1.
Relationship Of Gender And Body Condition Score On Histomrphometric And Physical Characteristics Of Selected Selected Skeletal Muscles in Kundi Buffalo
by Muhammad Usman Saleem | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Saima Masood.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Introduction: Present study was conducted to study the effect of gender and BCS on selected skeletal muscle properties in Kundi buffaloes. Tenderness, juiciness and water holding capacity are the attributes of meat quality and are related with the muscle fiber number and diameter. Normal pH of the meat is 5.2-5.4 and any deviation from these values show that the animal was under stress before slaughter.
Materials and Methods: Four groups of 10 animals each were taken. The first group was of 10 male animals having BCS 1-4 and the second group was of 10 male animals having BCS more than 4. The third and fourth groups were of 10 female animals each having BCS 1-4 and more than 4 respectively. Samples of muscles trapezius cervices longissimus dorsi and semitendinosus were taken from each animal 24 hours post mortem. pH of the meat was measured with the help of pH meter 24 hours post mortem. Water holding capacity of the meat sample was measured 24 hours post mortem using Honikels gravimetric bag method. Samples were processed for light microscopy and stained by using Eosin and Hematoxylin staining technique. Tissue sections were observed for counting muscle fiber number and measuring the diameter of muscle fiber using a morphometry program.
Statistical Analysis: Statistical analysis was made using independent sample t- tests for the comparison based on gender or BCS between groups, and analysis with in a group was made using one way ANOVA.
Results: It was observed that the pH, WHC and muscle fiber number was higher in males as compared to those of females. Muscle fiber diameter was greater in females as compared to those of males. Animals with BCS 1-4 had a lower pH, greater WHC, larger muscle fiber diameter and higher muscle fiber number than those animals having BCS > 4. pH of trapezius cervicalis is higher than longissimus lumborum and semitendinosus but its WHC is lower than semitendinosus and longissimus lumborum. Longissimus lumborum has least muscle fiber diameter however trapezius has got the largest muscle fiber diameter. Number of muscle fibers in semitendinosus muscle is highest.
Conclusion: Through this research we determined that gender and BCS affect meat quality parameters.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1451,T] (1).
2.
Comparison Of Histological Alterations In Intestinal Mucosa And Morphometery Of Different Organs In Two Strains Of Broiler Under Selected Dietary Conditions
by Hafiz Yasir Ahmad | Dr. Saima Masood | Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Hafsa Zaned.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2012Dissertation note: Organic acid are well known for their positive influence on the histomorphology of different organs of broiler birds. Present study aims to evaluate the effect of organic acid (formic acid and propionic acid) on histomorphology of two strains of broiler used in Pakistan. One hundred and twenty day old broiler chicks were divided into 4 groups (n=30). Out of 120 day old broiler chicks, 60 birds of Hubbord strain divided in two groups and remaining 60 birds comprising of Cobb strain and also divided in two groups. These Hubbord and Cobb strains further divided into Hubbord organic acid supplemented group (HOAS), Hubbord non-supplemented (HNS), Cobb organic acid supplemented group (COAS) and Cobb non-supplemented group (CNS).
All non-supplemented groups were fed a corn-soya based basal diet and supplemented groups were fed same diet with addition of organic acid (formic acid 70%and propionic acid 30%) in the ratio of 1gm per Kg of diet. At 21 day, fifteen birds of each group were slaughtered and measurements, weight of heart, liver, gizzard, proventriculus, small intestine and large intestine and also length of small and large intestine, were taken. Samples from all three segments of small intestine of all groups were processed for measurements of villus height by H&E staining. Same procedure was repeated after 42 days for remaining birds. Results showed that the organs of organic acid supplemented birds gained more weight than non-supplemented groups and supplemented birds gained more villus height than the non-supplemented groups. There was no significant difference of results showed between two strains of broiler except in case of villus length of duodenum and jejunum. All the results were same for both age groups (21 & 42 days).
It could be concluded from the results that organic acid has beneficial effect on the growth of different organs of broiler birds and supplementation with organic acid can positively influence the height of villus of small intestine but there is no significant difference between two strains of broiler in case of organic acid supplemented birds as well as non-supplemented group in case of villus length of duodenum and jejunum where hubbard strain of broiler perform significantly better than cobb strain of broiler. Hence organic acid improved the histomorphology of different organs of broiler birds which resulted in more absorption and utilization of nutrients which further led to improved growth performance of broiler birds.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1543,T] (1).
3.
Morphometric Evaluation Of Corpus Luteam And Ovary During Estrous In Nili-Ravi Buffalo Through Ultrasonography in spring and Dry Hot Seasons
by Abdur Rehman Ansari | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Dr. Aneela | Dr. Saima Masood.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Introduction: The current investigation was carried out to study the effect of season on
the morphometric values of corpus luteum and ovary in spring (February-April) and dry
hot (May-June) seasons in the same animals and to characterize the biometry of corpus
luteum and ovary during estrous through ultrasonography in Nili-Ravi buffalo. The
correlation between the plasma Progesterone concentrations and ultrasonographic
biometry of corpus luteum was also studied during estrous in spring and dry hot seasons.
Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on ten female Nili-Ravi buffaloes in
both the seasons (spring versus dry hot). The ultrasonographic measurements and
echogenicity of ovaries and corpus luteum were performed by using linear rectal probe
(Agro-scan AL) of 5.0 MHZ on alternate days during the entire length of estrous cycle.
The plasma progesterone level was determined by taking 10 ml blood samples by
coccygeal vein puncture on the examination day from each animal in test tubes,
containing EDTA. The collected blood was centrifuged at 4000 rpm for about 20 minutes
and then the plasma was harvested, labeled and stored at freezing temperature (-20 °C)
until progesterone (P4) evaluation through ELISA technique.
Statistical Analysis: The data obtained by the ultrasonographic examinations was
analyzed with the help of paired t-test and the correlations regarding plasma progesterone
(P4) concentration and the morphometric values of corpus luteum were determined by
Pearson correlation by using computer software SPSS statistics version 17.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1556,T] (1).
4.
Morphometric And Histological Modulation Of Broiler Gut Under Chronic Heat Stress With And Without Dietary Yeast Supplementation.
by Ghulam Abbas | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Dr. Saima Masood | Prof. Dr. Ijaz.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1620,T] (1).
5.
Morphological Modifications Induced By Mannan Oligosaccharide Concentrations In Small Intestine Of Rock Pigeon (Columba livia domestica)
by Muhammad Tahir Amjad | Dr. Hafsa Zaned | Dr. Muhammad | Dr. Saima Masood.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1625,T] (1).
6.
Evaluation Of Comparatrive Effect Of Zinc Bacitracin, Mannan Oligosaccharides And Lactobacillus On Broiler Performance, Gross Measurements of Major Organs an Intestinal Histomorphometry
by Rabia Tamkeen | Dr. Saima Masood | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Prof. Dr. Ijaz Ahmad.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1673,T] (1).
7.
Effect Of Dietary Supplementation Of Catharanthus Roseus On Gross And Micro-Structures Of Selected Internal Organs of Broilers
by Saba Anwar | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Dr. Saima Masood | Prof. Dr. Ijaz.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1737,T] (1).
8.
Comparative Pathological Studies Of Brucellosis In Azikheli And Nili Ravi Buffaloes At Slaughter House I District Sawat
by Sayyed Irfanullah Khan | Dr. Muti-ur-Rehman Khan | Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Saima Masood.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1741,T] (1).
9.
Evaluation Of Comparative Effects Of Zinc Bacitracin, Lactobacillus And Mannan Oligosaccharide On Morphometric Characteristics of Tibia Bone in Broilers
by Muhammad Arshad Javid | Dr. Saima Masood | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Prof. Dr. Habib-ur-Rehma.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Background
Bone is metabolically self-motivated organ and it undertakes continuous remodeling. Skeleton provides structural support to the birds and serves as an important source of minerals like phosphorus and calcium. Bone strength and hardness is due to organic and inorganic sources. Bone mineralization is directly related to the bone density. Bone weakness is an important skeletal problem which causes economic losses in poultry industry. Leg bone deformities adversely affect the bird's performance. Antibiotics and its alternatives like probiotics and prebiotics in the feed have beneficial effect on bone health and bone quality in broilers. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the comparative effects of antibiotic, probiotic and prebiotic on morphometric characteristics of tibia bone in broilers.
Materials and Methods
160 one day old broiler chicks were reared under environmentally controlled conditions. The chicks were randomly divided into four groups with four replicates. Group I was served as control and fed only basal diet. Group II was given BD + 0.04% Zn bacitracin, group III was given BD + 0.1% lactobacillus based probiotic andgroup IV was given BD + 0.1% mannan oligosaccharide. On day 35, two birds from each replicate were slaughtered. Blood samples were collected for determination ofserum ALP level. Right and left tibia of each bird was separated and immersed in boiling water (1000C) for 10 minutes. Specimens were cooled at room temperature. Flesh was removed from each bone. After this, bone weight and bone length was
Summary
measured. Diaphysis diameter and medullary canal diameter was measured with digital caliper. Dry tibia bones were burnt in a muffle furnace at 5600C for 24 hours to calculate the %age bone ash.
Results
The results revealed that tibia bone weight, length, thickness of medial wall and lateral wall, %bone ash and tibiotarsal index of broilers supplemented with zinc bacitracin, lactobacillus based probiotic and mannan oligosaccharide presented the significant values (P<0.05) as compared to the control group. However, weight/length of bone index of broilers supplemented with lactobacillus based probiotic and mannan oligosaccharide presented the higher values (P<0.05) than the control and zinc bacitracin supplemented groups. Medullary canal diameter of control group was higher (P<0.05) than all the supplemented groups. Diaphysis diameter and robusticity index presented the no significant difference between the control group and all supplemented groups. Between different supplemented groups, tibia bone weight and weight/length index of broilers supplemented with lactobacillus based probiotic were significantly higher (P<0.05) than the zinc bacitracin supplemented group. Serum alkaline phosphatase level of all supplemented groups was lower than the control group.
