1.
Comparative Study Of Lipid Profile In Obese And Diabetic Patients Of Rural And Urban Areas Of Lahore.
by Hamad Ahmed | Dr. Raheela Akhtar | Dr. Qamar-un-Nisa | Prof. Dr.
Material type: Book; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Diabetes mellitus is dangerous condition predisposing to number of complications and deaths every year. Obesity and diabetes mellitus type-2 are interconnected conditions which share a number of pathophysiological mechanisms which leads to cardiovascular complications. Reliable estimate shows a elevated prevalence of CVD risk in Pakistan. Each fourth middle-aged adult in Pakistan is at risk of CAD. Present study was conducted with hypothesis diabetes and obesity is risk factor for dyslipidosis and coronary artery disease in humans. Patient were included on the basis of body mass index (BMI) Fasting Blood Glucose (FBS) and further confirmation was done on the basis of Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) According to BMI and diabetes status, study subjects were cassified in four groups: (Group A; obese and diabetic, Group B; non-obese and diabetic, Group C; obese and non-diabetic and Group D; non-obese and non-diabetic) and HbA1c, FBS, Lipid profile and ETT were performed. Analysis of results shows obesity and diabetes was the major cause of dyslipidemia, group A was the worst group dyslipidemia, group C with obesity was the second and group B was the least with dyslipidemia. While obesity and diabetes mellitus was the leading cause of cardiovascular risk 27.5%, 15%, 22.5% and 2.5% in all groups respectively as above.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1559,T] (1).
2.
Tissue Tropism Of Velogenic-Viscerotropic Newcastle Disease Virus In Broiler Chickens
by Tasra Bibi | Prof. Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Raheela Akhtar | Prof. Dr. Tahir.
Material type: Book; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: ND is an infectious, highly contagious and widespread disease of avian species and has a considerable economic impact on poultry industry. This study is a preliminary work to understand the mode of action of the recent VVNDV isolate of the UVAS, towards the tissue tropisms of both lymphatic and non lymphatic organs. One hundred chicks purchased from the local hatchery and reared for the trial including control, however, the VVNDV strain was received from the QOL, UVAS, Lahore, Pakistan. Three trials were conducted using the challenge dose 100,000 ELD50 (Group C) and 10,000 ELD 50 as (Group B) and 1000 ELD 50 as (Group A). Five chickens were selected randomly from each group and slaughtered on daily basis, including two chicks from control. These samples were used for histopathology and immunohistochemistry (IHC) test. Conclusively, the study indicates that NDV induces early necrosis in the lymphoid tissues of infected chickens which is correlated with the severity of the disease caused by each dilution. Necrosis does not seem only to be the direct viral replication and indirect effects may lead to death of the animals, due to depletion of lymphoid organs. However, the peak hours were recorded 72 hours to 96 hours post infection in all lymphoid and non lymphoid organs irrespective of the dilution factor of the VVNDV. Immunohistochemistry is not a routine practice in diagnostic test, however, this study may lead to a roadmap in understanding the interpretation of the clinical/pathological picture and the tropism may be helpful in future to study some other aspects like failure of commercial vaccines and to control the outbreaks of NDV in the country an endemic as well as a devastating disease of the poultry industry.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1824,T] (1).
3.
Haematological And Serum Biochemical Responses Of Nili- Ravi Buffalo Fed On Aflatoxin B1 Contaminated Feed With And Without Toxin Binders
by Muqaddas Sardar | Dr. Raheela Akhtar | Dr. Ishtiaq Ahmad | Prof. Dr. Tahir.
Material type: Book; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2108,T] (1).
4.
Molecular Characterization Of Brucella Abortus Strains In Bovines
by Muhammad Ramzan | Dr. Raheela Akhtar | Prof. Dr. Aneela | Prof. Dr. Asim Aslam.
Material type: Book; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2169,T] (1).
5.
Pathological Investigations Of Theileriosis (T.Annulata) In Cattle In Disteict Lahore Punjab
by Syed Sadeed ud din Shah | Dr. Muti-ur- Rehman Khan | Dr. Raheela Akhtar | Prof. Dr. Aneela Zameer Durrani.
Material type: Book; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Theileriosis is very important protozoal disease in crossbred cattle. According to an
assessment, about 250 million cattle are endangered by this disease and millions of high milk
yielding cattle are at risk of exposure to disease. It acts as a bigger restraint on livestock
improvement and production in many developing countries (Nagore et al. 2004). Theileria
annulata is the main specie that causes high morbidity and mortality. It causes heavy economic
and production losses in cattle in tropical and sub-tropical regions. The recorded mortality rates
in cattle reached to 70% (Moor house et al. 2001).
Theileria species are intracellular obligate hemoprotozoan parasites. All Theileria species
are dangerous and cause disease but two of them are important for livestock. Theileria parva and
T. annulata produces diseases named as East Coast fever and tropical theileriosis in cattle
respectively. Genus Theileria has many other species like T. buffeli, T. taurotragi, T. velifera, T.
sergenti and T. mutans. These species cause infections in wild and domesticated ruminants.
Theileria species present in large and small animals show signs like fever, anorexia,
swelling of the superficial lymph nodes, dyspnoea, lethargy, progressive anemia, constipation,
diarrhea, lacrimation and nervous symptoms (Saeed et al. 2010; Irvin and Mawmachi 1983). A
pronounced rise in body temperature, reaching 40-41.5 °C is pursued by lacrimation, depression,
swelling of the superficial lymph node and nasal discharge. The characteristic sign of tropical
theileriosis is anemia and finally haemoglobinuria occur with heavy weight losses. The clinical
course of the disease alter from per acute to acute or sub-acute to chronic (Oliveira- Sequeira et
al. 2005). The disease is lymphoproliferative in its early phases resulting enlargement of lymph
nodes, later on enters lymph destructive phase which is associated with a pronounced
Introduction
2
leukopenia. In the piroplasms phase in erythrocytes, the parasite becomes infective for the tick
(El-Deeb and Younis 2009).
