1.
A Comparative Study Of Lungworms In Sheep & Goats & The Effect Of Mixed Namatode Infection On Certain Blood Parameters
by Irshad Ahmed Sherazi | Dr. Sh,. Asif Rabbani | Dr. Muhammad | Dr. Muhammad Afzal | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1994Dissertation note: The present study was conducted to find out the incidence of lungworm infestation, identify the different species and to observe the effect of mixed nematode infections on certain blood parameters in sheep and goats. The study was conducted at Parasitology Laboratory, College of Vety. Sciences Lahore. For this purpose sheep & goats brought to Lahore abattoirs for slaughtering were closely examined before and after slaughter and animals suspected for lungworms were selected for collection of blood and tissue samples. 200 samples of lungs and blood 100 each from sheep and goats were collected for parasitological and haematolog ical examination, respectively.
The results revealed that incidence of lungworms infestation in sheep and goats was 31 and 11 %, respectively. It was observed that Dictyocaulus filaria, Protostrongylus rufescence and Muellerius capillaris infection in lung of sheep was in the order of 22, 8, and 1 % respectively, whereas, the incidence of lungworms infestation in lungs of goats caused by the same species was 8, 3 and 0 %, respectively.
The highest incidence of lungworms infection observed was that of Dictyocaulus filaria in both the sheep and goats, while Muellerius capillaris was found only in lungs of one sheep and infection by this species could not be detected in goats.
The findings of this study showed that average red blood cell count, heamoglobin level and packed cell volume were reduced due to nematode infection in sheep and goats. The results have also indicated that nematode infection in sheep and goats enhanced erythrocyte sedimentation rate. From the results of the present study, it may be concluded that incidence of lungworm infestation in sheep and goats is on the higher side which warrants that suitable treatment and control measures should be adopted to safeguard our valuable livestock from this serious infection. It is also evident from the results that nematode infection adversly affects the components of blood in sheep and goats which may lead to anaemia and loss of growth and production.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0371,T] (1).
2.
Experimental Induction Of Coccidiosis In Broiler Chicks With Eimeria Tenella And Comparative Efficacy Of Different
by Noora Jan Issot | Dr. Hajid Ahmad Hashmi | Dr. Muhammad | Dr. Muhammad Afzal | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1994Dissertation note: The study was designed to look into the immunogenic properties of Eimeria tenella. Two hundred and twenty five day old broiler chickens were reared under controlled conditions. They were equally divided into five groups i.e. A, B, C, D, and E. Group 'A' was kept as uninfected control. Group 'B' acted as infected control, which was infected with 50,000 sporulated oocysts at day 15, 25 and 35 of age. Group 'C' acted as infected and treated, which received sporulated oocysts on day 15, 25 and 35 alongwith 5 days treatment with salinomycine (60 ppm in finished feed) after 3 days of each primary and challenge dose. To group 'D' 1000 live sporulated oocysts were administered orally at day 3 and 10. Similarly, 'E' group received formalin treated 1000 sporulated oocysts orally at day 3 and 10 of age of chickens. Subsequently the members of group D and E received challenge infections of 50,000 Eimeria tenella sporulated oocysts at day 15, 25 and 35.
Immunogenicity was measured by the passage of oocysts per gm of faeces and by comparative weight gains amongst different groups. It was noticed that no coccidiosis could be established in groups A, C and E and the OPG counts remained nil throughout the period of experimnt. Group B showed high counts and group 'D' showed moderate ounts but towards the completion of experiment the OPG counts gradually reduced to 8400 and 6100 respectively, in both group.
Weight gains recorded were 473, 393, 316 and 310 gin. greater in A, E, D, and C respectively, as compared with group B. Group E depicted 1OC% protection and remained second to the uninfected control group A in respect of weight gains. Group 'D', although developed infection but due to acquired immunity became resistant to challenge infections and was placed 3rd in weight gain. Inspite of complete protection in group C due to Salinomycine treatment, the weight gains remained lower than group D and E.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0381,T] (1).
3.