Conclusion
It is concluded that antibiotics, probiotics and prebiotics improve the bone morphometric characteristics, bone density and bone quality in broilers.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1786,T] (1).
10.
Biometrical And Histological Studies Of Testes In Different Age Groups Of Azikheli Buffalo Bulls
by Salahuddin | Dr. Saima Masood | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Dr. Muhammad Shahbaz Yousaf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
drama
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1797,T] (1).
11.
Effect Of Supplemental Bacterial And Fungal Phytase At Diffrent Dietary Level Of Phosphorus On Tibial Bone
by Saqib Saleem Abdullah | Dr. Saima Masood | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Dr. Shela Gul Bokhari.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: The most organized sector of the agriculture is the poultry sector which has a contribution of 1.2 in GDP of Pakistan. It also generates jobs to approximately 1.5 million people associated with this sector. Nutrition plays a vital role in the growth of Poultry birds. Besides major nutrients and vitamins, many other elements play a key role in the development. Minerals are the nutrients that exist in the body and are quite important for the development. The skeletal system plays different roles in body like locomotion, support and it also provides a proper shape to the body. A continuous process of repair and regeneration occurs in bone throughout the life time. Bone related problems in broiler are the result of low production. Phytase enzymes help in digestion of phytate phosphorous which eventually have better effects on bone health.
Addition of Phytase enzyme in the diet results in better growth and development of the bones. Phytase enzyme breaks the antinutritional factor Phytic acid and releases the bound phosphorous that is than utilized by the birds. Keeping in view a 35 days research trial was conducted. A total of 140 birds were divided into 07 treatment groups with o4 replicates. Diet A was corn soybean meal with 0.45 %NPP NRC (1994).Diet B was 0.30% NPP + Fungal Phytase, Diet C was 0.30% NPP + Bacterial Phytase, Diet D was 0.15% NPP +Fungal Phytase, Diet E was 0.15% NPP + Bacterial Phytase, Diet F was 0.0% NPP + Fungal Phytase and Diet G was 0.0% NPP + Bacterial Phytase.
At the end of the trial, the data was analyzed by analysis of variance. The group differences will be compared by Duncan's multiple range test (Steel et al. 1997) using Statistical analysis was conducted with the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS for Windows version 20, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
Results show that there was a significant difference in weight gain (P<0.05) in groups supplemented with Phytase. The bone weight of the broilers with different treatments showed significant difference (p<0.05). It is evident that Group A (control); Group B, Group D and Group G are not significant. Group C showed significance difference when compared with all other groups and maximum bone weight is also attained by Group C. Bone length of the broilers with different treatments showed significant difference (p<0.05). Group C shows significant difference among all the groups and maximum tibial length is also attained by Group C. Diaphysis diameter tibial bone of the broilers with different treatments showed significant difference (p<0.05). Group C showed significance with all groups when compared with other treatment groups. Medullary Canal Diameter of the broilers with different treatments showed significant difference (p<0.05). Maximum Medullary Canal Diameter is of Group C.Weight/ Length Index of the broilers with different treatments showed significant difference (p<0.05). Highest Weight/ Length Index was attained by group C. The Tibiotarsal Index of broilers with different treatments did not show significant difference (p>0.05).Rubosticity Index of the broilers with different treatments showed significant difference (p<0.05). Lowest Rubosticity Index is attained by Group A (Control).Serum Alkaline Phosphatase and serum phosphorous level of the broilers with different treatments did not show significant difference (p>0.05). Whereas Serum calcium level was significant (P<0.05) in different treatment groups.
Conclusion
The results of the study conclude that addition of Phytase at low level of phosphorous results in increased weight gain and also increases bone density in broilers.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1798,T] (1).
12.
Pathological Findings Of Field Isolated Peste Des Petits Ruminants Virus (Pprv) In Experimentally Infected Goats
by Qamar Ullah | Dr. Muti-ur-Rehman Khan | Dr. Saima Masood | Dr. Yasin Tipu.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: The Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) is the influential disease of small ruminants chiefly goats and sheep. It is highly contagious viral disease of economic point of view. It produces hurdles in farming of small ruminants in areas where it is present such as Africa and Asia. Those areas where the disease is endemic and huge numbers of small ruminants are reared by needy farmers; it threats their subsistence. Epidemically the disease identified since 1991 in Punjab province of Pakistan.
The aim of the present study was detection of PPR virus through Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction during period of incubation. The course of the disease was monitored through regular clinical examination and hematological profile. The nature of the disease was evaluated through gross and microscopic lesions. The comparative proteomic analysis of field and vaccinal PPR virus was done through SDS-PAGE.
