1.
Prevalence And Control Of Gastrointestinal Nematodes Of Goats In District Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
by Habibun Nabi | Dr. Khalid Saeed | Dr. Aneela | Dr. Muhammad Lateef.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Goat rearing is a traditional activity in peri-urban areas and villages and plays an important role in the nutrition, social and economic needs of the population. Gastrointestinal nematodes are common in various production systems and these infections are the single most significant constraint to small ruminant productivity.
The present study was carried out at Saidu Sharif, District Swat to generate data about the gastrointestinal (GIT) nematodes prevalent in the area. To record the prevalence of various nematodes of goats, a total of 150 faecal samples were examined. A total of 61/150 (40.67 %) of samples were found positive. Different species were identified and included Nematodirus spathiger (28.66 %), Haemonchus contortus (14.66 %), Trichostrongylus spp (4 %), Strongyloides papillosus (6 %) and Trichuris ovis (11.33 %). Highest prevalence of GIT nematodes were found in young and immature animals (48 %) with mean EPG 282 and 211 respectively. Adult had lower infection rate (26 %) with mean EPG of 142. Sex related prevalence indicated that male had higher prevalence (46.66 %) than female (34.66 %) and greater intensity of infection in males as compare to females. Higher infection rate with GIT nematodes was recorded in pregnant goat (42 %) as compared to non pregnant (33.92 %). House hold animals showed high infection rate i.e. 45.33 % with mean EPG of 254 as compared to commercially raised animals which had infection rate 36 % with mean EPG of 169. The Study
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SUMMARY
71
showed significant difference of egg per gram count between breeds. Beetal goats had high infection rate (100 %) and intensity as compared with other breeds.
Higher egg shedding was recorded in animals around parturition as compared to dry goats. Liter size also effected the EPG and higher counts were recorded in goats with duplets and triplets.
Albasym (Albendazole) was evaluated at two dose levels i.e. 1 ml/ 20 kg body weight and 1.25 ml/20 kg body weight. The efficacy at normal dose and higher dose at day 7th was 98.81 % and 100 % respectively, at day 14th 95.24 % and 99.53 % and at day 28th 80.95 % and 93.90 % respectively. No significant difference at normal dose and higher dose was observed while significant difference with control group was recorded.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1435,T] (1).
2.
Adulticidal And Larvicidal Activity Of Cassia Fistula And Piper Nigrum Against Anopheles (Malaria Vector).
by Sara Mehmood | Dr. Muhammad Lateef | Dr. Aftab | Dr. Khalid Saeed.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Mosquitoes are major vectors, in transmitting many diseases like malaria, filariasis, Japanese encephalitis and dengue fever etc, which are greatly, affecting human beings worldwide. Malaria is a major global health problem. There are estimated 247 million malaria cases with almost half of the global population at risk and nearly a million deaths each year. Several Anopheles species are responsible for transmission of malaria .i.e. Anopheles stephensi, An. Subpictus.
Control of mosquitoes primarily depends on chemical insecticides includes organochlorine, organophosphates, synthetic pyrethroids, IGRs etc, but all these chemicals have developed a feedback of environment ill-effect, have negative impact on non-targeted biota and most mosquitoes species have become physiologically resistant to these insecticides. These problems have highlighted the need for the development of new strategies for mosquito control. Botanical insecticides are naturally occurring products that are derived from plants. The use of plant extracts for insect control has several appealing features, as these are generally more biodegradable, less hazardous, and rich storehouse of chemicals of diverse biological activity.
The current study were carried out to evaluate the activity of methanol extract of leaves of C.fistula, and ripened fruits of P. nigrum against Anopheles mosquito. Among both of these plants the methanolic extracts of Piper nigrum (black pepper) were exhibited remarkable adulticidal and larvicidal potentials. The percentage mortalities were increased by gradual increase in extracts concentrations. Larvae were more susceptible to
these methanolic pepper extracts than adults. Larvae were showed mortalities even at very low concentrations. The LC50 values obtained by using probit analysis were 25.05 ppm and 12.05 ppm after 24 hrs and 48 hrs respectively, whereas LC90 were 78.63 ppm and 53.06 ppm respectively for aulticidal bioassays. Larvicidal assays were also showed good results having LC50 values as 3.87 ppm and 2.07 ppm after 24 hrs and 48 hrs respectively, whereas LC90 were 10.63 ppm and 6.56 ppm respectively.
Cassia fistula (golden shower) leaf extracts were also showed promising mosquitocidal efficacy against Anopheles stephensi. LC50 values obtained by using probit analysis were 35.13 ppm and 16.18 ppm after 24 hrs and 48 hrs respectively, whereas LC90 were 94.57 ppm and 76.43 ppm respectively for aulticidal bioassays. Larvicidal assays were also showed good results having LC50 values as 44.99 ppm and 24.40 ppm after 24 hrs and 48 hrs respectively, whereas LC90 were 106.12 ppm and 76.30 ppm respectively.
It is concluded that methanolic extracts of these plants Cassia fistula and Piper nigrum have high potential of adulticidal & larvicidal activities. So the extracts of these plants can be used as an alternatives to the conventional insecticides for long lasting mosquito problems as these are less hazardous and ecologically feasible. However, a lot of work on biochemistry as well as insectidal activity and on other aspects has to be done.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1474,T] (1).
3.
Serofpidemiology, Zoonotic Potential And Chemotherapy Of Neosporosis In Dogs And Cattle
by Muhammad Mudasser Nazir | Prof. Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Dr. Muhammad Lateef | Prof. Dr.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: The aim of current study was to demonstrate the most important features of Neospora caninum infection in Pakistan. In the present study, I examined the prevalence of N. caninum in 7 districts of the country and to accessed the efficacy of various drugs against the parasite in cell culture.
For the achievement of this purpose, the core objectives were,
To have an overview on the overall seroprevalence of neosporosis throughout the country by means of cELISA in aborting, at risk and clinically healthy cows.
To check the correlation of Iscom ELISA and cELISA, and determination of prevalence of N. caninum by means of Iscom ELISA on milk samples.
To identify the transmission of disease towards human.
To determine the efficacy of various drugs against N. caninum.
In phase 1, overall seroprevalence of N. caninum in dairy cattle (detected by means of cELISA, VMRD, Inc., Pullman, WA, USA) was found to be 43.4% with a significant difference (P < 0.05) of seropositivity among all 18 herds (n = 5 aborting herds, n = 13 non-aborting/clinically healthy herds) selected from 7 districts of Pakistan. The seropositivity of cattle to N. caninum antibodies was significantly higher in aborting animals (52.7%) as compared to non-aborting cows ( 41.5%), indicating a significant difference between aborting and non-aborting cattle. In case of pregnant and non-pregnant animals, similar findings were recorded in our study. A significantly higher rate of seroprevalence was observed in pregnant dams (59.8%) than non-pregnant cattle (35.2%). Overall, higher serological prevalence was evaluated during the summer season (61.1%) in all areas followed by autumn (46.9%), spring (34.9%) and least seropositivity was observed in winter season (26.6%).