A Study On The Chemotherapy And Taxonomy Of Mange Mites In Ovine And Its Effect On Different Blood Parameters
by Rafique Rana, M | Dr. Muhammad Afzal | Dr. Mubasher Saeed Mian | Prof. Dr. SAghir | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1993Dissertation note: A study was carried out to find out the taxonomy, chemotherapy of mange mites in sheep and its effect on different blood parameters. A total of 30 flocks comprising of fifteen hundred sheep of different age and sexes were examined in the city and villages around Lahore. Out of above mentioned animals 200 suspected sheep were thoroughly examined and 30 (15%) were found positive for mange mites infestation. Species of three genera namely Sarcoptes, Psoroptes and Chorioptes were found infesting these animals.
The average number of mites recovered from the species of each genera were recorded as 851, 825 and 815 for Psoroptes, Sarcoptes and Chorioptes respectively. For the identification of different species of mange mites microscopic examination was carried out and mites were first seen under low power and then high power of magnification. The slides were mounted with mites and then examined to study their morphological characteristics.
The three genera identified were Sarcoptes, Psoroptes and Chorioptes in sheep.
Chemotherapeutic trials were carried out in suspected sheep by using two concentrations of neguvon solution i.e. 0.10% and 0.15% at ten days intervals. For this purpose sheep were divided into three groups. Group A was treated with 0.10% solution of neguvon, group B with 0.15% solution of neguvon and group C was kept as untreated control group. The data obtained on reduction of mites due to acaricide application were subjected to statistical analysis by applying completely randomized design and results were recorded. It was noticed that 0.15% neguvon was highly effective against mange mites infestation when it was replied twice after ten days interval.
The effect of mange mites on different blood parameters was also recorded. For this purpose sheep were divided into three groups. Group I comprised of clinically infested sheep, group II subclinically infested sheep and group C included healthy sheep which was kept as control for the comparison. The effect of mange mites on different blood parameters of two infested groups of sheep i.e. I and II was recorded before and after two applications of 0.10% and 0.15% neguvon solution at ten days interval and results were compared with group C for comparison.
The findings of this study indicated that the infestation of mange mites is a quite common problem in sheep population of this area. The sheep suffering from mange mites exhibit poor feed intake, severe irritation, scratching, bleeding, loss of wool, low body growth, reduced production and damaged skin. Such infested sheep are also susceptible to various viral and bacterial diseases which makes sheep production uneconomical and put extra burden on the sheep breeders.
Keeping all this in view suitable and prompt measures should be taken for early diagnosis and treatment of the infested animals. This will result not only for the control of the disease, but also help to improve the economical condition of the owners. It will also increase the gross national product of Pakistan.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0386,T] (1).
4.
A Study On The Prevalence & Taxonomy Of Biting & Sucking Lice Infestation In Sheep With Their Effect On Different Blood Parameters
by Jamal Abdul Nasir | Dr. Muhammad Afzal | Dr. Mubasher Saeed Mian | Dr. Muhammad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1995Dissertation note: The study was planned to determine the prevalence and taxonomy of biting and sucking lice infestation in sheep with their effect on various blood parameters. For this purpose specimens were collected from Outdoor Hospital College of Veterinary Sciences, Lahore and various private clinics in the city.
The collected specimens were preserved, stained and ide.ntified after preparing permanent mounts under the sterioscopic microscope in the laboratory. Two species of lice i.e. Damalinia (biting lice) and Liiioqnathus pedalis (sucking lice) were identified having a percentage of 10.50 and 1.0 respectively. The infestation recorded was highest during spring and autumn and lowest during the summer.
The taxonomy of the identified species were carried out by using morphological characters (Chandler, 1961 and Soulsby, 1982).
Haernatological examinations were made to compare the blood picture of healthy and infested sheep. For this purpose 20 blood samples each from healthy and infested sheep were examined. Five ml of blood was collected from the jugular vien of the sheep, with the help of disposable syringes, in a test tube having few drops of 0.1 % EDTA.
