1.
Evaluation Of Mutagenicity And Cytotocicity Of Ferst Line Anti Tuberculosis Drugs
by Riffat Fatima | Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Imran Altaf | Dr. Muhammad Adil Rasheed.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1458,T] (1).
2.
Quality Evaluation Of Different Brands Of Ceftriaxone
by Sana Tariq | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Muhammad Adil Rasheed | Miss Huma.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: This study was designed to determine the physicochemical equivalence of selected brands of ceftriaxone sodium registered with the ministry of health government of Islamic republic of Pakistan. Out of 9 selected brands 3 were of lowest price distribution class, 3 from the intermediate price distribution class and remaining three from the highest price distribution class. For quality evaluation 3 parameters were selected which were physical, chemical and microbial. Physical characters analyzed were general appearance, pH, solubility and moisture content. Characters which determine the chemical equivalence were assay of active ingredient and percentage of impurities present in powdered drug. Both these parameters were quantified chromatographically using high pressure liquid chromatography. Clinical efficacy of selected brands of this valuable antibiotic was accessed by determining the minimal inhibitory concentrations against Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumonia and Escherichia coli.
Statistically all brands were significantly different from one another but all the parameters taken as quality indicators showed results within the range specified by united state pharmacopoeia.
None of selected brands of ceftriaxone sodium were found to be counterfeit or even substandard. Irrespective of difference in price, no visible variation was found among different quality assessment parameters, all samples showed compliance with the international pharmacopoeial standards. Through this study it can be concluded that the quality of ceftriaxone in Pakistan is well regulated, all the registered brands are up to the mark and irrespective of variation in price there is no variation in the quality of brands.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1462,T] (1).
3.
Chemical Equivalence Of Different Brands Of Oxytertacycline Hydrochloride And Its Minimum
by Sadaf Hina | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Aftab | Dr. Muhammad Adil Rasheed.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: This project was designed to study the chemical equivalence of various brands of Oxytetracycline hydrochloride (long acting, short acting & PVP) approved by the ministry of health and available in the local market for veterinary use. Oxytetracycline was measured by HPLC method developed and standardized in the laboratory. Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of the Oxytetracycline by HPLC assay method were determined. From stock solution of working standard (Oxytetracycline hydrochloride) different concentrations 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 10, 25, 50 and 100µg per ml were prepared for the determination of LOD. The LOD calculated was 0.100(µg/ml) and LOQ was 0.5 (µg/ml). Correlation coefficient was 0.99994050. Concentration of the active ingredient (Oxytetracycline hydrochloride) in all preparations was same as mentioned on the label except Oxytetracycline (74%), Terrasym PVP-100 (81%), and Onyx-LA (72%).
MIC of Oxytetracycline hydrochloride against following bacterial isolates determined by micro-broth dilution test was Bacillus subtilis (50µg), Staphylococcus aureus (100µg), Eschericiha coli (50µg), Salmonella enterica (1000µg) and Pasturella multocida (50µg).It showed that all these bacterial cultures have developed resistance against Oxytetracycline hydrochloride.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1468,T] (1).
4.
Pharmaceutical Equivalence Of Different Brands Of Moxifloxacin Hydrochloride And Minimum Inhibitory Concentration
by Sarmat Tamjeed Afzal | Dr. Muhammad Adil Rasheed | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1471,T] (1).
5.
Mutagenic And Cytotoxic Evaluartion Of Piroxicam And Meloxicam
by Snober Khatoon Akram | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Muhammad Adil Rasheed | Dr.Aftab | Faculty of Bio-Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Piroxicam and Meloxicam are enolic acid derivatives and belong to oxicam class of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. They are therapeutically used in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. This study was designed to evaluate mutagenicity and cytotoxicity of piroxicam and meloxicam by Ames Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity assay and MTT assay. In this study, ten concentrations (100µg/ml, 300µg/ml, 500µg/ml, 700µg/ml, 900µg/ml, 1000µg/ml, 3000µg/ml, 5000µg/ml, 7000µg/ml and 10,000µg/ml) of piroxicam and meloxicam were used in Ames test against Salmonella strain TA100 in plate incorporation method, with and without metabolic activation S-9 mixture in triplicate manner. In MTT assay, confluent monolayer of BHK-21 cell lines was used and grown in 96-well cell culture plates treated with same concentrations of both drugs in triplicate manner. The results indicated that piroxicam had no mutagenic potential at concentrations of 100µg/plate to 3000µg/plate, possible mutagenic potential at 5000µg/plate and significant mutagenic potential at concentration of 7000µg/plate and 10,000µg/plate. Meloxicam had no mutagenic potential at the concentrations 100µg/plate to 7000µg/plate and possible mutagenic potential at highest concentration 10,000µg/plate. The cytotoxic effect of piroxicam and meloxicam at the concentrations of 100µg/ml to 5000µg/ml was none cytotoxic and at the concentration of 7000µg/ml and 10,000µg/ml cytotoxic to BHK-21 cell lines. There was significant increased in mutant frequency with increased in concentration of both drugs with and without metabolic activation S-9 mixture. There was significant difference in non mutagenic, possible mutagenic and significant mutagenic potential doses of piroxicam. There was no significant difference in none cytotoxic doses of both drugs. In comparison of both drugs, there was no significant difference in mutagenicity and cytotoxicity. It concluded that piroxicam and meloxicam were not mutagenic and cytotoxic at therapeutic doses. Piroxicam had mutagenic potential in dose dependent manner. Both drugs were cytotoxic at higher concentrations. They had same cytotoxic effect in dose dependent manner.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1548,T] (1).
6.
Evaluation And Comparison Of Anti-Viral Activity Of Ethanolic And Chloroformic Extract Of Juniperus Excelsa Against Peste Des Petits Ruminants Virus
by Amber Sharif | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Muhammad Adil Rasheed | Mr. Allah.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1723,T] (1).
7.
Efficacy Of Anti-Microbial Agents Withascorbic Aci In Catheter Associated Urinary Tract Infection
by Sana Afzal | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Muhammad Adil Rasheed | Malik Allah.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) are most common type of nosocomial infection. This study was designed to recognize and identify the bacterial pathogen of catheter-associated urinary tract infection in patients, the sensitivity pattern of bacterial pathogens to commonly used antibiotics and the synergistic effect of antibiotics with ascorbic acid to improve the efficacy of antibiotics. The prospective, observational study was conducted in Sir Ganga Raam hospital Lahore. The urine samples from 100 catheterized patients were collected and were analyzed for its causative /pathogenic organism. Out of 100 patients, 58 patients carried E.coli (27%), Citrobacter (22%), Enterobacter (5%) and Staphylococcus aureus (4%) and these patients were included in study. Sensitivity patterns of Ampicillin, Co-amoxiclav, Ceftriaxone and Ciprofloxacin were checked by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Uropathogens appeared to be highly resistant against Ceftriaxone (84%), followed by Co-amoxiclave (83%) and Ampicillin (76%).Amikacin and Ciprofloxacin are effective drugs against uropathogens and their sensitivities to Amikacin and Ciprofloxacin were 74% and 71% respectively.