The difference in seropositivity was significantly different among all age groups, greater in animals older than 2 years of age. Furthermore, the prevalence was statistically significant (P < 0.05) among cattle of different breeds. Seroprevalence in cases of crossbred animals were higher followed by exotic and indigenous breeds.
Phase 2, describes the seroprevalence of N. caninum in clinically healthy dairy cows. A selection of 760 animals from 13 dairy herds located in Punjab and Sindh Province, Pakistan to demonstrate the presence or absence of the Neospora caninum infection in commercial dairy cattle. The serostatus of the cows towards N. caninum was detected by cELISA (VMRD, Pullman, WA). Out of 760 animals, (43.2%) were seropositive to N. caninum. A significant difference of positivity was recorded among all 13 dairy herds. Age wise prevalence though not statistically significant among all age groups, was greater in animals over 2 years of age and least in heifers. Variation was also observed in samples from cattle of different breeds. A significantly higher prevalence was observed in crossbred animals than in purebred and nondescript cattle. Seasonal prevalence was higher during summer season than rest of the seasons. The seroprevalence of N. caninum in pregnant cows was significantly greater than in non-pregnant animals.
Second experiment of this phase describes the seroprevalence of 240 animals from 5 herds with a high rate of abortion, the percentage of seropositivity observed in these herds was 43.8%, slightly higher than the clinically healthy and non-aborting cattle. No significant difference was observed among all sample locations in this experiment. However, significant difference of positivity was recorded among different breeds of cattle. Age wise prevalence, though not statistically significant (P > 0.05), was greater in animals older than 2 years of age.
The assessment of milk samples from lactating cows were also determined for Neospora caninum antibodies by means of Iscom ELISA (SANOVIR® Sanova Biotech AB, Uppasala, Sweden) and showed a good level of agreement (r² = 0.9959) between the two tests (cELISA and Iscom ELISA). Although, the cELISA (VMRD, Inc., Pullman, USA) expressed a higher seropositivity and sensitivity than Iscom ELISA (Sanova Biotech AB, Uppasala, Sweden). Therefore, both of the ELISA tests (cELISA and Iscom ELISA) for the detection of N. caninum antibodies in dairy cattle can perform better in lactating animals. The Iscom ELISA has some advantages over cELISA as it's easy to collect milk samples than serum samples, moreover Iscom ELISA is cheaper and easy to use but has low sensitivity than cELISA and cannot be used in dry animals. The percentage of positivity detected through Iscom ELISA on individual milk samples were 61.4% and 76.6% by cELISA.
In phase 3, an epidemiological study was conducted to determine seroprevalence of N. caninum in dogs of different breeds and age groups. The serum samples of dogs were analyzed by cELISA (VMRD, Pullman, USA) showed a seropositivity of 23.5%. There was no significant difference of seropositivity among various sample locations, highest prevalence was observed in Muzaffar Garh (31.9%), followed by Gujranwala (27.9%), Lahore (25.1%), Hafizabad (20.2%) and least prevalence was recorded in district Okara (14.6%). A significant difference in prevalence of N. caninum antibodies between male (26.1%) and female (18.8%) dogs were recorded. The difference in seroprevalence was not significant among all age groups. The samples with no age record showed a highest prevalence (29.5%) and least seropositivity was observed in adult dogs of 3-6 years of age (18.7%). During Summer season, highest positivity to N. caninum was (31.0%) recorded while the lowest prevalence (16.0%) was observed in Winter season.
Phase 4, describes the seroprevalence and transmission of N. caninum in humans. A selection of 52 serum samples from humans was analyzed for the presence of N. caninum antibodies. The serostatus of the humans towards N. caninum antibodies (IgG) was determined by using commercially available antigen coated IFAT slides (VMRD, Inc., Pullman, Washington USA) and human conjugate. Overall very low prevalence (1.9%) of N. caninum antibodies was reported in this study. Only one case was found to be positive, these findings indicate that no strong evidence of N. caninum infection in humans.
In phase 5, in vitro drug trials was conducted to access the best efficacy of three commercially available drugs. We found that among three anticoccidial drugs i.e Clindamycin, Diclazuril and Sulfadiazine, Diclazuril has best inhibitory effect against N. caninum tachyzoites in cell culture followed by Clindamycin and sulfadiazine.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1575,T] (1).
4.
Comparative Efficacy Of Different Diagnostic Techniques For Ovine Haemonchosis Through Faecal
by Sadaf Anwar | Dr. Muhammad Lateef | Dr. Aftab | Prof. Dr. Azhar Maqbool.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Livestock plays pivotal role in the economy of country and small ruminants are the major source of food products for human. Haemonchus contortus is the most significant parasite of small ruminants and cause heavy production losses by causing reduction in meat and wool production. The parasite directly affects the health of an animal and causes anemia, hemorrhages, anorexia, weight loss and death of affected animal.
This study was designed to diagnose the Haemonchosis in sheep in and around Lahore. The accurate diagnoses of the parasite are important for its control and treatment. Direct smear, floatation technique and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) were applied to check the sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing Haemonchosis in sheep. For this purpose 100 faecal samples were collected randomly from different areas of Lahore. Each faecal sample was examined by direct smear method and floatation technique. Out of 100 faecal samples 44 were microscopically positive. 30 by direct smear method and 44 by floatation technique.
Specific primers were designed to diagnose Haemonchosis in sheep by using ITS-2 Region. 44 microscopically positive samples were confirmed by PCR. 29 (66%) samples were found to be PCR-positive and 15 (34%) were found to be PCR-negative.
Several other species of parasites were also found during microscopic examination of faecal samples. Two samples wetre found positive for coccidial oocyst and seven samples were also positive for other nematodes along with Haemonchus spp.
Flotation technique was found to be superior in diagnosis of Haemonchosis as compared to direct smear.
Conclusion:
From current study it is concluded that Haemonchosis is widely prevalent in ovines. Its accurate diagnosis is essential for the treatment of infectious diseases and control of this parasite. Molecular technique has the advantage over conventional diagnostic techniques because PCR is more specific than conventional methods of diagnosis. According to the present study by conventional method there is 34% error chances to diagnose other Trichstrongylid eggs as Haemochus spp. The main advantage of using PCR as diagnostic test, are an increased speed of diagnosting the disease and its capability to notice low worm burden in small volume of faeces from individual animals.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1809,T] (1).
5.
Prevlence Zoonotic Potential Water Borne Transmission And Chemotherapy Of Cryptosporidiosis In Small Ruminants
by Muhammad Abubakar shafiq | Prof. Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Dr. Muhammad | Dr. Muhammad Lateef.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1910,T] (1).
6.