The blood parameters studied were: Haemoglobin level, Total Erythrocyte Count, Total Leukocyte Count, Packed Cell volume and differential leukocytic count. The results of haematological examination showed a significant decrease in haemoglobin, total erythrocyte count and packed cell volume, whereas a significant rise in leukocytic count and D.L.C. of infested sheep as compared to healthy sheep was observed.
The results of the present study will help in planning better control measures in order to minimize lice infestation and also aid in the eradication of various lice born diseases in sheep.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0407,T] (1).
5.
Study Of Gastro-Intestinal Helminths And Taxonomy Of Species Of The Genus Paramphistomum In Camels
by Saeed A. Khan | Dr. Muhammad Afzal | Dr. Mubasher Saeed Mian | Dr. Muhammad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1994Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0411,T] (1).
6.
Effects Of Theileriasis On Various Blood Parameters And Total Serum Protein In Exotic And Cross Bred Cattle Present In And Around Lahore
by Arshad Mahmood, Ch | Dr. Muhammad Afzal | Dr. M. Sarwar | Dr. Muhasher Saeed Mian | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1994Dissertation note: A study was conducted on Theileriasis in rfleilel.ia species, as well as haematological values were conducted by using 28 crossbred and 22 exotic cattles. Theileria annulata was the only species identified in the erythrocytes of infected cattle. Clinically, signs of panting, temperature ranging from 103.8 to 105.8°F, swelling of superficial lymph nodes, salivation and decrease in milk production were observed in infected animals.
There were significant differences in haematological values in infected cattle as compared with non-infected ones. There was decrease in total erythrocytic count, haemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume, Total leukocytic count, serum protein and neutrophils. Whereas lymphocytes showed an increase in the infected cattle.
Regarding the comparison of crossbred and exotic cattle, there was statistically significant difference in both the means of total erythrocyte count, PCV, Haemoglobin, Serum Protein, lymphocytes and neutrophils. But no significant difference was seen between means of eosinophils, Basophils and monocytes of the exotics as well as the crossbred cattle.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0450,T] (1).
7.
Taxonomuy And Prevalence Of Eimeria Species Infecting Young Buffalo And Cattle Calves And Their Effect On Various
by Afzal, M | Dr. Muhammad Afzal | Dr. Haji Ahmad Hashmi | Dr. Shakil | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 1996Dissertation note: This study was contemplated to evaluate some aspects of prevalent species including taxonomy of Eimeria infection& in young cattle and buffalo calves. In addition the effects of Eimeria infections on various haematological parameters i.e., Haemoglobin, PCV, RBC count, ESR and Differential leucocyte count were also studied. For this purpose the animals (Buffalo and Cattle calves) were divided into two groups. Firstly those having diarrhoea and secondly those which were apparently healthy. The buffalo and cattle calves were divided into four groups (A, B, C and D) on the basis of the age in days under the maximum age of 120 days. A group ranged from 1-30 days, B ranged 31- 60 days, C ranged 61-90 and D ranged 91-120 days. The haematological observations were recorded from both the groups formulated upon the basis of age as A, B, C and D in both cattle and buffalo calves and findings compared with the control groups A, B, C and D having the same age range.
Results revealed that out of 816 animals (442 cattle and 374 buffalo calves), 167 (84 cattle and 83 buffalo calves) were found to be positive (20.46%) for Eimeria species infection. Whereas 62 out of 250 (24.80%) suffering from diarrhoea and 22 out of 192 (11%) apparently healthy cattle calves showed coccidial infections. For buffaloes 63 out of 220 cases (29%) were positive from animals showing diarrhoea and 20 out of 154 (13%) were found positive for coccidiosis from apparently healthy group. Four species of Eimeria namely, Eimeria zuernii, Elmerip bovis, Eimeria cylindrica and Eimeria ellipsoidalis were found in the above mentioned ca1ves
E. zuernhi was the most prevalent species found (48%) followed by . bovis (27%), Eimeria cvlindrica (16%) and Eimeria ellipsoidalis (10%) respectively. OPG count carried out ranged from 2500-70,000 oocyst per gram of faeces.