A total of twenty healthy teddy goats were purchased from local market of Lahore and were reared for 21 days. The goats were randomly divided into Group-A (experimental group) and Group-B (control group), with ten goats (n=10) in each group. Experimental infection of field isolated PPR virus was given intratracheally to the goats of group-A. The goats of group-B served as un-infected control group. For early detection of PPR virus through RT-PCR, ocular and nasal secretions were collected on day 1, 3, 5 and 10 from experimentally infected goats and on day 5 and 10 from goats of control group. Clinical examination of all goats of both groups was performed on daily basis. For hematological analysis, 2.5 mL blood was drawn from jugular vein on day 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 12, 15, 18 and 21st day post infection from all goats of both groups. Gross and microscopic lesions were recorded after slaughtering one goat from each group at day 7, 14 and slaughtering all the remaining goats of both groups on day 21 post infection. Two goats of the experimental group were died naturally, one goat at day 8 and one goat at day 13 post infection. Proteomic analysis of PPR virus harvested from experimentally infected goats was done through SDS-PAGE and was compared with PPR virus vaccinal strain Nigeria 75/1.
The results showed that PPR virus was detected by RT-PCR in PPRV infected goats at day three post infection and before the occurrence of acute clinical signs. The PPR virus was not detected in uninfected goats throughout the studied period which showed that there was no natural circulation of virus in the area of experimental sheds. The clinical examination showed significant increase in rectal temperature, pulse and respiration rates in PPRV infected goats as compared to uninfected goats. From the comparison of hematological parameters in PPR infected and uninfected goats, it was observed that PPRV is linked with some obvious alterations in its hematological profile. PPR in experimentally infected goats led to obvious decrease in the number of leucocytes, erythrocytes, platelets, hemoglobin estimation and packed cell volume but marked increase in mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and mean corpuscular volume as compared to uninfected goats. The gross lesions were specific for PPR which were prominently observed in the digestive and respiratory systems and lymphoid organs. The microscopic lesions revealed that there was congestion in trachea, sloughing in mucosa of rumen, mitotic activity in cardiac myocytes and hemorrhagic & effaced mediastinal lymph nodes of infected goats. From the comparative proteomic analysis through SDS-PAGE, differences in bands of proteins were observed.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 1802,T] (1).
13.
Alteration In Dimensions Of Different Mucosal Components Of Small Intestine Of Rock Pigeon (Columba Livia Domestica) Caused By Dietary Mannan Oligosaccharide
by Sahar ijaz | Dr. Hafsa zaneb | Dr. Muhammad | DR. Saima masood.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2013Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2013,T] (1).
14.
Effect Of Moringa Oleifera Leaf Powder Supplementation On Growth Performance And Gut Morphology In Broiler Chickens
by Imad Khan | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Dr, Muhammad | Dr. Saima Masood.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2139,T] (1).
15.
Evaluation Of Antidiabetic Effects Of Momordica Charantia On Microarchetecture Of Pancreas And Blood Biochemistey in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats
by Saad Khaliq | Dr. Saima Masood | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Dr. Muhammad Shahbaz Yousaf.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2178,T] (1).
16.
A Sonographic Diagnostic Study Of Tendinopathies And Traumatic Injuries Of Joints And Associated Soft Tissue Structures In Equines In And Around Lahore
by Azmat Ullah (2013-VA-440) | Dr. Shehla Gul Bokhari | Dr. Sadaf Aslam | Dr. Saima Masood.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Diagnostic ultrasound was introduced as diagnostic modality in equines in 1982 by Rantanen. Horses are widely used across Pakistan for polo, race and draught purpose. Tendinopathies along with associated arthropathies and / or soft tissue trauma are common aliments among feet problems. However, no work has been done so far in Pakistan regarding the precise sonographic diagnosis of these problems and the seat of lameness, which results in the early culling of these horses. Advancements in diagnostic imaging have greatly improved the efficiency of the veterinarians in diagnosing soft tissues abnormalities. The present project was aimed to addressed these issues regarding precise lameness diagnosis in equines, with respect to sonographic presentation of the tendons, soft tissues and associated joints, and hence, to initiate precise diagnosis for effective treatment in future.
The study was designed to precisely diagnose and characterize the soft tissue injuries occurring concurrently with joint involvement, in the three predominant categories of horses in and around Lahore, viz., Race, Polo and draught-purpose.
For this purpose, twenty-four horses were divided into three groups i.e. A, B and C, each group comprising eight horses. Furthermore, each group were subdivided into two subgroups with four clinically sound horses and four unsound horses presented with soft tissues abnormalities occurring concurrently with or without joint involvement. The changes between sound and unsound structures were compared through intra-group and inter-group comparison.
The study was aimed towards practical needs in addressing to the precise sonographic diagnosis for the seat of lameness and characterization of the lesion. Conclusively, percentage
Summary
64
occurrence and degree of prognosis were assessed. Besides, it will futuristically augment in proper treatment of our precious animals.
Different soft tissue structures of various joints (elbow, carpus, MCP/MCT, stifle, and hock) were sonographically imaged both in sound and unsound horses for the percentage occurences of injuries in all the three group, along with degree of lameness, degree of pain, degree of range of motion in each joint and degree of prognosis. The parameters shown significant correlation with minor differences.
