the lowest (28.0%) during January. The highest (45.4%) season-wise prevalence was noted during summer followed by spring (35.1%) while the lowest (29.3%) during winter. Infection was higher in males (43.8%) than females (29.3%). Adult rats and mice were more commonly affected than younger. Infection was higher in rats (37.3%) than mice (20.2%). The highest (23.0%) month-wise prevalence of C. parvum was found during July whereas the lowest (10.0%) during December. The highest (22.4%) season-wise valence was noted during summer followed by spring (16.9%) then autumn (15.3%) le the lowest (11.3%) during winter. Infection was higher in females (19.9%) than es (12.0%). Adult rats and mice were more commonly affected than younger, infection was higher in rats (17.7%) than mice (7.6%). The highest (20.0%) month-wise prevalence of T raenieformis was found during y and August whereas the lowest (6.0%) during December. The highest (18.4%) son-wise prevalence was noted during summer followed by autumn (10.8%) then ring (10.6%) whereas lowest (7.0%) during winter. Infection was higher in females 15.6%) than males (6.5%). Adult rats and mice were more commonly infected than younger. Infection was higher in rats (12.4%) than mice (6.0%). The highest (12.7%) month-wise prevalence of C. hepatica was found during August whereas the lowest (4.0%) during November. The highest (10.8%) season-wise prevalence was noted during summer followed by autumn (6.0%) then spring (6.2%) hues the lowest (4.9%) during winter. Infection was higher in females (8.4%) than males (5.0%). Adult rats and mice were more commonly affected than younger. Infection higher in rats (7.3%) than mice (4.6%). The highest (9.0%) month-wise prevalence of Babesia spp. was found during August whereas infection was absent during January, February, March, April, November and December. The highest (5.0%) season-wise prevalence was noted during summer followed by autumn (4.2%) then spring (0.1%) and was absent during winter. The infection was higher in males (2.7%) than females (2.0%).The infection was present only in adult rats and mice and no case was recorded in younger. Higher infection was noted -n (2.3%) and than mice (2.4%). The highest (7.3%) month-wise prevalence of Trypanosoma spp. was found August whereas it was absent during January, February, November and December. The highest (5.7%) season-wise prevalence was noted during summer by spring (2.2%) then autumn (1.2%) and it was absent during winter. The infection was higher in females (2.5%) than males (2.0%). Adult rats and mice were more commonly affected than younger. Higher infection was noted in rats (2.5%) than mice The highest (4.7%) month-wise prevalence of Leishmania spp was found during y and August whereas infection was absent during January, February, March, April, October, November and December. The highest (3.4%) season-wise prevalence was during Summer followed by autumn (1.1%) then spring (0.1%) and infection was during winter. The infection was higher in females (1 .4%) than males (0.9%). The infection was found only in adult rats and mice and no positive case was recorded in 1younger. The infection was (1.2%) in rats and mice. The role of meteorological data i.e temperature, humidity and rainfall was also studied. It was noted that there was a positive co-relation of high temperature and humidity with the prevalence of various parasitic infections. As the infection were maximum during summer when the temperature and humidity was favorable for high prevalence of parasitic burden. This study will he helpful to disseminate information regarding zoonotic potential parasitic infections via media i.e. newspapers. magazine, electronic media (T.V, I.T, Radio) through seminars, meetings and conferences with professionals doctors, paramedical staff and livestock farmers. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1149,T] (1).

252. Comparative Efficacy Of Guar (Gyamopsis Tetragonoloba) And Salinomycine Sodium Against Coccidiosis in Broiler Chicken

by Omer Naseer | Dr. Jawaria Ali Khan | Dr. Muhammad | Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: Parasitic diseases are major problems disturbing the poultry industry and coccidiosis is one of most dangerous diseases that affect the national economy. One hundred and twenty (120) day old broiler chicks free from coccidial infection were purchased from local market. The broiler chicks were divided into four groups viz. A, B, and I) each comprising of 30 birds. Each group was further divided into three replicates comprising 10 chicks each. All groups except group D was induced 10,000 sporocyst of Eimeria species orally on day 14th. Guts from the broiler chicks suspected with coccidiosis were collected from the field and local poultry farms. The coccidial oocysts in faeces were isolated and sporulated. Oocysts were collected from the gut samples. The counting of oocysts in samples was performed by McMaster technique. The experimental birds were vaccinated against various diseases i.e., Gumboro (IBI)) and Newcastle Disease. Salinomycin and guar was used against coccidiosis as per medication protocol the dose rate of 5 gm/kg in feed and Sgm/95 gm of feed given to group A and B respectively. While group C consist of positive control and group I) was negative control. OPG, weight gain and FCR was also being recorded as well as postmortem was performed in case of mortality. For statistical analysis one way ANOVA technique was used. It is concluded that Salinomycin 5 gm/kg in feed had shown best results in terms of maximum weight gain. FCR as compared to Guar 5gm/95 gm of feed which shown reduced oocyst count and mortality. It was not clear which specific compounds in guar contributes to the anticoccidial or growth inhibitory effects. Further research is needed to investigate whether the anticoccidiosis effect of guar was due to residual guar gum (galactomannans), saponins, or some unknown component of guar. It is anticipated that the results of this study will help the poultry farmers and other concerned peoples to choose best possible drug to eradicate coccidiosis and take maximum production. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1153,T] (1).

253. Effect Of Dietary Supplementation Of Mannanoligosaccharide On Reglamation Of Gastrointestinal Physiology In Dogs

by Khalid Abdul Majeed | Dr. Habib ur Rehman | Dr. Muhammad Shahbaz Yousaf | Dr. Nisar | Faculty of Biosciences.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of mannan-oligosaccharide in small bowel resection. Intestinal resection is conducted in various pathological conditions, which is necessary in alleviation of the anomaly but produces ill effects related to the physiological functioning of the resected part. Various post-operative treatments have been suggested in this regard. Prebiotics can serve as an important dietary and clinical nutritive substance with potential to stabilize aftermath. Dogs with jejunal resection were used as an experimental animal and were divided into three groups in this study. Groups were Control (con), MOS-lower dose (MOS-LD) fed 2g MOS and MOS-higher dose (MOS-HD) fed 4g MOS in addition to 400g standard diet daily. Dogs were assessed for glucose, cholesterol, white blood cell counts on day 0, 1 5, 30, 45 of MOS supplementation. Ammonia, microbiological analysis for E.coli, total aerobes and ('lostridium per/ringens were done on fecal samples collected between day 24 and 28 of MOS supplementation. Fecal scoring system was used to study alleviation of diarrhea in two periods with each of 5 days. Period 1 was from day 18 to day 22 and period 2 was from day 41 to day 45 of MOS supplementation. Repeated measures and one way ANOVA was used for analysis of data. Positive effects of MOS were evident on relieving diarrhea and increasing blood lymphocytes. Total aerobes and clostridium count decreased significantly. This study paved way for further studies in the assessment of potency of MOS and other Prebiotics in gastrointestinal surgeries and their inclusion in management of short bowel and the therapeutic arsenal. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1154,T] (1).

254. Diagnosis Of Dengue Virus Serotypes In Effected Patients By Elisa In Lahore Pakistan

by Muhammad Khurram Shahzad | Dr. Muhammad Younus Rana | Dr. Muti-ur-Rehman Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: Dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) is an acute febrile disease caused by any of the four serotypes of dengue virus (DENV I , DENV 2, DENV 3 and DENV 4), belonging to flaviviruses. It is a public health problem of growing importance in areas where the insect vector, Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are present. A total of I 50 clinically suspected dengue patients were recruited, mean age of the patients was 31 .86+1 .66. The maximum age of the patients was 81 years and minimum age of the patient was 5 years. Out of I 50 patients 24.0% (n=36) were tested negative for any of the four serotype of the Dengue virus. The analysis showed that 45.3% (n=68) patients had DENV2 serotype, 16.7% (n=25) had DENV 3 serotype and 14.0% (n=21) patients were diagnosed to have DENV 4 serotype; none of the 150 patients was reported to have DENV I serotype. The most prevalent serotype was Dengue virus serotype 2 and Dengue virus serotype 4 was observed as lowest, while Dengue virus serotype I was having zero prevalence. Out of 150 patients 58.7% (n=88) were male while 41.3% (n=62) were females. Among the male population 31 were affected by Dengue virus serotype 2, 18 males were Dengue virus serotype 3, and Dengue virus serotype 4 was observed in 18 males while 21 males were reported negative for any of the serotype. In contrast among female population Dengue virus serotype 2 was present in 37 females, Dengue virus serotype 3 was observed in 7 and Dengue virus serotype 4 was fixed in 3 females only; while 15 females were negative for any of the serotype of Dengue virus. The data showed that p-value (p< 0.005) depict the association between gender and serotypes of Dengue fever. Our Research point out the prevalence of three out of four serotypes among the Pakistani population, which is a shocked fact as per pathogenesis theory that second infection by a different serotype may prove fatal for previously recovered person. Therefore a strict mosquito control programme is direly needed to prevent these incoming events to occur, the only hope and solution is in our environment. Moreover masses education regarding dengue fever might prove helpful in preventing zoonoses. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1163,T] (1).

255. Prevalence Of Cestodes And Comparative Efficacy Of Niclosamide, Mebendazole And Fenbendazole In Pet Dogs

by Muhammad Shahid | Dr. Asim Khalid Mahmood | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: This study was conducted to assess the prevalence of cestodes infestation in pet dogs in district Lahore and to evaluate the efficacy of niclosamide, mebendazole and fenbendazole against them. For this the samples were collected from three different clinics in Lahore for a period of 3 months. A total of 400 samples were collected. Three types of cestodes were identified (E.granulosus, T.hydatigena and D.caninum). The highest prevalence revealed was that of T.hydatigena and the lowest was of D.caninum in pet dogs. For the drug trials, 32 dogs were divided into four groups named group A (niclosamide), group B (mebendazole), group C (fenbendazole) and group D (positive control). The sampling was performed on day 0, 7 and 21 & the treatment with each drug was made on 0 and 7 days. Later on the reduction in EPG and the calculation of efficacy revealed that mebendazole is the best drug among the three drugs used and the efficacy of fenbendazole was found to be very poor. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1164,T] (1).

256. A Comparative Study On Clinico -Hemotological & Therapeutic Trails In Indigestion & Lactic Acid In Small Ruminents

by Muhammed Abdul Basit | Dr. Syed Saleem Ahmad | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: The Indigestion and lactic acidosis are most common non infectious managmental problem in small ruminants that have been causing global concern as a potential threat. Some cases shows the clinical signs very early while some shows late clinical signs most of which arc common among these two diseases. So it is a matter of priority to develop quick and efficient methods for differential diagnosis and quick response of the therapeutical agent. It was found that rectal temperature, Ruminal fluid pH, and ruminal movements decreased significantly in Indigestion and lactic acidosis in sheep and goats before the treatment in comparison to the control group. On the other hand it was observed that pulse and respiration rate were increased in both groups D-l and D-2 as compare to control group. In present study design, 2 groups of animals were designed for Indigestion and lactic acidosis (I for each disease). Each group was divided into 4 sub group each comprising 10 animals (sheep and goats). The group 1-1 of D-l was provided with Acetic Acid Vinegar 500-800 ml per animal per oral while 1-2 of D-l group was treated with Stomach powder @ 50-70 grams per animal per oral. Similarly sub group LA-l of D-2 was treated with sodium bicarbonate 5% 200-3 00 ml per animal intravenously and sub group LA-2 of D-2 group was provided with sodium bicarbonate @ 40-60 grams per animal per oral. On the other hand sub group 1-3 of D-l and LA-3 of D-2 was kept as diseased untreated control and subgroup 1-4 of indigestion group and LA-4 of Lactic acidotic group was kept as healthy control. Mean values obtained after treatment for D- I group (Indigestion) were rectal temperature increases more significantly in I-I than that of 1-2 while pulse rate of 1-2 sub group was significant than I-i. Respiration rate change was also significant in I- I sub group. Blood pH of 1-2 was significant while ruminal fluid p11 increases more significantly in 1-1. On the other hand mean values obtained allcr treatment for D-2 group (Lactic acidosis) were rectal temperature and pulse rate changed significantly in LA-i sub group. Respiration rate change was significant in LA-2 sub group Blood pit of LA-i & LA-2 in similar range while ruminal fluid pH increases more significantly in LA-I that LA-2 sub group. Ruminal protozoa were not seen in ruminal fluid of both groups. Ruminal movements was rarely observed in indigestion group and not observed in lactic acidotic glol''). Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1167,T] (1).

257. Evaluation Of The Antidiabetic And Antilipidemic Efffects Of Metformin Alone And In Combination With Ascorbic Acid

by Ansa Taskeen | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Habib ur | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: A randomized prospective study was coducted to evaluate the antidiabetic and antilipidemic actions of metformin alone and in combination with ascorbic acid. Human subjects (n 90) comprising of thirty healthy and sixty diabetic patient (NIDDM) were included in the study. These diabetic patients presented to Diabetic Clinic, Jinnah Hospital, Lahore receiving oral anti diabetic medicine (Metformin) for more than six months were considered for the study taking into consideration the exclusion and inclusion criteria. The selected human subjects were randomly divided: Group A comprised of thirty diabetic patients (NIDDM) on metformin alone, group B is group comprised of thirty diabetic patients (NIDDM) on metformin- ascorbic acid and group-C comprised of thirty apparently healthy subjects having no significant health problem. The blood samples were drawn, transferred into clot activator vacuum tubes and centrifuged for 3 minutes to separate the serum. The samples were drawn at pretreatment, two, four and six weeks of treatment. Blood sugar level (fasting), lipid profile (fasting) including serum cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein and high density lipoprotein were studied using commercial kits with the help of a semiautomatic Chemistry Analyser (Humalyser 3500, Human mc, USA) to evaluate the effects of metformin alone and in combination with ascorbic acid Data was analyzed using ANOVA with the help of SPSS program. The results indicate the significant effect of ascorbic acid given to NIDDM patients on lowering of blood sugar level, serum cholesterol, serum triglycerides and serum low density lipoproteins. The NIDDM patients on metformin alone has higher mean level of blood glucose, serum cholesterol, serum triglycerides and serum low density lipoproteins as compared to those NIDDM patients on combination therapy of metformin and ascorbic acid. The mean of high density lipoproteins is higher in NIDDM patients being treated with the metformin-ascorbic acid combination therapy as compared to those on metformin alone. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1172,T] (1).

258. Status Of Wild Life Close To Indian Border Area At Ravi Siphon, Pakistan

by Muhammad Asif Munir | Dr. Zulfiqar Ali | Dr. Muhammad Mahmood-ul-Hassan.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: The proposed study was carried out at Ravi Siphon area in Sheikhupura district near Lahore, Punjab, which is an important site along the Indian Border. In this study, main emphasis was given on the population dynamics of birds, mammals, amphibians and reptiles in relation to the wetland characteristics particularly different types of riverine habitats, different seasons (summer, winter), relationship between different species of animals, seasonal changes, species identification, census of biodiversity and their population assessment. In addition, natural flora of the site was also recorded. Wildlife is an excellent indicator of the overall health of an ecosystem. On this research identification of nature and severity of problems being faced by biodiversity was identified and concluded as recommendation for the welfare of our wildlife to declare the site as a protected area. Waterbirds depend on Ravi Siphon wetland for a variety of activities which include feeding, breeding, nesting and moulting. The highest number of waterbirds is often found in wetlands which have the greatest diversity of plant species and vegetation types, or where there is permanent water. In hot summer wetlands become visiting places for summer visitor birds and they provide a drought- refuge for several species of water birds. During the study there were 87 species of birds recorded. According to seasonal distribution 24 winter visitors, 54 residents, 6 summer breeder and 3 year round visitor were recorded. In the study area, some birds were seen in a large diversity and others were seen rarely. The present study about the status of bird species showed that 1 very common, 9 common, 20 fairly common, 34 uncommon, 12 rare and 11 very rare bird species were recorded. Monthly data was taken during the whole year (May 2009-April10) and 772 total birds population were found. In May 319, Jun 354, July 375, August 390, September 316, October 432, November 349, December 395, January 373. , February 389, March 401 and in April 363 bird's population were recorded. Relative abundance, Census Index and Shannon Weiner Diversity Index were also calculated for studied bird data. The most dominant bird of the area was Indian Cliff Swallow found having relative abundance 5.69. The other dominant birds were Little Green Bee-eater (3.4), Large Egret (3.96), House Sparrow (2.3), and Bank Myna (2.6). Census Index was found to be 1.64 and Shannon Weiner Diversity Index was 5.98 found. Wildlife other than birds was also recorded. Three species of amphibians, eight species of reptiles and significant species of mammals were studied. A great variety of plant trees were also found at Ravi Siphon. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1173,T] (1).