Trans placental Bovine Tropical Theileriosis causing a deadly disease in a 3 day old
neonate cross bred calf and cerebral form of the disease (turning sickness) in a cow were
incriminated to T.annulata infection. It mainly depends upon the harmful effects of the T.
annulata on lymphoid tissues and susceptibility of the host (Sudan et al. 2012).
Theileriosis is prevalent in various regions of the world including Pakistan. It is transmitted by
Hyalomma species ticks. These ticks spread T. annulata which causes tropical theileriosis
(Durrani et al. 2009). The developmental stages of Theileria inside the Hyalomma ticks varies in
different shapes and forms (Hamed et al. 2011). Therefore to increase the milk and meat
production of cattle we can prevent the spread of the disease by controlling ticks
(Hekmatimoghaddam et al. 2012). The sufficient amount of Hyalomma ticks are found in warm,
commonly hard marshland and in central and Southern Europe, south west Asia and Southern
Africa having very long dry season. A toxin is produced in the adult ticks. This toxin produce
clinical signs of mucus membrane hyperemic and moist profuse eczema (Adam et al. 2000).
The sporozoites of Theileria enter into cattle host during tick feeding and they
immediately infect mononuclear leukocytes, these sporozoites develop into macroschizonts and
induce proliferation of the host cells. Macroschizonts constantly mature into microschizonts and
finally into merozoites, which are discharged from leukocytes. These merozoites attack
erythrocytes and mature into piroplasms, become available to ticks. Infective sporozoites,
injected during tick feeding, rapidly enter target cells, escape from the surrounding host-cell
membrane and differentiate to schizonts that interact with different host-cell components
(Dobbelaereand Rottenberg 2003). This interaction includes host cell signaling pathways that
Introduction
3
regulate proliferation and cell survival (Chaussepied and Langsley 2011) and thus cause
blastogenesis and clonal expansion of predominantly T and B cells (Fawcett et al. 1982; Baldwin
et al. 1988; Spooner et al. 1989). Merozoites released from these schizonts subsequently infect
red blood cells and become trophozoites. Lymphocytic stage of Theileria (schizonts) is the cause
of many of the severe disease manifestations like lymphadenopathy, pyrexia, thrombocytopenia,
and panleukopenia (Homer et al. 2000). Marked anemia, anisocytosis, pikilocytosis, and
leucopenia were commonly observed in bovine theileriosis (Ceci et al. 1997). Cattle may survive
the disease, but recovery and convalescence may be protracted and incomplete, this leads to
permanent debilitation, loss of productivity and prolonged carrier state. (Shahnawaz et al. 2011).
Cattle with subclinical infection in endemic regions become carrier of piroplasms and act as a
source of infection for the vectors (Brown 1997; Brown 1990; Uilenberg 1995).
The diagnosis of theileriosis in acute cases is majorly done on clinical signs and Giemsa
stained blood smears of cattle but the detection of agent is not reliable and is almost impossible
in carrier stage. Advances in molecular biological techniques have resulted in the improved
detection, identification, and genetic characterization of many hemoparasites. Species specific
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been developed for the detection and identification of
various Theileria species and has been shown to have higher sensitivity and specificity compared
with serological assays and examination of Giemsa-stained blood smears (Bhoora et al. 2009).
Primers were derived from the gene encoding the 30-kDa major merozoite surface antigen for T.
annulata (Aktas et al. 2006).
Most of the previous studies on haematological parameters in T. annulata infection were
carried out on experimentally infected cattle (Sandhu et al. 1998; Singh et al. 2001). The present
investigation was conducted to study haematological parameters in cattle naturally infected with
Introduction
4
T. annulata. Hematology has been broadly used in attempts to give information about disease
condition, performance problems and health in cattle (Rezaei and Naghadeh. 2006).
Hematological and sero-biochemical alterations are the indicators of severity of disease and are
considered to be good tools for the diagnosis, prognosis for effective therapy (Col and Uslu
2007; Nazifi et al. 2010b).
Lahore is one of the larger district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. Different cattle
breeds are reared by the people of the area for meat and milk production. The exact current
situation about the prevalence and pathogenesis of Theileriosis in the selected area is unknown.
The present study was conducted to screen cattle by finding schizonts or piroplasms in Giemsa
stained thin blood smears at slaughter house of district Lahore (Aktas et al. 2006) and later to
confirm through Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) (Chaisi et al. 2013) in order to implement
efforts and regulation to eradicate the spread of disease in the selected area. Data generated from
this study provided the latest status of Theileriosis, sex wise prevalence and its pathogenesis in
cattle population of Lahore. The study has also provided the necessary information to formulate
strategies for control of disease in the area. An investigation was also undertaken to ascertain the
changes in haematology as a result of Theileria annulata infection. These studies will help better
understanding of the pathogenesis and supportive therapy of this disease. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2186,T] (1).
6.
Effect Of Nigella Sativa On Embryonated Eggs Experimentally Infected With Newcastle Disease Virus
by Arif Ullah Khan (2013-VA-561) | Dr. Muhammad Yasin Tipu | Dr. Raheela Akhtar | Dr. Ali Ahmad Shiekh.