The study proved that occurrence of tendinopathies and associated joint trauma are more common in race horses than in polo and draught-purpose horses. The data regarding sonography of the joints was analyzed by using chi square test with the help of SPSS version 17.
The study can be used as a proven tool for the early diagnosis, prognosis of soft tissue abnormalities and facilitate both veterinarians and owners in long run and can also be used for treatment purposes.Diagnostic ultrasound was introduced as diagnostic modality in equines in 1982 by Rantanen. Horses are widely used across Pakistan for polo, race and draught purpose. Tendinopathies along with associated arthropathies and / or soft tissue trauma are common aliments among feet problems. However, no work has been done so far in Pakistan regarding the precise sonographic diagnosis of these problems and the seat of lameness, which results in the early culling of these horses. Advancements in diagnostic imaging have greatly improved the efficiency of the veterinarians in diagnosing soft tissues abnormalities. The present project was aimed to addressed these issues regarding precise lameness diagnosis in equines, with respect to sonographic presentation of the tendons, soft tissues and associated joints, and hence, to initiate precise diagnosis for effective treatment in future.
The study was designed to precisely diagnose and characterize the soft tissue injuries occurring concurrently with joint involvement, in the three predominant categories of horses in and around Lahore, viz., Race, Polo and draught-purpose.
For this purpose, twenty-four horses were divided into three groups i.e. A, B and C, each group comprising eight horses. Furthermore, each group were subdivided into two subgroups with four clinically sound horses and four unsound horses presented with soft tissues abnormalities occurring concurrently with or without joint involvement. The changes between sound and unsound structures were compared through intra-group and inter-group comparison.
The study was aimed towards practical needs in addressing to the precise sonographic diagnosis for the seat of lameness and characterization of the lesion. Conclusively, percentage
Summary
64
occurrence and degree of prognosis were assessed. Besides, it will futuristically augment in proper treatment of our precious animals.
Different soft tissue structures of various joints (elbow, carpus, MCP/MCT, stifle, and hock) were sonographically imaged both in sound and unsound horses for the percentage occurences of injuries in all the three group, along with degree of lameness, degree of pain, degree of range of motion in each joint and degree of prognosis. The parameters shown significant correlation with minor differences.
The study proved that occurrence of tendinopathies and associated joint trauma are more common in race horses than in polo and draught-purpose horses. The data regarding sonography of the joints was analyzed by using chi square test with the help of SPSS version 17.
The study can be used as a proven tool for the early diagnosis, prognosis of soft tissue abnormalities and facilitate both veterinarians and owners in long run and can also be used for treatment purposes. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2272-T] (1).
17.
Effect Of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Supplementation On Intestinal Morphology Of Broiler Chicken
by Sultan Ali (2013-VA-774) | Dr. Saima Masood | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Dr. Muhammad Quiad Zaman.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Zinc is a vital mineral for birds functioning elaborately in protein synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism and a part of many biochemical reactions. By using nanoparticles of zinc, the bioavailability of zinc increases due to increase surface area which improve intestinal architecture. Globally minute study has been documented on the supplementation of ZONPs in poultry and very rare is documented in Pakistan.
This study was designed to evaluate the effect of ZONP supplementation on histomorphometric parameters of small intestine and cecal tonsil in broiler. The study included 100 day-old broiler chicks which were randomly allocated into four groups (n= 25), each group having five replicates (n= 5). Group A was served as control group and was fed only basal diet (BD), Group B was supplemented with BD plus 80 mg/kg of ZnO, Group C was supplemented with BD plus 40mg/kg of ZONP and Group D was supplemented with BD plus 80mg/kg of ZONP for 35 days. Two birds from each replicate were randomly selected and slaughtered on day 35, birds were excised and samples from small intestine were taken from duodenum, jejunum, ileum and cecal tonsil from ceaca. Paraffin embedding technique was used to process the samples which were stained by Haematoxyline & Eosin technique and combined Alcian blue- PAS. Histomorphometry was done by using software (ProgRes®2.1.1 Capture Prog Camera Control Software). The data was analyzed by using one way-ANOVA. Differences between the groups were compared by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test and were considered significant at P < 0.05.
The intestinal parameters, villus height, width, surface area, crypt depth, thickness of lamina propria, muscularis mucosa and muscularis externa were measured. Acidic, mixed and total goblet cells and intraepithelial lymphocytes were also counted in intestinal samples. In cecal tonsils length, width, area and total lymphatic nodules were measured.
Summary
38
The results showed that in duodenum and ileum the villus height, width and surface area was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in group C, while that of jejunum was greatest (P <0.05) in group D, the crypt depth of duodenum was deeper in group B. Total goblet cells count was significantly higher (P< 0.05) in group C and D in all three sections of small intestine also the acidic goblet cells of jejunum and ileum, while the mixed goblet cells count was highest (P< 0.05) in group C and D of duodenum and ileum. No significant difference were observed in IEL count between different groups. The length, width, area and total number of lymphatic nodule of cecal tonsils was higher (P < 0.05) in group C and D.