259. Ecology And Population Of Birds Of Changa Manga Forest, Pakistan

by Irfan | Dr. Zulfiqar Ali | Dr. Muhammad Mahmood-ul-Hassan.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: The proposed study was carried out at Changa Manga that is an important woodland forest in Punjab. In this study, main emphasis was given on the population dynamics of birds in relation to the woodland characteristics particularly different types of forest habitats, different seasons (summer, winter), relationship between different species of birds, seasonal changes, species identification, census of birds and their population assessment. They connect all of us, from city dwellers to rural communities, to the environment. Birds are an excellent indicator of the overall health of an ecosystem. On this research identification of nature and severity of problems being faced by birds both resident and migratory was identified and concluded as recommendation for the welfare of our avifauna at the site. In the site of study area resident birds are common and winter visitors, summer breeder birds were also recorded. In the study area 51 residents, 5 summer breeder, 21 winter visitor and 1 year round visitor species recorded. The total number of birds observed in Changa Manga Forest is 78 that show the most common birds in Changa Manga Forest are House Crow, Common Myna, Bank Myna, House Sparrow and Bee-eater etc. The data collected from Changa Manga in May (524), June (384), July (544), August (418), September (425), October (487), November (647), December (593), January (532), February (604), March (630) and April (466). The relative abundance is showed by house crow (7.8531). It is a garbage feeder so can easily be seen in areas which are the places of public interest, where people use to create or spread solid waste (wrapper, plastic bags, food material etc). Common Myna (4.4143), Bank Myna (4.3969), House sparrow (4.1641) and Blyth's Reed Warbler (3.1128), Small Sky-lark (2.3416), Common Babbler (2.6398), Blue-cheeked Bee-eater (2.0016), Small Sky Lark (2.3416), Long Tailed Grass Warbler (1.6631) and Indian Robin (1.6681) have abundance respectively. Census index (0.2422) and Shannon Wiener (5.5495) values were also calculated. The trophic levels were mention according to these; there were 263 birds' herbivores, 411 were omnivores, 391 were insectivores and 112 were carnivore's birds in the study area. Hence there is a strong need to restore, conserve and preserve these existing woodland to maintain and improve the distribution, diversity and abundance of populations and habitats of breeding, migratory and nonbreeding birds throughout the land forests of the Pakistan Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1174,T] (1).

260. Descriptive Epidemiology Of Bovine Subclinical Mastitis And Non-Functional Teats

by Zaheer Hussain | Dr. Muhammad Athar Khan | Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Dr. Shakil | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2002Dissertation note: The study was conducted to understand the prevalence of subclinical mastitis prevalence of non-functional teats and various factors associated with it, viz lactation age, lactation number, housing and hygiene. The economical losses due to subclinical mastitis and non-functional teats were also estimated. Four village Munianwala, Kot Lehnadas, Rossy and Damiranwala and two private farms located in Jattan Tha Warda and Wazirpur were selected on the basis of availability and non-availability of veterinary medical services. The prevalence of subclinical mastitis was found to be 39.46% (58 affected cattle out of 147 lactating cattle) in cattle and 29.13% (162 affected buffaloes out of 556 lactating buffaloes) in buffaloes on animal basis and 12.79% (37 affected quarters out of 2791 quarters at risk) on quarter basis collectively in both species. The occurrence of subclinical mastitis was higher in hindquarters 60% than 40% in fore quarters. The prevalence of subclinical mastitis was recorded, 32.21%, 27.73%, 21.84% and 18.20% in right hind, left hind, left front and right front quarters respectively from 220 affected animals. The prevalence of subclinical mastitis was highest in 5th and 6th lactation animals, 36.23% in buffaloes and 42.85% in cattle followed by 3rd and 4th lactation animals 32.57% in buffaloes and 39.39% in cattle and 1st and 2nd lactation animals 24.50% in buffaloes and 39.34% in cattle. The lowest prevalence of subclinical mastitis was in group of animals which were in > 6th lactation. The highest prevalence of subclinical mastitis was observed in late stage of lactation in both buffaloes and cattle i.e. 33.65% and 56.09% respectively. The prevalence of subclinical mastitis was found 27.71% in buffaloes and 31.57% in cattle in mid stage of lactation and 26.11% in buffaloes and 34.66% in cattle in early stage of lactation. The prevalence of subclinical mastitis in animals with poor, fair and good hygienic status was found to be 50%, 30.58% and 19.62% respectively. The prevalence of non-functional teats was found to be 0.75% (21 non-functional teats out of 2812 quarters at risk) on quarter basis and 2.84% animals (n=20/703) had non-functional teats. The economical losses due to non-functional were estimated to be Rs.340 per lactating animal and Rs.929 per farmer per annum. Losses due to subclinical mastitis were estimated to be Rs.536 per lactating animal and Rs.1467 per farmer per annum. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1175,T] (1).

261. Ecology And Diversity Of Head Qadirabad, Gujranwala, Punjab, Pakistan

by Muhammad Altaf | Dr. Zulfiqar Ali | Dr. Muhammad Mahmood-ul-Hassan.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: The proposed study was carried out at Head Qadirabad that was an important wetland of the Punjab. In this study, main emphasis was given on the ecology and diversity of waterbirds in relation to the wetland characteristics particularly different types of aquatic habitats, different seasons, relationship between different species of waterbirds, seasonal changes, species identification, census of waterbirds and their population assessment. They connect all of us, from city dwellers to rural communities, to the environment. Migratory birds were an excellent indicator of the overall health of an ecosystem. On this research identification of nature and severity of problems being faced by waterbirds both resident and migratory was identified and concluded as recommendation for the welfare of our avifauna at the site. The lower basin of the Chenab River was a prime example of the consequences and challenges posed by increasing water scarcity. The aim of this study was Development, Environment, and Security and the water birds and to clarify key concepts and criteria for sustainable water use within the Head Qadirabad, and then, using those criteria, to present patterns of water use, allocation, and management that can continue to support economic prosperity while maintaining ecological integrity. Water is a prerequisite for life, and a key ingredient in virtually all human economic activity. In regions where demands for water approach or exceed the limits of available supplies, competition intensifies among various interests turning water scarcity into a potential source of conflict. Scarcity often also results in unhealthy aquatic ecosystems because of alterations in the timing, quantity, and quality of freshwater flows needed to sustain their natural functions. This ecological degradation, in turn, spawns a variety of undesirable economic and social effects. In the study area observed 76 winter visitor species, 54 resident species, 10 summer breeder species and 9 year round visitor species (Table: 4.3 and Figure: 4.2.) House Crow was much dominant (Relative abundance was 3.6585), Little Green Bee eater (Relative abundance was 3.2520), Little Swift (Relative abundance was 2.8455), House Sparrow (Relative abundance was 2.5203), Bank Myna (Relative abundance was 2.0325), Common Myna (Relative abundance was 2.0325), Black Kite (Relative abundance was 2.0325), Cattle Egret (Relative abundance was 1.7886), Red-wattled Lapwing (Relative abundance was 1.6260) and Small Pied kingfisher (Relative abundance was 1.2195). These were all dominant in the Head Qadirabad area. This all data shown in Table: 4.9 and Figure: 4.4. In the present study observed following number of birds in whole year, in May 354, Jun 388, July 388, August 404, September 361, October 341, November 394, December 344, January 560, February 649, March 591 and in April 593 birds, as present in Table: 4.10 and Figure 4.5. The present study showed that, 149 species of birds were present in the study area. In 2009- 10 observed that Census Index was 0.437 and Shanon-Weiner Diversity Index was 9.58 as shown in Table: 4.12. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1178,T] (1).

262. Comparative Pharmacokinetics Of Carvediolol In Healty Male And Female Volunteers

by Alishba syed | Dr. Sualeha Riuffat | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: This study was designed to compare the pharmacokinetic parameters of Carvedilol in 6 healthy male and female volunteers. The study was conducted in six healthy male volunteers and six healthy female volunteers. Only those male volunteers were selected who were of age between 18-30 years, not suffering from any disease. Female volunteers were also between age of 18-30 years, who were not pregnant and not suffering from any disease. Written consent was taken from them and they were be informed about objectives of the study, frequency of blood sampling, and possible side effects of drug which they might face during the study. The male volunteers were considered as group A and healthy female volunteers were considered as group B. Both groups were treated with Carvedilol 12.5mg tablet per orally to each individual. 5m1 Blood samples were collected at 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5. 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12 & 24 hr from vein through 5ml B.D syringe of 22guage needle after oral administration of Carvedilol. Plasma was separated by centrifugation at 5000 RPM and stored at -40°C till analysis. Carvedilol concentrations in plasma were measured by HPLC method. All pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by entering plasma concentration-time data in software APO pharmacological analysis MW/PHARM version 3.02. Pharmacokinetic parameters of Carvedilol in healthy male volunteers and in healthy female volunteers were compared. Data was analyzed byapproprite statistical methods and no significant difference was found between AUC and Cmax. Absorption rate was highr in females as compared to males. AUC of Carvedilol was 0.076±0.021 µg.h/ml in healty male voluneteers and 0.197±0.105 µg.h/ml in healty female volunteers. The half life was 5.205±1.824 hours in healty male volunteers and 6.6768±1.328 hours in female volunteers. The Cmax was observed as 0.024±0.004 µg.h/ml in healty volunteers and 0.048±0.018 µg.h/ml in healty female volunteers. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1180,T] (1).

263. Use Of Antioxidate Containing Extender To Improve Post Thaw Quality Of Canine Semen

by Zia Ullah | Prof. Dr. Ijaz Ahmad | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Aleem.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: plasma membrane integrity, acrosomal integrity and viability of spermatozoa) using the Labrador retriever dog frozen semen. Dog is a unique animal in terms of its semen ejaculation which is in fractions with a highly variable sperm concentration in different fractions as compared to other mammalian species like bull, boar, ram, human which have their ejaculate as a single fraction. In this study, BHT was found to improve post thaw motility, sperm viability, plasma membrane integrity and the acrosomal integrity at an inclusion level of 1.0mM in the extended semen. However, the higher concentrations than this were found to have detrimental effects on the parameters mentioned above. The reasons for these detrimental effects could be the change in osmolarity of the semen that varies in different species. The ROS production is associated with normal physiological functioning of the spermatozoa and when a semen sample is diluted the endogenous antioxidant mechanism of the semen is compromised and addition of exogenous antioxidant is needed to equilibrate. Therefore the addition of BHT at an inclusion level 1.0mM in study was found optimum and higher concentrations of this had detrimental effect on the spermatozoa, which could be due to two reasons as explained by Ijaz et al., 2009, i.e., firstly higher concentration of BHT reduce the physiological functions of the spermatozoa by extremely reducing the ROS which are needed to a certain level for physiological function of the spermatozoa and secondly it increases the fluidity of the plasma membrane above the desired levels thus making it prone to more damages. In conclusion, BHT was found useful for dog spermatozoa at inclusion level 1.0mM, however, further studies are required to investigate the fertility of the canine semen having inclusion levels of BHT. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1184,T] (1).

264. Clinico-Epidemiological Features Of Dengue Fever In And Around Lahore

by Abdul Rehman | Dr. Muhammad Athar Khan | Dr. Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad | Faculty of veterinary science.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1187,T] (1).

265. Prevalence Of Caprine Mycoplasmosis In Different Areas Of Pakistan

by Waseem Shahzad | Prof. Dr. Mohammad Sarwar Khan | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Arif Khan.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: A study was conducted to characterize caprine mycoplasma species and to know its prevalence in different areas of Pakistan during 2006 to 2007. For this purpose a total of 1440 different samples such as nasal discharge, pleural fluid, lung piece, synovial fluid, and milk samples (1180), and 260 serum samples were collected from clinically affected goats of different breeds, age and sex. These samples were collected from twelve districts including Mansehra, Peshwar, Swabi, Kohat, Abbottabad, Dera Ghazi Khan, Quetta, Pishin, Jhang, Sargodha, Lahore and Faisalabad with 6 union councils (UC) in each district. Twenty samples of different nature were collected from each of union council. These samples were subjected to cultural isolation, Growth inhibition test (GIT) using rabbit polyclonal antiserum against Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies capri, latex agglutination test (LAT) for the detection of Mycoplasma capricolum subspecies capripneumoniae and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). One twenty one samples out of 1180 showed turbidity in PPLO broth whereas out of these 121 samples 58 grew on PPLO agar. All 58 field isolated organisms showed positive reaction to GIT. None of the serum sample showed a positive reaction with LAT kit. Thirty five samples out of 1180 prior to culturing were positive for Mycoplasma mycoides cluster through PCR and identified as Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri (Mmc) through DNA sequencing, whereas 58 samples were positive with this technique after culturing. Prevalence of mycoplasmosis in hilly and plain areas (5.8 and 4.5 % respectively) is not significantly higher as compared to semi desert and sub hilly areas (3.3 and 2.9 % respectively) which may be due to chance alone. Furthermore, the adult group-3 (age > 1 year) has significantly lowest prevalence (2.7 %) of Mmc as compared to age group-1 (age < 181 days) with 5.1 % prevalance and age group-2 (age: 181 to 365 days) with 4.4 % prevalence. This difference may be due to chance but not areal difference. Similarly prevalence (4.7%) of mycoplasmosis in female goats is not significantly higher as compared to males (3.2%). Beetal, Piamiri, Beetal teddy cross, Baltistani and Desi breeds of goats showed higher prevalence only by chance as compared to other breeds in the areas under study. Saponin inactivated vaccine was prepared from this field strain and found to be effective against Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri in goats. This study focuses on characterizing the interaction of M. ovipneumoniae with ovine PBMC using carboxy-fluorescein-succinimidyl-ester (CFSE) loading and flow cytometry to measure lymphoid cell division. M. ovipneumoniae induced a strong in vitro polyclonal suppression of CD4+, CD8+, and B blood lymphocyte subsets. The suppressive activity could be destroyed by heating to 60 ºC, and partially impaired by formalin and binary ethyleneimine treatment that abolished its viability. The activity resided on the surface-exposed membrane protein fraction of the mycoplasma, since mild trypsin treatment not affecting viability was shown to reduce suppressive activity. Trypsintreated mycoplasma regained suppressive activity once the mycoplasma was allowed to re-synthesize its surface proteins. Implications for the design of vaccines against M. ovipneumoniae are discussed. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1188,T] (1).

266. A Study Of Giardiasis And Its Chemotherapy With Metronidazole And Albendazole In Dogs

by Ayesha sara | Dr. Jawaria Ali Khan | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: Giardiasis is an intestinal pathogenic protozoan which infect humans and a wide range of animals including dogs prevalence of giardia varies widely depending on the detection method, geographic localization and population studied. The objective of the study was to determine the percentage of giardiasis in dogs, its treatment and blood examination before and after treatment. The study was conducted in pet center of university of veterinary and animal sciences (UVAS) and private clinics in Lahore; collected sample were processed in medicine laboratory, department of clinical medicine and surgery (UVAS), Lahore. Faecal samples of five hundred dogs suspected with giardiasis were collected and assessment of giardia cyst were seen using zinc sulphate floatation technique and sucrose gradient centrifugation method, then the positive dogs were separated and divided into four groups viz A, B, C, groups D was negative control, group A was treated with Metronidazole and its efficacy wasll.3 %,64 % & 85 % on day 31,5th & 7th day post treatment while group B was treated with Albendazole & its efficacy was 16.3 % ,44.2 % & 74 % on day 31,5th & 7th day post treatment the results showed that the Metronidazole was better in efficacy then Albendazole, C group was serve as positive control & all these results were compared with negative control (healthy dogs) that is group D.The efficacy of the drugs was determined by the disappearance of giardia cysts from feceas. The blood examination total leukocyte count & Differential Leukocyte Count was conducted before & after the treatment with drugs & it showed that there was mild increase in TLC but not more increase in DLC & no adverse effect of drugs on blood parameters and values were almost normal and close to the values of negative control(healthy dogs). It has been observed during the present study that metronidazole & albendazole showed their mild effect on blood parameters as a result of curing giardiasis. Statistical analysis of data revealed non significant difference (p>O.O5) between groups, A, B, & D (-ye control) on day 3 & 7 of treatment. it was observed that metronidazole was the most effective 85% followed by albendazole 74% against giardiasis in dogs. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1192,T] (1).