Optimization Of Loop Mediated Isothermal Amplification Lamp Technique For The Molecular Diagnosis Of Surra In Domestic Animals
by Muhammad Saleem iqbal | Dr. Haroon akbar | Dr. Muhammad lateef | Prof. Dr. Asim.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2039,T] (1).
7.
Phylogenetic Analysis Of Plasmodium Species In Sparrows And Domestic Chicken
by Ghanwa ahmad | Dr. Haroon Akbar | Dr. Muhammad lateef | Prof Dr. Aftab.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2075,T] (1).
8.
Epidemiology Zoonotic Potential Haematology And Control Of Amoebiasis In Dogs And Humans
by Muhammad Azhar Alam | Prof. Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Dr. Muhammad Lateef | Prof. Dr.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2130,T] (1).
9.
Molecular Diagnosis Of Feline Babesiosis
by Muhammad Younus Khan | Dr. Haroon Akbar | Dr. Muhammad | Dr. Muhammad Lateef.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2168,T] (1).
10.
Detection Of Falciparum Malaria And Its Control Under Local Climatic Conditions
by Muhammad Oneeb | Prof. Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Dr. Muhammad Lateef | Prof. Dr.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2180,T] (1).
11.
Efficacy Of Chenopodium Album As Anthelmintic Against Gastrointestinal Nematodes Of Sheep Dr. Muhammad Lateef
by Waseem Ahmad (2007-VA-74) | Prof. Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Dr. Muhammad Ijaz | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Helminthiasis is among the most significant animal health harms, which inflicts heavy
production and economy losses especially in small ruminants. The helminth problem is
highly common mainly in developing countries like Pakistan (Dhar et al. 1982). Small
ruminants have much importance in meat and leather industry of Pakistan. Sheep play a vital
role in producing income and provide financial support for poor farmers in developing
countries. Endo-parasites represent a major constraint to the production and growth of small
ruminants (Babar et al. 2013). Pakistan has been reported to problem of helminths in sheep
and goat (Raza et al. 2009) and cattle and buffalo (Athar et al. 2011). Mainly infection is
generally controlled by allopathic drugs and vaccination (Behnke et al. 2008). Parasitic
diseases are a major threat in efficiency, the most widespread helminth parasites being
Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus spp. and Oesophagostomum columbianum. Liver
flukes and paramphistomes (Fasciola gigantica and Paramphistomum microbothrium)
occasionally cause heavy mortality in animals grazing swampy areas (Akerejola et al. 1979).
The adverse effects of nematode infections include: loss of weight, anorexia, anaemia,
retarded growth, delayed sexual maturity, decrease in milk and meat production (Saddiqi et
al. 2012).
Indigenous knowledge of herbal medicine is a big source of the modern knowledge.
Today, thousands of plants, traditionally used as medicines are being explored (Kakar, 2012).
Chemical control of helminths coupled with improved management has been an important
worm control approach throughout the World. However, increasing problems of development
of resistance in helminths rise in price of drugs contributing factor for traditional plant used
(Coles et al. 1997) against anthelmintics have led to the proposal of screening medicinal
1
Introduction
plants for their anthelmintic activities. Reports of drug resistance have been made in every
livestock host and to every anthelmintic class. In some regions of world, the extremely high
prevalence of multi-drug resistance (MDR) in nematodes of sheep and goats threatens the
viability of small-ruminant industries. Many parasitic nematodes of veterinary importance
have genetic features that favor the development of anthelmintic resistance (Kaplan et al.
2004).
The plants are known to provide a rich source of botanical anthelmintics (Lewis and
Elvin Lewis 1977). There are many medicinal plants have been used to treat parasitic
infections in man and animals (Iqbal et al. 2005). Various botanical plants have been
possessed anthelmintic activity against helminth e.g Chenopodium album (Eguale & Giday,
2009). It has been expected that there are around 250,000 plant species present throughout the
world. Plants, from ancient, have served human beings as sources of food, shelter, clothing
and medicines. Before the advent of modern allopathic medicine and synthetic drugs, plants
and to a certain extent, animals and minerals were used in various formulations for treatment
of diseases by traditional medicinal practitioner (Rahmatullah et al. 2011).
Plant medicine is very important from ancient to present daytime. The uses of
biologically different plant assets for various ailments are the lifelong struggle of humankind
(Hussain et al. 2008). In Indo-Pak subcontinent, Ayurvedic and Unani therapeutic systems
are very popular and people have been using plants not only for the treatment of their own
ailments but also for their domesticated animals.
Chenopodium album (Chenopodiaceae) commonly known as “Bathu” is important
medicinal plants in Pakistan and their different parts are utilized in the traditional system of
medicine (Said et al. 1970). Chenopodium album usually recognized as “Bathua” is a familiar
food as well as a medicinal plant. In traditional system of medicine, it is used as an
anthelmintic, antimicrobial, antirheumatic, contraceptive, laxative, cardiotonic, antiscorbutic,
2
Introduction
and blood purifier & also in management of hepatic disorder, spleen enlargement, intestinal
ulcers, digestive, carminative, seminal weakness, pharyngopathy, splenopathy, hemorrhoids,
cardiac disorder (Panigrahy et al. 2012). The seeds of the plant are known to possess
anthelmintic activity against Haemonchus contortus. A compound C37- trihydroxy adjacent
bistetrahydrofuran acetogenin, present in the seeds, is responsible for inhibition of the egg
hatching of
gastrointestinal
nematodes
(Saha et
al.
2011).
Chenopodium
album
(Chenopodiaceae) is a rapid rising fragile annual plant and it is found in Bangladesh. In
English plant known as Lamb’s quarters and in Bengali as Buthiya shak. Both in vitro and in
vivo activity of plant as anthelmintic has been reported (Jain and Singhai 2012).
Chenopodium album was found to be one of the initial plant species colonizing a heavy
metal-contaminated site, polluted by pyritic (sulphide-rich) waste from the Aznalcóllar Mine
spill (South-western Spain). This shows its importance in the re-vegetation of this soil
(Walker et al. 2004). In vitro experiments were arranged to conclude the possible
anthelmintic efficacy of crude aqueous extracts and powder of the whole of Chenopodium
album (Eguale et al. 2009). Commercial preparations of oil of chenopodium album and its
active constituent, ascaridol, obtained by steam distillation, have been and continue to be,
used with substantial success in mass treatment campaigns (Kliks et al. 1985).
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2203,T] (1).
12.
Evaluation Of Different Preparations Of Allium Sativum (Garlic) Against Coccidiosis In Broilers Dr. Muhammad Lateef
by Muhammad Waqas | Dr. Muhammad Ijaz | Dr. Haroon Akbar | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Poultry industry is playing a pivotal role for the prosperity of Pakistan and is growing day
by day. However, this sector is still facing many problems like coccidiosis which are hindering
its progress (Saima et al. 2010). Coccidiosis with the protozoan parasite Eimeria as the
infectious agent causes enormous economic losses, particularly in poultry farms (Dkhil et al.