Haematological observations showed anaemia, which was a feature of the diarrhoeic calves and not found in apparently healthy animals although some of them had been harbouring Eimeria infection. The PCV decreased proportionately with haemoglobin whereas erythrocyte count also showed decrease in positive cases. On the other hand ESR of the above referred calves increased. There was neutrophilia in the infected animals versus control animals and lymphocytes decreased in infected animals. There was no significant change in eosinophil and monocyte counts.
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8.
Taxonomical Studies Of Prevalent Species Of Eimeria In Broiler Chicks And Comparison Of Immucox (Imported Vaccine) Versus Locally Prepared Vaccine Against Coccidiosi
by Sodaghar Ali Shaker | Dr. Muhammad Afzal | Dr. Haji Ahmad Hashmi | Dr. Shakil | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: The study was designed to identify different species of the genus Eimeria in broiler chicks occuring in poultry farms situated in and around Lahore.
For this purpose one thousand faecal samples were collected from different broiler farms out of which 145 (14.5%) were positive for coccidiosis. Two hundred broiler carcases, suspected to he suffering from coccidiosis were obtained from different diagnostic Laboratories at Lahore. One hundred and ninety out of 200, (95%) were found positive for coccidiosis.
Identification of the species of the genus Eimeria was done and seven species were identified i.e, E tenella 119 out of 190 (62.63%), J. brunetti 27 (14.21%), E. necatrix 13 (6.84%), . acervulina 19 (10%), . maxima 4 (2.10%), . mitis 3 (1.58%) and . praecpx 5 (2.63%).
The second aim of the present study was to compare the immunogenic properties of locally prepared (atlenuated) and imported (live) vaccine (Immucox). For this purpose one hundred and fifty five day old broiler chicks were reared under controlled conditions. They were equally divided into five groups i.e. A, B, C, D and E. Group A was kept as uninfected control. Group B acted as infected control. Group B, C, D and E were infected with 50,000 sporulated Oocysts at day 15, 25, 35 and 45 of age. Group C acted as infected and treated control alongwith 5 days treatment with amprolium, after three days of each primary and challenge doses. Group D received 1000 sporulated formalin treated oocysts orally, at the age of day 3 and day 10. The members of group E received orally imported vaccine (Immucox) at the age of day 5.
Immunogenicity was measured by the passage of oocysts per gram of faeces (OPG) and by comparative weight gains amongst different groups. It was noticed that no coccidiosis could be established in groups A, C, D and E. The OPG counts remained nil in groups A and C throughout the experimental period. Groups D and E showed moderate counts and Group B showed high counts of OPG. The OPG counts gradually decreased to 35,000, 1200 and 1150 in groups B, D and E, respectively at the end of the experiment.
Average weight gain records showed 430, 150, 332 and 270 gms greater in A, C, D and E groups, respectively at the end of the experiment, as compared to group B.
FCR of group A, B, C, D and E was 2.82, 3.48, 3.11, 2.76 and 2.93, respectively at the end of the experiment. Group D was the best and group B was the worst. Group D depicted full protection and remained second to the uninfected control group (A) in respect of weight gains. Group E also showed complete protection and remained third to the uninfected control group A in respect of weight gains. Inspite of complete protection in group C due to amprolium treatment, the weight gains remained lower than groups D and E. There was no development of exogenous species of Elmeria due to immunization with immucox.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0533,T] (1).
9.
Studies On The Incidence Of Gastro Intestinal Helminths And Their Economic Impact On Production Potential Of Sheep
by Zia ur Rehman, Qazi | Dr. Asif Rabbani | Dr. Muhammad | Dr. Muhammad Afzal | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 1998Dissertation note: A study of gastro intestinal helminth parasites of sheep and goats of District Peshawar has been conducted, covering a period of 4 months (May to August, 1998). During this study incidence of GIT. helminths and their impact on production potential (weight gain) of sheep and goats was studied. Random collection of samples were made from Peshawar slaughter house and a total of 40 guts each in sheep and goats were examined and following species of helminths were recovered and identified. Oesophagostomum columbianum, 0. venulosum, Trichuris parvespiculum, Haemonchus contortus, Chabertia ovina, Bunostornum trigonocephalum, Nematodirus spathiger, Moniezia benedeni, Moniezia expansa, Trichuris lani, T. globulosa, Cysticercus tenuicollis.