267. A Study Of Parasitic Causes Of Diarrhea In Cattle Calves In District Gujranwala

by Muhammad Salman | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Dr. Jawaria Ali Khan | Prof. Dr. Azhar.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: The loss of fluids through diarrhea can- cause severe dehydration which is one cause of death on diarrhea sufferers. In present study cattle calves up to six months of age in district Gujranwala were examined for parasitic infestation. The samples were collected from different Government farms, veterinary hospitals and from villagers having livestock. A total number of 300 cattle calves were examined during the period of three months. The effect of parasitic diarrhea according to the factors like sex and age were studied, the percentage of parasitic diarrhea in cattle calves were also studied. Collected samples were processed at medicine laboratory of university of veterinary and animal sciences Lahore. Fecal samples were processed for different coporological tests, including direct smear, floatation, sedimentation, McMaster and for cryptosporidial examination, staining of fecal smears were used. Blood parameters like Hemoglobin level, TLC & DLC was also be studied. The faecal samples result showed that 147 samples were positive from parasitic diarrhea out of 300 samples and percentage was 49 % including cryptosporidium, cooperia, oesophagostomum, fashiodorous, toxocara, coccidian & eurytrema. The samples were collected age wise as 0-1 months, 42 samples were positive out of 90 samples showing 46.6%, in 1-3 months 47 samples were positive out of 95 samples showing 49.47 %, 1n3- 6 months 58 samples were positive out of 115 showing 50.43 %.while the blood parameters Hb level, TLC & DLC were altered in parasitic diarrhea which showed milk decrease in TLC & DLC as compared to normal values while Hb level was also decreased in parasitic diarrhea. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1193,T] (1).

268. Comparative Study Of Primary And Secondary Bloat In Buffaloes

by Sajjad Ahmad | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Dr. Zia-ur-Rehman | Prof. Dr. M.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: Bloat (tympany) is the abnormal distension of rumen and reticulum caused by excessive gases of fermentation, either in the form of persistent foam mixed with rumen contents or as free gas separated from the ingesta. The experimental study on bloat was conducted at outreach clinic of university of veterinary and animal sciences, Lahore and adjacent areas. There were 500 buffaloes, out of these cases 86 were diagnosed to be suffered from bloat (60 were suffering from primary bloat, 2o were suffered from secondary bloat as shown in the table No 5 and table No 6). Six animals were expired from primary bloat as shown in the table No 10. They were expire without any treatment. Thus the disease percentage recorded was 17.4 A systemic clinical examination of each animal was conducted. The age, breed, sex and general heath of the animal was also recorded. Complete history of each affected animal was recorded. Diagnostic confirmation between primary bloat and secondary bloat was done through stomach tube. Primary bloat was easily recognizable and there were no other diseases of reticulorumen that result in ruminal tympany. Secondary bloat was differentiated from causes of failure of eructation including esophageal obstruction,chromic reticuloperitonitis, vagal indigestion, tetanus, injury and rumen impaction. Treatment trials were carried out on the basis of grouping of animals. The buffaloes which are under attack of bloat were classified into two main groups i.e. group A and group B, which were further divided into four sub groups, which were A1, A2, B1 and B2.Animals suffered from primary bloat were kept into Group A1 and A2. While the animals suffering from secondary bloat were kept into Group B1 and Group B2. Treatment trials for Group A1 and Group B1 were same, while for Group A2 and Group B2 were same. The efficacy of drug was evaluated on reversal of clinical signs. The bloat affected buffaloes recovered with in 2 to 3 hours after the administration of medicine. No Side effects of these drugs, if any, was recorded the animals was examined for 24 hours after medication. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1194,T] (1).

269. Habitat, Morphology And General Biology Of Bats Of Fmaily Embellonuridae

by Sana Ashraf | Dr. Muhammad Mahmood ul Hassan | Dr. Zulfiqar Ali | Prof. Dr.Masroor.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: The present study was designed to investigate habitat, morphology and general biology of the bats belonging to family Embellonuridae from Punjab. A total of fifteen specimens of sheath- tailed bats belonging to two species were captured from Attock and Bahawalpur districts and identified. These included eleven specimens of the naked-rumped tomb bat (Taphozous nudiventris) and four specimens of Egyptian tomb bat (T. perforates). The later species is a new record from the present study area. A roost of sheath-tailed bats was located with help of some locals in the suburbs of the Ratowal village in Attock district from where four naked-rumped tomb bats (T. nudiventris) were captured with the help of hand net. Acacia catechu, A. nilotica, A. modesta, Bauhinia variegate, Olea ferruginea, Phylianthus emblica and Quercus leucotrichophora were the main tree species present in the area while the shrubs included Carissa opaca, Calotropis procera, Dodonaea viscose, Justica adhatoda and Otostegia limbata. A ilium jaquemontii, Arundo donax, Cannabis sativa, Centaurea iberica, Eulophia dabia, Geranium oceiiatum and Hibiscus caesius, were some notable herb species in that habitat. Approximately three hundred bats were roosting on the walls and ceiling of the shrine located in the vicinity of Mojgarh from where five bats were captured. Two of these were Egyptian tomb bats (T. perforatus) while the remaining three were naked-rumped tomb bats (T. nudiventris). Six hundred and thirty five bats were counted on the walls and ceilings of various rooms of the ruined Derawar Fort of which six bats were captured. One of these was T perforatus while the remainings were T. nudiventris. The mean body weight of the eleven T. nudiventris was 48.7 g ± 11.63 (SD) while their head and body length was 87.9 mm ± 6.20 (SD). Free tail, ear and tragus were 17.3 mm ± 3.38 (SD), 13.9 mm± 2.21 (SD) and 4.1 mm ± 0.54 (SD) long, respectively. The forearm was 70.5 mm ± 0.93 (SD) long. Thumb and claw were 7.8 mm ± 0.84 (SD) and 2.5 ± 0.35 (SD) long respectively. The mean length of 3', 4th and 5th metacarpals was 62.3 mm ± 2.54 (SD), 50.6 mm ± 2.28 (SD) and 38.2 mm ± 9.78 (SD), respectively. The 1st and 2'' phalanges of 3rd metacarpal 27.3 mm ± 1.03 (SD) and 28.6 mm ± 2.40 (SD) long, respectively while the same on 4th metacarpal were 13.6 mm ± 2.63 (SD) and 8.3 mm ± 1.03 (SD) long, respectively. Their wingspan was 36.6 mm ± 3.28 (SD). Hind foot, tibia and calcar were 14.8 mm ± 1.40 (SD), 29.0 mm ± 1.10 (SD) and 5.6 mm ± 1.91 (SD) long, respectively while male had a 5.8 mm ± 1.39 (SD) long penis. A total of four specimens of the Egyptian tomb bat were collected from Bhawalpur district at Mojgarh (n = 2), Derawar fort (n= 1), and Rattowal (n= 1) from Attock district in the areas of Punjab. The mean body weight of these specimens was 37.6 g ± 15.07 (SD). Their mean head and body, free tail and ear length was 82.0 mm ± 4.40 (SD), 21.0 mm ± 2.16 (SD) and 15.0 mm ± 3.16 (SD), respectively. The mean length of tragus was 4.0 mm ± 0.00 (SD). Length of the forearm was 63.8 mm ± 1.50 (SD). Length of thumb and of claw was 8.0 mm ± 0.71 (SD) and 2.8 ± 0.29 (SD). The mean length of 3rd metacarpal , 1st phalanx on 3fd metacarpal and 2' phalanx on 3ft metacarpal were 59.6 mm ± 6.57 (SD), 25.1 mm ± 1.65 (SD) and 27.4mm ±2.43 (SD) respectively. The mean length of 4th maetacarpal and it's 1st and 2nd halanx were 47.0 mm ± 2.86 (SD), 13.4mm±1.60 (SD) and 7.8mm ± 2.25 (SD), respectively. The4 mean length of 5th metacarpal was 40.8 mm± 6.99(SD) Their wingspan was 30.9mm ±1.80 (SD). Hind foot and tiabia length was 15.5mm ± 1.29 (SD). Their calcar and penis length was 6.0mm ±1.41 (SD) and 5.9 mm± 1.93 (SD) respectively. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1195,T] (1).

270. Pharmacokinetic Studies Of Amoxcillin Trihydrate In Healthy Buffalo Calves

by Amir Rashid | Dr. Sheryar Afzal | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: The present study was designed to determine and compare the pharmacokinetic parameters of Farmox (Test Product) and Amoxi-vet (Reference Product) in healthy buffalo calves. For this study sixteen healthy buffalo calves between the ages of 6 to 12 months were purchased from the local market. They were kept in the shed of University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore. Their health status was monitored by physical examination. All the animals were maintained under similar conditions. The calves were provided fodder and water. All the animals were dewormed with Albendazole and a fifteen days wash out period was observed after deworming. The study was cross over design. Calves were divided into two groups A and B having eight animals in each. In the first phase calves of group A were administered Farmox (Test Product) intramuscular at the dose of 15mg/kg body weight and calves of group B were administered Amoxi-vet (Reference Product) intramuscularly at the dose of 15mg/kg body weight. In the second phase of the study, after a washout period of 15 days, group A were administered Amoxi-vet (Reference Product) and group B received the treatment with Farmox at same dose rate. Then 5ml blood was collected by direct pricking of jugular vein with needle and the blood was collected in heparinized test tubes. Prior to drug administration control/blank 5ml blood sample was also collected from each animal. After the drug administration the blood samples were collected at 0.166, 0.33, 0.50, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, 12.0, 24.0, 36.0 and 48.0 hours. The blood samples were then centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 10 minutes. Plasma was separated in small capped plastic bottles and measured by high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method. Calculation of all the pharmacokinetic parameters was done by entering plasma concentration-time data in software APO pharmaceutical analysis MW/PHARM version 3.02. Pharmacokinetic parameters of Farmox and Amoxi-vet were compared. Data was analyzed by appropriate statistical methods and it was concluded that there is no significant difference in pharmacokinetic parameters of Farmox (Test Product) and Amoxi-vet (Reference Product) after intramuscular administration and both products are bioequivalent in their rate and extent. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1201,T] (1).

271. Evaluation Of Post Peak Production Of Commercial Layers And Fed On Extruded Hatchery Waste Meal

by Rafiullah | Dr. Athar Mahmud | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Akram.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: Poultry feed ingredients are very expensive and raises poultry input cost with an inverse impact at final outcome. To decrease the feed cost and to increase farming output, utilization of non conventional feed resources such as hatchery waste meal (HWM) may be used in layer feed and seems a good economic properties. For this purpose the present study was designed to exploit post peak production of commercial layers supplemented with dietary extruded hatchery waste meal and this trail was carried out at poultry experimental farm University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore. Two experiments were conducted at the poultry experimental farm. In the first experiment raw hatchery was collected from a local hatchery and was dried at oven in 60°C till constant weight was achieved. The dried sample was then cooked by extrusion processes. In the second experiment the dietary inclusion of extruded hatchery waste meal (EHWM) was determined on performance of layer birds. For this purpose two hundred and fifty (250) White Leg horn layers in start of 2nd stage of production (35 weeks old) was procured and divided in to five groups (A, B, C, D and E) in such a way that there were fifty birds in each group. Each group was then further sub divided in to five replicates of ten birds. Group A served as a control. The experimental layers were being kept in cages with the standard norms of husbandry. The duration of experiment was 8 weeks. Four different supplementary levels of extruded hatchery waste meal of groups B, C, D, and E respectively, i.e. 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% were incorporated in layers diet. The parameters studied daily egg production and egg weight, while shell weight, shell thickness, albumen weight, albumen height, yolk weight, yolk diameter, yolk color, and Haugh units were studied on fortnight basis. At the end of the experiment the feasibility of each ration was also calculated. The data thus collected were statistically analyses using analysis of variance technique and comparison of means was made using DMR test. In the present study the high mean egg production was recorded in treatment 4 (53.2±1.15) in which 6% extruded EHWM was used while the lowest mean egg production was recorded in treatment 2 (49.9±1.82) in which 2% of extruded HWM was used. The result of the present study show non-significant (p>0.05) effect of extruded hatchery waste meal on egg production. Highest value of average egg weight (60.4±0.48) was observed in control group while lowest value (59.2±0.53) was observed by using 8% EHWM. Statistical analysis showed non-significant (P>0.05) effect among treatments. Highest value of mean egg shell weight (7.3±0.17) was observed by using 4% extruded HWM. Lowest value of mean egg shell weight (7.2±0.06) was observed by using 8% HWM. The high value recorded for shell thickness was that of treatment 4 (0.33±0.008) by using 6% dietary EHWM, while lowest value was recorded in treatment 5 (0.31±0.002) using 8% dietary EHWM. The result of mean shell weight and shell thickness also showed non-significant differences (p>0.05) among different treatments. The results of albumen weight, albumen height and Haugh units showed non-significant (p>0.05) effect of feeding different dietary levels of EHWM to commercial layers. However the highest values recorded for albumen weight and albumen height were (37.5±0.61) and (8.53 0.134) respectively in control group which was without of dietary EHWM. The highest value observed for Haugh units was (91.8±0.57) that of treatment 3 by using 4% EHWM. However albumen weight, albumen height and Haugh unit showed statistically non significant (P>0.05) effect of EHWM fed on experimental commercial layers. The values for yolk weight, yolk diameter and yolk color were observed in order of merit for treatment, 2 (2% EHWM) (16.0±0.17), treatment 3 (4% EHWM) (38.8±0.11), and treatment 5 (8% EHWM) (5.5±0.15) respectively. Statistically the yolk weight, yolk diameter and yolk color showed non-significant (P>0.05) effect of EHWM on layers performance. The economic feasibility of each ration was calculated at the end of the experiment. The feed cost per kg and the cost of 1 kg eggs were decreased gradually as dietary supplementary level of HW was increased from 2 to 8% in the diet of commercial layers. The most economical ration was that of treatment 5 in which 8%EHWM was used. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1202,T] (1).

272. Study Of Physico Chemical And Microbiological Quality And Adulteration In Processed Dairy Products

by Sibghat Ullah | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ayaz | Dr. Muhammad Nasir | Prof. Dr. Anjum.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: Dairy products are perishable food items and are good source of nutrients for human being as well as microorganisms. Adulteration in processed dairy products has become a very serious and alarming issue in Pakistan. The milk and milk product adulterants include water, starch, vegetable oil, yeast, Soya protein, whey powder and hazardous substances. There is a growing demand from consumers for healthy and hygienic dairy products. Keeping in view these facts, the present study was carried out to determine the physicochemical, microbiological and adulteration in various processed dairy products. The results are summarized as follows: The highest mean values of physical tests in ice cream samples were, melting resistance 11.64 +0.030, melting quality 28.27+0.322.The highest mean values of yoghurt samples in different chemical tests were i.e. Fat 3.46 +0.140%, pH 5.67±0.01, Ash 2.63+0.208%, Total solids 14.28±0.10% and Moisture content 81.56+2.645%. The highest mean values of cheese samples in different chemical tests were i.e. Fat 31.93+0.801%, pH 4.60+0.447, Lactose 1.81+0.159%. Highest mean values for milk powder samples were i.e. Lactose 47.98+1.178%, Protein contents 23.86+1.289%, Total solids 94.82 +0.430% and Moisture content 6.34+1.72%. Highest mean values of microbiological count in yoghurt samples were i.e. Total plate count 4.60+0.627 log cfu/g, Coliform count 3.85+0.442 log cfu/g and Staph aureus count 4.52 +0.577 log cfu/g. Highest mean values of microbiological count in cheese samples were i.e. Total plate count 4.93+1.128 log cfu/g, Coliform count 5.28+0.759 log cfu/g and Staph aureus count 4.64+1.132 log cfu/g. Highest mean values of microbiological count in butter samples were i.e. Total plate count 5.39+0.534 log cfu/g, Coliform count 5.39 +0.524 log cfu/g and Staph aureus count 5.35 +0.736 log cfu/g. Highest mean values of different microbiological tests in ice cream samples were i.e. Total plate count 5.76+0.690 log cfu/g, Coliform count 5.41+0.616 log cfu/g and Staph aureus count 6.38 +0.536 log cfu/g. Adulteration study in different dairy products are summarized as i.e. Haleeb and Nestle yoghurt brands were negative for chemical adulterants tests i.e. Urea, Formaldehyde, Neutralizers, Starch, Boric acid, Quaternary ammonium compounds, while H2O2 was detected positive in both yoghurt samples of Haleeb and Nestle. Similarly all the chemical adulterants tests were negative for milk powder samples of Haleeb and Nurpur brands while positive for H2O2. Results about ice cream samples shows that all the ice cream samples were negative for chemical adulterants tests i.e. Urea, Formaldehyde, Neutralizers, Starch, Boric acid, Quaternary ammonium compounds, while positive for H2O2. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1203,T] (1).