In conclusion supplementing ZONP at the dose of 40mg/kg in diet of broilers improved gut morphology and at the dose of 40 and 80 mg/kg improved the mucosal immune cells count. To know the actual mechanism of ZONP with relation to these findings further study is required to be documented. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2375-T] (1).
18.
Effects Of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Supplementation On Serum Biochemical Profile In Broilers
by Natasha Laraib (2013-VA-568) | Dr. Muhammad Quaid Zaman | Dr. Khalid Abdul Majeed | Dr. Saima Masood.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Zinc is a component of about three hundred enzymes of all six enzyme classes. Zinc oxide nano particles (ZNOPs) improve the antioxidant status of broilers. By using ZNOPs, the bioavailability increases due to its smallest size and large surface area. Up to the best of our knowledge, no research work has been conducted on supplementation of ZNOPs in poultry in Pakistan and very little has been documented worldwide.
ZNOPs improve the anti-oxidant health status of broilers at low concentrations compared with bulk zinc oxide.
The study was consist of 100 day-old broiler chicks and randomly divided into 4 groups, each group consists of five replicates (n= 5 in each replicate). Group A was control fed with basal diet (BD) only, Group B was supplemented with 80 mg ZnO/kg BD, Group C and D was supplemented with 40 and 80 mg ZNOPs/kg BD respectively for 35 days. The parameters were delayed type hyper sensitivity, malondialdehyde, glucose, total protein, albumin, globulin, triiodothyronine, thyroxin, creatinine, bilirubin, urea and uric acid.
Statistical analysis was conducted with Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS version 20 USA). The data was analyzed using one way ANOVA.
The results of serum glucose concentration was found significantly higher (P < 0.05) in Group B and Group C compared to the Group A but was found similar to Group D Delayed type hyper sensitivity, Serum Anti-oxidant status, Serum Proteins, Serum
thyroid hormone level, Kidney Function Tests, Serum Bilirubin Concentration were found non-significant (P < 0.05) in all the groups compared to the control group.
ZNOPs do not cause nephrotoxicity hence they are safe for kidney .These particles does not disturb the thyroid hormones. However their antioxidant and protein effects were not observed in our study. That could be due to low dose of ZNOPs. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2412-T] (1).
19.
Effect Of Moringa Oleifera Leaf Powder Supplementation On Morphometric Characteristics Of Bone And Skeletal Muscle Of Broiler Chicken
by Hafiz Faseeh ur Rehman (2013-VA-437) | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Dr. Saima Masood | Dr. Muhammad Shahbaz Yousaf.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Herbal extracts are being used as alternatives to sub-therapeutic antibiotics. Their mechanism of action involves improving growth performance through modulation of immune status of birds and increasing absorption of nutrients through gastro-intestinal tract. Moringa oleifera is one such herb which not only has antibacterial, antifungal properties but also have a good quantity of essential vitamins and minerals.
This study was aimed to analyze the effect of Moringa oleifera leaf powder in different concentrations (0.6%, 0.9%, 1.2% and 1.5%) on commercially important muscle characteristics and morphometric parameters of tibia bone.
Day-old broilers (n = 100) were randomly divided into five groups (A, B, C, D & E), each group having 4 replicates (n=5). Group A (Control) was fed basal diet while group B, C, D & E were fed same diet with 0.6%, 0.9% ,1.2% and 1.5 % supplementation of Moringa oleifera leaf powder for 35 days. Birds were immunized against Newcastle disease, infectious bronchitis and infectious bursal disease.
On day 35 of the experiment, two birds from each replicate were randomly selected and slaughtered by exsanguination. Blood was collected in plan test tube and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 5 minutes to harvest serum and alkaline phosphatase activity was measured in serum. After slaughtering samples of breast muscle (pectoralis major) were taken for pH measurement and water holding capacity (WHC). For histological slide preparation breast muscle sample were processed by paraffin embedding technique and stained by Haematoxyline & Eosin. Histomorphometry was done by using software (ProgRes®2.1.1 Capture Prog Camera Control Software).
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The right and left tibiae of each bird were collected for the morphometric measurements. One-way analysis of variance was used to analyze the data. Group differences were compared by the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test Difference between groups was considered significant at P < 0.05.
The results revealed that water holding capacity (WHC) was higher in 0.6% MOLP, 0.9% MOLP and 1.5% MOLP supplemented groups as compare to control group. pH values of breast meat in all MOLP supplemented groups were significantly higher at o hour, 12 hour and 24 hour after slaughtering.
The supplementation of MOLP did not significantly affect muscle fiber density in breast muscle, but muscle fibre diameter of breast muscle from groups supplemented with 1.2% and 1.5% MOLP were significantly higher (P<0.05) than control group and group supplemented with 0.6% MOLP. The muscle fibre diameter of breast muscle of 0.9% MOLP supplemented group did not vary significantly from control as well as all other MOLP supplemented groups.