Material type: Book; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: In Agriculture Industry of Pakistan poultry sector plays a vigorous, animated and a well
known role. There are more than 1.5 million peoples whose financial gain and employments are
related directly or indirectly to this sector which provides livelihood to about 60 % rural
inhabitants. Meat and eggs are the products of poultry industry. In Gross Domestic Products its
constant cost factor is 1.2%, in livestock is 10.4% and in agriculture it contributes 5.76%.In the
total meat production quantity of the country, poultry meat contribution is 26.8 % (Anonymous
2013).
The member of family Paramyxoviridae, Newcastle disease virus (NDV) contains six genes,
single stranded RNA genome without segment and have different strains arranged as virulent
which is velogenic, intermediate virulent mesogenic and less virulent lentogenic. The Newcastle
disease or pseudo-fowl pest is complete destructive having high death ratio in poultry. The NDV
attacks on respiratory system causes distress, produce nervous disorders, disturb gastrointestinal
tract and causes hemorrhagic lesions in intestine, downward change in level of egg production
and high mortality (Alexander 2000).
In embryonated eggs the cells attached with allantoic cavity help to grow and develop the
NDV virus which is inoculated for the purpose of propagation. In approximately 24 hours post
inoculation the virus reach higher concentration. First of all the virus destroys the live cells in
which it is growing and then it is widely spread by the allantoic fluid. If the inoculated strains of
virus are virulent i:e velogenic, embryos die within two days post inoculation mostly. The
embryos which are dead or alive show histopathological and gross changes remarkably caused
by the inoculated NDV (Al-Garib et al. 2003).
Introduction
2
To evaluate the value or determine the pathogenicity of the virus or to propagate Newcastle
disease virus the embryos of chicken have been usually used. The NDV strains which are
virulent means velogenic, kill the embryo within 48 hours, and lentogenic or less
virulent(mesogenic) take 5 to 7 days to kill either the embryos or may not kill at all (Lam et al.
1995).
It always had an inherited pattern of thoughts to advance the progress in the process of
healing by using herbal plants in all the civilizations. All over the world, to provide treatment for
diseases in daily life medicinal herbal plants and seeds have been used since hundreds of year
ago and in ahead of times. Plants play important role and serves as a base in the development of
drugs (Ates and Turgay 2003).
For the promotion and well being of health of both animals and humans, since thousands of
year ago black cumin seeds which is commonly known as black seed are used. It is stated by
Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H) that black seeds are treatment for every disease except the final
state the death. Its scientific name is Nigella sativa and belongs to the family Ranunculaceae.
The black seeds contain the main active and wider in scope ingredient named as crystalline
nigellone. The composition of other ingredients which are present in these seeds are proteins,
vitamins B1, B2, B3, oleic acid, myristic acid, linolic acid, folic acid, thymoquinone, palmitic
acid, beta sitosterol and stearic acid. In black seed the main elements are phosphorous, iron, zinc,
calcium, and copper. Anti-bacterial, anti-parasitic, anti-tumor, anti-hypertensive, immunestimulator,
anti-inflammatory and anti-histamine are the main effects of black cumin seeds
(AitMbarek et al. 2007).
Black cumin seeds are a hypothetical remedy for all ills, diseases and disorders, but not to
stop growing old and death from happening. In Bible it is identified as black cumin and tending
Introduction
3
to restore health (Worthen et al. 1997).
The antiviral drugs are not usually used in poultry industry due to economic problems
and may cause toxicity, but some drugs shows effect against virus which effect poultry. The
antiviral drug Ribavirin was used to compare its effect with a herbal plant to see which one is
effective. Higher doses produce toxicity and also were the cause of death. The 20μl/ml dose
showed the significant effect and the embryoes remain live after experimentally infected with
Newcastle disease virus (Omer et al. 2014). Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2255-T] (1).
7.
Detection Of Brucella Species From Aborted Bovine Fetuses Using Amos Pcr And Immunohistochemistry
by Muhammad Naveed Anvar (2008-VA-310) | Dr. Raheela Akhtar | Dr. Gulbeeena Saleem | Dr. Jawad Nazir.
Material type: Book; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note:
The economic importance and public health concern of bovine brucellosis enlist it in the world top priority disease to be eliminated by WHO (World Health Organization). Bovine brucellosis is caused by three Brucella species including B. abortus, B. melitensis and B. suis. Although the literature explains that the incidence of B. abortus is higher in bovines but still we need to know the prevalence of other species particularly B. melitensis in Pakistan due to its zoonotic aspect which makes it more important for study. Unfortunately in Pakistan the status of B. abortus and B. melitensis in bovines is unknown. It is need of hour to determine the exact prevalence of B. abortus and B. melitensis in bovines for disease eradication in animals, to control its transmission in humans and to determine the reasons behind vaccine failure in bovines.
B. abortus and B. melitensis could be presents in aborted bovine samples. AMOS PCR can be better tool than immunohistochemistry for the detection of B. abortus and B. melitensis from aborted bovine samples. (Hypothesis)
A total of 60 tissue samples (lung, liver and stomach) from aborted bovine fetuses were collected from farms with history of abortion and suspected brucellosis in and around Lahore district. The samples were subjected to AMOS PCR and immunohistochemistry for detection of B. abortus and B. melitensis. Brucella abortus and Brucella mellitensis species specific primer were used to get the desired base pair. The genomic region of B. abortus IS711was amplified at 498bp.