273. Effect Of Various Levels Of Probiotics(Lactobacillus Acidophilus And Bifidobacterium Bifidum) On Physicochemical, Microbiological And Sensory Characteristics Of Ice Cream

by Aliya Javed | Dr. Muhammad Ayaz | Dr. Saima | Muhammad Nadeem.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: Ice-cream is a frozen mixture of combination of components, such as milk, sweeteners, stabilizers, emulsifiers and flavoring agents. Ice-creams are food products which show excellent potential for delivering probiotics to consumer. Probiotics are basically health promoting gut friendly bacteria. Minimum viable quantity of probiotics which is beneficial for human beings is 106 or 107 cfu/g. Benefits are strain specific and cannot be extrapolated. Keeping in view the importance of probiotics the present research study was planned to determine the influence of various levels of probiotics (Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum) on physicochemical and sensory characteristics of ice cream, assessing the viability of probiotics at different storage periods and to give innovative and value added product to commercial ice cream manufacturers. In order to carry out the study, Freeze dried cultures of two probiotic bacteria i.e., Lactobacilus acidophilus (DVS LA-5 Probio-Tec®) and Bifidobacterium bifidum (DVS BB-12® Probio-Tec®) were obtained from Chr. Hansen (Hørsholm Denmark). The probiotic cultures were stored at - 18? C in freezer. These two probiotic strains were inoculated alone and in combination in ice cream mix at three different inclusion levels. Hence there were total nine experimental treatments. A regular or control ice cream i.e., without any probiotic culture was also used along with treatments. Probiotic ice cream preparation and physical tests were performed at walls Ice Cream factory, Lahore, Pakistan. Chemical analysis were performed at department of Food and Nutrition laboratory, whereas, Microbiological tests were conducted at department of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore. Probiotic ice cream was manufactured in the pilot plant of the research and development department, Unilever Walls Ice Cream factory Lahore. Ice cream mix was prepared by following standard procedure. After mixing, homogenization and pasteurization of ice cream mix, it was cooled to 41°C and was divided into ten equal parts. Probiotics cultures alone and in combination, according to experimental design, were added in ice cream mix. Then it was fermented for two hours at 41°C. Then mix was aged at 4°C for a period of 2 hours followed by freezing and hardening. Ice cream samples were packed in one liter plastic tubs and were stored at - 18°C in freezer. Ice cream samples were analyzed after every fifteen days interval during storage period of three months. Physicochemical tests including overrun, viscosity, melting resistance, pH, acidity, fat, protein, total solids were performed by following the methods of AOAC (2000). As far as results of physicochemical tests are concerned, it was observed that both Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum are able to produce acid in ice cream. Acidity tended to increase as a result of increase in the number of bacteria. Highest pH was observed in control (R) sample, whereas, lowest pH was observed for samples having mixed culture. pH tended to decrease throughout storage. Lactobacillus acidophilus found more acid producing than Bifidobacterium bifidum. Ice cream samples containing high levels of probiotic bacteria showed decreased value of overrun. Whereas no effect was found in case of viscosity. Samples with increased level of bacteria showed significantly less melting resistance. Also, melting resistance tended to decrease significantly with increase in storage. Total solids and fat contents remained constant throughout storage and effect of treatments was statistically non significant. In case of protein contents, a positive correlation was observed .Increase in level of bacteria , increased the protein contents of ice cream, but it remained constant throughout the storage. Viable probiotic bacteria were enumerated by using the technique of spread plate method by using RCA media. In present study, cell count of viable bacteria, after fermentation, showed increase number of colonies. Samples inoculated with B3 were excellent in regard of exhibiting probiotic property followed by treatments B2 and A3. Treatments in combination i.e., C1, C2 and C3 showed results close to treatments having single cultur , which might be due to nutrients competency with each other. Furthermore, it was quite difficult to count colonies in mixed culture. Ice cream samples prepared from mixed culture were more acidic in taste and flavour and were least liked by sensory evaluators. Probiotic ice cream was subjected for sensory evaluation by five panel of judges. They rated ice cream by using nine point hedonic scale. Color of ice cream did not show any change throughout storage and was not affected by various levels of probiotics. No surface spots were found in any treatment at any storage period. Due to acid producing nature of probiotics, slight acidic changes were observed in thickness, flavour and taste of ice cream. However, overall acceptability for all probiotic ice cream was good. The data were analyzed according to analysis of variance technique under factorial arrangement. Significance of means was compared by using Duncan's multiple range test. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1205,T] (1).

274. Prepartyion And Evaluation Of Cheddar Cheese From Lactobacillus Acidophilus And Bifidobacterum Bifidum

by Irum Naz | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Abdullah | Dr. Muhammad Ayaz | Prof. Dr.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: Cheese is a food product which is made by fermenting milk by adding certain starter culture. It is highly proteinaceous and contains high content of fat. It has many flavors but Cheddar Cheese is most popular among all of its kinds. By adding probiotics in cheese it would be added to the group of functional foods. Probiotics are live micro organisms that are useful for human body if taken in proper amount. There are many food products which contains probiotics like yogurt and fermented milk but the main drawback of these products are their shelf life which is very short and probiotics does not remain viable for longer period of time . The study was formulated to manufacture probiotic cheddar cheese, chemical and sensory evaluation of probiotic cheese and to check the viability of probiotics. The data was statistically analyzed for the effect of storage and treatment on probiotic viability by using Duncan's test. The probiotic cheddar cheese was manufactured at Haleeb Foods. Starter culture and rennet was provided by Haleeb foods and probiotic cultures in freeze-died form were obtained from Christian Hansen, Denmark. The starter culture alone and in combination with different concentrations of probiotics were added to milk for cheese making. After completing all the steps involved in its preparation, cheese were removed from mould, packed in vacuum cryovac packaging and were placed for ripening for 90 days at 4ºC. Sensory evaluation of Cheddar Cheese was done by a team of panelists to check its flavor, colour, taste, texture and overall acceptability at every fifteen days interval during maturation time. There is a significant effect of different levels of probiotics on flavor, color, taste, texture and overall acceptability of Cheddar Cheese. Storage has also shown a significant effect on the sensory parameters of cheese. Chemical tests like pH, fat, moisture, protein, salt and acidity concentrations were also carried out after fifteen days interval at the laboratory of Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore. There is a significant effect of pH, acidity, fat and protein on cheddar cheese. As pH lowers with the passage of time its acidity increases. So there is significant effect of storage on different treatment levels. The levels of Lactobacillus acidophilus specifically have shown an increased acidity. Viability of probiotic bacteria was checked at 15 days interval at the Laboratory of Department of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore. During ripening Bifidobacterium bifidum has shown a good viability level of 107 and 108 cfu/20g of cheese. But on the other hand lactobacillus acidophilus have sustain its numbers for about two weeks and then decreased to a very low level. So there is a significant effect of viability on both strains during the storage. There is non significant effect of levels on viability of probiotics. The statistical analysis used was two way analysis of variance to check the treatment and storage effect on probiotic cheddar cheese by following the method (Steel et al., 1997). Significance of means was compared by using DUNCAN'S multiple range tests (1955). The research has enabled us to conclude the outcomes that the Cheddar Cheese is a good vehicle for delivery of probiotics but the lactobacillus strain needs more improvements its viability is concerned. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1206,T] (1).

275. Study Of Physicochemcial And Microbioloigcal Quality And Adulteration Of Processed Fluid Milk In Punjab

by Abdul Rehman | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Abdullah | Dr. Jalees | Dr. Muhammad Ayaz.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: Milk production, handling, storage, transportation and marketing of milk is handled in a primitive way in Pakistan. Mostly middle man and contractors are involved in the collection, marketing and distribution of milk. Most of the milk is produced in rural areas and transported to cities where it is supplied to milk plants and also to house consumers. During transportation and distribution there is no refrigeration involved. Middle man adds ice to keep the milk cool and prevent from spoilage. In addition, they also add chemical to kill bacteria and prevent spoilage of milk. Adulteration of milk is one of the most serious issue in the dairy sector of Pakistan, causing not only major economic losses for the processing industry, but also major health risks for the consumers. Milk is a perishable item and to prevent the spoilage of milk various chemicals are added by the milk collectors. In addition, the microbiological quality of milk is very important which directly concern not only with milk spoilage but also consumer's health Keeping in view the above mentioned factors, study was conducted to determine the physico-chemical, microbiological and adulterants in processed milk in Punjab. A total of 30 samples of UHT and 30 samples of pasteurized milk were collected and examined from production units in Punjab. Density in UHT milk ranged from 22.53+0.08 to 28.44+0.27 and in pasteurized milk ranged from 23.43+0.35 to 27.21±0.17. Conductivity in UHT milk ranged from 9.72+0.38 to 11.33+0.28 and in Pasteurized milk ranged from 9.13+0.08 to 10.13±0.18. Freezing point in UHT milk ranged from -0.49+0.006 ºC to -0.45±0.005 ºC and in pasteurized milk brands ranged from -0.47+0.002 ºC to -0.45+0.008 ºC. Fat in UHT milk ranged from 3.74+0.17 % to 3.99+0.31 % and in Pasteurized milk fat ranged 3.46+0.09 % to 3.60+0.01. SNF in UHT milk ranged from 7.65+0.30 % to 8.03+0.66 % and in Pasteurized milk SNF ranged from 7.57+0.13 % to 7.89+0.08 %. Protein in UHT milk ranged from 3.16+0.11 % to 3.24+0.03 %, in Pasteurized milk protein ranged from 2.92+0.09 % to 3.05+0.03. Lactose in UHT milk ranged from 3.90+0.01 % to 4.08+0.04 %, in Pasteurized milk lactose ranged from 3.69+0.16 to 4.05+0.04. Ash in UHT milk ranged from 0.70+0.003 % to 0.75+0.003 %, in Pasteurized milk ash ranged from 0.54+.08 % to 0.73±0.01 %. Water added in UHT milk ranged from 6.36+0.33 % to 11.11+0.06 % in Pasteurized milk water added ranged from 8.74±0.04 % to 11.54+0.02 %. pH in UHT milk ranged from 6.67+0.01 to 6.82+0.008, in Pasteurized milk pH ranged from 6.38+0.19 to 6.76+0.11. Acidity in UHT milk ranged from 0.15+0.03 % to 0.16+0.06 % and in Pasteurized milk acidity ranged from 0.14+0.003 % to 0.16+0.01 %. TPC in Pasteurized milk ranged from 5.0 x 104+1.2 x 104 to 6.8 x 104+2.3 x 104 . Coliform count in Pasteurized milk ranged from 62+3.84 to 378+25.98. Staph aureus Count in Pasteurized milk ranged from 63.33+4.41 to 275.32+17.32. All UHT milk brands were found negative for TPC, Coliform, Staph aureus and Yeast and Mold count. The qualitative tests adulterants were performed by (M.A.T) Kit. In UHT and Pasteurized brands the adulterants found were Salt, Sugar, Starch and Hydrogen peroxide. Conclusion On the basis of present finding, it is concluded that water addition was one of the major factors present in every segment of milk marketing which decreases the fat and SNF content of milk and markedly effect the physical and chemical quality of milk. Consumers may also be facing potential public health hazards caused by chemical adulteration and food borne pathogens in the milk. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1207,T] (1).

276. Comparative Efficacy Of Intravesical Mucosal And Extravesical Apposition Techniques For Ureteroneocystostomy in Dogs

by Muhammad Talha Sajjad | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Arif Khan | Dr. Aneela | Dr. Shahan Azeem.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: This project was designed to evaluate the comparative efficacy of two different techniques of Ureteroneocystostomy for ureteral reimplantation in dogs. Sixteen stray dogs were selected and were divided into two groups i.e. group A & B, comprising eight animals each. The efficacy of the procedures was evaluated on the basis of physical examination, serum evaluation for creatinine & urea, contrast radiography and post mortem findings. The surgery was conducted through ventral midline celiotomy from umbilicus to a variable distance caudally under general anesthesia in both the groups and urinary bladder was exteriorized in both the groups. In group A, longitudinal incision was made near the bladder dome, a mosquito hemostat was passed from the surface of the bladder through the bladder wall at an oblique angle then the ureter was brought to the level of the bladder mucosa incision. A 6-0 Polyglactin 910 (Vicyrl,Jhonsons & Jhonsons Pharma) suture with double needles was then placed at each apex of the spatulated ureter and the full-thickness of ureter anastomosed to the bladder mucosa in one layer with a continuous, nonlocking stitch. In group B, two small incisions were made at the outer part of the bladder wall until the mucosa was seen through the cuts. Then a submucosal tunnel was dissected between them and the graft's ureter was introduced. Once the ureteral end has been spatulated, a reabsorbable 4-0 suture thread with independent needles at each end was passed (each needle goes from the outer to the inner side of the ureteral wall. Afterward, both needles were advanced into the bladder by the creation of a mucosal incision at the distal hole; these two needles then transfixed the bladder wall from inside about 2 cm distally. During knotting of the suture (outside the bladder) the distal ureter was pushed to the bladder wall that it anchored against the mucosa. The results of this study clearly indicated that both techniques are equally effective for the reimplantation of the ureter to bladder but an extravesical ureteroneocystostomy (Modified Lich Gregoir) has an edge over in intravesical mucosal apposition technique (Modified Lead better-Politano) in terms of effectiveness , safety and minimum postoperative complications. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1210,T] (1).