2011). Eimeria are common parasites in the digestive tract of the hosts causing diarrhea and fluid
loss. Infections begin with oral uptake of Eimerian oocysts which release sporozoites in the
intestine. These in turn invade enterocytes in which they multiply, and finally, oocysts are
released again with the faeces (Renaux et al. 2001). Medicinal plants as natural feed additives
are recently used in poultry diet to enhance the performance and immune response of chicken
(Tanweer et al. 2012). Coccidiosis of chickens is an enteric parasitic disease caused by multiple
species of the protozoan parasite genus Eimeria (Apicomplexa: Eucoccidia: Eimeriidae) and is
one of the commonest and economically most important diseases of poultry world-wide (Shirley
et al. 2005). It causes production losses, and high morbidity (due to acute, bloody enteritis) and
mortality rates. While the control of coccidiosis has relied mainly on the preventive use of anticoccidial
drugs together with the induction of species-specific natural immunity in chicken
flocks (Shirley et al. 2005), this widely used approach is costly and has led to serious problems
with drug resistance in Eimeria populations (Williams, 2006). Levine discovered that
sulphanilamide would cure coccidiosis in chickens, various anticoccidial feed additives have
been developed and added (Levine 1939). Efforts have always been made to add coccidiostats on
regular basis in chicken’s diet. Consistent use of coccidiostats has not only narrowed the gap
between cost of production and returns, it could be a potential threat to human being as a result
Introduction
2
of their residual effects. The increasing resistance of avian coccidiosis to anti-coccidial drugs
currently used by poultry industry together with the requirement for drug and antibiotic free
production systems has meant that it is now important to look for new ways to control the
disease. So, research initiated for possible use of herbal (natural) products against avian
coccidiosis. Herbal products in past have been effectively used for the control and treatment of
several ailments in poultry and human beings. Allium sativum a medicinal plant could be an
effective substitute for coccidiostats because of its chemical nature and antimicrobial activities.
Allium sativum (garlic) have been widely used for their broad range of pharmacological
activities, including antiparasitic activities. Avian coccidiosis is one of the most costly and widespread
parasitic diseases in the poultry industry, and has been mainly controlled by the use of
different chemotherapeutic agents. Due to the emergence of drug-resistant strains, alternative
control strategies are needed (Elbanna, 2012). Hence, further investigations are required to
understand the exact mechanism underlying the effects of these feed additives, which are still in
use in broiler nutrition as performance enhancers and as agents for controlling coccidiosis.
Garlic (Allium sativum ) has been known as an herbal remedy to prevent and treat a variety
of heart diseases and metabolic diseases, such as atherosclerosis, thrombosis, hypertension,
dementia, cancer, and diabetes (Elbanna, 2012). Garlic has rich organosulfur compounds and
precursors (allicin, diallyl sulfide, and diallyl trisulfide). The enzyme allinase that is responsible
for converting alliin (S-allyl cysteine sulfoxide) to allicin is inactive. When garlic is chopped or
crushed, the allinase enzyme present in garlic is activated and acts on alliin (present in whole
garlic) to produce allicin (Tanweer et al. 2012). Many studies indicate that allicin is the
potentially active component of garlic. These compounds provide garlic its characteristic odor
flavor as well as most of its biological properties and have been identified as having the
Introduction
3
hypocholesterolemic effect in human and animal products (Silagy and Neil, 1994; Konjufca et
al., 1997; Chowdhury et al., 2002).
Species of Eimeria in poultry are usually identified by the size and morphology of
different stages of the life cycle of the parasite and the nature and location of lesions in the
intestines. Differentiation of species in mixed infections, however, can be difficult because some
species have similar characteristics (Long and Reid, 1982).
Different workers have investigated the prevalence of eimeriosis in different classes of
poultry birds and in different areas of Pakistan (Dar and Anwar, 1981; Anjum, 1990; Ayaz et al.,
2003). Each Eimeria species has a particular predilection site in the chicken digestive tract; for
example, E. tenella attacks the cecum. However, the most common and pathogenic species that
affects the poultry industry in Pakistan is E. tenella, which results in high mortality (Ayaz et al.,
2003; Abbas et al., 2008).
The increasing resistance of avian coccidiosis to anti-coccidial drugs currently used by
poultry industry together with the requirement for drug and a production systems which should
be antibiotic free, it’s now very much necessary to go for the new and advanced methods to
prevent this disease. Therefore, scientists started to work on medicinal use of herbal products to
control this eimeriosis. In past for treatment of various human and poultry ailments the natural
herbal products have been effectively used several times. Because of the anticoccidial nature and
antibacterial effect, garlic could be served as a valuable alternative for coccidiostats as a
medicinal plant. Previously it has been used for multipurpose like as an antibiotic, for antiinflammatory
effects, for anti- eimerial response and as an anti-ulcer agent. Keeping in view the
importance of poultry industry in Pakistan, the present project has been designed to “Evaluate
different preparations of Allium sativum (Garlic) against coccidiosis in broilers”. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2189,T] (1).
13.
Anticoccidial Activity Of Aloe Vera (Qawar Gandal) In Broiler
by Hafiz Atif Munir (2005-VA-102) | Dr. Muhammad Lateef | Dr. Haroon Akber | Dr. Jawad Nazir.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: There are various species of Eimeria that cause coccidiosis. This disease is considered to be one of the most significant and prevalent diseases across the world. This disease reduces the production and causes high morbidity and death rates, on the other hand for controlling this eimeriosis, one has to adopt preventive therapy in the form of anticoccidial drugs in combination with occurrence of natural immunity in birds. Coccidia cause infection in intestine and multiply in gut and belong to protozoan parasites. These protozoan coccidian cause chicken Eimeriosis which is considered one of the most significant diseases, that cause severe economic losses across the world. For poultry control houses, coccidiosis is considered one of the most common (Hamidinejat et al., 2010).
As oocysts of coccidia are very unique so they spread from one poultry farm to another poultry farm and for dissemination of this protozoan, parasitic disease management plays a pivotal role. Now it’s very hard to keep chickens safe from these parasitic protozoa particularly in the control poultry houses where high production is required. In poultry house litter, oocycts multiply readily. But there are some factors which affect the number of these protozoa like bacteria or some environmental factors like liberation of Ammonia gases and under these factors, Eimeria start to diminish after three weeks (Williams, 1995).
Caecal and intestinal forms are the two important forms of avian coccidiosis. Diarrhoea and excessive caecal haemorrhages are the main symptoms of caecal coccidiosis and its causative agent is Eimeria tenella (Gardinar 1955). In prevention, surveillance and control of coccidiosis specific diagnosis plays a pivotal role. Eimeria oocysts from the faeces of infected chickens have been detected or enumerated by conventional methods and pathological lesions resulted by Eimeria infection and oocyst structure can also be determined by employing traditional methods (Long and Joyner 1984). But because of the involvement of multiple species of Eimeria in coccidial infection these approaches cannot be realistic as there can be overlapping among various sizes of oocysts (Long and Joyner 1984).