Susceptibility testing of bacteria against antibiotics and ascorbic acid alone and in combination was checked and it was observed that bacterial resistance to Ceftriaxone was reversed with ascorbic acid and the effectiveness of ciprofloxacin was improved with ascorbic acid. In Citrobacter, ascorbic acid antagonized the effects of Amikacin.
Empirical therapy of patients included in study was evaluated by clinical response and their definitive therapy was assessed by observing the adverse effects associated with that drug. Co-amoxiclav produced 100% side effects. Tinnitus (63%) was observed in patients treated with Amikacin while Ciprofloxacin adverse effects were headache and dizziness.
It was concluded in the study that there was high incidence of infection in catheterized patients with resistant bacteria and inappropriate antibiotic therapy. Ascorbic acid may be prescribed prophylactically to catheterized patients and to those who take Ceftriaxone to minimize its resistance in patients. To improve the effectiveness of drugs in CAUTI patients, ascorbic acid may be used with antibiotics.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1794,T] (1).
8.
Genotoxic and Mutagenic Potential of Anti-Diabetic Drugs (Sitagliptin and Metformin) Alone And In Combination With Artificial Sweeteners.
by Komal Najam | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Imran Altaf | Dr. Muhammad Adil Rasheed.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Metformin most commonly prescribed oral anti hyperglycemic drug for type 2 diabetes whereas Sitagliptin recently approved oral antidabetic drug for type 2 diabetes were evaluated for their mutagenic and genotoxic potential alone and in combination with three artificial sweeteners (Saccharin, Aspartame and Acesulfame-K) normally consumed by diabetic individuals.
In this research project Ames Salmonella/microsome assay was performed to check the mutagenicity of Metformin and Sitagliptin alone and in combination with artificial sweeteners using mutant Salmonella tester strains TA100 and TA98 with and without the S9 whereas Genotoxicity was evaluated by Single Cell Gel Alkaline Electrophoresis/Comet.
The results indicated that Metformin alone showed mutagenic effect at 120µg/plate against TA100 with S9mix. However Metformin when tested in combination with artificial sweeteners, significant enhance in mutagenicity occurred only against TA100 with and without S9. Sitagliptin displayed mutagenic potential only to TA98 with S9mix at the concentration of 3040µg/plate. In addition significant enhance in mutagenicity occurred when tested in combination with artificial sweeteners against both strains with and without S9. In case of genotoxicity both Metformin and Sitagliptin results indicated significant increase in DNA damage in dose dependant manner as compared to negative control. Though Metformin and Sitagliptin in combination with artificial sweetener did not reveal any significant boost in the genotoxicity relative to when they were tested alone.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1799,T] (1).
9.
Effect Of Aqueous Extract Of Leaves Of Acacia Nilotica On Angiogenesis.
by Muhammad Yasin | Dr. Muhammad Adil Rasheed | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1803,T] (1).
10.
Evaluation Of Cytotoxic, Antiviral And Mutagenic Potential Of Micronutrient Combination (Iodin, Potassium Iodide AndAscorbic Acid) In Vitro Cell Culture
by Nazish Matti | Prof. Dr. Muhammd Ashraf | Dr. Muhammad Adil Rasheed | Prof. Dr.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Iodine has been proved over an extended period of time as antimicrobial especially antiviral and is employed extensively as skin disinfectant. Ascorbic acid also possesses antioxidant and antiviral activities. A micronutrient combination consisting of iodine, ascorbic acid, potassium iodide and excipients have been developed to cope with increasing burden of viral infections in Pakistan and particularly against Hepatitis C Virus clinically. The objective of this project was to analyze antiviral activity, cytotoxic and mutagenic potential of micronutrient combinationthrough H9N1 influenza virus strain antiviral infectivity assay, MTT cell viability assay and Ames Salmonella test, respectively. Commercial preparation of micronutrient combination i.e. MTI Renessans, comparable self-prepared micronutrient UVAS Renessans, pharmaceutical grade individual ingredientsand standard antiviral Ribavirin, Amantadine and Oseltamivir were tested.Renessan's concentrations of 375, 187.5, 93.75, 46.87, 23.43, 11.71, 5.86, 2.93, 1.46, and 0.73ug/ml were employed in these tests while comparable concentrations of UVAS-Renessans and individual micronutrients were analyzed. Ribavirin, Amantadine and Oseltamivir had doubling dilution from 100ug/ml concentrations 14 in descending manner. In MTT assay, confluent monolayer of Chicken Embryo Fibroblasts grown in 96-well cell culture plates were treated with ten concentrations of each extract in triplicate manner and was used to determine the viability of the cells and cell survival percentage was calculated.Antiviral efficacy was determined against influenza virus H9N1 strain by virus infection and subsequent cell viability assay. Cytotoxicity was measured by cell survival analysis after tetrazolium reduction assay (MTT assay) while mutagenicity was measured by bacterial reverse mutation analysis by Amestestusing two strains of Salmonella typhimurium TA100 and TA 98 with and without S9 and after appropriate incubation, number of revertant colonies per plate were counted in triplicate manner and Mutagenic Index MI was calculated. Our combination showed cytotoxicity at doses higher than 93 ug/ml while showed significant antiviral efficacy at concentrations of 93ug/ml, 46ug/ml, 23ug/ml, 11.5 ug/ml, 5.86ug/ml and 2.93ug/mlwhich faded away at lower dilutions. Renessans was found to be non-mutagenic in our experiment. The results are well supported by previous studies and may show a paradigm shift in systemic use of high dose of iodine as antiviral compounds.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1825,T] (1).
11.
Reversal Of Antibiotics Resistance In Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus By Non-Antimicrobial Agents
by Sohaib Danyaal | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Aftab | Dr. Muhammad Adil Rasheed.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Antibiotic resistance is increasing along with the increasing use of antibiotic for the treatment of infectious diseases. The in-vitro study was designed to observe the reversal of
antibiotics resistance in Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by non-antimicrobial
agents.
One hundred pus samples were processed for isolation and identification of MRSA.