Only two species of cestodes and nine species of nematodes were recorded during the study. However no trematode specie was recorded. Amongst the nematodes Trichiurisparuespiculum infection was recorded to be the highest in sheep and goats with an incidence of 64.70% and 73.33% respectively. The incidence of Haemonchus contortus was 24.19 and 53.33% in sheep and goats respectively. The worm burden ranged from 1-470 in sheep and 3-141 in goats respectively.
Out of total gastro intestinal tracts examined (40 each in sheep and goats), 73.33% and 60.29% were found positive for mixed infection in sheep and goats respectively.
In order to assess the effect of GIT helminths on live weight gain and its measurement in terms of economics of the above mentioned animals, 0 Hasthnagri sheep and 30 beetal goats were divided into two groups (control vs. treated by Nilzan Plus of ICI). The average daily weight gain in sheep group was 83.78 gms while in goats it. was 85.26 gms per animal. On comparison with treated group, the increase weight gain was 3.03 kg and 2.56 kg in sheep and goats respectively at the end of the experiment. Calculating the increase on live weight basis Rs.234.5 and 158 per animal were earned more in sheep and goats respectively. After deducting the cost of anthelmintic treatment the net gain Rs.222.5 and Rs.146 per animal in sheep and goats. During this study a progressive decrease in faecal egg counts with increasing age was observed both in sheep and goats.
Statistical analysis by using un-paired "t" test confirmed that there was significant differences in weight gain and faecal egg counts, between control and treated groups of sheep and goats.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0563,T] (1).
10.
Impact Of Zinc Supplementation On Growth Performance Carcass Traits And Immune Response In Broilers
by Muhammad Ali | Prof. Dr. Anjum Khalique | Dr. Muhammad Afzal Rashid | Prof. Dr.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2177,T] (1).
11.
Comparison of The Effect of Ovsynch and G6G Synchronization Protocols on Ovulation and Pregnancy Rate in Nili-Ravi Buffaloes
by Muhammad Waqas (2008-VA-289) | Dr. Muhammad Usman Mehmood | Dr. Qaiser Shahzad | Prof. Dr. Mian Abul Sattar | Dr. Muhammad Afzal Rashid.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Thesis submitted with blank CD Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2267-T] (1).
12.
Effect Of Feeding Two Levels Of Non Fiber Carbohydrate On Production Performance Of Lactating Nilli Ravi Buffaloes
by Nadeem Haider Hammad (2007-VA-065) | Prof. Dr. Anjum Khalique | Dr. Muhammad Afzal Rashid | Dr. Muhammad Qamer Shahid.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: In Pakistan during the past decade, milk production has been increased from 27.811MT to 49.512MT.Nili-Ravi buffalo is one of the best dairy breed of water buffalo; with an average milk yield per lactation 2,430 liters (Bilal et al. 2006).Buffalo population of Pakistan is considered as valuable asset comprising the best dairy breeds of the world. Buffalo’s milk contributes approximately 68% to the total milk production in the country.
The research in dairy cattle indicated that milk production is associated directly to the type of carbohydrates fed in the diet. Carbohydrate fraction contributes approximately 70% of dry matter in the diets for lactating dairy cows. NFC is a major source of energy for lactating dairy animals. According to NRC a typical dairy ration should contain NFC between 35 to 40 % of the total dietary DM to support optimal milk production. Studies in cattle have shown positive correlation of NFC with milk production.High NFC diets have shown improved production performance in cattleTherefore aim of current experiment was to evaluate the optimal level of straw based non fiber carbohydrate TMR on production performance of lactating Nili-Ravi buffalo.