There are six species of Eimeria which cause great economic loss in chickens and also these species are highly host specific. High mortality rate and morbidity rate due to bloody enteritis and production losses are reasons of great economic. Despite management now a days anticoccidial drugs have been used in chicken feed to minimize the effect of this disease. E. tenella, E. necatrix, E acervulina, E. maxima, E. brunetti , E. mitis and E. praecox are the seven species of Eimeria which are considered as main causative agents of coccidiosis in chicken (Arabkhazaeli et al. 2011).
However, control of coccidiosis can be achieved by producing species-specific natural immunity along with anticoccidial drugs (Shirley et al. 2004), but it’s also evident from the fact that drug resistance has been increasing due to excessive use of anticoccidial drugs (Williams 1998). Pathological lesions, host and protozoan characteristics are very important for diagnosis of coccidiosis. But one cannot identify the Eimeria species accurately as analysis of these characteristics requires high expertise.
Good management plays key role in controlling coccidiosis which includes proper ventilation, dry litter, drinkers and feeders in good clean condition and appropriate density of stock (Jordan 1995, Gross 1985). Size and morphology of parasite at various stages of life cycle plays an important role in identification of Eimeria and site of enteric pathological lesions. In complex infection it’s very hard to identify the species showing same features (Long and Reid 1982).
The increasing resistance of avian coccidiosis to anti-coccidial drugs currently used by poultry industry together with the requirement for drug and the production systems which should be antibiotic free, it’s now very necessary to go for the new and advanced methods to prevent from this disease. Therefore, scientists started to work on medicinal use of herbal products to control this eimeriosis. In past for treatment of various human and poultry ailments the natural herbal products have been effectively used several times. Because of the anticoccidial nature and antibacterial effect, Aloe vera could be served as a valuable alternative for coccidiostats as a medicinal plant. Previously aloe gel has been used for multipurpose like as an antibiotic, for healing of wounds, for anti-inflammatory effects, for anti Eimerial response and as an anti-ulcer agent. It was also reported that in broilers it increases immunity by enhancing the number of microvilli (Jinag et al., 2005). In Asia Aloe gel is considered one of the most common and easily available country medicines to get effective deliberate results. Therefore, the current study planned to cope coccidial diseases in broilers by serving Aloe vera as an effective weapon.
The present study therefore planned to discover the anti-coccidial effects of Aloe vera in broilers by using its powdered form, aqueous and methanol extracts.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2231-T] (1).
14.
Comparative Effect Of Cidr Based Estrus Synchronization Protocol With Or Without Gnrh In Non-Descript Cows During Low Breeding Season
by Muhammad Bilal (2008-VA-152) | Prof. Dr. Mian Abdul Sattar | Dr. Muhammad Anwar | Dr. Muhammad Rizwan Yousuf | Dr. Muhammad Lateef.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: The livestock sector occupies a peculiar position in the national plan of economic development in Pakistan. It subscribed approximately 55.9 percent to the agricultural value added and 11.8 percent to national GDP with a growth rate of 2.7 % in 2013-14 (Anonymous 2014). Dairying has become an important subsidiary source of income for thousands of rural families with an important role in generating earning opportunity. In Pakistan dairy sector is developing and commercializing at a rapid pace to meet increasing requirement of milk and other dairy products (Dongre et al. 2011).
Pakistan owns renowned breeds of dairy buffaloes (Nili-Ravi and Kundi) and cattle (Sahiwal, Red Sindhi, Thari and many others). Cattle in Pakistan belong to genus Bos indicus. According to the latest livestock census (Anonymous 2006), out of 29.6 million cattle, 46% (13.6 million) have been described as non-descript. Non-descript cattle do not fall in any defined breeds of cattle. Milk production of non-descript cows is < 1000 lit per lactation in mountains area of NWEP pakistan (Khan and Usmani 2005). As non-descript breeds make up the largest group of cattle in Pakistan, there is a dire need to work on genetic improvement of these animals. Artificial insemination, the best tool for genetic up-gradation in dairy cattle is applied only in 11.1% cows in Pakistan (Anonymous 2006). The main hindrances are small sized scattered herds and lack of experienced technical manpower in the field. Estrus synchronization of a large number of animals and timed insemination can be used to overcome these hindrances .The technique may also help in
11
reducing a prolonged calving interval and postpartum anestrus and seasonality of breeding in these animals (Zafar et al. 2008).
Estrus synchronization widely practiced in temperate dairy cattle in developed countries (Hansen and Arechiga 1999). Before launching a large scale estrus synchronization program in non-descript cattle, there is a need to assess the efficacy of various synchronization protocols in terms of estrus incidence, intensity and conception rate. Additionaly, distinct differences have also been reported between Bos taurus and Bos indicus in terms of estrus duration and intensity of expression of estrus sign (Mattoni and Ouedraogo 2000). The low estrus intensity and less duration of estrus signs of Bos Indicus are due to smaller diameter of follicle as compared to that of Bos Taurus (Bo et al. 2003).
Developing successful methods for synchronizing estrus and ovulation in cattle has been a major research interest. Ultimately, the goal has been to achieve precise synchronization of ovulation so that cattle can be inseminated without regard to estrus detection. One method to increase conception rates is to use hormonal treatments in zebu breeds for synchronizing ovulation and for timed artificial insemination (TAI). Hormonal programs for synchronizing ovulation to control the follicular and luteal phases and estrus behavior have been used in Bos taurus cows and heifers(Castellanos et al. 1997), and Bos Indicus cows (Pinheiro et al. 1998).
The intensity and duration of estrus behaviors during the estrous cycle is highly variable among individuals. More commonly animals are diagnosed to be in estrus based on the mounting or standing to be mounted, appearance of mucus discharge, and other physical activities (Van Eerdenburg et al. 2002). Scoring system were established on the basis of observed estrus signs and most of them have taken mounting and standing to be
12
mounted behavior as the most reliable signs to predict ovulation time in Bos taurus cows (Roelofs et al. 2005). However, it is now well acknowledged that the expression of estrus behavior change with breed of cows (Naidu and Babu Rao 2006).
Fertility is an important parameter to assess the efficacy of estrus synchronization. Bos indicus cows after treatment with CIDR conception rate in adult cows 40% and in heifers 20% (Singh et al. 2006). CIDR may have ability to overcome the problems in field condition and increasing the reproductive efficiency by minimize the hindrance anestrus postpartum cows. In Pakistan research work have been done to evaluate the efficacy of CIDR for conception rate in indigenous cattle. Until now no study conducted on non- descript cattle. Therefore, it is hypothesized that CIDR+GnRH can provide better in vivo fertility compared to CIDR. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2248-T] (1).