From present study it can be concluded that brucellosis is present in cows and buffaloes at district Lahore and it is more in cattle as compared to buffaloes. Therefore an immediate actions and policies are required to be implemented for the preventing spread of the disease to the other animals and human. For the diagnosis of Brucella species AMOS PCR and immunohistochemistry were used and the results showed that Brucella abortus were more as compared to other species in aborted bovine tissues. The results also showed that the sensitivity and specificity of AMOS PCR is more than immunohistochemistry.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2320-T] (1).
8.
Distribution and Localization of Brucella Melitensis in Aborted Fetal Tissues of Small Ruminants
by Muhammad Zain Saleem (2008-va-158) | Dr. Raheela Akhtar | Prof. Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Haroon Akbar.
Material type: Book; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Submitted with blank CD. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2369-T] (1).
9.
Pathological Investigation Of Hydatid Cyst In Sheep And Goats At Lahore Abattoirs
by Syed Shan Raza (2013-VA-444) | M. Saeed Imran | Dr. Raheela Akhtar | Dr. Nisar Ahmad.
Material type: Book; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Hydatidosis is an important zoonotic disease caused by E.granulosus. The parasite causes production loss in meat industry by damaging lungs and liver of food producing animals which leads to decrease in body weight of animals. Animals suffering from Hydatidosis also slaughtered in abattoirs for meat production. These animals should be treated and proper control strategies should be adopted by deworming to control the production loss in meat industry. Histopathological findings are important to understand the reason for rejection of carcass along with viscera. The present study was designed to investigate the biochemical findings of hydatid cyst from lungs and liver of sheep and goats which can provide valuable information for determining the strains of E. granulossus, and to check current status of the disease at Lahore abattoirs, so that proper control strategies should be adopted to control this zoonotic disease.
A total of 1600 animals comprising 796 sheep and 804 goats of both sexes were examined for hydatid cyst in the month of August to November 2015 for determining the prevalence of E.granulosus in the particular time period. Total of 60 cysts samples from lung and liver of the sheep and goats were collected in the buffered formalin to check the biochemical profile for strain differentiation (30 from liver and lungs of sheep and 30 samples from liver and lungs of Goats). All the samples were collected form Lahore meat processing complex. The tissue samples of lungs and liver were subjected to histopathology. Histopathology was performed for lesion identification in tissues infected with hydrated cyst in the presence of viable and inviable cyst.
Summary
38
In present study, overall prevalence of hydatidosis in sheep was found as 7.91 %. In lambs, the prevalence was almost similar in males 1.23 % and females 1.44 % but in adults, it was significantly higher 10.74 % in females as compared with males 6.46%. The prevalence was significantly higher 7.91 % in adults than in hoggets 1.32 %. In goats the overall prevalence of hydatidosis was found as 5.60%, prevalence was much higher in adult males 4.38 % than in young ones 0.64 %. Similarly there was a significant difference in the prevalence between young 1.36 % and adult females 7.88 %. In the present study, overall prevalence in goats was recorded as 5.60 % which is significantly lower than the found in sheep 7.91 %. The prevalence was significantly higher in adult male sheep than that in adult male goats. It was observed that cysts removed from liver in both the species were more fertile than those of collected from lungs and also reported that hepatic cyst are more fertile than the cysts found in lungs.
The biochemical comparison helped in the characterization and identification of strains of E.granulosus at Lahore region. The obtained data was statically observed on student t test for the detection of mean difference in the biochemical profile of the both sheep and goat cysts. Statically there was significant difference found in the total Glucose, triglycerides, and cholesterol, levels in hydatid cyst fluid obtained from the sheep and goats. These difference was due to the strain variation of E.granulosus. There was no significant difference in the biochemical levels of urea, uric acid, total protein, creatinine, calcium and phosphorous. The level of glucose and triglycerides in sheep was 6.3 and 0.63 mmol/lit respectively which was significantly higher than hydatid cyst fluid of goats i.e., 4.2 and 0.39 mmol/lit respectively. The level of the cholesterol in sheep was lower than that of goats which was 0.14 and 0.39 mmol/lit respectively.
Study helped us to know the current status of Hydatidosis in small ruminants at Lahore which causes production loss in meat industry. The biochemical examination of cystic fluid helped us to know about the probability of the status of strains of E.granulosus present. Current biochemical profile indicates probability of two strains of E.granulosus are prevalent at Lahore for strains characterization and identification further studies are needed. The histopathological study helped us to find out the pathological changes at the tissue level in the presence of cyst in the tissues of the lungs and liver of sheep and goats. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2386-T] (1).
10.
Etiopathology Of Tuberculosis Complex In Antelopes And Its Cytokine Profile
by Maryam Saddiqa (2009-VA-366) | Dr. Raheela Akhtar | Dr. Muhammad Yasin Tipu | Dr. Ali Ahmed Sheikh.
Material type: Book; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Bovine tuberculosis is a contagious disease of domestic and wild animals with serious zoonotic effects in humans. The economic importance and public health concern of bovine tuberculosis enlist it in the world top priority disease to be eliminated by WHO (World Health Organization). Tuberculosis in antelopes is caused by Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis & Mycobacterium avium. This disease in antelopes causes tremendous economic losses. Unfortunately in Pakistan no such study has been conducted on wildlife tuberculosis except one (Zeeshan 2007) his work was on the identification of one specie i.e. M.bovis in deer while this study was on the identification of three different types of species (Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium). A total of 50 blood samples from tuberculosis suspected antelopes were collected. These samples were subjected to multiplex polymerase chain reaction (multiplex PCR) and cytokine ELISA to determine the etiopathology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex.