277. Epidemiology Diagnosis And Chemotherpy Of Strangles In Equines

by Muhammad Ijaz | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Arif Khan.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: Strangles is an infectious malady of equidae characterized by upper respiratory tract infection, dysponea, anorexia, regional suppurative lymphadenitis and causes high morbidity and low mortality. Considering the significance and utilization of equines in our country and the substantial losses rendered by Strangles, the present project was designed to study epidemiology, diagnosis and chemotherapy of strangles in Lahore and Sargodha districts of the Punjab province in Pakistan. The present study comprised of five phases. In phase-I, epidemiology of the disease including prevalence, variations in SeM, SzPSe and Se18.9 proteins and mortality rate were studied in Lahore and Sargodha districts. For epidemiology, nasal swabs and pus samples from the affected lymph nodes of 500 equines (nr=250 horses, rutz250 mules) suspected for strangles were collected and cultured for identification of S. equl. The collected samples were processed at Medicine and Microbiology Laboratories of the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lhore, Pakistan and Gluck equine research center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, USA. Out of 250 horses and 250 mules, 113(45.2%) horses and 99 (3 9.6%) mules tested positive for S. equi. on the basis of culture. Number of S. equl isolates were significantly higher (P<0.05) in pus samples taken from sub-mandibular lymph nodes as compared to nasal discharge samples. The difference was significant (P<0.05) among mules of different age groups. The highest prevalence of strangles was recorded in horses and mules less than 2 year of age as compared to those having age more than 2 years. In the present study, prevalence of strangles round the year in horses and mules were also calculated and it was found to be the highest during the months of February, March, April and May while few cases were seen during the months of January, June and July and no cases were observed during others months. The significant difference was observed (p<O.O5) among the prevalence levels of strangles in different months of the year. Similarly when compared the prevalence of strangles in different seasons of Pakistan i.e. summer, winter, spring and autumn. The highest prevalence rate was recorded during the spring season. The prevalence on the basis of Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of S. equi in horses and mules was also recorded. Out of 250 horses and 250 mules tested, 122(48.8%) horses and 113(45.2%) mules were positive for S. equi. When compared the prevalence rate on the basis of PCR and culture of nasal and pus samples from affected submandibular lymph nodes it revealed that the sensitivity of Polymerase chain reaction appears to be much greater than culture. The culture along with PCR is the best diagnostic technique for S. equi as PCR test does not differentiate between dead and live bacteria, hence a positive test may not correlate with active infection; therefore, a positive culture may be necessary to confirm the diagnosis. In this phase of epidemiological study of disease, effect of selective pressure of allelic diversity in SeM of S. equi on immunoreactive proteins SzPSe and Se 18.9 was also studied. The aim of this study was to determine whether variations in SeM are accompanied by variations in the immunoreactive surface of exposed SzPSe and secreted Se18.9. Sequences of genes of 25 S. equi alleles isolated from different countries of the world over a period of 40 years were compared. Twenty different SeM alleles were identified including 6 not included in the data base (http:// pubmlst.org/szooepidemicus). Amino acid variation was also detected distal to the N- terminus of SeM. No variation was observed in SzPSe except for an Australian isolate which showed a deletion of one PEPK repeat. The Se 18.9 protein in all 25 isolates of S. equi did not exhibit any variation. Interestingly, only 2 SNP loci were detected in Se 18.9 compared to 93 and 49 in SeM and SzPSe respectively. The greater frequency of mutation in SzPSe compared to Se18.9 may be related to a high rate of recombination of SzPSe and the inclusion of exogenous DNA sequence based on the atypical GC percentage of its central hyper variable region. In horses the mortality rate was recorded as 1.64% whereas the mortality rate in mules having less than 5 years of age was found to be 0.88%. No significant difference (P>0.05) in mortality rate among horses and mules of different age groups affected with strangles was observed. In phase-I! of the present study, carrier status of the horses and mules were studied. Out of 122 horses found positive to PCR, 20 horses (10<2 years and 10 between 2 and 5 years of age) were selected and monitored for 12 weeks. Their nasal swab samples were used for identification of bacteria through culture and PCR on weekly basis. Till the end of 3rd week all horses <2 years of age remained positive but at the end of 4th to 7th weeks there remained positive only 5, 2, 1 and zero horses out of 10, respectively on the basis of culture whereas through PCR at the end of the 4th week all horse <2 years of age were found positive, but at the end of 5th to 10th weeks there remained 7, 5, 4, 2, 1 and zero horses out of 10, respectively. While all the horses aging between 2 to 5 year, were positive up to the 1St week but at the end of 2nd to 8th week out of 10 there were 9, 7, 6, 3, 1, 1 and zero horses respectively positive on the basis of culture but through PCR, all horses were positive till 4th week but at the end of 5th to 9th week number was reduced to 9, 7, 6, 3, 2 and zero. Similarly, out of 113 mules, 20 mules (10<2 year and 10 between 2 and 5 years of old) were also monitored for 12 weeks to study their carrier status. After the end of 2nd week all mules <2 years of age were positive but at the end of 3rd to 6th weeks there remained 7, 3, 1 and zero mules out of 10, respectively on the basis of culture but through PCR at the end of the 5th week all mules <2 years of age were positive, but at the end of 6th to 10th weeks there remained 9, 7, 3, 2 and zero mules out of 10, respectively. While in 2 and 5 year old mules, all were positive up to the 2nd week but at the end of 3rd to 7th weeks there were 6, 4, 2, 1, 1 and zero mules out of 10, respectively on the basis of culture but through PCR, all mules were positive up to 5th week but at the end of 6th to 10th weeks there were 8, 5, 2, 1 and zero. Horses and mules were declared free of infection on the basis of three consecutive negative samples through culture and PCR. From the result of present study, it may be concluded that sensitivity of Polymerase Chain Reaction appears to be much greater than culture for study of carrier status of equines. Moreover, recovered animals should be kept in quarantine period at least upto 9th week because the recovered horses and mules remain carrier for prolonged period of time and can act as source of infection for susceptible animals through periodic shedding of S equi. (comprising 10 horses and 10 mules) for in-vivo trials. Efficacy of the antibiotics was assessed weekly on the basis of negative nasal swab culture. Results of in-vitro antibiotic sensitivity revealed that in horses and mules, S equi was most sensitive to Procaine penicillin followed by ceftiofur Na, cephradine, erythromycin, ampicillin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim + sulfdiazine and gentamycin whereas the result of in-vivo antibiotic trials revealed that horses and mules suffered from strangles without abscess formation were most sensitive to Procaine penicillin followed by ceftiofur Na, cephradine and erythromycin whereas animals which developed abscess showed no response. It is concluded from the result of present study that Procaine penicillin is most effective in-vitro and in-vivo antibiotic followed by ceftiofur Na and cephradine. These antibiotics might be used for the treatment of strangles infection. Phase-V, comprised over in-vitro trials of disinfectants. Efficacy of disinfectants, like povidone iodine, 0.6% H2S04, dettol and bleach was assessed. Phenol Co-efficient Test was applied, to ascertain efficacy of these disinfectants, used in, in-vitro trials. Among four disinfectants, povidone iodine was found to be the best one with a phenol coefficient of 1.25 that is greater than phenol i.e. 1.00 while 0.6% H2S04 showed similar phenol coefficient as that of phenol. The phenol coefficient of dettol and bleach were observed as 0.5 and 0.75 respectively. Therefore it is recommended that S. equi is highly sensitive to povidone iodine and 0.6% H2S04. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1211,T] (1).

278. Implications Of Varying Electrolytes (Sodium Potassium And Chloride And Their Balance On Growth Performance and Physiologcal Responses of Broilers

by Mirza Muhammad Haroon | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr. Saima | Prof. Dr. Muhammad | FAPT.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: A series of experiments were envisaged to evaluate the effect of supplementation of dietary electrolytes with applicability of dietary electrolyte balance by using different salts on growth and carcass responses, body physiological responses and litter condition of modern day broiler chickens under phase feeding system. Day-old straight-run Hubbard broiler chicks were randomly allocated to eight dietary treatments replicated four times in such a way that a floor space of 0.09 m2 was provided to each bird. Birds were housed in environmental control system. Continuous light was provided 24 hours for the first 3 day and thereafter a light pattern of 23L:ID was adopted for the entire experimental. In each experiment, a basal diet was formulated having lowest level of each electrolyte. In experiment 1, Na and DEB in the basal diet were maintained at 0.08% and 160 mEq/kg, respectively. This basal diet was then supplemented with sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) and disodium sulphate (Na2SO4) to maintain four levels of Na (0.17, 0.26, 0.35, and 0.44%) by fixing K and Cl with DEB 200, 240, 280 and 320 mEq/kg, respectively. In experiment 2, a basal diet was prepared to contain the lowest level of K and DEB i.e. 0.70% and 160 mEq/kg, respectively. This basal diet was supplemented with potassium sulphate (K2S04) and potassium carbonate (K2C04) by fixing Na and Cl. So, four levels of K (0.86, 1.02, 1.18, and 1.34%) were maintained in eight dietary treatments. In experiment 3, a basal diet was prepared to contain the lowest level of Cl and DEI3 i.e. 0.17% and 320 rnEq/kg, respectively. This basal diet was supplemented with ammonium chloride (NH4CI) or calcium chloride (CaCl2), so that, in each diet, we can have the increase of 40 mEq/kg DEB at 0.3 I, 0.45, 0.59 and 0.73% of Cl at DEB 280, 240, 200 and 160 mEq/kg, respectively, by fixing Na and K. At the end of each phase (pre-starter, starter, grower and finisher); data of feed intake, weight gain, feed to gain ratio, mortality, water intake, water intake-to-feed intake ratio and litter quality were collected and evaluated. At the end of each experiment, two birds were slaughtered for their carcass and body physiological responses. Blood was also collected from these same birds for blood pH. glucose and serum mineral analyses. For statistical analyses, four (4) levels of electrolyte were used with two (2) sources of salt in a factorial arrangement of 4 x 2 under completely randomized design using GLM. In experiment 1, highest weight gain and feed intake were found in birds consuming 0.17% (NaHCO3) and 0.44% (Na2SO4) dNa, respectively during d 1-10. However during d 11-20, weight gain and feed:gain were reduced with same levels of dNa. Maximum weight gain was found in diets containing 0.17 and 0.24% dNa during d 21-33 and 34-42, respectively. Improved FG was the result of diets containing 0.20% (NaHCO3) and 0.37% (Na2SO4) dNa during d 2 1-33. Linear rise in water intake was observed in birds with increasing dNa during d 1-42. Minimum litter dampness was seen at 0.37% (NaHCO3) and 0.2 1% (Na2SO4) during d 1-10. Minimum and maximum mortality were observed at 0.37% level of dNa in case of supplementation of NaHCO3 and Na2SO4, respectively. Significantly increased pH and kidney weight while reduced dressing percentage were observed by amount and salt of dNa. Increased breast, thigh and gizzard weights were observed with increasing sodium. Weights of pancreas, gall bladder, bursa, and lungs, and shank length were affected by interaction of amount and salt of dNa. In experiment 2, BWG (P0.03) and feed:gain (P0.05) was improved at 1.20% dK during 32 to 42 d of age. K2S04 supplemented diets increased feed intake during I to 10 d (P<0.05), water intake during 34 to 42 d (P0.04) and mortality during 1 to 42 d (PE0.02). Water intake was increased linearly with increasing dK when supplemented by K2C03 whereas this was decreased linearly with increasing dK with that of K2S04 during 11 to 20 d (P0.002). The K2S04 supplemented diets lowered the blood pH (P0.00l), dressing (P0.04), abdominal fat (P0.03) weights and shank length (P0.02). A significant salt x dK effect was observed where low levels of dK with K2C03 and high levels with K2504 exhibited lower litter moisture during all phases. Increasing concentration of serum cations was observed by increasing dK, by balancing of increasing serum HCO3 with decreasing Cl at the end of the experiment. In experiment 3, body weight gain and water consumption were optimized at 0.73%, and 0.73% (CaCI2) and 0.45% (NH4CI), respectively, during d 1-10. During d 2 1-33, maximum weight gain and feed intake were observed at 0.42%, and 0.63% (CaCI2) and 0.63% (NH4CI), respectively. Highest weight gain (0.60% dcl), feed intake (0.61% CaCI2 0.42% NH4CI) and mortality (0.73%) while improved feed:gain (FG; 0.38% dCl) were obtained by interaction effects of amount and source of dCl during d 34-42. Fl (0.60%), feed:gain (0.3 8%) and litter moisture (0.31% NH4CI; 0.35 CaCl2) was affected during I -42d by amount of dcl. Increased blood pH, serum glucose and dressing percentage were found by dCl and replacing CaCI, with NH4C1. Improved breast meat, thigh meat and shank length while reduced abdominal fat were observed by replacing salts (CaCI2 withNH4Cl). It is concluded that birds showed better growth performance and reduced mortality against high levels of dietary sodium in Na2SO4 than NaHCO3 supplemented diets, while significant rise in pH, breast and thigh meat yield while reduced dressing percentage were observed with increasing dietary sodium. The importance of high concentration of dK for better weight gain and feed efficiency was depicted in later stages of production. K2C03 increased survivability and dressing responses but both dK levels and salts played important role for water intake, litter condition, carcass characteristics and serum mineral concentration. Birds were also suggested to be more sensitive to amount and source of dC1 in later part of their life. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1212,T] (1).

279. Effect Of Strawberry Juice On Angiogenesis Using Chorioallantoic Membrane (Cam) Assay

by Sadia Abrar | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, is a hallmark of almost all neoplastic and non-neoplastic degenerative diseases. Targeting angiogenesis with natural antiangiogenic compounds may lead to safe, effective and low cost budget therapies. Strawberries provide various vital natural substances which have a significant role in human health and disease prevention. In our study, we have focused on the effect of strawberry juice on angiogenesis using chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. Fresh fertilized eggs were taken, sprayed with 70% ethanol and incubated at 37 °C (humidity 55-60%). At day 5 of incubation a small window was made on each egg, 4-5 ml of albumen was removed, windows were sealed with sterile parafilm and eggs were returned to incubator. Strawberry juice was obtained from fully ripened strawberry fruits and various dilutions were prepared in distilled water. Filtered dilutions of the juice were used for experimental analysis and applied to the CAMs on day 6. of incubation. Macroscopic vascular changes were evidently observed among all treated CAMs on day 7 of incubation. Reduction in the total area and diameter of primary, secondary and tertiary blood vessels was observed after treatment with strawberry juice in concentration dependent manner. By using SPIP software 3D surface roughness measurements were carried out which clearly elaborated antiagiogenic effect of strawberry juice on CAMs. Strawberry juice inhibits angiogenesis, which is a common denominator shared by various major disease. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1213,T] (1).

280. Comparative Efficacy Of Suturing Techniques And Suture Materials For End-To-End Anastomosis Of Small Intestine in Dogs

by Adeel Shahbaz | Prof Dr. Muhammad Arif Khan | Mr. Shahan Azeem | Prof. Dr.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: The small intestine is a tube-like structure, which extends between the stomach and largeintestine. It starts at the pylorus and terminates at the cecocolic junction. Small intestine plays an important role in the absorption of amino acids, carbohydrates, fats and electrolytes like sodium, potassium, chloride and bicarbonate ions. Any disease condition of jejunum like neoplasia or devitalization due to foreign body necessitates the resection of it. This project was designed to evaluate the comparative efficacy of different suturing techniques and suture material applied during end-to-end anastomosis of small intestine. The study was designed on eighteen stray dogs. The dogs were divided into 3 groups i.e group A, B, and C comprising 6 animals each. Each group was further subdivided into the subgroups as, Al, A2, Bi, B2 and Cl, C2. The dogs of group A was numbered from 1-6, group B from 7-12, and group C from 13-18 for the identification purpose. The surgery was conducted through ventral midline celiotomy from umbilicus to a variable distance caudally under general anesthesia. In group A, Simple interrupted, group B modified Gambee and in group C interrupted Lembert suturing technique for end-to-end anastomosis of small intestine was used. In subgroup Al, B, C! chromic catgut and in subgroup A2, B2 an C3 polyglyconate suture materials was used. In group Cl, operated dog No.2 died on day 16 post operatively. The versatility and comparison of the techniques were evaluated on the basis of health status including vomiting, diarrhea, and weight gain or weight loss, wound healing, radiographic assessment, decrease in lumen diameter, alignment of tissue plane and quality of wound healing of the anastomotic site in all three group A, B and C. The leakage was checked at 2, 4, 6 and 12 week post surgery using contrast radiographs. During the study period the dogs were housed in the kennels available at Surgery Section, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore. The present project is clearly indicated that modified Gambee suturing technique was found to be more suitable and compatible anastomotic technique with excellent clinical superiority. It resulted in the batter wound healing, minimal lekage, minimal reduction in lumen diameter at the anastomotic site, excellent in its alignment of tissue plane, satisfactory clinical layer to layer healing , is simple to duplicate under field conditions and minimal abdominal complication. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1218,T] (1).