15.
Optimization Of Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (Lamp) For The Molecular Diagnosis Of Feline Babesiosis
by Muhammad Awais Salim (2012-va-606) | Dr. Muhammad Lateef | Prof. Dr. Azhar Maqbool | Dr. Muhammad Nauman Zahid.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Babesia is a worldwide tick borne hemoparasite causing Babesiosis, an important disease affecting a number of animals and attracting the researcher’s attention due to its zoonotic potential.Babesiosis in cats often presents as a chronic and low grade disease, however most common symptoms include anaemia, lethargy, weakness and rarely icterus and fever.
Blood samples were collected from 100 domestic cats at Pet Center, UVAS, Lahore,from their ear tips and cephalic/saphenous vein. The blood will be immediately transferred to EDTA coated vacutainers. Stained thin blood smears were observed for intra-erythrocytic bodies and 45 samples were selected after screening. Blood in EDTA were tested for PCR (already optimized) in the Molecular Parasitology laboratory at UVAS, Lahore, to screen for B. felis. ExtractedDNA of confirmed B. felis samples were further processed forLoop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP).
LAMP primers weredesigned recognizing four sections of the B. felis gene. LAMP reactions of 25µL were standardized at 60°C temperature for 1 hour time using DNA extracted from blood samples of cats found positive on PCR.
Briefly, the concentration of FIP and BIP were varied from 0.8µM to 2.4µM, Mg2+from 2mM to 4mM, betaine from 0.2 to 0.8M and dNTPs from 1mM to 4mM.The LAMP reaction was optimized at the final concentration of 0.2µM F3 and B3, 2.0µM of each of the FIP & BIP, 2mM for each dNTPs, 0.8M betaine, 1X reaction buffer, 1µl bst polymerase and 2µl DNA templates at 60°C.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2374-T] (1).
16.
Evaluation Of Anthelmintic Resistance In Gastrointestinal Tract Nematodes Of Goats In Malakand Agency, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
by Abdul Qadeer (2013-VA-859) | Dr. Muhammad Lateef | Dr. Haroon Akbar | Dr. Asim Khalid Mahmood.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Endoparasites are among the major obstacles posed to the development of small ruminants industry of Pakistan. A number of endoparasites are prevalent in Khyber Pakhtun Khwa province and district Malakand. Anthelmintic resistance(AR) is a very important emerging issue in the control of parasites. The current project was designed to study the point-prevalence of various gastro-intestinal parasites of goats in Kot Manzaray BaBa of Malakand Agency and to determine the presence of AR in the parasites prevalent there. Keeping in view the importance of small ruminants in our country and due to the routine use of dewormer, the present project has been designed to achieve our objective. For this purpose Eight Teddy goat farms were selected from different localities of Kot Manzari Baba District Malakand for studies on AR using faecal egg count reduction test and egg hatch test to further confirm the results of the FECRT. Information regarding flock management and worm control practices was collected through a well-structured questionnaire. The questionnaire was filled out by 20 (each) goat farmers, quacks (traditional healers), qualified veterinarians and veterinary assistants through interviews and/or group discussions. Results revealed that majority of the goat flocks were found to have nematode populations resistant to oxfendazole and levamisole. None of the goats were found to have nematode populations resistant to ivermectin accept the Haemonchus contortus which showed a little bit indication of resistance in the study. Majority of the goat flocks were found to have nematode populations susceptible to ivermectin. The frequency of resistance was comparable among Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus colubriformis and Teladorsagia circumcincta. Veterinary assistants look after for maximum number of flocks for their healthcare. Awareness level of the healthcare personnel about the parasitic diseases was the highest among veterinary
Summary
75
officers and vice versa. People treat their animal on the basis of sign and symptoms and used modern anthelmintics and not on the basis of faecal examination. Among the anthelmintics, levamisole was found to be used most frequently followed by oxfendazole and ivermectin. Interestingly, in the field the veterinary assistants were the highest users of traditional dewormer in contrast to their training in modern medicine.
Low dosing/under-dosing had a main contributory role in the development and a tendency for the development of AR against all the anthelmintics included in the present study. In a year high treatment frequency had a associated contributory role in the development and tendency for the development of resistance against all the anthelmintics included in the present study. Combined or Mixed livestock farming, especially sheep and goats together, was contributive towards development of resistance against all the anthelmintics classes included in this study. None or partial rotation of pasture was also discovered to take part in the development of resistance against all the anthelmintics included in the study.
CONCLUSIONS
• There is a serious threat of either developed or a tendency for development of anthelmintic resistance against levamisole, oxfendazole and ivermectin in nematode populations of Teddy gaots in the study area.
• The factors that assist to the development of anthelmintic resistance in nematode populations of Teddy goat flocks recorded in the present study can be divided in to operational, inherited, and medicinal, which need to be addressed together as a part of a potent worm control program.
• The level of alertness, awareness and technical know-how is unsatisfactorily poor among all the farmers concerned in small ruminant farming. Therefore, there is no dewormer schedule for
Summary
76
worm control practices in place at present, which describes a severe fear on the future of sheep and goats production on the one hand and permits an immediate attention on the problem of anthelmintic resistance on the other.
• A combined approach based on the application of plants extract with modern anthelmintics appear to be promising for the management of anthelmintic resistance in small ruminants. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2396-T] (1).
17.
In-Vitro Acaricidal Activity of Eucalyptus Camaldulensis Extract(S) in Ticks of Cattle
by Muhammad Atta Ul Mustafa (2013-VA-898) | Dr. Muhammad Lateef | Dr. Muhammad Haroon Akbar | Dr. Muhammad Ovais Omer.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Theses submitted with blank cd. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2417-T] (1).
18.
Prevalence Of Hydatidosis In Small Ruminants Slaughtered At District Dera Ghazi Khan Punjab
by Muhammad Qumer Zaman (2007-VA-96) | Dr. Nisar Ahmad | Dr. Muhammad Lateef | Dr. Jawaria Ali khan.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Hydatidosis is important zoonotic and economic disease of livestock and human beings.Hydatid cyst is larval form of genus Echinococcosis Granulosis. Hydatidosis causes considerable economic loss in livestock due to condemnation of organs. Dogs are the primary definitive hosts for this parasite, with livestock acting as intermediate hosts and humans as aberrant intermediate hosts. The outcome of infection in livestock and humans is cyst development in the liver, lungs, or other organ system. The disease is spread when food or water that contains the eggs of the parasite is eaten or by close contact with an infected animal. The eggs are released in the stool of meat-eating animals that are infected by the parasite. For these animals to become infected they must eat the organs of an animal that contains the cysts such as sheep or rodents.The type of disease which occurs in people depends on the type of Echinococcus causing the infection. It is a type of worm infection and is a neglected tropical disease.