In tibia, bone length, bone diameter, medullary canal diameter did not change significantly in supplemented and control group. The weight of tibia bone increased significantly in groups supplemented with 1.2% MOLP and 1.5% MOLP when compared to control group. In right tibia, all treated groups ash% was significantly (P<0.05) high when compared to control group but the left tibiae the ash% of left tibia was significantly (P<0.05) higher in 0.6% MOLP supplemented group when compare to all other groups. The ash% of control group, 0.9% and 1.2% MOLP supplemented groups were significantly high than 1.5% MOLP.
The serum ALP level and Tibio-Tarsal Index did not vary significantly in all experimental groups. The robusticity index of control group was higher for both left and right tibia bone when compared to 1.2% MOLP and 1.5% MOLP supplemented groups. The
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39
Weight/Length Index of tibia bone was also significantly high in 1.2% MOLP and 1.5% MOLP supplemented groups as compared to control group.
One of the most important considerations which should be kept in mind at the time of sample collection for WHC measurements and for getting cross section of muscles on slides for microscopic morphometry is orientation of muscle fibre and muscle fascicle in a given muscle. The muscle fibres of breast muscle (pectoralis major) in birds are neither perpendicular nor parallel with keel bone’s long axis but running at an oblique angle where the higher end of muscle fibre is on the lateral edges of muscle and lower end of muscle fibre is towards the medial end, so for sampling one must first ascertain muscle fibre direction and then they should be cut perpendicular to their oblique angle.
Conclusion
Supplementation of Moringa oleifera leaf powder (1.2% and 1.5%) in diet of broilers improved commercially important traits of breast muscle along with improving the mineral contents and strength of tibia bone. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2461-T] (1).
20.
Effect Of Phytase And Probiotic Supplementation On The Morphology Of Tibia Bone And Pectoralis Muscle In Japanese Quail (Coturnix Coturnix Japonica)
by Asad Hannan (2014-VA-02) | Dr. Saima Masood) | Dr. Hafsa Zaned | Dr. Imtiaz Rabbani.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: The uniform provision of protein to the growing human population demands development
of alternative resources for meat production. Among others, the quail farming presents graceful
enterprise because of its better meat quality with greater profit margin. The faster growth rate,
lower generation interval and greater resistance to disease is called the quail as righteous source
for meat stuff. The domesticated Japanese quail can lay up to 300 eggs a year. Quail is
acknowledged for its relatively low price, the typically convenient portions and no religious
restrictions over its consumption. Bone and muscle are the organs that provide the structural
support to birds and serve as a source of minerals and protein. Leg bone deformities and low
growth cause economic losses. Phytase and probiotics as a growth promoter in the feed have
beneficial effect on performance, bone and muscle health of Japanese quail. Two hundred day old
quail chicks were arranged and kept at experimental shed, ART center, UVAS, Lahore. The shed
was fumigated with KMnO4 and 10% Formalin before chick’s arrival. The birds were weighed
and randomly divided into four groups (I, II, III, IV) and each group contained 50 birds with five
replicates (n=10). The experimental design was a complete randomized design (CRD). Birds were
fed starter and finisher commercial corn-based basal diet (BD) supplemented with probiotic
(Bacillus cereus) and microbial phytase with ad-libitum access to fresh water for 28 days. Group-
I was served as control and fed only basal diet, Group-II was given BD + 0.01% microbial phytase.
Group-III was given BD + 0.1% probiotic (Bacillus cereus), Group IV was given BD + 0.01%
microbial phytase + 0.1% probiotic (Bacillus cereus). On day 28, two birds from each replicate
were slaughtered by cutting the carotid arteries with subsequent exsanguination. The left and right
tibia of each quail were detached as drumstick. The drumsticks were labelled and boiled in water
at 1000C for ten minutes and then drumsticks were cooled at room temperature. Flesh on
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36
drumsticks were removed and then for 24 hours, bones were air dried at room temperature.
Concerning with histology of a muscles, pectoralis muscle segments were fixed in neutral buffered
formalin (10%) soon after slaughtering. Tissues were dehydrated by transferring through a series
of alcohol with increasing concentrations, placed into xylene and samples were prepared and
processed through paraffin embedding technique. After this time period the paraffin blocks were
cut at 5 μm thickness and then stained by standard Haematoxylin and Eosin procedure. All slides
were examined under light microscope supplied with camera and connected with a computer. For
Histomorphometry, a commercial program was used. Different parameters which were studied
include body weight gain, weight and length of tibia bone, outside diameter, medullary canal
diameter, wall thickness, weight/length index, bone ash contents, pH and water holding capacity
of pectoralis muscles, fiber diameter, fiber cross sectional area, fascicle diameter, fascicle cross
sectional area, number of muscle fiber per unit area and number of muscle fascicle per unit area.
Results showed that body weight was increased in those groups supplemented with probiotic and
phytase. Weight and length of tibia bone, bone ash contents of Japanese quail supplemented with
probiotic (Bacillus cereus), Phytase and in combination had significant values than that of control
group. There was no significant difference among the groups regarding pH and water holding
capacity observed. Fiber diameter, fiber cross sectional area, fascicle diameter, fascicle cross
sectional area, number of muscle fiber per unit area and number of muscle fascicle per unit area of
pectoralis muscle of Japanese quail had significant differences than that of control group. It is
concluded that probiotic (Bacillus cereus), Phytase and their combination improve the body
weight, morphometric characters of bone and muscles in Japanese quail. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2463-T] (1).