Out of 100, 37 (37%) islotes were Gram +ve cocci, from these 37 isolates 34 (92%) turn red
colour of mannitol salt media to yellow and 23 (62%) gave +ve catalase and coagulase. In
this study Antibiotic Sensitivity Test was performed on pure culture of MRSA strain by
applying disc diffusion method. Out of 23 pure MRSA isolate, 100% isolates were
methacillin resistant, 79% isolates were co-amoxiclav resistant, 30% isolates were
meropenum resistant, 8% isolates were vancomycin resistant, 26% isoltes were moxifloxacin
resistant and 39% isolates were linezolid resistant. Reversal of antibiotics resistance was
observed by MIC or serial dilution method, using non antibiotic agents like Amiloride,
Lansoprazole and Promethazine, Concentrations of non-antibiotic agents 1024ìg, 512ìg,
256ìg, 128ug, 64ìg and 32ìg were used in combination of antibiotics to reverse the
antibiotics resistance in MRSA. These non antibiotic agents may cause the alteration in
mechanisms by which microorganism develop resistance. The collected data analyzed by
applying analysis of variance (ANOVA) through SPSS 16.0 computer software. Now we would be
able to treat some lethal infection caused by MRSA, and help to increase patient compliance
and decrease the cost of therapy.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1828,T] (1).
12.
Role Of Non-Antimicrobial Agents In Reversal Of Antibiotic Resistance In Escherichia Coli
by Kalim Ullah | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Muhammad Adil Rasheed | Prof. Dr. Aftab.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1839,T] (1).
13.
Evaluation Of Antimicrobial Therapy In Neonatal Sepsis
by Shazia Khanum | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Muhammad Adil Rasheed | Mr. Allah.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Background: Sepsis is the presence of bacteria in blood. Neonatal sepsis indicates bacterial blood stream infection (BSI), such as gastroenteritis meningitis, pyelonephritis, pneumonia which results in fever in neonates (Weber et al. 2003). This study was designed to check the bacteriology and sensitivity pattern of microbes causing sepsis in neonates. In this study microbial susceptibility testing against antibiotics and pattern of resistance of microbes in septic patients was determined. It was conducted on neonates suspected from sepsis in Sir Ganga Ram Hospital Lahore, Pakistan. Hypothesis: By using blood cultures and different biochemical tests bacterial etiological agents of neonatal sepsis were determined and their sensitivity pattern and empirical therapies were evaluated. Material & Methods: Blood samples were collected from septic neonates admitted in Sir Ganga Ram Hospital keeping all necessary aseptic precautions with the assistance of trained professionals. The pathogens were isolated, identified and purified by selective culturing methods, which were subjected to active growth, during which sensitivity to different antibiotics were checked. The sensitivity was measured by area marked by the zone of inhibition, and National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). Standard limit was a key indicator towards resistant bacteria. Statistical Analysis: The collected data was analyzed by appropriate statistical procedure. Outcome: It was designed to isolate and identify the pathogens responsible for neonatal sepsis and to see the effects of different antibiotics regimens for treatment of neonatal sepsis by evaluating the improvement in clinical condition, rate of complications of disease and incidence of death due to this fatal disease.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1843,T] (1).
14.
Determination Of Bacterial Etiological Agents,Sensitivity Pattern And Clinical Outcome Of Patients With Bacterial Endocarditis at Punjab Institute of Cardiology Lahore
by Iqra fayyaz | Dr. Muhammad Adil rasheed | Dr. Milik Allah | Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1849,T] (1).
15.
Comparative Mutagenic And Cytotoxic Evaluation Of Tamsulosin And Ciprofloxacin
by Faiza qamar | Dr. Muhammad Adil rasheed | Prof. Dr, Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1875,T] (1).
16.
Evaluation Of Antibacterial Activity Of Macrolides In Combination With Levamisole Hc1 Against Different Pathogenic Bacteria
by Sheeza javaid | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Muhammad Adil rasheed | Proff. Dr. Aftab.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2026,T] (1).
17.
Bioequivalence Study Of Simvastatin In Healthy Human Volunteers
by Rana muhammad wasim shahzad | Dr. Muhammad adil rasheed | Prof. Dr. Muhammad ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2044,T] (1).
18.
Effect Of Calcium Hypochlorite And Chloramine On Blood Biochemistry And Sodium Pentobarbital Induced Sleeping
by Sidra ishaq | Dr. Muhammad Adil rasheed | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2062,T] (1).
19.
Antibacterial And Cytotoxic Evaluation Of Aqueous Ethanolic And Chlorooform Extracts Of Parthenium Hysterophorus
by Sidrah Shoaib | Dr. Muhammad Adil Rasheed | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2109,T] (1).
20.
Synergistic Effect Of Antimicrobial Agents In Combination With Colistin Against Bacterial Isolates From Patients
by Sahar Safdar | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Muhammad Adil Rasheed | Prof. Dr. Aftab.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2123,T] (1).
21.
Evaluation Of Mutagenicity And Genotoxicity Of Furosemide And Propranolol Alone And In Combination Using Ames Test And Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis (Comet) Assay
by Sadaf Naz | Dr. Muhammad Adil rasheed | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2158,T] (1).
22.
Antibacterial And Cytotoxic Evaluation Of Different Extracts Of Opuntia Dillenii (Ker-Gawl) Haw. Leaves Against Common Poultry Pathogens
by Sadaf Raana | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer | Dr. Muhammad Adil Rasheed | Prof. Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: This project was designed to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of hexane, chloroform, ethanol and aqueous extracts of Opuntia dillenii Haw. stems against common poultry pathogens. Pathogens used were Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Clostridium perfringens type A and Haemophilus species.
This study was conducted to assess antibacterial and cytotoxic activity of O. dillenii Hexane, chloroform, ethanol and water extracts were prepared and antibacterial activity was evaluated by agar well diffusion method in which zones of inhibition were measured. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of plant extracts was evaluated by micro broth dilution method. The extracts which showed the antimicrobial activity were evaluated for cytotoxicity by using MTT assay on Vero cell line. Cell culture media was prepared and cell lines were propagated, monolayer was formed. Monolayer was exposed to plant extract dilutions. After 24-48 hours, MTT dye was introduced and cell survival percentage was calculated.