The results indicated that 10% and 4% of antelopes were positive for M.bovis, M.tuberculosis infection with multiplex PCR and cytokine ELISA respectively. From these results it is evident that polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is more sensitive than cytokine ELISA for the diagnosis Mycobacterium Tuberculosis complex (MTC) and it shows much higher percentage of positive cases.
This study provided valuable information about the presence of M.bovis, M.tuberculosis and M.avium in different types of antelopes (Urial, Mouflon sheep, Black buck, Goral and Hog deer). The cytokine profile could be used as a diagnostic marker in future. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2549-T] (1).
11.
Amelioration Of Pathological Effects Of Newcastle Disease Affected Broiler Chicks By Feeding Propolis
by Muhammad Adeel Manzoor (2009-VA-121) | Prof. Dr. Zafar Iqbal Chaudhry | Dr. Raheela Akhtar | Prof. Dr. Khushi Muhammad.
Material type: Book; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Poultry industry is playing an important economic role in Pakistan. Unfortunately many diseases are a continuous threat for this industry. One of the most alarming disease is Newcastle disease (ND). It is endemic in most of the parts of world and it causes huge economic losses. According to researches, flavones from propolis were observed to have anti-viral effect. Scientific researchers also reported that propolis has immuno- modulatory properties so it is helpful in reducing pathological effects of ND. It is reported that supplementation of propolis enhances the immune status and reduce the inflammatory reactions. So this research project was design to observe the effect of propolis on lymphoid organs, growth performance and antibody response in ND challenged birds. The propolis sample was collected from Apis mellifera bees held in HBRI Rawalpindi. Analysis by GC-MS shown that the main components of ethanol extract of propolis (EEP) are flavonoid, esters and aromatic phenylcarboxylic acid. For this research a total of 90 broiler chicks were purchased. The birds were divided into six experimental groups i.e. A, B, C, D, E and F. Fifteen (15) birds were kept in every group. Group A birds, were negative control birds (without infection and without supplementation), in group B were positive control for ND Infection (experimentally infected without any supplementation). The birds in group C were positive control for propolis and were given 500mg propolis per kilo gram (kg) of diet and were not given ND infection. Group D, E and F were supplemented with different concentrations of propolis i.e. 250, 500 and 750 mg/kg in diet respectively. Supplementation of propolis was provided 1st day to the end of the experimental study. Infection was given on day 14. On day 1, 13 (pre-exposure), 17, 19 and 21 (post-exposure) blood was collected from 4 randomly selected birds of each group to check the antibodies titre against ND by HI test. On day 17, 19 and 21, lymphoid
Summary
65
organs were collected for histopathology. Group F shows protective antibody titer (GMT of Lag2 of HI = 3.25) as compared to positive control group B (GMT of Lag2 of HI = 0.00) antibody titre. So propolis feeding groups show significant differences from diseased birds in other groups. The average weight gain was highest for group F which was 1097.50g at the end of experiment which is significantly higher than positive control group whose weight was 727.50g. Mortality rate in positive control group was 100% while in group F, mortality rate was 26.67%. This difference shows that propolis decreased the mortality rate significantly. Gross pathological lesions were also significantly different with respect to proventricular hemorrhages, button ulcers in intestine, tracheal lesions and hemorrhages in brain. Group F shows lowest gross pathological lesions as compared to other NDV infected groups. A significant difference was observed in the weight of lymphoid organs of birds, treated with propolis as compared to birds without propolis treatment. Weight of thymus, bursa and spleen in group F was 4.02g, 0.78g and 0.93g respectively which is significantly different from positive control group having 4.28g, 0.60g and 1.99g weights respectively. Histopathology of bursa, spleen, thymus, cecal tonsils, trachea and lungs shown significant differences from group B to other groups. Group B, being positive control group, has shown maximum lesions of histopathology. From this study it was concluded that ND caused immune suppression and damage of vital organs in broiler while propolis have immuno modulatory and antiviral effects. Propolis protects the bird from ND virus by interfering with its multiplication process. It also promotes growth performance of broiler birds and help the birds to survive against lethal ND infection. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2667-T] (1).
12.
Pathobiological Studies Of Canine Parvo Virus Infection Currently Prevailing In Dogs In Pakistan
by Urooj Fatima (2009-VA-69) | Dr. Muti-Ur-Rehman Khan | Dr. Raheela Akhtar | Dr. Jawad Nazir.
Material type: Book; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Canine Parvo virus infection is causing fatal disease to dogs resulting in severe morbidity and mortality. It is becoming disastrous for canids in Pakistan. It is important to study the pathogenesis of this deadly virus. Parvovirus infection has become more pathogenic with passage of time and its pathogenicity may be enhanced due to possible mutation in field virus. The possible mutations may be the cause of vaccine failure and rapid outbreaks.
In present study, sum of 50 fecal samples from different areas were collected and properly labelled. Both serological and molecular confirmation was done.
Haemagglutination test was used as a screening test. HA test was performed to check agglutinating activity of samples as described by (Desario et al. 2005). Haemagllutination was done and only 20 samples were found positive. Positive samples were selected for polymerase chain reaction. DNA of selected samples was extracted through kit method according to protocol provided by the manufacturer. Nano drop was done to check quantity and purity of viral DNA. PCR was performed. Already reported primers were used for detection of CPV (Buonavoglia et al. 2001). The PCR product was confirmed by running the PCR product on 1.2% agarose gel. Electrophoresis was performed at 110 Volts for 30 minutes. The amplified PCR product was further purified using GeneJet Gel Extraction Kit using instructions provided by the manufacturer. Purified samples were sent to commercial lab for Sanger sequencing. The obtained sequences were examined using BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool). Sequences were compared with other sequences already obtainable from the GenBank database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) and were carefully aligned by BioEdit software (version 7.2.5.0) using the ClustalW method. The MEGA software program, version 6.0 was used to construct a phylogenetic tree using the neighborhood joining method.