The experiment was carried out at Buffalo Research Institute (BRI), Pattokito evaluate the effect of two levels of NFC on; dry matter intake, body weight, body score, fecal score, milk production, changes in milk composition, milk production efficiency. In this experiment twelve lactating Nili Ravi buffaloes of same parity and comparable milk production were selected. Animals were housed on concrete floor and were fed individually. The shed was well ventilated.
The duration of experiment was 50 days. Animals were given adaptability period of 10 days and remaining 40 days for data recording and sample collection. Animals were randomly assigned into two dietary treatments: Treatment 1: Straw based low NFC (32%) TMR as a control and Treatment 2: Straw based high NFC (40%) TMR with n=6 animals per treatment. Diets formulated were iso-nitrogenous. At the start of experiment animals were weighed and then weekly during experimental period. Hand milking was carried out twice daily in the morning and evening at 7.00 and 19.00, respectively. Milk let down was done by calf suckling. During the entire experimental period, ad libitum availability of fresh and clean water to individual animal was ensured. The animals were fed on straw based non-fiber carbohydrate TMR once daily in the morning after milking. TMR offered and refusal was recorded daily.
The effect of treatments on milk yield, milk composition, dry matter intake and other variables was analyzed by two independent sample t-tests using Procttest procedure of SAS ( release 9.1; SAS Institute, Inc, Cary, NC).
Conclusion
In present research animals were given two levels of straw based non-fiber carbohydrate TMR and it was observed that by giving straw based low NFC (32%) TMR the production performance of Nili-Ravi buffaloes were better than NFC (40%). The results of current study should be used cautiously due to the limitations of the trail.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2352-T] (1).
13.
Effect Of Feeding Different Levels Of Rhodes Grass Hay On Growth Performance, Body Condition Score, Digestibility And Blood Metabolites In Growing Lohi Lambs
by Syed Ghulam Abbas Bukhari (2014-VA-521) | Mr. Imran Mohsin | Dr. Nisar Ahmad | Dr. Muhammad Afzal Rashid.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Livestock has great importance in economy of our country, livestock contribute 55.1% share in our agriculture GDP and about 12% of total GDP of Pakistan. Livestock includes all that animals which are reared at domestic level and produce beneficial products for human beings. As large ruminants has great role in milk production and a large population present in our country .Mean while small ruminants has also an important role in livestock sector. Deficiency of sufficient feed throughout the year is a common issue in Pakistan both for large and small ruminants. Poor quality and shortage of feedstuffs, as well as underfeeding are considered to be the major problems for the efficiency of animals. Tropical grasses have generally a lesser amount of crude protein contents. Therefore, maximum levels of production could not be achieved only from such feedstuffs that barely meet even the maintenance requirement of farm animals. Adding concentrates to poor-quality tropical hay is useful to improve intake and digestibility of grasses. The trial was conducted including, different levels of Rhodes grass hay supplementation, in TMR form. There were 3 treatments (Ctrl, Rh15 and Rh30), in a Complete Randomized Design (CRD). First group was offered Rhodes grass hay and concentrate separately. Whereas Rh15 and Rh30 group was fed Rhodes grass hay in TMR form. Feed offered and refusal recorded at daily basis.
Supplementation of different levels of Rhodes grass hay did not affect the DMI in all the treatments. Body weight gain increased significantly in Rh15 group as compared to others. Body condition score and body measurements increased in Rh15 diet when compared to others. Blood urea nitrogen increased in the ctrl group than Rh15 and Rh30 group. Blood glucose level was not changed in all the treatments. Protein digestibility was improved in Rh15 group as compared to Ctrl and Rh30. The data thus collected was be analyzed through one way ANOVA procedure of SAS using Fisher’s LSD test.
The experiment helped us to determine the inclusion level of Rhodes grass hay in our local animals. As Rhodes grass is a perennial grass so its efficiency helped us during the period of shortage.
Conclusion:
Results in the present study showed that animals performed better on TMR feeding than conventional feeding. Body condition score, Body measurements and body weight gain was improved in Rh15 group as compared to Ctrl and Rh30 groups.