O. dillenii stems extracts inhibited the growth of both Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria. Chloroform and ethanol extracts of O. dillenii showed significant antibacterial activity against all the pathogens studied as compared to hexane and aqueous extracts. Hexane extract showed maximum zone of inhibition against Haemophilus species (13mm), for chloroform extract maximum zone of inhibition was obtained for C. perfringens (25.6mm), for ethanol extract maximum zone of inhibition was obtained for C. perfringens (23.0mm) and for aqueous extract maximum zone of inhibition was obtained for C. perfringens (23.0mm). Minimum inhibitory concentration for chloroform extract was lowest for all the tested strains. For S. aureus, C. perfringens type A and S. enterica MIC was 1250μg/mL. For E. coli and
CHAPTER 6
SUMMARY
Summary
88
Haemophilus species MIC was 2083.3 and 2916μg/mL, respectively. The extracts were further investigated to test cytotoxic effect on Vero cell line using MTT assay. Only ethanol extract was observed to be cytotoxic.
Statistical analysis was conducted with Statistic Package for Social Sciences (SPSS for windows version 16, SPSS inc, Chicago, IL, USA). The results of antibacterial activity and MTT assay were evaluated for significance of difference using analysis of variance (ANOV). The homogeneity of groups was verified by Duncan’s test at an alpha level equal to 5%.
Chloroform extract of O. dillenii stems possess antibacterial activity and can be used to design traditional medicines for the development of therapeutic agent which will be more safe, effective and economical. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2281-T] (1).
23.
Genotoxic And Mutogenic Study Of Formaldehyde, Sodium Hypochlorite And Cresol
by Ann Fatima (2012-VA-995) | Prof.Dr. Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. Muhammad Adil Rasheed | Dr. Imran Altaf.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Disinfectants are used to control, prevent or destroy harmful microorganisms on inanimate surfaces. These chemicals are being used to dispose the contagious hospital wastes like disposable plastics and microbiological waste. Various factors like temperature, contact period concentration of disinfectant, organic soil and nature of water used for dilution affect of disinfection process. So, disinfectants must be tested prior to any specific applications for its proper effectiveness. This study has been designed to study the genotoxicity and mutagenicity of three commonly used disinfectants, formaldehyde, sodium hypochlorite and cresol alone and in combination.
Different dilutions of formaldehyde (1, 0.3, 0.1, 0.006, and 0.003%) sodium hypochlorite (8, 4, 2, 1, and 0.5%) and cresol (7.6, 3.8, 1.9, 0.95, and 0.475%) alone and in combination were investigated for mutagenicity as well as genotoxicity in vitro. Mutagenicity was investigated by Ames Salmonella/Microsome assay with and without metabolic activation system; S-9 with the help of two strains of Salmonella typhimurium, TA 100 and TA 98 and genotoxicity was checked by Comet assay using peripheral blood lymphocytes. The results were analyzed by statistical package of Social Sciences; results were presented as mean ± S.D and the data analysis was done by using one-way analysis of variance. Differences were considered significant at P < 0.05.
Summary
83
Formaldehyde, sodium hypochlorite & cresol showed significantly mutagenic potential against TA 100 & TA 98 strains of Salmonella with and without metabolic activation system and genotoxic effects. A higher concentration showed more significant results.
Formaldehyde, sodium hypochlorite & cresol has both mutagenic and genotoxic potential. But this mutagenicity and genotoxicity has been observed more with higher concentrations as compared to low concentration. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2305-T] (1).
24.
Assessment Of Genotoxicity Of Propofol, Thiopental And Ketamine In Patients Under Balanced Anesthesia With Isoflurane
by Maidah Mehtab (2013-VA-597) | Dr. Muhammad Adil Rasheed | Dr. Tanveer Akhter Butt | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer | Dr. Imran Altaf.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Exposure of anesthetic agents to the patients and operating room staff may involve a genotoxic risk so the knowledge of their effects on genetic material can give valuable support to anesthesia care providers to make better treatment performance and improve patient safety.
Comet assay was used to study the genotoxic actions of three IV anesthetic agents (propofol, thiopental and ketamine) that were used for induction during balanced anesthesia with inhalational anesthetic isoflurane. Three groups consisted of total18 patients who were undergone elective abdominal procedure lasted about 2 hours. Intravenous samples of blood were obtained before anesthesia induction (T0 —baseline), immediately after anesthesia induction (T1), 10 min (T2), 60 min (T3) 120 min (T4), 6 hours (T5) and 12 hours (T6) after anesthesia induction. Lymphocytes were isolated and single-cell gel electrophoresis/comet assay was used in which the cell suspension on agarosed slides was lysed in high salts and detergents containing lysing solution, exposed to alkaline buffer solution for DNA unwinding and then following electrophoresis at 24 volts and 300 mA and stained with ethidium bromide. These preapared slides were analyzed under fluorescent microscope. The anesthetics induced damage to DNA on 50 cells per sample per patient was measured as total comet length (i.e. damage index) categorized as undamaged to highly damaged (class0- class3) cells.
The data collected was analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) Post Hoc Test LSD using Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS).
By comparing the genotoxicity of propofol, thiopental and ketamine, it can be concluded that propofol causes the least or no genotoxicity during balanced anesthesia with isoflurane and could be the best choice for induction when isoflurane is used for maintenance.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2323-T] (1).
25.
Antibacterial And Cytotoxic Evaluation Of Different Extracts Of Zingiber Officinale Rhizome Against Common Poultry Pathogens
by Shumaila Nawaz (2013-VA-442) | Dr. Muhammad Adil Rasheed | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Plants produce a diverse range of bioactive molecules, making them rich source of
different types of medicines. Calotropis procera, a giant milk weed, is known for its
pharmacological importance for centuries. This shrub has been known to possess analgesic,
antitumor,
antihelmintic,
antioxidant,
hepatoprotective,
anti-diarrhoeal,
anticonvulsant,
antimicrobial, oestrogenic, anti-nociceptive and anti-malarial activity. A very little information is
available regarding the antibacterial and cytotoxic activity of Calotropis procera so the present
study is designed to evaluate the antibacterial and cytotoxic activity of this plant. This study was
conducted to access antibacterial and cytotoxic activity of Calotropis procera.
Hexane, chloroform and ethanol, aqueous extracts were prepared by sequential extraction
method and antibacterial activity was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli,
Salmonella enterica, Clostridium perfringens type A and Haemophilus paragallinarum by agar
well diffusion method in which inhibitory zones were measured. The extracts which showed the
antimicrobial activity were evaluated for cytotoxicity by using MTT assay on Vero cell line. Cell
culture media was prepared and cell lines were propagated, monolayer formed. Monolayer was
exposed to plant extract dilutions. After 24-48 hours, MTT dye was introduced and cell survival
percentage was calculated.