281. Study On Chemical Composition Of Nili Ravi Buffalo Milk

by Yasir Abrar | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ayaz | Dr. Jaleed | Mr. Muhammad Nadeem.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: Milk is a complete food and contains all the nutritional components in balanced form. It helps to meet important nutritional needs of the human body. Vitamins, minerals, sugar, Fat, and protein are present in milk. Among the established breeds of buffalo in Pakistan. the Nili-Ravi breed originated in the valleys of Sutlej and Ravi rivers is dominant in the Punjab province. The purpose of the study is to determine the chemical composition and fatty acid profile of buffalo milk. The milk animals, Buffaloes were divided into 3 groups on the basis of lactation period i.e early, middle and late lactation. Five animals were present in each group. Six milk samples. 3 in the morning and 3 in the evening from each animal was collected. A total of 90 milk samples were obtained for analysis. Milk in bottles of 500 ml capacity was transported to lab. [he samples were analyzed in Livestock Production Research Laboratory, Livestock Production Research Institute Bahadurnagar (Okara). Temperature, Density, Conductivity and freezing point was determined by using Milkoscan. Buffalo samples were analyzed for proximate analysis, parameters like fat, crude protein, lactose, ash, solids not fat, total solids, pH and acidity were determined. Fatty acid profile of buffalo milk was determined by the method of AOAC (2000). Milk fat content (%)was Ihund to be significantly (p<0.05) lower in the early (6.52) and mid lactation (6.61) stages than the late lactation stage (6.85). The content of TS (%) was found to be significantly (p<O.05) higher in the late lactation (14.62 and 15.45) stage than the early (12.94 and 13.65) and mid lactation (13.76 and 14.14) stages. In contrast, the content of total protein (4.31 to 4.78%), SNF (X.4() to8.70%), lactose (4.36 to 4.74%), and ash (0.l8to 0.19%) did not vary significantly among the different lactation stages. Fatty acids profile also checked from Cl to C20. The values of Butyric acid, Caproic acid. Myristic acid, Stearic acid, and Oleic acid showed significant increase towards end of lactation. 'lhcse values of fatty acids also revealed that there is significant difference among the animals and between the lactation stages of Nih- Ravi buffalo milk. Results showed that Capric acid, Laurie acid, Palmitic acid, Palmitoleic acid, Linoleic and Linolenic acid decreased in early to middle and increased towards end of lactation. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1220,T] (1).

282. Clinicopathological Changes Induced By Heat Stress, Their Resolution By Minerals And Vitamin C Supplementation In Quails

by Khurshid Anwar | Dr. Asim Aslam | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Younus Rana.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: The present study was designed to overcome heat stress in Japanese quails through potassium chloride, sodium bicarbonate and vitamin C solution in calculated amount in water on thermo tolerance, histopathology and hematology of quails exposed to heat stress: This experimental trial was carried out at Avian Research and Training Centre (ARTC), UVAS Lahore and tests were performed at Department of Pathology UVAS, Lahore. There were three replicates in each treatment group and each replicate was of twenty quails, each group was comprised of 60 birds. The body weight of each the bird was. recorded on weekly basis. Blood samples were collected on the 21, 22, 23, 24, 29, 30 and 31 days of treatment from each group to evaluate the serum potassium and bicarbonate level in the blood. For hematological parameters the blood samples were collected on 22, 28 and 31 day of treatment and the vital organs for histopathology were collected after slaughtering 3 birds from each group. The hematological parameters were studied and the data was analyzed by two ways ANOVA. Group A quails revealed significantly higher weight gain than those of group B, but no significant difference was observed, when all groups were compared. Significantly less weight gain was revealed by the quails of group B, when compared to all other groups. Comparison between groups A, C, D, E, F and G was non significant. The highest FCR was exhibited by the birds of group A while the group B showed the poorest FCR. Better FCR was exhibited by group C, D, E, F and G. Serum samples were obtained from each group, for bicarbonate and potassium determination by spectrophotometric method. Group A, C, E, F and G exhibited a significantly higher serum potassium level than those of groups B and D. A significantly higher bicarbonate level was revealed in the serum of group A, D, E, F and G as compared to group B and C, on day 23 and onwards. But no significant difference was observed in serum of groups A, D, E, F and G. Blood hematology revealed no significant difference in red blood cells of groups A, C, D, E, F and G. Group B exhibited a significant lower values of red blood cells, packed cell volume, basophils, monocytes and showed a significant increase H/L ratio and eosinophils when compared to all other groups. Histopathological studied showed infiltration of heterophils, hyperemia, congestion of liver, heart and adrenal gland. It is concluded that, quails of group B (kept in high environmental temperature) revealed a decreased weight gain, poorest FCR, decreased serum potassium and bicarbonate level, decrease in hematocrit, monocytes and basophils and increased in eosinophils and H/L ratio. Supplementation of electrolytes and vitamin C (125 mg/L KC1, 75 mg/L NaHCO3 and vitamin C 62.5 mg/L) in water effect on heat stressed quails exhibited the better results in term of weight gain, serum electrolytes, blood profile and histology than those quails kept in heat stressed condition with no supplementation. From the present results it is concluded that 125 mg/L of KCI, 75 mg/L of NaHCO3 and 62.5 mg/L of vitamin C solution in water, alone or in combination may be used in quails to combat the effect of high ambient temperature and heat stress. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1226,T] (1).

283. Immuo-Pathological Response Of Pigeons To Challenge Infection Of Newcastle Disease Virus (Ndv)

by Yasir Amin | Dr. Asim Aslam | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Younus Rana.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: This study trial was designed to evaluate and compare the efficacy of two locally available live Newcastle disease vaccines (Medivac ND LaSota and VRI, Mukteshwar ND vaccine), also to compare two routes (Oral and Ocular) of vaccine administration in term of antibody titre and assessment of protection against field (chicken) isolated virulent Newcastle virus challenge (NDV) in pigeons. Study of clinical signs, gross and histopathological lesion in different organ of non-vaccinated and challenged birds was also the part of our present study. For this purpose one hundred and twenty pigeons were purchased from the local market and screened for Newcastle disease antibodies using Hemagglutination inhibition test. Healthy pigeons were randomly divided into six groups i.e. A, B, C, D, E and F, comprising 20 birds each. Group E and F were kept as positive and negative Control respectively. Group A and C were vaccinated with Medivac ND LaSota vaccine at day 7th and 21st of experiment through oral and ocular route. Similarly Group B and D were immunized with VRI (Mukteshwar) ND vaccine through oral and ocular route respectively. At 28th day of experiment all the groups except group F were challenged with velogenic field isolate of NDV at a dose rate of 0.1 ml through ocular route. Serum samples were collected at day 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 of experiment for the determination of antibody titre. Post-infection clinical signs in control positive group were i.e. anorexia, dullness, depression, decreased feed intake, discharge from mouth, greenish diarrhea, nervous manifestations, leg and wing paralysis. Gross lesions on different organs were hemorrhages in trachea, proventriculus, spleenomegaly and greenish intestinal contents. Medivac ND LaSota vaccine produced higher immune response in term of antibody titre as compared to VRI (Mukteshwar) ND vaccine. It was also observed that ocular route irrespective to vaccine type produced significantly (P<0.05) higher immune response than oral route. Vaccine strains used in this study efficiently induced immune response through ocular route, suggesting that implementation of this vaccination programs in future may prevent ND outbreaks in pigeons, especially in racing pigeons, and may prevent NDV spread to other avian species, mainly poultry. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1228,T] (1).

284. Haematologial And Immunological Effects Of Naturally Occurring Probiotic (Yogurt) And Garlic Supplementation On Broiler Chicks Vaccinated Against Newcastle Disease

by Muhammad Ishaq | Dr. Asim Aslam | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Younus Rana.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Literary form: drama Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: The present project was undertaken to study the various hematological. immunological and gross/histopathological parameters in ND vaccinated chicks with different supplementation of yogurt and garlic. For this purpose one hundred twenty-six day old broiler chicks were divided into three experimental groups A, B and C. each having 42 chicks per group. The group B and C \\ere Further subdivided into 3 groups yl, y2, y3 and gi, g2. g3 respectively comprising of 14 chicks per group having different supplementation of yogurt and garlic respectively, while group A was kept as a control and fed basal diet having no supplementation. Our result showed that yogurt augmented serological response and help in increasing HI antibody titer in which 200 gm yogurt showed immense potential in increasing HI titer until last day of experiment. All levels of Garlic group augmented serological response in term of antibody titer hut remain statistically insigni flcant in increasing HI titer.The heterophil population and I I/L ratio was also improved in both yogurt and garlic groups however 40 grn garlic fed group showed a better response in increasing hctcrophil population. TLC remains insignificant both at treatment and levels throughout the experiment. Body weight gain and FCR was also improved with yogurt and garlic supplementation however 200 gm yogurt showed a curvilinear response over the range of yogurt bd levels. Yogurt and garlic supplementation also showed improvement in the development of immune organ such as spleen, thymus and liver, their I listological examination revealed that an increase in supplementation of yogurt and garlic have no lethal effect upon morphological structure of these organs. In conclusion, yogurt as a probiotic and garlic as a growth promoter agent displayed a greater efficacy in increasing HI titer, heterophils population and improving productive performqnce of broilers in which 200 gm yougurt/kg diet group and 40gm garlic/kg diet showed an immense potential in improving above traits, so their use in broiler diet should be considered instead of using costly commercial probiotics and antibiotics. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1229,T] (1).

285. Feeding Management For Optimum Growth, Reproduction And First Lactation Performance In Sahiwal Heifers

by Muhammad Fiaz | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Abdulla | Prof. Dr.Masroor Elahi Babar.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: Sahiwal is well known dairy cattle breed in the tropical and subtropical regions of world for its excellent heat and tick resistance. The value of adequate nutrition and management of replacement heifers is mostly overlooked and production losses linked with slow growth rate are not entirely realized. Efficient utilization of nutrients like energy during pre pubertal and gestation periods is needful for melioration. The study included two experiments. The aim in first experiment was to investigate the effect of varying dietary energy levels on pre pubertal growth and age at puberty in Sahiwal heifers. Twenty Sahiwal heifers (Age = 12 ± 2 month and avg. wt = 125 kg) were assigned to four dietary treatments having five animals on each treatment. Isonitrogenous (CP=13.7%) diets having varying energy levels, viz; A=100% (Control), B=88%, C=112% and D=124% of NRC recommended level for small breed non bred heifers were fed to the respective groups until onset of puberty. Dry matter and protein intakes were not influenced by varying dietary energy levels during pre pubertal period. However, metabolizable energy (ME) 124% of NRC recommendation enhanced average daily gain (ADG) up to 571±15 g/d which was higher than all other dietary energy levels, whereas it was similar between ME 100% and ME 112% (442±11 and 450±05 g/d, respectively) but lower in ME 88% (397±07 g/d). The improvement in ADG of heifers fed ME 124% of NRC might be attributed to availability of excess energy nutrient for heifers to fulfill not only maintenance requirements but also to grow and develop body reserves. Provision of extra dietary energy improved efficiency of diets which might be attributed to availability of surplus dietary energy enabling heifers to convert feed into live body mass more efficiently. The 13 to 18 months of age was found optimum time period to have significantly highest ADG in Sahiwal heifers. This might be attributed to propitious physiological conditions under which heifers grow at faster rate. The optimum increase in body structures (Body length, height and heart girth) was achieved in ME 124% of NRC recommendations. The phase from 13 to 18 months of age was found optimum possessing significantly highest values of increase in body length and heart girth, whereas phase from 19 months to age at puberty was optimum to achieve significantly highest body height. The optimum increase in heart girth during first two phases (13 to 19 months of age) might be attributed to relatively faster muscle growth in body than bone growth. The digestibility percentages of nutrients (DM, CP, NDF and ADF) were not influenced by different dietary energy levels. No influence of dietary energy levels on digestibility of nutrients in the present study might be attributed to best adaptability of Sahiwal heifers to utilize diets even with low energy under local environment. Similarly, age at puberty was also not affected by dietary treatments and overall average was 833 ± 10 days. The optimum performance in terms of age at puberty at lower dietary energy level might be attributed to lesser energy requirements of Sahiwal under tropical and subtropical environment condition as elaborated by NRC (2000) that maintenance energy requirements of Bos indicus breeds including Sahiwal are about 10% lower. The similar pattern of influence was observed in serum progesterone concentration. The average of progesterone detected during a month before puberty was 0.44±0.005 ng/mL and during a month after onset of puberty was 1.48 ± 0.03 ng/mL serums. The similar rogesterone concentration among dietary treatments might be attributed to similar age at puberty in Sahiwal heifers. It is concluded from results of first experiment that higher dietary energy level (ME 124% of NRC) enhanced growth parameters and feed efficiency but reproductive performance of Sahiwal heifers in terms of age at puberty was optimum even at lower dietary energy level (ME 88% of NRC recommended level) under local environment conditions of Pakistan. The aim in second experiment was to study the effect of feeding varying dietary energy levels during last trimester of pregnancy on 1st lactation performance in Sahiwal heifers. Five to six months pregnant Sahiwal heifers (n=16) were assigned four dietary treatments having four heifers on each treatment. Iso-nitrogenous (CP=14.1%) diets having varying energy levels, viz; A=100% (Control), B=88%, C=112% and D=124% percent of NRC recommended level for pregnant heifers were fed to the respective groups until calving. After calving, all heifers were fed a similar diet having CP (16.2%) and ME (1.72 Mcal/kg). Dry matter and CP intakes were similar across the dietary treatments. Pre calving ADG was not different among heifers fed ME 112 and ME 124% (486 ± 13 and 497 ± 05 g/d, respectively) but higher than other diets, whereas it was also higher (444 ± 07 g/d) in ME 100% than 397 ± 08 g/day in ME 88% of NRC recommendation. Feed efficiency was similar between ME 124 and ME 112% but higher than other diets, whereas ME 100% was also more efficient than ME 88% of NRC recommendation. The higher feed efficiency in higher dietary energy levels might be attributed to availability of surplus dietary energy enabling heifers to convert feed into live body mass more efficiently. Better body score through higher pre calving dietary energy level might be attributed to availability of energy for animal in surplus to its requirements of maintenance and pregnancy. Higher level of energy at this stage enabled pregnant heifers to develop extra body reserves needed in early lactation period to fulfill high demand of lactogenesis. The similar birth weight of newly born calves might be attributed to the factor that needs of conceptus (growth of fetus, fetal membranes, uterus and mammary glands) are accorded high priority by the homeorhetic controls it transmits to the dam. Extra energy levels beyond NRC recommendation during prepartum period were not advantageous to increase milk yield in 1st calf heifers. The performance of 1st calf heifers in terms of milk yield was only optimum through pre calving feeding according to NRC recommendations. The lesser milk yield in diets having higher energy levels than recommended by NRC might be attributed to more availability of mammary fat pad which may limit further parenchymal tissue development and consequently decrease milk yield during subsequent lactation. However, milk fat percentage increased as pre calving dietary energy level was increased, whereas milk protein, lactose and SNF percent among animals fed different experimental diets did not differ. It is concluded from results of second experiment that the optimal performance of pregnant Sahiwal heifers was achieved through provision of pre calving extra dietary energy (ME 112%) beyond the NRC recommendation but first lactation yield was found optimum in heifers fed diet having energy level as per recommendations of NRC. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1230,T] (1).

286. Use Of Butylated Hydroxytoluene (Bht) As Antioxidant In Buffalo Semen Extender

by Tayyab Munir | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Aleem | Prof. Dr | Prof. Dr. Nasim Ahmad.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: The Buffalo is the major milk producing animal in Pakistan. Nili-Ravi breed of buffalo is the one of the best breeds of the world. Buffalo contributes seventy percent of total milk production in Pakistan. The excellent buffalo bulls are few in number and their semen volume and sperm concentration is also low as compared to cattle. The animal has lower fertility particularly when inseminated with frozen semen. There are many reasons for poor fertility of buffalos and one of the most important reasons may reasons for poor fertility of buffalos and one of the most important reasons may be the production of Reactive Oxygen Species (POS) from the plasma membrane of spermatozoa causing damage to the membrane integrity due to lipid peroxidation. The addition of optimum level of antioxidants like BHT to buffalo semen extender before freezing may be answer to this problem. The main objective of the present study was to determine the level of total of antioxidants in the semen and to optimize the quantity of BHT in the semen extender of the Nili Rave Buffalo bulls. In this study semen from Nili-Ravi buffalo bulls ( n=10) was collected twice per week and diluted with Tris egg yolk citrate extender. Antioxidant BHT was added to the extended semen at the rate of 1.0mM, 1.0 mM and 2 mM while Control was containing no BHT. The semen was visually analyzed under phase contrast microscope for motility, vitality (Eosin/Nigrosin staining), plasma membrane (HOS assay) and acrosomal integrity (NAR), at three stages i.e. after dilution, before freezing and after freezing. For the determination of total antioxidant capacity (TAC), semen samples were transported under ice to Spectophotometric Laboratary, GC. University Lahore. Data collected was presented as mean= SEM. Treatment groups were compared using one way ANOVA and Results were compared by using Duncan Multiple Range Test using SPSS (version 16.0) ; SPSS Chicago IL. Result of this study show significant (P< 0.05) improvement in semen motility, vitality, plasma membrane and acrosomal integrity at 1.5 mM BHT concentration as compared to Control, however, insignificant difference was noticed with in treated groups and with in bulls. Maximum TEAC value (2.42) was observed in the extended semen containing two mM BHT and minimum TEAC values (0.58mM) in the post thaw semen sample with BHT. It is concluded that addition of antioxidants in the buffalo semen improve the semen quality before and after freezing. Fortification of buffalo semen extender with BHT (@ of 1-1.5 mM) improved post thaw semen quality and hoped to increase the fertility of buffalo. However, field fertility trials need to be carried out for confirmation. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1288,T] (1).