To find out the prevalence of Hydatid cyst in small Ruminants, total 300 samples were studied from 300 samples, 150 were of sheep and 150 samples were of goat.Among those samples infected organs of animal like liver ,lung heart were separated in sterile container.then hydatid cyst fluid be obtained by penetrating the needle into cyst wall .A drop of cyst fluid was taken on microscopic Glass slide and cover slip was applied on it and observed under microcope for motility of flame cells to see viable protoscoleces ,live and movable protoscoleces identify as fertile cyst.
Summary
Conclusion
This study Will be helpful to acess the prevalence of zoonotic hydatid cyst disease in the Punjab, Dera Ghazi Khan area and surroundings.And study ultimately help us to control the spread of zoonotic infection and we were be able to guide public to adopt preventive mesures against the disease.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2446-T] (1).
19.
A Comparative Epidemiological Study Of Coccidiosis In Broilers Raised Under Open And Control Sheds
by Shehar Yar Alvi (2007-VA-173) | Prof. Dr. Khalid Saeed | Dr. MUhammad Lateef | Dr. Jawad Nazir.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: The domesticated fowl (Gallus gallus) is susceptible to seven species of genus Eimeria which are are Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria brunetti, Eimeria maxima, Eimeria mitis, Eimeria necatrix, Eimeria praecox and Eimeria tenella. All of these are capable of causing disease but the clinical picture and pathogenesis may be different according to species, while the pathogenicity ranges from mild to severe. All the species are ubiquitous and cause disease in combination up-to 6 species at the same time on an individual farm so in this sense coccidiosis may be regarded as a disease complex. Now a days subclinical coccidiosis is more frequently affecting the birds as compared to clinical coccidiosis and greatest financial losses are being caused by subclinical coccidiosis in terms of decreased or less weight gain and reduced feed conversion efficiency.
. The present study was designed to compile data on the prevalence of coccidiosis in broilers reared under open and controlled sheds situated in and around the Lahore city. Study provided better understanding of the risk factors associated with coccidiosis and their relationship.
A questionnaire was designed to record information regarding the management practices, health status of the flock, weight gain. Pooled faecal samples were collected from 50 control sheds and 50 open sheds and were transported to the parasitology laboratory of UVAS. Faecal sample were examined by direct smear to see the coccidial oocysts. Post mortem was conducted to check the presence or absence of the gross lesions associated with coccidiosis. Association between coccidiosis and the risk factors was determined, and the results of open and control sheds were compared. It was assumed that coccidial infections will be higher in the open sheds as compared to environmentally controlled sheds. Open sheds had more prevalence 78% as compared to closed sheds which was reported as 72%. Five major risk factors were studied. Temperature and humidity fluctuation were strong risk factors associated with prevalence of coccidiosis. While litter condition also appeared as an associated risk factor for the prevalence and occurrence coccidiosis in both type of farming systems. Whereas use of medicated feed in open houses appeared as an associated risk factor but in controlled houses use of medicated feed was not associated with the prevalence of coccidiosis. History of previous infections of coccidiosis was also associated risk factor in both type of farming systems. The high prevalence of coccidiosis in open sheds may be due to lack of biosecurity and uncontrollable conditions of temperature and humidity while closed farms have proper biosecurity measures and good husbandry practices. Use of medicated feed and good husbandry practices may be help full to minimize the risk of occurrence of coccidiosis. Further studies are required for better understanding of the disease and associated risk factors.
Therefore, the following recommendations are forwarded.
• Educating farmers about the importance coccidiosis and its control.
• Adaptation of good management practices on farms.
• Avoid over-crowding in the house.
• Alternative remedies need to be developed and evaluated to prevent and control coccidiosis.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2691-T] (1).
20.
Anthelmintic Activity Of Withania Coagulans Against Gastrointestinal Nematode Of Sheep In District Killa Saifullah, Baluchistan
by Yousaf Gul (2009-VA-145) | Dr. Muhammad Lateef | Dr. Saadullah Jan | Dr. Muhammad Imran Rashid | Dr. Wasim Shehzad.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Evaluation of anthelmintic activity of Withania coagulans was studied against GIT nematodes of sheep in district Killa Saifullah Baluchistan. Sheep of the district were screen out for the presence of GIT nematodes. Animal positive for GIT nematodes and having 150+ Egg per Gram (EPG) of feces was included in the drug trial. Animals were treated with extract(s) of locally available herbal plant (withania coagulans) and levamisole. Two types of plant formulations that is crude powder and crude methanole extract were prepared each with various dosages. The effect of both medicinal plant and levamisole was observed on different groups of animals and the results were analyzed with appropriate statistical tool. Eighty animals were randomly divided in to eight groups (10 animals in each group) i.e. A, B1, B2, B3, C1, C2, C3 and D. Animals in group A served as control untreated group. Animals in groups B1, B2 and B3 were treated with crude powder of Withania coagulans at the dose rate of 1, 2 and 3 g/kg body weight respectively. And Animals in groups C1, C2 and C3 were treated with crude methanol extract of Withania coagulans at 33.3, 66.6 and 100mg/kg equivalent dose rate of 1, 2 and 3 g/kg body weight respectively. Animals in group D were given Levamisole at the standard dose rate of 7.5 mg/ kg body weight. Data was analyzed by using SPSS version 20.0; comparative analysis was done by applying ANOVA. P value <0.05 was taken as significant. The analyzed data and the results revealed that Levamisole is still a better anthelmintic against ovine nematodes in district Killa Saifullah Balochistan. Efficacy of levamisole tested for 15 days in-vivo sheep was up to 92%. This efficacy was much higher than the various forms and dosages of medicinal plant. The efficacy of Levamisole was significantly higher (P<0.05) than all forms and dosages of medicinal plant. Group C3 treated with crude methanol extract of Withania coagulans at the dose rate of 10mg/kg equivalent to 3mg/kg showed highest efficacy of the plant that is up to 48%. The efficacy showed by the form of the medicinal plant used in group C3 against ovine GIT nematodes was significantly higher (P<0.05) than all other forms of the plant. Animals in group B1, B2, B3, C1 and C2 showed anthelmintic efficacy of 19.47%, 23.58%, 31.66%, 31.76% and 33.33% from day 0 to day 15th post-treatment. Gastrointenstinal nematodes of sheep have produced anthelmintic resistance against Levamisole at the dose rate of 7.5mg/kg. In previous studies Levamisole had showed efficacy of 99.99%, 99% and 98%. It is therefore recommended that further investigation on huge scale should be passed out concerning a great number of animals, quantities higher than those used in the present study, documentation of active principles, and calibration of dose and toxicity studies for drug development from the herbal plant.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2688-T] (1).
21.