Statistical analysis was conducted with Statistic Package for Social Sciences (SPSS for
windows version 16, SPSS inc, Chicago, IL, USA). Results will be compared using one way
ANOVA analysis.
102
SUMMARY
Chloroform and ethanol extracts of Calotropis procera leaves have antibacterial activity.
It may help to design traditional medicines for the development of therapeutic agent which will
be more safe, effective and economical.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2330-T] (1).
26.
Determination Of Heavy Metals In Various Types Of Candies And Chocolates Available In Local Markets Of Lahore
by Muhammad Suleman Najib (2007-VA-307) | Dr. Naureen Naeem | Dr. Muhammad Nasir | Dr. Muhammad Adil Rasheed.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Food safety is a scientific discipline describing handling, preparation, and storage of food in ways that prevent food borne illness. This includes a number of routines that should be followed to avoid potentially severe health hazards. The tracks within this line of thought are safety between industry and the market and then between the market and the consumer. In considering industry to market practices, food safety considerations include the origins of food including the practices relating to food labeling, food hygiene, food additives and guidelines for the certification systems for foods. In considering market to consumer practices, the usual thought is that food ought to be safe in the market and the concern is safe delivery and preparation of the food for the consumer.
Heavy metals are presentin sweets like candies, chocolates and gums, which are favorite food for children and pregnant women. Lead, Nickel and Chromium are major toxic heavy metals. Main source of lead exposure in children are food, air, water and soil.Accumulation of Lead in different parts of the body has adverse effects and causes many diseases.When chromium is ingested in excess amounts, it induces many toxicity symptoms in human body. At higher levels, nickel accumulates in the lungs and may cause bronchial haemorrhage. Other symptoms include nausea, weakness, dizziness, etc.
In Pakistan food safety is on the verge chaos specially there is no sufficient data available on heavy metals in confectionary products. Therefore present study was designed to aware the consumer specially children about hazards of heavy metal in candies and chocolates.
Both Local and imported Candies and Chocolates samples (n=120) were collected from local shops anddepartmental stores of Lahore. Samples were analyzed by Atomic absorption spectrometer for heavy metals examination in Environmental Science DepartmentLaboratory of University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences.
Concentration of lead in imported candies (n=30) and local chocolates (n=30) found within acceptable value 0.5 mg/kg of Punjab Food Rules 2011(PFR) while imported chocolates (n=30) and local candies (n=30) were not found within acceptable value 0.5 mg/kg of PFR 2011. The variation of nickel was not found within permissible value 0.025 mg/kg of PFA in all (n=120) imported chocolates, local chocolates, imported candies and local candies. Concentration of chromium in all types of samples (n=120) was high as compared to limit value 0.02 mg/kg of PFR 2011.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2356-T] (1).
27.
Evaluation Of Antiviral Activity And Embryonic Toxicity Of Momordica Charantia Against Newcastle Disease Virus
by Muhammad Usman Ahmed (2013-VA-565) | Dr. Muhammad Adil Rasheed | Dr. Aqeel Javeed | Dr. Imran Altaf.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Plant products play a vital role in the management of various ailments due to their therapeutic activity. A wide range of active phytochemicals peptides have been found to have therapeutic uses against various functionally and genetically diverse viruses. Newcastle disease virus causes respiratory diseases in humans, birds and other mammals, representing one of the foremost threats to public health.
In this study, the antiviral activity of Momordica charantia L. and Ribavirin against Newcastle disease virus was evaluated in-ovo. For each extract of the plant M. charantia and ribavirin 40 embryonated eggs were assigned to 8 groups containing 5 eggs in each group (six groups for antiviral, six groups for embryonic toxicity, and two groups were kept positive and negative control respectively) and marked them with lead pencil. The aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Momordica charantia L. was prepared by using soxhlet extraction technique. From the extract, six different dilutions i.e. 160mg/ml, 80mg/ml, 40mg/ml, 20mg/ml, 10mg/ml and 5mg/ml of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts were prepared in normal saline whereas; six different dilutions i.e. 15μg/ml, 20μg/ml, 25μg/ml, 30μg/ml, 35μg/ml and 40μg/ml of ribavirin were made in normal saline.
With ND virus the different concentrations of the extracts of plant were mixed and 0.2 ml of this suspension was injected to 9th to 10th day embryonated eggs along with positive and negative controls having only virus and normal saline correspondingly. Ribavirin, standard drug, was inoculated by following the mentioned manner. These inoculated embryonated chicken eggs were incubated at 370C and were checked after 12 – 72 hours. After 72 hours of post inoculation, all the eggs were chilled at 40C in fridge for overnight stretch of time and the allantoic fluid was collected.
Summary
64
The embryo survival percentage, positive or negative spot haemagglutination activity and determination of virus titre by haemagglutination test confirmed the antiviral activity. The embryonic toxicity effects of Momordica charnatia aqueous and ethanolic extracts and ribavirin was assessed by merely inoculating the extracts of respective concentrations as used for antiviral activity in embryonated chicken eggs and incubating for 72 hours. The outcomes were analyzed by ANOVA by means of SPSS. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2384-T] (1).
28.
Antibacterial And Cytotoxic Evaluation Of Sequential Extracts Of Eucalyptus Globulus Leaves Against Common Poultry Pathogens
by Asma Iqbal (2013-VA-563) | Dr. Muhammad Adil Rasheed | Dr. Qamar Niaz | Prof. Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Phytomedicines mark the major component of health care as natural medicines have always provided the strong foothold for the discovery and manufacturing of synthetic drugs. So plants are a rich source of bioactive compounds having many therapeutic activities and majority of them are still untapped. Eucalyptus globulus is a medicinal plant known for its value to cure asthma, respiratory infections, cough and allergic reactions. The antimicrobial activity, insecticidal and hypoglycemic activity have also been credited to the plant. Most of the studies have been conducted on the essential oils of Eucalyptus globulus and little work has been reported on extracts. Whereas, sequential extracts has not been employed yet.
Hexane, chloroform and ethanol, aqueous extracts were prepared by the sequential extraction on Soxhlet apparatus and antibacterial activity was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Clostridium perfringens type A and Haemophilus paragallinarum by agar well diffusion and micro broth dilution method. The zones of inhibition and minimum inhibitory concentration were determined. The extracts showing antimicrobial activity were further evaluated for cytotoxicity by using MTT assay on Vero cell line. The cell culture media was prepared and cell lines were propagated to form monolayer then monolayer was exposed to plant extract dilutions. After 24-48 hours, MTT dye was introduced and cell survival percentage was calculated.