287. Effect Of Various Concen Trayious Of Hydrogen Pereoxide On Chemical And Microbiogical Quality Of Raw Buffalo Milk

by Muhammad Ilyas Alam | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ayaz | Dr. Aftab Ahmed Anjum | Dr. Imran Javed.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Milk is a complex mixture of fat, proteins, carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins and other miscellaneous constituents dispersed in water. Milk production in flush season is much more than in the normal. Milk production and supply fluctuate through out the year and during winter it is surplus to its demand. Surplus milk is available in winter due to new calving, less consumption of milk by the consumer. In winter season ample amount of green fodder is available to the animals which in turn increase the milk production. Milk and milk products being very delicate and perishable food require special handling prior to the consumption and further treatment. Pakistan due to its harsh climatic conditions people are using different methods, for the preservation of milk. They are using different chemicals, additives and antibiotics to enhance the keeping quality of milk. Present study was planned to investigate the various concentration of hydrogen peroxide or raw buffalo milk and its effect on chemical and microbiological quality of raw buffalo milk. Raw buffalo milk samples were collected from Dairy Animal Training and Research Centre, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Ravi campus Pattoki Fifty samples of raw buffalo milk (100ml each) were collected to studied the nutritional composition and microbiological quality of the milk after adding the hydrogen peroxide. The hydrogen peroxide of different concentration i.e. 0.025%, 0.05%, 0.075%and 0.1% were used in this study. There was no significant change in the result regarding various nutritional composition of raw buffalo milk after adding the various concentrations of hydrogen peroxide. There is a slight change in the lactose % during study of 48 h storage of milk at different temperature. Statistically the change which occurred in lactose during storage is significant whereas over all decrease in Solid Not Fat is non significant Mean value of TPC of raw buffalo milk treated with different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide storage at the three different temperatures indicated that at 10° C TPC was very less as compared to control. TPC at 30° C after 48 h was 9.83x106.Which was very less as compared to TPC of control i.e. 1.195 x107. The effect of H2O2 on the quality of the milk is negligible as compared to the losses suffered without it. The hydrogen peroxide definitely have its effect as a preservative.. The use of preservative in milk and dairy products are not new in the countries where ambient temperature remains quite high. Our study suggests that the concentration of hydrogen peroxide to be used for the preservation of raw milk is 0.05 % to 0.1 % Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1291,T] (1).

288. Survival Of Probiotic Bacteria In Commercial Infant Foods And Their Antimcrobial Activity Against Food Borne

by Rana Faheem Sakhawat Ali | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ayaz | Dr. Imran Javed | Dr. Muhammad Nasir.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Novel bio-therapeutic agents (Probiotics) are live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate number provide health benefits to the consumer. Functional foods contain viable probiotic bacteria in sufficient population. Some manufacturing companies of multi national fame claim the presence of probiotics in their dairy and cereal products especially for the consumption of infants and growing children of different age groups. But neither a legal definition nor specific regulations governing probiotic food exist. There is no approved list of human foods and any bacterial strain of a known species that is traditionally used can be added. Pakistani parents spent huge amount to purchase the different infant formulas for the better nourishment of their children. Any information basing on scientific grounds which confirms the presence or absence of gut friendly bacteria will be of great value for the general consumers. It is important to ensure a high survival rate of these bacteria during the product shelf life to maintain consumer confidence in probiotic products. This study is presented to assess the viability, label correctness and diversity of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species in powder milk and cereals recommended for infants. The viability of the probiotic microorganisms was evaluated throughout the shelf life. Antibacterial activity of the recovered strains was also measured against the common food borne pathogens. Isolation, identification and count of micro-organisms was carried out by serial ten fold dilutions prepared in PBS solution using the pour plate technique. Strains were propagated by inoculating the Lactobacillus in de Man Rogosa-Sharpe (MRS) and Bifidobacterium species in Reinforced Clostridium Agar under anaerobic conditions at 42°C.Typical cell morphology, colony characteristics and biochemical tests are used for the identification of isolates. Survival rate of the microorganisms was calculated by the viable cell count which represents the original concentration of probiotics in the infant formulation. Out of the total 45 analyses it is concluded that cereal food contains Bifidobacterium species only and the number of Bifidobacterium species in all three products is more than the Lactobacillus species. Moreover, survival rate of both organisms showed a decline pattern in the terminal stage of shelf life. Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species were identified and differentiated by the application of various biochemical tests including Catalase test, Carbohydrate fermentation profile and growth response at different temperature and NaCl concentration. Gram positive and catalase negative isolates fermented the glucose without the production of CO2. Isolates were tested for their antimicrobial activity using the Stab overlay, Cross streak and Agar well diffusion method against the common food borne pathogenic bacteria i.e. E.coli, Staphylococcs aureus, Salmonella species and Bacillus subtilus. After the completion of experiments it is concluded that Bifidobacterium species have more inhibition effect against the pathogens as compare to Lactobacillus species. Overall effect of isolates was mild to strong inhibition. Bacillus subtilus was resistant to probiotics as compare to the rest of three pathogenic bacteria. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1292,T] (1).

289. Effectof Mentofin (Herbal Product)On Antibody Response Of Broilers To Newcastle Disease Vaccine

by Saif- Ur- Rehman | Prof. Dr. Khushi Muhammad | Dr. Tahir Yaqub | Prof. Dr. Muhammad.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Immunostimulants such as Mentofin® are commonly used to enhance the immune response of birds to vaccines. In the present study immunomodulatory effect of Mentofin® on antibody response of broilers to Newcastle Disease virus vaccine was evaluated. For this purpose one hundred one day old broilers were divided in to four groups (A, B, C and D) each containing 25 birds. Each bird of group A and B was vaccinated against ND and each bird of group A and C was treated with Mentofin. Anti-ND-HI antibody titer of each bird of each group was monitored on 14, 21, 28 and 35 days of age. Mentofin® treated broilers showed higher consistent antibody (anti-NDV HI antibody titer) response as compared to untreated broilers. These birds when given challenge infection of velogenic ND virus on 35 days of age showed same protection as that of untreated vaccinated birds. However non vaccinated broilers treated with Mentofin showed higher protection as compared to that of in non treated unvaccinated birds. Weight gain in Mentofin® treated broilers was same as that of non-treated birds. Similarly, there was no effect of the Mentofin on FCR. Droppings from Mentofin treated birds showed no urease producing bacteria while 100% droppings of the herbal untreated birds showed urease producing bacteria. Mentofin at 1% concentration in nutrient broth inactivated the proteus species while its 0.0001 % concentration inactivated the bacteria in urea broth. In in vitro studies, 0.5 % concentration of Mentofin inactivated the lentogenic strain of ND Virus within 15 minutes at interaction temperature of 37 0C. The results can be used to formulate the vaccination policy along with herbal based immunostimulatant such as Mentofin®. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1294,T] (1).

290. Development And Sensory Evaluation Of Flavored Probiotic Acidophilus Milk

by Muhammad Junaid | Dr. Imran Javed | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ayaz.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Fermented milk products are the foods that have been fermented with lactic acid bacteria includes Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Leuconostoc, bifidobacterium etc. These are of great significance as they not only preserve the surplus milk but also provide vast quantities of nutritious and healthy foods in a wide variation of flavors, aromas and textures. Acidophilus milk is one of the fermented milk products in which probiotic starter culture is used for fermentation. This probiotic product not only adds to the taste but also improves the digestibility of milk. This value added product helps in maintaining the normal mocroflora of GIT by boosting the number of friendly intestinal bacteria. Decreasing the incidence of pediatric diarrhea, reducing serum cholesterol concentration, reducing the risk of coronary heart diseases are some of health promoting benefits of this value added product. Presently in Pakistan none of the dairy company is producing value added flavored acidophilus milk product using probiotic culture so the research project was designed in a way to develop flavored probiotic acidophilus milk which has its health benefits along with fulfilling the nutritional requirement with acceptable organoleptic characteristics. Consumer acceptability was found to be important for product development and its marketing. The aim of the present study was the development the probiotic acidophilus milk having health promoting benefits of probiotics and to appeal its consumer recognition by flavoring the product. For flavoring purpose different food grade flavors like strawberry, chocolate and vanilla at different levels was used with the purpose of providing our people with good, nutritional, healthy and value added product through research and development. Flavored probiotic acidophilus milk is a product in which the milk a perishable commodity was fermented using the pure culture of Lactobacillus acidophilus as a starter culture. The freshly drawn raw milk used in the study was obtained from Dairy Animal Training and Research Center (DAT&RC), UVAS, Ravi campus, Pattoki. The whole milk was pasteurized at 72 °C for 15 minutes to kill the pathogenic microorganism and ensuring the safety of consumer. It was then standardized to 3.5% fat and 8.5% SNF and cooled at 4 ±1°C. This standardized milk was used for preparation of flavored probiotic acidophilus milk. The microbiological identification and confirmation of Lactobacillus acidophilus starter culture procured from starter culture collection center (Danisco) was carried out in the postgraduate laboratory of Department of Dairy Technology UVAS, Ravi campus, Pattoki. The freeze dried culture was activated by inoculating and growing it in sterile whole milk at 40 ±1ºC and then maintained at 4 ± 1ºC. Preliminary studies were performed to optimize and standardize the conditions like culture concentration (to be added in the milk for acidification and fermentation), temperature of incubation and time duration for incubation during the preparation of probiotic acidophilus milk. This task was accomplished by using culture varying in concentration form 1-5%. Similarly temperature variations were studied at 30°C, 35 °C and 40 °C. Time for incubation was given 04hrs and 08hrs for each culture concentration at different temperatures. The results of preliminary studies showed the development of probiotic acidophilus milk by inoculating with Lactobacillus acidophilus culture at 01% concentration incubated at 40 °C for 04hrs as the best choice. The actual product development phase started after finding the best combination of culture concentration with temperature of incubation and time for incubation. During this phase the standardized and pasteurized milk (200ml) equilibrated for one hour at the fermentation temperature (40ºC) in a water bath was inoculated with overnight fresh culture of Lactobacillus acidophilus at the rate of 1%. Thereafter it was flavored using three different flavors e.g., mango, strawberry, and pineapple. Fermentation time was given 4hrs and the temperature of milk was maintained at 40ºC. The flavored probiotic acidophilus milk after its development was cooled and stored at 4±1 °C up to six days. During storage the prepared flavored Probiotic acidophilus milk was evaluated for its sensory attributes. A panel of 10 judges evaluated the product for color, taste, aroma, appearance, acidic flavor and overall acceptability on 9-point hedonic scale (9 = like very much; 1 = dislike very much). The sensory evaluation of the product at day-1 and day-6 of its production was carried out in the Department of Dairy Technology University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Ravi Campus, Pattoki. The sensory evaluation performa was prepared and distributed to the panelist along with the consent form to participate in this sensory evaluation. The flavored probiotic acidophilus milk, prepared, was evaluated regularly for physico-chemical analysis, based on pH and titrateable acidity (expressed as lactic acid %) during its storage up to six days with one day interval. The total viable count of the product was also determined microbiologically at day-1 and day-6 to study the viability of culture in the probiotic product. All the results obtained were analyzed thorough analysis of variance technique (ANOVA). The significant differences were compared using Duncan's Multiple Range (DMR) test with a probability P ? 0.05. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1296,T] (1).

291. Comparayive Efficacy Of Chemotherapeutic Trails Against Hypodermosis In Cattle In Rajanpur

by Muhammad Zahid | Dr. Aneela Zameer Durrani | Dr. Muhammad Hassan Saleem | Prof. Dr. Azhar.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Study was carried out in district Rajanpur from February, 2011 to April, 2011 to find out percentage of infestation and to study chemotherapeutic trails against warble fly infestation in cattle in three tehsils namely Rojhan, Rajanpur and Jampur of district Rajanpur. In each tehsil 200 cattle were examined to record clinical signs of hypodermosis. For treatment of affected animals drug trail were done with Trichlorophon (Tagafon Star,Pakistan) and Ivermectin (Imec, SJG, Pakistan) 1% subcutaneously @ 0.2mg/kg body weight. Study included percentage of infestation in cattle in the households, veterinary hospitals and private farms. Average percentage of warbles in cattle was calculated and found 10 %, 17% and 16.5% in Rojhan, Rajanpur and Jampur respectively. It was found that percentage of infestation was 12% to 18% in hilly areas as compared to semi-hilly areas with 8% to16% and riverine areas 8% to 18% warble fly infestation in cattle. It was observed that warble fly infestation in cattle was absent in some plane areas in tehsil Jampur. The comparison of different chemotherapeutic trails against Hypodermosis in cattle were observed and recorded. Three groups of cattle were made for chemotherapeutic trails against hypodermosis. Application of Tagafon in two different groups of cattle was carried out to evaluate their efficacy against Hypodemosis. In one group Trichlorophon (Tagafon Star,Pakistan) was applied with cotton gauzes by swabbing and spraying method with 5% solution of trichlorophon. In second group Trichlorophon (Tagafon Star, Pakistan) was given by drenching method with 2% solution at a dose rate of 0.2ml/kg body weight. In third group (Inj.Imec, SJG, Pakistan) Ivermectin 1% at dose rate of 0.2mg/kg body weight subcutaneous injection was carried out. Ivermectin1% was found to be 100% effective. Tagafon (Trichlorophon) was found 90% effective by swabbing and spraying method with 5% solution and Tagafon (Trichlorophon) by drenching method with 2% solution was found 85%effective against warble fly infestation in cattle in the study area. The data was analyzed statistically and found significant. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1297,T] (1).

292. Seriepidemiological Investigation, Risk Factors Analysis Of Brucellosis In Ruminants And Their Ownrs In Buner

by Muhammad Idrees | Prof. Dr. Munsur-ud-Din Ahmad | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ather Khan.

Material type: book Book; Literary form: drama Dissertation note: The study was conducted in District Buner of Khyber Pukhtunkhwa province. In this study small and large ruminants and their owners were included. A two stage sampling technique was used. In the first stage sampling two villages were selected by systemic way. In the second stage sampling five households having livestock holdings were selected for sampling. Information about risk factors in man and animals were gathered by separate structured questionnaires. And to investigate Brucellosis blood samples were collected and serum was isolated. Serum samples were screened with RBPT. The prevalence of Brucellosis in animals was 5.59%, 6.14%, 6.25%, 5.55% and 3.27% in sheep, goat, cattle, buffalo and livestock owners respectively. Herd level prevalence for Brucellosis in sheep, goat, cattle, buffalo and mix herds was 35%, 7.89%, 15.55%, 10.33% and 19.51% were positive for herds respectively. Individual herd level prevalence was from was 4.76%, 25% and 13.38% minimum, maximum and average respectively. Among the risk factors associated with Brucellosis in ruminants type of farm operation (p-value=0.000), type of flooring system (p-value=0.095 & OR=0.36), ventilation. i.e. (p-value=0.252 & OR=0.55), housing condition (p-value=0.157 & OR=0.692), animal health status (p-value=0.000). But the results showed a significant relationship between natural breeding of the animals and positive cases of Brucellosis. i.e. (p-value=0.033 & OR=9.98). No animal suffered from Brucellosis for whom Artificial Insemination was used for breeding. Artificial Insemination was significantly associated with negative cases of Brucellosis. i.e. (p-value=0.033 * OR=0.10). Among the risk factors in human significant association between the occupation of the person and Test results for Brucellosis among Humans. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1298,T] (1).