CHAPTER 6
SUMMARY
Summary
40
Complete blood count was performed on whole blood samples. The samples were divided into two groups (infected & non-infected) based on the results of PCR. Paired T-Test was applied on the results obtained and results showed that all parameters statistically showed significant difference between two groups except WBC’s but still the number of WBC’s decreases in infected animal like other parameters. Serum chemistry analysis was performed on serum samples. These samples were also divided into two groups (infected & non-infected) based on the results of PCR. Paired T-Test was applied on the results obtained and results revealed that all parameters statistically showed significant difference between two groups except ALT and creatinine levels.
Results showed that new CPV-2a was found to be the major circulating strain of Pakistan as out of 7 sequenced samples, 6 were identified as CPV-2a and only 1 of them was CPV-2. PCR was found to be the most sensitive assay for the detection of CPV, as compared to HA and ICT- CPV antigen detection kit. The strain in vaccine was identified as CPV-2, this finding was considered important because it indicates one of the reason for vaccine failure. The phylogenetic analysis of strains showed that all the samples collected from different regions of Pakistan falls in one clade and branching pattern is shared with the neighboring countries especially China. This information reveals that our virus is genomically similar to our neighboring countries India and China. Upon hematology and serum chemistry analysis, it was revealed that the virus does effect the blood parameters and all the red blood cell indices were lowered except platelet count.
The present study enabled us to study pathogenesis, to determine currently prevailing strain of CPV in Pakistan, identify the cause of disease occurrence even after vaccine, to study pathogenesis of CPV, to characterize and construct phylogenetic tree of currently prevailing canine parvovirus field isolates. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2662-T] (1).
13.
Antibacterial Activity Of Various Plant Extracts Against Waterborne Bacteria
by Anam Munir (2010-VA-292) | Dr.Fareeha Akhtar | Prof. Dr. Masood Rabbani | Dr. Raheela Akhtar.
Material type: Book; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Pure water is basic necessity for not only human being but also for animals. With increasing population, it becomes very hard to provide safe and pure water to the community. Due to unavailability of proper swage system, portable water is contaminated in many ways. Poor water quality reported in 2004, hygiene and sanitation account for some 1.7 million deaths a year (Ashbolt 2004). It is dangerous for health so there is need to disinfect the water. Water is not disinfected in most of rural areas in Pakistan. Disinfection of water is necessary for health and reducing the chances of spread of diseases through water.
Expensive and sophisticated methods e.g. chemical treatments are not easily available at rural areas. Chemical methods are not only costly but also leave harmful DBP (disinfection by products) in water. Recent researches have proved that DBP(s) are carcinogenic and also cause neurological problems. To overcome the problem of contamination and DBP, herbal extracts are good choice for this purpose as they are eco-friendly, cheap and easily available in rural areas. They have well known antibacterial activity. To overcome the problem of waterborne bacterial pathogens, various herbal extracts are used to disinfect the water. These herbs are easily available in rural areas and can disinfect the water.
In current study, 50 water samples from different rural areas of Lahore were collected. Water samples were processed in 24 hours after collection to evaluate the bacterial load in water along with it water was also given treatment with herbal extracts at the same time.
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Bacterial load was evaluated by technique of total viable count (TVC) and most probable number (MPN) for coliforms. Evaluation of bacterial load and treatment with herbal extracts was done on same time so that efficacy of extracts to reduce the number of bacteria in water could be examined. Comparison of bacterial load before treatment and after treatment gave the idea of efficacy of antibacterial activity of herbal extracts.
Herbal extracts (ethanolic, fresh juice, aqueous) of herbs (Neem, Tulsi) and seeds of kalonji were made. These extracts were tested for antimicrobial activity against bacteria and coliform present in samples of water. Treatment with herbal extracts was given to water in ratio of 1:1. After 24 hours, the treated water was evaluated for reduction of bacterial load by TVC. Ethanolic extracts of Tulsi as well as Neem had good results than aqueous and fresh juice extracts.
The present study demonstrated that contamination of water is major issue of Pakistan. It results in great economic loss of livestock and poultry section. Chemical disinfection is dangerous for health. So there is need to disinfect water by safe and ecofriendly way. Herbal extracts are good choice for this purpose. Ethanolic extracts of Neem has good antibacterial activity than Tulsi and Kalonji. Statistical analysis showed that ethanolic extracts of Neem has more significant activity than Tulsi and Kalonji. The degree of antibacterial activity of plant extracts for Neem, Kalonji and Tulsi can be graded on the base 0f diluent used. There is no significant difference between antibacterial activities of all three herbs. Tulsi, Neem and kalonji have equally effective antibacterial activity. Whereas ethanolic extract showed more effective
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results than aqueous and fresh juice extract. It is estimated that by using natural herbs and seeds of plants, contaminated water can be bacteria.
Statistical analysis:
The data collected in MS Excel 2016 and analyzed statistically by univariate analysis of variance using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) 16.0 software. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2673-T] (1).
14.
A Clinico-Biochemical Study On Different Pre-Anesthetic Drugs With Propofol For Neutering In Dogs
by Saba Siddique | Dr. Sadaf Aslam | Prof. Dr.M.Arif Khan | Dr. Raheela Akhtar.