The statistical analysis was conducted with help of Statistic Package for Social Sciences (SPSS for windows version 16, SPSS inc, Chicago, IL, USA) and results were compared using one way ANOVA.
Summary
89
The zones of inhibitions showed by hexane, chloroform, ethanol and aqueous leaf extracts of Eucalyptus globulus against Staphylococcus aureus were 0.0, 19.3, 20.3 and 23.3mm; against Clostridium perfringens type A were 14, 22.3, 14.0 and 15.3mm; against Escherichia coli were 0.0, 12.6, 13.3 and 15.6mm; against Salmonella enterica were 10, 12.3, 18.6 and 21mm; against Haemophilus paragallinarum were 0.0, 8.6, 14 and 18mm respectively. Hexane extract showed no zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Haemophilus paragallinarum.
The MICs values of hexane, chloroform, ethanol and aqueous leaf extracts of Eucalyptus globulus against Staphylococcus aureus were 0.00, 104.1, 32.55 and 312.5 μg/ml; against Clostridium perfringens type A were 52.08, 39.06, 16.27 and 312.5 μg/ml; against Escherichia coli were 0.00, 78.12, 260.4 and 625.0 μg/ml; against Salmonella enterica were 13.02, 104.1, 130.2 and 416.6 μg/ml; against Haemophillus paragallinarum were 0.00, 104.1, 260.4 and 416.6 μg/ml respectively. MIC was not performed against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Haemophilus paragallinarum for hexane extract as no zone of inhibition was observed against them.
Hexane extract of Eucalyptus globulus was cytotoxic at concentration ≥ 312.5μg/ml, chloroform extract at concentration ≥ 375μg/ml, ethanol extract at concentration ≥ 625μg/ml and aqueous extract was cytotoxic at concentration ≥312.5 μg/ml.
The indigenous plant Eucalyptus globulus has antibacterial activity against common poultry pathogens and can be helpful for development of new drugs of plant origin. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2429-T] (1).
29.
In Vitro Antibacterial Evaluation Of Ceftriaxone Alone And In Combination With Ascorbic Acid In Post Surgical Infections
by Umbreen Anwar (2013-VA-853) | Dr. Muhammad Adil Rasheed | Dr. Muhammmad Ovais Omer | Dr. Imran Altaf.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Nosocomial infectionshave frequently been reported by several hospitals worldwide. A patient infected with such infections is presented with complaint of fever, inflammation, redness and pus. These infections are also called post-surgical or surgical site infections and a suitable antibiotic therapy can be used to cure these infections(Soriano et al. 2006).Nosocomial infections occur in patients with in 2 days of admittance in hospital three days of liberation or 30 days of incision, it causes increase in hospital stay in infected patients (Inweregbu et al.2013). Surgical site infections including urinary tract infection and pneumonia are most common hospital acquired infections and are caused by bacteria, viruses and fungus (Timsitet al.2012).
These infections occur up to thirty days after surgery (Owenset al.2008). Surgical Site infections increase the rate of morbidity and mortality among surgically operated individuals (Powell et al. 2005).Controllingfactors for these infections includesage, gender, prophylactic administration of antibiotics and aseptic procedures(Lavallee et al. 2014).
There are number of risk factors in development of hospoital acquired infections. Obesity is also an important risk factor in developing post operative infections and is directly associated with under dosage of antibiotic given prophylactically (Hunttunen et al.2013). Surgeon should be aware of antibiotic choice, dose and duration based on reliable guidelines for prophylaxis to avoid common type of adverse effects on surgical sites (Rafati et al. 2014).
Motie et al. (2014) found that there was an inverse relation between length of surgical incision and rate of surgical infections it was found that type of surgery is main risk factor in developing of infections. The most commonly prescribed antibiotics were combination of ceftriaxone and metronidazole (51.6%).The contaminated and clean contaminated wounds are associated with higher rate of surgical site infections.
Post-surgical infections are known to major health issue, that are responsible for high treatment cost, more readmission in hospitals, increased stay in hospital and increase in rate of infections and even death of surgically operated patient (Mengesha et al. 2014). The rate of occurrence increases due to use of mini sterile gloves, operating costumes, face masks and other specific surgical coverings in operating rooms (Salassa and Swiontkowski 2014).
Both Gram positive and Gram negative species of bacteria are responsible in causing such infections and most common isolates obtained from pus areStaphylococcusepidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris,Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus mirabillis, Escherichia coli etc.Post surgical abdominal infections are more common after abdominal surgeries. But the disclosure of these infections in early stage is considerably difficult in old age patients along the condition of hyperthermia and increased level of C reactive protein are visible sign in such type of infections (Lin et al. 2002).A variety of natural and synthetic antibiotics are used to treat infections. Ascorbic acid, zinc and garlic are useful in killing bacteria, improving immunity and thus preventing diseases.The most important thing about these antibiotics is that these are less toxic and less harmful thus can be used in pregnant women reducing the chance of urinary tract infections. Also the intake of 100mg ascorbic acid or vitamin c as important vitamin in balanced diet daily causes improvement of health in pregnant women(Ochoa et al. 2007).
There is much rapid increase in morbidity and mortality in postpartum women day by day although many antibiotics are used peri operatively along with other precautions and preventive measures. So obstetricians are facing a lot of complications in operatingmany caesarean deliveries (Haas et al. 2014).
The usage of appropriate antibiotics peri operatively for prophylaxis along following withan appropriate aseptic procedure before, during and after surgery proved effective in controlling these infections (Michalopoulos and Sparos 2002).
Optimal dosage and duration while administration of prophylactic antibiotics to patients must be considered because use of antibiotic for inappropriate duration of time can result in increased risk of post-operative brain infections (Wu et al. 2013).A large number of cephalosporins speciallyof second generationhave been proved very effective in reduction of development of post-operative infections but dosage and duration of these antibiotics varied from patient to patient (Gelijns et al. 2014).Intra-abdominal pus can be reduced by the correct use of antibiotics and by following sterile procedures (Romano et al. 2014).Cephalosporins are useful for eradication of pathogens of skin like Staphylococcus aureus. An antibiotic cefazolin belonging to first generation antibiotics plays major role against pathogens in many clean wound incisions (Page et al.1993).
In field of gynaecology surgery some antibiotics are also prescribed in combinations and thus proved more efficacious (Bratzler et al. 2013). Ceftriaxone from the group of third generation cephalosporins given before surgery was as useful in prevention of major pelvic infections and urinary tract infections as compared to three doses of cefazolin given over 14 hours peri operatively (Hemsell et al. 1984).