293. Git Helminthiasis Indigenous And Commercial Layers In District Quetta.Balouchistan

by Rizwan ullah hashmi | Dr. Khalid saeed | Dr. kamran ashraf | Dr. muhammad.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: The study was conducted to identify and compare the extent of gastrointestinal helminths in indigenous poultry and commercial layers. For this purpose, 200 gut samples (100 each from indigenous and commercial layers) were collected from different sources of Quetta district. All the material was brought to disease investigation lab, Quetta, for detailed postmortem and coprological examination. The overall incidence of nematodes in indigenous chickens and commercial layers was 87% and 08% respectively. Three species of nematodes were recovered from both indigenous chickens and commercial layers. Ascaridia galli was the most common specie of nematodes recovered from small intestine while Heterakis gallinae and Subulura brumpti were isolated from the caeca of the sampled birds. The incidence of Ascaridia galli, Heterakis gallinae and Subulura brumpti was 75%, 25% and 16% in indigenous chickens and 06%, 04% and 03% in commercial layers respectively. The overall incidence of cestodes was lower than those of the nematodes. It was found to be 78% in indigenous chickens and 05% in commercial layers respectively. Five species of cestodes recorded from the gastrointestinal tract of indigenous chicken and were Raillietina tetragona (60%), Raillietina echinobothrida (21%), Raillietina cesticillus (14%), Cotugnia digonopora (29%) and Choanotaenia infundibulum (13%). On the other hand, following two species of cestodes were isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of commercial layers and included Raillietina tetragona (04%), and Choanotaenia infundibulum (02%). Older birds have higher prevalence as compared with younger birds in indigenous and commercial layers. Slightly higher infection rates were recorded in females (51.7%) as compared with males (48.2%). On coprological examination, a greater proportion of birds were found infected with various helminthes and infection rate in indigenous birds was 66% as compared with commercial layers which was 3%. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1300,T] (1).

294. Diagnosis And Treatment Of Strongylosis Using Neem Leaves And Ivermectin In Donkeys

by Muhammad waqas | Dr. Muhammad sarwar khan | Dr. aneela zameer durrani | Dr. Muhammad.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Nature of contents: biography; Literary form: Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Donkeys act as draught animals and are used for a variety of purposes. Donkeys are still the "beasts of burden". Helminthes parasites, particularly strongyle nematodes, are the common inhabitants of the gastro-intestinal tracts of equines. Strongylosis is one of the most important parasitic diseases of equines. Diarrhea, anorexia, weight loss and moderate anaemia are the clinical signs in infected animal resulting in heavy mortality. The present project was therefore designed to investigate the infection rate of nematodes in donkeys, to calculate the efficacy of Ivermectin and Neem against strongylosis and to study the effect of strongylosis on various blood parameters (DLC and Hb). Three hundred donkeys (n=300) were examined coprologically for the presence of nematodes. 167 donkeys were found infected with various parasites with the overall infection rate being 55.66%. Out of 167, 85 donkeys were infected with strongylus, 29 with trichostrongylus, 19 with trichonema, 19 with gastrodiscuss and 15 with mixed infection. So the infection rate for strongylus, trichostrongylus, trichonema, gastrodiscuss and mixed infection was 28.33%, 9.66%, 6.33%, 6.33% and 5% respectively. For drug trails thirty donkeys naturally infected with strongylosis were selected. These animals were divided into three groups A, B and C, comprising of 10 animals each. Another group D comprising of 10 healthy animals was also made. Group A was treated with ivermectin at the dose rate of 0.2 mg/kg body weight (1 ml/50 kg b w) once. Group B was treated with neem dry leaves at the dose rate of 375 mg/kg body weight mixed with wheat bran for four days. Group C was kept as positive control (Infected-Untreated) and Group D was kept as negative control (Uninfected-Untreated). The faecal samples were collected on day zero pre-medication and on day 7 and 14 post-medication. The efficacies of ivermectin and neem were calculated on the basis of reduction in number of eggs per gram (EPG) of the faeces. The efficacy of ivermectin was 73.21 and 96.42% on day 7 and 14 respectively. The efficacy of neem was noted to be 22.22 and 33.33% on day 7 and 14 post-medication respectively. It was concluded that ivermectin was most effective. The blood samples were also collected on day zero (pre-medication) and on day 7 and 14 (post-medication) and were examined for hematology. Groups A, B and C had low haemoglobin values. The values get improved in groups A and B after treatments but the value further decreased in group C because this group was kept as infected control. The Hb value remained normal in group D as the animals in this group were healthy. In group C there was significant increase in eosinophils. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1302,T] (1).

295. The Efficacy Of Chemotherapeutic Agents Against Paramphistomum In Sheep

by Muhammad Mashhood Hassan | Dr. Jawaria Ali Khan | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: The present project was carried out to diagnose the paramphistomum infection in sheep and to evaluate the efficacy of oxyclozanide and albendazole and to observe the effect of paramphistomum on various blood parameters, haemoglobin estimation, erythrocytes sedimentation rate and packed cell volume. For this purpose twenty four Sheep were selected and divided into 4 groups. Each group comprised of 6 animals. Faecal samples were collected from Out Reach centre Sitar wala and its adjacent areas and out door clinic UVAS Lahore for the diagnosis of paramphistomum. The faecal and blood samples were collected on day zero pre-medication, and day 7 and 10 post-medication. The drug efficacy was checked at those animals which were positive for the paramphistomum. The animals in Group A were treated with Oxyclozanide (Zanil) at a dose rate of 15 mg/kg body weight. The animals in Group B were treated with Albendazole (Albensel) at a dose rate of 10 mg/kg body weight. The animals in Group C were kept as positive control (infected-untreated) and Group D were kept as negative control (uninfected-untreated). Eggs per gram (EPG) of the faeces were noted on day 0 day before medication. The efficacy of these drugs was calculated on the basis of reduction of eggs per gram (EPG) of faeces after treatment. Zanil showed a progressive decrease in the faecal egg counts. The efficacy of Oxyclozanide (Zanil) was 58.33% on day 7 and 83.33 % on day 10. The efficacy of Albendazole (Albensel) was 36.36% on day 7 and 56.36 % on day 10. It was observed that Oxyclozanide (Zanil) showed better efficacy than Albendazole. Haematological parameters showed different results. A marked decrease in haemoglobin was observed after the study of infected sheep and the haemoglobin value was in normal range in healthy sheep on day zero. Packed cell volume was reduced on day zero in all infected groups, but was normal in the group of healthy sheep. After the treatment these values increased towards normal range in group A and B. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate was increased after 24 hours on day zero in all infected groups A, B, and C but was normal in the group D of healthy sheep. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1303,T] (1).

296. Prevalence Of Dermatophytosis In Domestic Dogs And In-Vivo Evaluation Of Topical Anri-Fungal Agents

by Muhammad Mudassar Aziz | Dr. Asim Khalid Mahmood | Dr. khalid Saeed | Dr. Muhammad Hassan Saleem.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: The pet dog is a domesticated animal, belonging to the family Canidae and it comes within the order Carnivora. The given nomenclature is used for all varieties of pet dogs. Earlier, this pet animal was used for different purposes which include hunting, fighting and also different types of work had been taken from it. Dermatophytosis is the common skin infection in dogs especially in the young ones. A total of 300 samples were collected. The 36 samples were found positive and then divided into 3 groups. In group K, Ketoconazole was applied topically twice a week. Later on the efficacy of Ketoconazole was observed by collecting the samples on day 7, 14 and 21 after the commencement of treatment, which was 20%, 60% and 90% respectively. Similarly, Group L was treated with Lime sulphur and the efficacy of Limesulphur against M.canis infection, was found to be 60%, 80% and 100% on day 7, 14 and 21 respectively. Group M was treated with Miconazole. The efficacy of miconazole against M.canis was found to be 50%, 75% and 100% on day 7, 14 and 21 respectively. At the end, it was concluded that Lime sulphur was the best drug of choice among the three drugs used and the efficacy of ketoconazole was lesser than the others. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1304,T] (1).

297. Efficacy Of Antifungal Agents Against Dermatophytosis In Cats

by Muhammad Irfan Saleem | Dr. Asim Khalid Mahmood | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: The cat is commonly kept as pet all over the world. The dermatophyte Microsporum canis is the most common fungal agent of dogs and cats. In the presence study, the prevalence of Microsporum canis was recorded in pet cats in the area of district Lahore. The animals found positive with Microsporum canis were divided into three groups named, group A (griseofulvin), group B (ketoconazole) and group C (terbinafine). All the drugs were given orally and the efficacy of each drug was observed by collecting the samples on 15 days interval after the commencement of treatment until the mycological cure was achieved up till day 90th. Prevalence of M. canis infestation was 31%. The breed wise prevalence was highest in Persian cats as compared to Siamese and local breed and the prevalence were also higher in young ones as compared to old age cats. Later on the calculation of efficacy revealed that griseofulvin was the best drug among the three drugs used. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1305,T] (1).

298. Uterine Microbial Frlora Of Nili Ravi Buffalo During Estrus And Its Relationship With Pregnancy Rate

by Sohail Raza | Prof. Dr. Masood Rabbani | Dr. Ali Ahmad | Dr. Muhammad Iqbal.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: The low conception rate has been reported as one of the major cause of poor productivity of livestock. Beside other reasons, presence of different types of microflora inside the uterus of breeding animals, play a key role in the failure of pregnancy. All these microbes results in the infection of uterus ultimately affecting drastically the animal's conception rate. To study the impact of microbial flora on conception rate, 50 Nili Ravi buffalos were selected from Buffalo Research Institute, Pattoki. The breeding animals in heat just before artificial insemination were used to collect bacterial samples with the help of especially prepared and sterilized AI rod with some accessories. The samples were processed for the identification of bacterial microflora by doing number of conventional tests for final characterization. In this study seven different bacterial isolates were identified from all the samples. These include: Escherichia coli, S. aureus, S. epidermidis, Citrobacter species, Proteus species, Lactbacillus species, and Micrococcus species. After elapse of proper period of time the pregnancy statuses of all these buffaloes were determined and correlated with the presence or absence of isolated microbes. The results indicated that Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus isolates were the most prominent bacteria in all the samples collected from pregnant, non pregnant and aborted animals. These two isolates could be designated as normal uterine microbial flora of Nili-Ravi buffaloes because of their presence during all the physical and pathological conditions. Proteus species and Micrococcus species were mostly isolated in pregnant animals. Statistical analysis also confirmed the above statement. Previous reports corroborate the present study and confirm that these bacteria are ranked as normal uterine microbial flora of bovines. So the previous study and present results confirm that both are the normal uterine microbial flora of pregnant Nili-Ravi buffaloes In the present study the prevalence of the Citrobacter spp. only in the aborted animals is supported by the previous studies which show that Citrobacter spp. Is only present in the diseased animals and it also cause the sporadic abortion. Statistical analysis of the data also proved the significance of Citrobacter spp. in aborted animals. So this concludes that Citrobacter spp. are the abnormal uterine microbial flora of Nili-Ravi buffaloes in Pakistan which leads to abortion. The present study has been able us to find the normal and the abnormal uterine microbial flora of Nili-Ravi buffaloes. This information will help to understand the infection process in breeding buffaloes and through corrective actions may decrease the infection rate / abortion rate in Nili-Ravi buffaloes. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1306,T] (1).

299. Study Of Incidence Rate And Chemotherapy Of Balantidiasis In Donkeys

by Adnan Khan | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Muhammad Avais.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Equines have been serving the mankind for many purposes since as early as the human history. In equines parasitic infection is a major problem. Factors such as continuous exposure to parasites, climatic conditions, and lack of knowledge on the part of livestock farmers regarding parasitic transmission play an important role in sustaining parasitic diseases. Balantidium coli causes a protozoal disease known as Balantidiasis. It is normally found in large intestine of pigs (wild and domestic) and also explained in camels, primates including human, rodents, and equines but distinctly found in dogs. Balantidiasis is manifested by diarrhea, dysentery, severe colic pain, tenesmus, anorexia, nausea and vomiting. Balantidium coli may act as opportunistic pathogen in other infectious diseases. There is considerable information on B. coli in cattle and buffalo raising communities in the world. Investigations on Balantidium coli have not been conducted actively in the study area where equine rearing is one of the major occupations. This study will therefore is expected to serve as base line data for further work on this parasite. The faecal samples of 400 donkeys irrespective of age and sex reared in and around Lahore were examined coprologically out of which 73 were found positive for Balantidium coli yielding the incidence rate of 18.25%. Chemotherapeutic trials of Secnidazole and Nigella sativa were performed on a group of 10 donkeys each (Group A & B) along with keeping 10 donkeys as positive & 10 donkeys as negative control (Group C & D). The animals of group A were treated with secnidazole (Dysen forte) at a dose rate of 10mg/kg orally for one day. The group A Showed the efficacy of 89.51% at day 14th (post treatment). The animals of group B were treated with Nigella sativa (Kalonji) at a dose rate of 200 mg/kg body weight orally for five days. This group showed the efficacy of 40.02% at day 14th after medication. Similarly the effect of B. coli on various blood parameters (Hemoglobin and Packed cell volume) was studied in these animals. At day zero (pre-medication), the average Hb (g/dl) and PCV (%) values of groups A, B, C and D were 10.61 + 0.076, 10.61 + 0.13, 10.60 + 0.15, 11.01 + 0.068 and 31.47 + 0.27, 31.48 + 0.22, 31.47 + 0.24, 32.14 + 0.243 respectively. On day 14th after medication the average Hb (g/dl) and PCV (%) values of groups A, B, C and D were 10.79 + 0.094, 10.69 + 0.126, 10.60 + 0.15, 11.01 + 0.068 and 31.79 + 0.16, 31.64 + 0.13, 31.47 + 0.24, 32.14 + 0.243 respectively. On day zero (pre-medication), the hemoglobin and pack cell volume values of groups A, B and C were below the normal (Hb = 11.0 - 11.6 g/dl, PCV (%) = 32 - 33) while of group D were approximately normal. On day 14th (post-medication), there was increase in Hb and PCV values of groups A and B. The Hb and PCV values of group C and D were not changed. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1307,T] (1).

300. Bioequivalence Study Of Montelukast Tablets In Healthy Volunteets

by Sadia Amin | Dr. Sualeha Riffat | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Nature of contents: biography; Literary form: Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Objective of this bioequivalence study was to compare pharmacokinetic parameters and to evaluate bioequivalence of two generic drug products. A multinational company brand was compared with locally manufacture brand. It was a randomized, single dose, two-period crossover study in which 12 volunteers were participated with the age limit of 18-30yrs. These volunteers were selected according to different inclusion and exclusion criteria and the study was conducted with one week washout period. Each volunteer was one tablet of montelukast (reference or test) lOmg. 14 blood samples of 4-Sml collected at predefined time intervals i.e, 0, O.S, 1.0, 1.S, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.S, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, 10, 12 and 24 hours .. Heparinized vacuette were used for collection of blood samples. After sampling, blood samples were centrifuged immediately to separate plasma and stored at -80°C till analyzed. Plasma montelukast concentration was evaluated by using reverse phase - high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method. Potassium dihydrogen phosphate O.OSM at pH 3.5 with orthophosphoric acid in combination to acetonitrile (20:80) was used as mobile phase. The wavelength of detector was set at 34Snm and flow rate was set to 2.0ml per min. Drug from plasma was extracted by de-proteinizing the plasma with acetonitrile. 70 III injection volume was given to HPLC for analysis. For comparing the pharmacokinetic parameters two compartment analysis was used and pair t-test was applied. Non compartmental analysis was used for evaluating pharmacokinetic parameters to evaluate the both drugs were bioequivalent or not. 3 major parameters of bioequivalence Cmax, AVC O-inf and AVC O-t were evaluated and they did not show significant difference in between two formulations. Also the 90% confidence interval values were within the limit. So, it was concluded that both the test and reference drug were bioequivalent and test drug could be used interchangeably with the reference drug. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1311,T] (1).



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