Suggestions and recommendations:
In future chemical treatments of Rhodes grass hay may improve nutritive value of Rhodes grass hay. Further research required to evaluate the fiber digestibility of Rhodes grass hay in small ruminants.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2565-T] (1).
14.
Effect Of Methionine And Mannan Oligosaccharides Supplementation On Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics, Immunity And Selected Blood Metabolites In Broiler Chicken Under Conditions Of High Ambient Temperature And Humidity
by Asif Mahmood (2009-VA-379) | Dr. Muhammad Afzal Rashid | Prof. Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha | Prof. Dr. Athar Mahmud.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Poultry sector is one of the most organized and vibrant segment of agriculture sector in Pakistan and is claimed to be among the largest industries of Pakistan with over more than 200 billion rupees investment and offering employment directly or indirectly to 1.5 million people. Broilers exposed to high environmental temperature and humidity exhibit several physiological and performance related setbacks. Heat stress cause high mortality, poor FCR, reduced feed consumption, body weight gain, and visceral development. Heat stress has been linked to a decrease in intestinal immune activity and to impaired intestinal morphology following pathogenic bacteria invasion of the body through the intestinal epithelium. Nutritional manipulations with its low cost are preferred to alleviate the negative effects of heat stress on performance. Nutritional strategies such as the addition of prebiotics, some amino acids e.g. methionine are reported to be beneficial in alleviating heat stress. As a nutritional intervention, synthetic methionine added to the diet has been explored as method of ameliorating the effects of ROS associated with high environmental temperature. Keeping above in view, the present study has been planned to evaluate the effect of supplementing methionine and MOS on the growth performance, carcass characteristics and immune status against ND under field conditions. In this experiment a total of n=200 day old chicks were procured from a commercial hatchery and randomly assigned to dietary treatments with n=40 chicks per treatment. Each treatment was further divided into four replicates with n=10 birds/replicate. Dietary treatments were : 1) negative control (NC) without any supplementation, 2) positive control (PC) containing antibiotic, 3) MOS supplemented (MOS) containing 800 and 400 g/ton of MOS in the starter and grower, respectively, 4) High Methionine supplemented treatment (HM) containing Methionine 1% of the diet in both starter and grower feeds, 5) Methionine and MOS supplemented (HM+MOS) treatment containing high methionine
SUMMARY
42
(1% in starter and grower) along with 800 and 400 g/ton of MOS in the starter and grower, respectively. The temperature and humidity were recorded daily at 8:00, 14:00 and 18:00 h and means were calculated to determine the daily changes in temperature humidity index. Feed intake, body weight and FCR were recorded at the end of each week. At the end of experiment n=3 birds per replicate were selected, weighed and slaughtered. At the time of slaughtering blood samples were collected in evacuated tubes. Serum was harvested after centrifugation, dived into aliquots and stored at –20 oC until further analysis. Serum samples were used to determine antibody titer against ND. At the time of slaughtering organ weighed and jejunal sample were collected to determine the gut morphology. The data collected were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Results were declared statistically significant at P < 0.05 and compared using Tukey, s multiple comparison test. The statistical analysis were carried out using SAS 9.1 (SAS Institute, 2006). Live BW was higher (P<0.05) in HM+MOS compared to NC and HM. Feed intake was higher (P<0.05) in HM+MOS and PC than those in NC. However, FCR was lowest in HM+MOS compared to NC and PC birds. Relative organ weights were similar (P>0.05) among treatments; however, bursa of fabricius was heavier in MOS compared to the NC and HM+MOS. Villus height and villus to crypt ratio was highest (P<0.05) in HM, than the NC treatment birds CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, supplementation of methionine at 1% of diet and MOS improved the weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio in birds reared under conditions of high temperature and humidity. Gut morphology of the bird also improved by supplementation of Methionine and MOS in the broiler diet.
SUMMARY
43
SUGGESTION AND RECOMMENDATION
Further research is needed to re-determine the recommended levels of methionine in the diet when bird are reared under the conditions of high temperature and humidity. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2606-T] (1).