Material type: Book; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: The present research project was designed to study the effect of three routinely used
pre anaesthetic (alpha-2 adrenergic agonists) drugs xylazine (xylaz; 20 mg/ml, farvet, Holland)
and medetomidine (doiter, 1 mg/ml ; Orion pharma, finland), diazepam(Valium 0.25 mg/kg) and
propofol (pofol, 10 mg/ml ;Dongkook pharma, korea) anaesthesia in male dogs and castration
surgery was performed using pre scrotal approach. The effect of these sedative and anaesthetic
agents was studied at physical (temperature, pulse, and respiration), sedative (palpebral effect),
analgesic (tail pinch, toe pinch reflex), liver function (ALT, AST, and ALP), renal functions
(serum creatinine, BUN) and haematological (RBC, WBC, Hb) parameters. A total number of
twelve (12) dogs (mix breed) clinical cases were selected. These dogs were subjected into three
groups (A, B , C) each comprising four (4) dogs. Different drugs combination was administered
in each group of dogs. Three different drug combinations are;
Group A .Xylazine-Propofol
Group B. Diazepam-Propofol
Group C. Medetomidine-Propofol
Blood samples were taken at four different intervals like 0 minutes, 30 minutes, 60
minutes and after 24 hours in EDTA coated vacutainer for studying haematological parameters
and in lithium heparin vacutainer for evaluating biochemical parameters.
Results revealed that both sedative and anaesthetic agents produce slight non-significant changes
in liver enzymes but in case of renal function test, medetomidine-propofol produce significant
Summary
42
changes in serum creatinine and xylazine-propofol, and diazepam-propofol produce significant
changes in the values of blood urea nitrogen. Coming towards haematology, white blood cells
increase significantly in diazepam-propofol receiving group. The results of the present research
study were mostly similar with the findings of other scientists. The results of present project
were analysed by ANOVA followed by Turkey honestly significant difference (HSD) test.
Conclusion
The result of present project will prove fruitful for veterinary practioners for selectin
anaesthesia protocol for patients suffering from hepatitis or other liver, renal and haematological
problems and would be productive to solve the problems of anaesthetists who are actively
engaged in canine practice all over the world. On the basis of findings of this study it is
concluded that medetomidine-propofol combination gives better results. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2689-T] (1).
15.
Comparative Efficacy of Different Surgical Techniques and Suturing Patterns for Cystotomy in Rabbits
by Uroosa Anjum (2015-VA-601) | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Arif Khan | Dr. Sadaf Aslam | Dr. Raheela Akhtar.
Material type: Book; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: CD Corrupt. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2814-T] (1).
16.
Study On Whole Blood Xenotransfusion In Domestic Cats
by Ihtesham Yousaf (2015-VA-17) | Dr. Uzma Farid Durrani | Dr. Asim Khalid Mahmood | Dr. Raheela Akhtar.
Material type: Book; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Cat is the most domesticated pet all over the world. However, there are numerous clinical emergency situations of cats which require immediate blood transfusion but due to limited availability of cat blood donors;it becomes challenging for practitioners to save the patient’s life.In case ofdire need of blood transfusion when feline blood is unavailable; xenotransfusion with canine blood can be attempted. Xenotransfusionrefers to thetransfusion of blood from one species to another species.
The present study was conducted on 20 rescue domestic cats divided into two groups: i.e. Experimental group and control group, each with 10 cats. In experimental group blood of 10 clinically healthy German Shepherddogs (donor) was transfused to10 adult rescue domestic cats suffering severe accidental blood loss. Control group received 0.9% normal saline infusion. Pre and post blood transfusion hematological evaluation was done for each recipient cat on
days 0, 1, 3 and 7. Parameters for hematological evaluation included complete blood count, CRT, SpO2and arterial blood pressure.Obtained data was statistically analyzed by repeated measures of analysis of variance (ANOVA) within control and experimental group while between groups data was statistically analyzed using independent sample t-test.On the basis of findings of this study xeno-transfusion is proved to be a safe and effective life saving technique for cats suffering critical blood loss.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2944-T] (1).
17.
Pathological Association Of Nramp 1 Genotypes With Brucella Resistance And Susceptibility In Diseased And Non Diseased Cattle
by Muhammad Zaheer Iqbal (2005-VA-61) | Dr. Raheela Akhtar | Prof. Dr. Asim Aslam | Prof. Dr. Kamran Ashraf.
Material type: Book; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: A total of 200 cattle were divided into five groups including: Group A Sahiwal cattle, Group B Jersy cattle, Group C Frisian cattle, group D Sahiwal cross Jersy and group E Sahiwal cross Frisian. Out of total of 200 serum samples from suspected cattle we found 155 samples positive by RBPT and 109 were positive for Brucella abortus by PCR. Comparison of presence of Brucella abortus was statically made in all five groups using chi square.
The study was conducted on 200 animals of five breeds including Sahiwal, Jersey Cross Sahiwal, Frisian Cross Sahiwal, Fresian and Jersey around farms of Punjab. Blood sample (3mL) was collected in EDTA vaccutainers from each animal. Serum from blood samples were collected in 3 mL eppendorf tubes with the help of sterile pipettes. Serum samples were screened out for brucellosis by Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT). RBPT positive samples were stored at 40C for further processing. Rose Bengal Antigen was purchased from Veterinary Research Institute (VRI), Lahore. The antigen was stored at 40C in refrigeration during the study according to manufactures recommendation. DNA quantification was performed on “Thermo Scientific NanoDrop spectrophotometer ND-2000” and by running extracted DNA on 0.8% agarose gel. PCR for amplification was done with a total volume of 20 μL by adding primer pair and extracted DNA to the PCR master mix in following concentrations.