Ascorbic acid is a potentantioxidant which markedly reduced the growth of E.coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcusand it provided significant effectiveness in combination with levofloxacin (Carlssonet al.2005).Ascorbic acid increases wound healing, immune system activation, collagen formation due to its oxidative property.Alsonutritional deficiencies decreases wound healing after surgeries (MacKay and Miller 2003).Ascorbic acid inhibits the growth of Stayphylococusaureus bacteria by producing oxidative radical thus increasing the oxidative stress,affecting the metabolism and inhibiting the growth of bacteria invitro(Kallio et al. 2012).
The use of ascorbic acid with antibiotics is significant, high doses of ascorbic acid with antibiotics have shown synergistic effects and resulted in prevention of life threating diseases thus high potency vitamin supplementation can reduce morbidity and speed recovery (Ishida et al.1998).
The aim of this study project is to identify the prevalence of microbes involved inpost-operative infections and also to determine the sensitivity patterns of isolated pathogens by using culture sensitivity test against most commonly prescribed antibiotic (ceftriaxone) alone and in combination with ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in vitro.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2466-T] (1).
30.
Antibacterial And Cytotoxic Evaluation Of Sequential Extracts Of Ocimum Basilicum Leaves Against Common Poultry Pathogens
by Shomaila Naz (2013-VA-1001) | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer | Dr. Muhammad Adil Rasheed | Prof. Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Antimicrobial compounds having plant origin inhibit bacteria through different mechanisms and can be used for the treatment of infections against resistant microbes. Majority of antibacterial drugs in clinical use are derived from natural origin. Hence, the present study is designed for antibacterial and cytotoxic evaluation of different extracts of Ocimum basilicum seeds against common poultry pathogens.
The four sequential i.e. hexane, chloroform, ethanol and aqueous extracts of Ocimum basilicum leaves and seeds were prepared by soxhlet extraction. Antibacterial activity of these extracts was determined by agar well diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfringens type A, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica and Haemophilus paragallinarum. Zone of inhibitions were determined by well diffusion method. MICs of plant extracts were determined by micro broth dilution method. Cytotoxic activity was evaluated by applying MTT assay on Vero cell lines. All the results were statistically analyzed by one way ANOVA and compared means by Duncan’s multiple range of posthoc test at significance level of P≤0.05.
The results of zone of inhibitions showed by Ocimum basilicum leaves and seeds extracts ranging from 11.33-20.0 mm values of MIC results ranging from 4.889 μg/ml-2500 μg/ml of hexane, chloroform and ethanol. The aqueous extract of Ocimum basilicum have no activity against any bacterial pathogen. Ethanol extract of Ocimum basilicum leaves was cytotoxic at 500 μg/ml. Hexane extract of Ocimum basilicum seeds was cytotoxic at concentration ≥625 μg/ml, chloroform at concentration ≥19.53 μg/ml and ethanol extract at concentration ≥750 μg/ml.
The indigenous plant Ocimum basilicum have antibacterial activity against common poultry pathogens and helpful to develop new drug from plant origin. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2443-T] (1).
31.
Antibacterial And Cytotoxic Evaluation Of Different Extracts Of Glycyrrhiza Glabra (Liquorice) Roots Against Common Poultry Pathogens
by Javaria Arooj (2013-VA-596) | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer | Dr. Muhammad Adil Rasheed | Prof. Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Majority of antibacterial drugs in clinical use are derived from natural origin. Hence, the
present study is designed for antibacterial and cytotoxic evaluation of different extracts of
Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn. roots against common poultry pathogens.
The four sequential i.e. hexane, chloroform, ethanol and aqueous extracts of Glycyrrhiza
glabra Linn. roots were prepared by soxhlet extraction. Antibacterial activity of these extracts was
determined by agar well diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfringens
type A, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica and Haemophilus paragallinarum. Zone of
inhibitions were determined by well diffusion method. MICs of plant extracts were determined by
micro broth dilution method. Cytotoxic activity was evaluated by applying MTT assay on Vero
cell lines.
The zone of inhibitions showed by hexane, chloroform and ethanolic extracts of
Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn. roots against Staphylococcus. aureus were10.3mm, 13.0mm, 11.6mm;
against Clostridium perfringens type A were20.0mm, 17.3mm, 17.3mm; against Escherichia coli
were11.6mm, 19.3mm, 16.0mm; against Salmonella enterica were13.6mm, 14.0mm,14.0mm;
against Haemophillus paragallinarum were13.0mm, 15.0mm, 17.0mm respectively. Aqueous
extract showed no zone of inhibition against any test bacteria.
MICs values of hexane, chloroform and ethanolic extracts of Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn.
roots against Staphylococcu aureus were 13.0μg/ml, 312.5μg/ml and 104.1μg/ml; against
Clostridium perfringens type A were 9.766μg/ml, 71.61μg/ml and 520.8μg/ml; against
Escherichia coli were 65.1μg/ml, 52.8μg/ml and 156.25μg/ml; against Salmonella enterica were
Summary
86
19.5μg/ml, 130.2μg/ml and 78.12μg/ml; against Haemophillus paragallinarum were 91.1μg/ml,
29.2μg/ml and 130.2μg/ml respectively. Aqueous extract showed no MIC value as no zone of
inhibitions wereobserved against them. Hexane extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn. roots was
cytotoxic at concentration ≥ 650μg/ml, chloroform extract at concentration ≥ 2500μg/ml and
ethanolic extract was not cytotoxic to cell.
The indigenous plant Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn. roots have antibacterial activity against
common poultry pathogens and helpful to develop new drug from plant origin. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2442-T] (1).
32.
Antibacterial Activity Of Piroxicam And Ketorolac Alone And In Combination With Antibiotics Against Bacterial Isolates
by Saba Shahbaz (2013-VA-852) | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer | Dr. Muhammad Adil Rasheed | Dr. Imran Altaf.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Antibiotic resistance has become a global public health problem due to the excessive and indiscriminate use of antibiotics, which has resulted in many emerging multidrug-resistant microorganisms. This study is designed for the evaluation of different dilutions of piroxicam and ketorolac alone and in combination with amoxicillin and tigecycline by using broth dilution method.Different dilutions of piroxicam and ketorolac alone and in combination with amoxicillin and tigecycline were checked for antibacterial activity against Staphylococcusaureus and Escherichia coli.The isolates were obtained from Quality Operations Laboratory. The pathogens were tested for their sensitivity to amoxicillin and tigecycline. The sensitivity was checked by broth/tube dilution method. Dilutions were prepared by two fold dilution method.Collected data was analyzed by using statistic package for social sciences (SPSS, windows version, Chicago, IL, USA). Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and descriptive statistics was applied.This work is designed to observe the effects of piroxicam and ketorolac alone and in combination with amoxicillin and tigecycline against bacterial pathogens to improve the quality of life of patients and will minimize the chances of infections.Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) was determined by broth dilution method. The results suggested that NSAIDs enhanced the antibacterial effect when combined with these antibiotics. Combination of amoxicillin with piroxicam (9.76µg/ml+80µg/ml), and tigecycline in combination with ketorolac (0.156µg/ml+20µg/ml) was effective against Staphylococcusaureus. The combination of amoxicillin with piroxicam (9.76µg/ml+20µg/ml), amoxicillin with ketorolac (4.88µg/ml+20µg/ml), tigecycline with piroxicam (0.3125µg/ml +10µg/ml), tigecycline with ketorolac (0.312µg/ml+20µg/ml) showed efficacy against Escherichia coli. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2448-T] (1).