Prevalence And In Vitro Acaricidal Activity Of Nicotiana Tobacum Extract(S) Against Ticks(S) Of Cattle In District Loralai (Balochistan)
by Najeeb Ullah (2008-VA-203) | Dr. Muhammad Lateef | Dr. Saad Ullah Jan | Prof. Dr. Khalid Saeed | Prof. Dr. Aneela Zameeer Durrani.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: In this study prevalence and acaricidal activity of Nicotiana tobacum plant leaves extracts of chloroform and methanol based was evaluated.
6.1 Prevalence study
In this study total 670 cattles were examined for tick infestation in cattle of different breed, age and sex in district Loralai (Balochistan). Overall prevalence of tick infestation of cattle recorded was 21.49%. Breed wise prevalence was 26.15, 12.80 and 22% in Friesian, Sahiwal and non-descriptive breed of cattle respectively. Age wise prevalence was 27.90, 26.88 and 19.34% in <1 year, 2 year and >2 years of cattle respectively. Higher sex related prevalence was noticed in female cattle (21.98%) as low found with male cattle (16.92%).
6.2 Acarididal effects of tobacco (Nicotiana tobacum) plant
The plant leaves of Nicotiana tobacum were dried for 8 to 10 days. The leaves were grinded mechanically into powder form and extract was prepared in Soxhlets apparatus. Extract was further dried in rotatory evaporator and hot air oven to remove left over moisture to obtain solid extract. The dry powder was stored in refrigerator at 4 °C to protect it from any fungal contamination. The powder extracts was used to make different concentrations of 12.5mg/ml, 25mg/ml and 50mg/ml in distilled water. The ticks collected from study area was weighed and dipped in to the formulated solution for interval of 5 mints. After immersion ticks were incubated at 30 °C temperature and 80% relative humidity. After the oviposition period (18 days), the eggs were collected and weighed for each group. The comparison of all the groups was observed in terms of egg laying index and percentage inhibition of egg laying. 200 eggs (Approximately 10mg) were studied for egg hatchability of different groups at different concentration of chloroform and methanol extracts,
This study has successfully achieved main objectives to determine the acaricidal effects of Nicotina tobacum extracts on ticks of cattle.
Egg laying index: values of egg laying index at concentration of 12.5mg/ml, 25mg/ml and 50mg/ml for chloroform and methanol extracts were as follows, for chloroform extracts these were 0.4782800±0.02789077, 0.4388300±.05119868 and 0.3963600±0.03380405 and for methanol extracts these were 0.4991200±0.00948646, 0.4614300±0.03917896 and 0.4205800±0.04183098 respectively. While for control group it was calculated 0.5331200±0.02757486 for all concentrations of Nicotiana tobacum extracts. This decline in egg laying index showed by ticks of chloroform and methanol extracts was significantly different (P<0.05) from control group.
Percentage inhibition of egg laying: For chloroform extract calculated value was 10.048, 17.378 and 25.143% at concentration of 12.5mg/ml, 25mg/ml and 50mg/ml respectively, and for methanol extracts the value was 6.367, 13.152 and 20.827% at concentration of 12.5mg/ml, 25mg/ml and 50mg/ml respectively.
Egg hatchability: Hatchability of ticks eggs of chloroform extract of Nicotiana tobacum plant were recorded 67.5, 43.5 and 17% at concentration of 12.5mg/ml, 25mg/ml, and 50mg/ml respectively. Moreover, hatchability of ticks eggs of methanol extract of Nicotiana tobacum plant were recorded 77.5, 47.5 and 23% at concentration of 12.5mg/ml, 25mg/ml, and 50mg/ml respectively and for control group it was recorded 100% as treated with distilled water.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2687-T] (1).
22.
Anthelmintic Activity Of Euphorbia Plant Against Gastrointestinal (Git) Nematodes In Goats In District Killa Saifullah, Balochistan
by Wseem Khan (2008-VA-214) | Dr. Muhammad Lateef | Dr. Saadullah Jan | Dr. Haroon Akbar | Dr. Muhammad Avais.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: With the passage of each day, the parasites are becoming more and more drug resistant thus reducing the options for their treatment. There is a need to explore herbal products having anthelmintic activity. The aim of this study was be to evaluate therapeutic efficacy of Euphorbia plant against gastrointestinal nematodes of goats. It is documented that Euphorbia plant extracts have efficacy against GIT nematodes in goats. (CP) and (CME) of the plants were used to evaluate the effect of the plant on GIT nematode in goats. Eighty goats positive for GIT nematodes were selected for GIT nematodes in vivo study of the plant and Albendazole. Goats were divided into 8 groups and each group containing 10 goats. Animals in group A were positive Control Untreated Group, in group B that is B1, B2 and B3 were treated with 1g/kg b.wt. CP of Euphorbia 2g/kg b.wt. CP of Euphorbia and 3g/kg b.wt. CP of Euphorbia respectively. Animals in group C that is C1, C2 and C3 were treated with CME of Euphorbia. At the equivalent dose rate of 1g/kg b.wt CP, CME of Euphorbia at the equivalent dose rate of 2g/kg b.wt CP and CME of Euphorbia at the equivalent dose rate of 3g/kg b.wt CP. Group D were treated with Albendazole at recommended dose rate of 3.8mg/kg body weight. Animals were treated on day zero with crude methyl extract of Euphorbia plant, crude powder of Euphorbia plant, and Albendazole. Sampling was done on day 0 pre-treatment 7, 14 and 21 post-treatment to determine eggs per gram (EPG) of faeces. Data was tabulated and subjected to SPSS and one way ANOVA was performed to find out treatment differences. Potential anthelmintic efficacy of Euphorbia plant against GIT nematodes of goats was a good herbal alternate for treatment of GIT nematode worm infections. Albendazole gave the best results in the in-vivo drug trial. The efficacy of the drug was 99.26%. This efficacy of 99.26% showed by animals in group D was highest in all treated groups. The effect of Albendazole at 21st day post treatment was significantly higher (P<0.05) than other groups treated with Euphorbia plant preparations. Crude powder of Euphorbia was highly effective as (P < 0.05) compared to the untreated control group of animals. The crude powder showed dose and time dependent decline in EPG of the nematodes infested animals. Highest efficacy was shown by the dose rate of 3g/kg body weight monitored for 21 days post treatment. The efficacy of crude powder 1g/kg body weight, 2g/kg body weight and 3g/kg body weight was 17.86%, 20.34% and 36.24% respectively. Highest efficacy was shown by crude methyl extract of the plant given orally at the dose rate equivalent to 3g/kg body weight of the animal. The efficacy of the CME of plant was 53.96% at 21st day post treatment. The old-fashioned remedy used for the cure of helminthes Euphrbia an herbal medicinal plant exhibit the anthelmintic activity against gastrointestinal nematodes. It may be suggested that the herbal plants used traditionally as curative agent should be tested out extensively for their efficacy against GIT nematodes. Further studies are required to be carried out for the Euphorbia plant and identification of active principles of the plant and toxicity studies.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2769-T] (1).