2ml of forward and reverse primer was taken respectively. 4ul of PCR grade water was added and DNA was taken in 2 ul quantity. The total volume of master mix obtained was 10 ul. The thermocycler (Bio-Rad, CFX ™, Singapore) was set with the conditions for the total of 35 cycles of PCR. For optimization process of primers different options for PCR reaction mixture
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41
and PCR cyclic conditions were tried for two objectives. To get maximum amplification, by using minimum volume of chemicals. Changing the volume of magnesium chloride, deoxynucleotide triphosphate (d NTPs) and Taq polymerase, amplification can be increased. Primers annealing temperature is considered critical for optimization.
Denaturation of DNA samples were performed at 94 0C for 5minutes. Annealing step was performed at 63 0C for 30 second. Then, initial extension of DNA samples was conducted at 72 0C for 30 second. Finally, extension was performed at 72 0C for 5 minutes to get results. The PCR product was confirmed by running the PCR product on 0.8 % agarose gel electrophoresis was performed at 100 Volts for 30 minutes. The NRAMP1 gene encodes a divalent cation transporter, located in the phagolysosomal membrane of macrophages, which has been associated with resistance to intracellular pathogens. In cattle, natural resistance against brucellosis has been associated with polymorphisms at the 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR) of the NRAMP1 gene, which are detectable by single-strand conformational analysis (SSCA).
Genetic selection of domestic animals resistant to pathogens has been applied mostly to farm
animals, particularly cattle. Identification of genes linked to natural resistance may allow for a
better understanding of natural resistance with obvious practical implications. These genes may
also function as markers for prediction of genetic resistance against specific diseases.
Recommendations:
From this study we concluded that Nramp1BB gene is resistant to brucellosis, while Nramp1 AA is susceptible to brucellosis.
Summary
42
By gene knock out technique breeds resistant to brucellosis can be produced.
Criss Crasper technique can be used for gene knock out process. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2953-T] (1).
18.
Comparative Pathological Association Of Slc11a1 (Nramp1) Gene With Susceptibility And Resistance To Brucellosis In Local Pakistani Buffaloes
by Azmat Ullah (2015-VA-1057) | Dr. Raheela Akhtar | Dr. Muti Ur Rehman | Dr. Hassan Saleem.
Material type: Book; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Nearly 32.7 million population of buffaloes present in Pakistan which makes about 15% of the world buffalo population. For water buffaloes Brucellosis is a pricey disease (Bubalus bubalis). In Pakistan 5 known breeds of buffalos are; Ravi, Nili, Kundi Nili-Ravi and Aza Kheli. The study was conducted on 200 animals of two breeds including Nilli-Ravi and Kundi around farms of Punjab. 200 serum samples from two breeds were screened for brucellosis. Dormant infections and lengthy incubation of the pathogens bounded the effectiveness of programs based upon the elimination of infected animals. As comparative genomics is playing a pivotal role in the genetic dissection of complex traits such as infectious diseases resistance using this information we can oppressed for disease resistance with genetic choice as a method to the regulator of brucellosis in our local breeds such as Nili-Ravi buffalo. Blood sample (5mL) was collected in EDTA vacutainers from each animal. Serum from blood samples were collected in 3 mL eppendorf tubes with the help of sterile pipettes. Serum samples were screened out for brucellosis by Rose Bengal Plate Tetst (RBPT). Rose Bengal Antigen was purchased from Veterinary Research Institute (VRI), Lahore. The antigen was stored at 40C in refrigeration during the study according to manufactures recommendation. DNA quantification was performed on “Thermo Scientific NanoDrop spectrophotometer ND-2000” and by running extracted DNA on 0.8% agarose gel. Nanodrop spectrophotometer provides direct and easy measurements within a 5 second only by using just a pipette and wipe. PCR for amplification was done with a total volume of 20μl by adding primer pair and extracted DNA to the PCR master mix in following concentrations. 2μl of forward and reverse primer was taken respectively. 4 μl of PCR grade water was added and DNA was taken in 2 μl
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Quantity. The total volume of master mix obtained was 10 μl. The thermocycler (Bio-Rad, CFX ™, Singapore) was set with the conditions for the total of 35 cycles of PCR. Initial denaturation of DNA samples were performed at 940 C for 5minutes. Then in 2nd cycle denaturation was performed at 94 0C for 30 seconds. Annealing step was performed at 63 0C for 30 second. Then, initial extension of DNA samples was conducted at 720 C for 30 second. Finally, extension was performed at 720 C for 5 minutes to get results. The PCR product was confirmed by running the PCR product on 1.5 % Agarose gel electrophoresis was performed at 110 Volts for 30 minutes. In Nilli-Ravi, among 12 positive samples by PCR, 08 were found resistance to brucellosis through sequencing study of Nramp 1 BB, only one sample was found to be susceptible to brucellosis through genotypic study of Nramp1 AA and 3 samples were found to be neutral may be susceptible or resistance to brucellosis. In Kundi, among 38 positive samples by PCR, 03 were found resistance to brucellosis through sequencing study of Nramp 1 BB, and 6 sample were found to be susceptible to brucellosis through genotypic study of Nramp1 AA and 29 samples were found to be neutral may be susceptible or resistance to brucellosis. This research clearly demonstrates that Kundi is more susceptible to brucellosis then Nilli-Ravi. Conclusion: We concluded that Nilli-Ravi is more resistant to brucellosis as compare to Kundi breed Natural resistance against brucellosis in cattle is linked to the Nramp 1 gene. Polymorphisms at the bovine Nramp 1 3/ untranslated region (3 UTR) are associated with natural resistance against brucellosis. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2952-T] (1).