33.
Evaluation Of Antibacterial Effect Of Gymnema Sylvestre Species Cultivated In Pakistan
by Muhammad Tahir (2011-VA-339) | Dr. Muhammad Adil Rasheed | Dr. Qamar Niaz | Prof. Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: This study was conducted to determine the use of medicinal plants as an antibacterial agent and its potential to as an alternative medicine against bacterial infections. For this purpose Sequential extracts (i.e. Hexane, Chloroform, Ethanol and Aqueous) of Gymnema sylvestre R.Br. were tested against S. aureus, E. coli, S. enterica, C. perfringens type-A, H. paragallinarum. Of each bacterium 3 isolates were tested by using well diffusion method. The results were obtained by determining the ZOI by well diffusion method and MIC by using 96 well ELISA plate.
The mean ZOI and mean MIC values of G. sylvestre leaves extracts showed that chloroform and ethanolic extracts have more antibacterial activity against all five microorganisms. Only chloroform and ethanolic extracts showed antibacterial activity against all 5 microorganisms while hexane extract showed antibacterial activity against S. enterica, S. aureus, H. paragallinarum, C. perfringens type- A but no activity was observed against E. coli. On the other hand aqueous extract have showed antibacterial activity only against C. perfringens type-A but no antibacterial activity against remaining four bacteria under study. While analyzing results based upon MIC, the chloroform extract has more antibacterial effect when compared with hexane. Hexane extract was more potent than aqueous extract whereas ethanolic extract was the least potent.
When overall antibacterial effect of all the extracts was evaluated against all bacterial strains, it was observed that C. perfringens type-A was the bacterium most vulnerable to antibacterial activity of sequential extracts of dried leaves of G. sylvestre as it responded
Summary
94
to all four sequential extracts and gave maximum zone of inhibition (10-22mm range) while no other bacteria showed such bigger zone of inhibition.
On the basis of MIC, it can be assumed that chloroform extracts have more antibacterial components as compared to hexane extract. Hexane extracts have more antibacterial components as compared to ethanolic extracts. The activity of aqueous extracts is negligible as it showed response against only one bacterium.
MTT assay was performed on supersaturated solutions of sequential extracts of dried leaves of G. sylvestre. Results revealed that small concentrations of these extracts are not toxic. Cell survival percentage (CSP) values below 50% were given at concentrations of 5800μg/ml (38.76%), 7225μg/ml (43.71%), 8150μg/ml (44.90%) and 3125μg/ml (41.84%) by hexane, chloroform, ethanolic and aqueous extracts respectively. Finally, on the basis of MIC and CSP for all of four sequential extracts, it is concluded that chloroformic extract is the most active and safe extract against all of 5 experimental bacteria, while hexane extract is safe against only C. perfringens type-A and ethanolic and aqueous extracts are cytotoxic on their MIC values for all the experimental bacteria. Statistical analysis showed that ZOI and MIC values were significantly different between the groups while within the same group they were non-significant.
Finally it can be concluded that the leaves of plant Gymnema sylvestre R.Br. cultivated in Pakistan has considerable antibacterial activity and considerable safety profile so it must be further studied, characterized, purified and chemically isolated so that may be converted to proper dosage form and this miracle plant may be used therapeutically to cure various ailments including bacterial infections especially poultry infections. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2503-T] (1).
34.
Evaluation Of Antibacterial Activity Of Ciprofloxacin Alone And In Combination With Diclofenac Sodium Against Different Pathogenic Bacteria
by Mehwish Khan (2014-VA-816) | Dr. Muhammad Adil Rasheed | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer | Dr. Muhammad Nawaz.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Antibiotic resistance is an international public health problem as a result of an excessive and indiscriminate antibiotics usage, which has resulted in emergence of MDR microorganisms. This study is designed for the evaluation of antibacterial activity of different dilutions of Diclofenac sodium alone and in combination with Ciprofloxacin by using well diffusion method against bacterial pathogens to improve the quality of life of patients and minimize the chances of infections.
Different dilutions of Diclofenac sodium alone and in combination with Ciprofloxacin were checked for antibacterial activity againstEscherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebseilla pneumonia and Salmonella enterica. Three isolates of each bacterium were obtained from Microbiology department, University of Veterinary and Animal sciences, Lahore. The pathogens were tested for their sensitivity to ciprofloxacin, amoxicillin and azithromycin. The sensitivity was checked by disc diffusion method. Their zones of inhibition was measured in mm and compared with the CLSI standards. All the available bacteria were sensitive to ciprofloxacin.
Well diffusion method was used to measure the antibacterial activity of ciprofloxacin. For this purpose, 100 µg of ciprofloxacin was used and three concentrations of 100µg, 200µg and 300µg of diclofenac sodium were used. Diclofenac sodium when used with the ciprofloxacin in higher concentrations, it caused the increase in the zone of inhibition significantly among all the bacteria. Maximum antibacterial activity of drugs combination was seen with E.coliamong all the bacteria.Synergism between diclofenac sodium and ciprofloxacin was found to be statistically significant (P ≤ 0.01) when compared with the individual effects of the ciprofloxacin
Collected data was analyzed by using statistic package for social sciences (SPSS, windows version, Chicago, IL, USA). Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and descriptive statistics was appliedusing graphpad prism 5.03.
This study indicates that Diclofenac sodium in combination with Ciprofloxacin against Escherichia coli,Staphylococcusaureus, Klebseilla pneumonia and Salmonella entericamay be effective and used as a synergistic combination to achieve more effective outcomes for disease management. This can be experimented further to evaluate these effects and prove to be major leap towards the increasing antibacterial resistance globally.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2569-T] (1).