21.
Morphometry Of Udder, Teat And Milk Vein In Nili Ravi Buffalo (Bubalis Bubalis) And It’s Relationship With Milk Yield.
by Mirza Muhammad Usman (2003-VA-138) | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Dr. Saima Masood | Dr. Asim Khalid Mahmood.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: SUMMARY
Morphological and physiological properties of mammary system are affecting the milk production in dairy animals and the quality and quantity of milk produced by them is dependent on its health particularly the health of its udder. Nili Ravi (Bubalis bubalis) buffalo is a native breed of Pakistan found in irrigated plains of Punjab and is also referred to as black gold because of its vital role in national economics. About two third of the total milk produced nationally comes from the buffalo milk and these animals also contribute to production of meat and draught power. Like for other dairy animals, morphometry of the udder is considered an important tool in the selection of our local buffaloes but the scientific reports regarding the difference of udder morphometric parameters in high and low yielding animals are still lacking. Keeping in mind the importance of this local breed and its huge contributions in fulfilling the daily milk needs of Pakistan, present study was designed to document the differences in the morphometric parameters of udder in two groups of Nili Ravi Buffaloes.
Forty healthy Nili Ravi buffalos having a minimum BCS of 2.5, and in second or above lactation were selected. The animals were housed in a semi closed housing system. Buffalos free from udder pathologies were selected and were hand-milked. These were then equally divided into two groups according to their average daily milk production MP 1 group (4–6.9 liters per day), MP 2 group (7–9.9 liters per day). The morphometry of the udder, teat and milk vein was recorded twice, two hours before and two hours after milking. Teat length, udder depth and udder horizontal circumference were measured with the help of measuring tape. External teat diameter and milk vein diameter were measured with the help of vernier caliper. The external teat diameter and the internal diameter of the milk vein were measured with the help of
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24
ultrasound. The data thus obtained were statistically analyzed by using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) for Windows version 13.3 and presented as mean ± SE. Normal distribution of the data was checked by Kolmogorov Smirnov test. Statistical differences within the group were analyzed by paired T test. The significance of the parameters among the groups i.e., MP 1 & MP 2 made on the basis of low and high milk yield respectively was studied by Independent T test. All the differences were considered significant at P < 0.05.
Results revealed that ejection of milk did not affect the length of teats within the group for both MP 1 and MP 2 groups except in case of right fore-teats of MP 2 group (showing an increase after milking). When the similar parameter was compared between the groups we could not observe the effects of milking on TL. External teat diameter showed a decrease after milk ejection in both the groups except in right hind teat of the low producing group and teats of left sides in high producing animals. However we could not observe the difference of this external teat diameter between two groups of Buffaloes based on milk production. Teat cistern diameter (TCD) did not differ before and after milking, when compared between the high and low yielding Buffalos and within the group of high yielding animals. The TCD within MP 1 group showed variable results for left and right fore- teats. Depth of the udder and udder horizontal circumference did not show any significant difference before and after milking within as well as between the two groups. Milk vein diameter was greater in both the groups before milking, however, the diameter of the milk vein remained unchanged when compared between the high and low yielding animals. Diameter of the milk vein measured with the help of ultrasound remained statistically same between and within the two groups of buffaloes.
In conclusion, this study showed that most of the morphometric parameters of the udder including teat length, external teat diameter, teat cistern diameter, udder depth and diameter of
the milk vein were not different between the groups of Nili Ravi buffalo selected on the basis of difference in their milk production. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2467-T] (1).
22.
Season-Based Anatomical, Histological And Functional Modulations In Testes Of Nili-Ravi Buffalo Bulls In Sahiwal And Bahawalpur Divisions
by Sajid Hameed (2012-VA-651) | Dr. Saima Masood | Dr. Muhammad Younis | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Morphometric/histomorphometric analysis on testes of any species is necessary to assess qualitative changes in testicular components and spermatogenic functions. Testicular biometry, histomorphometry of seminiferous tubules, semen characteristics and dimensional characteristics of spermatozoa are generally affected by the climatic variations. In Pakistan, breeding bulls are kept at different semen productions units located in different climatic zones without any consideration of the climatic conditions and scientific justifications. In this breed until now, few reports are available on the seasonal variations in testicular biometry and semen characteristics. Seasonal influence on histomorphometry and dimensional characteristics of spermatozoa has not been studied before in this breed. Furthermore, all these parameters have not yet been studied in different climatic zones simultaneously to investigate the comparative climatic effect on the bull performance which may form the basis for keeping Nili-Ravi buffalo breeding bulls under best climatic zone for optimal performance.
Keeping in view the above facts and gaps, the present study was conducted with objectives; to study the climate-led modulations in biometry and histomorphometry of testes, semen characteristics and dimensional characteristics of spermatozoa in Sahiwal and Bahawalpur divisions (two different climatic zones of Punjab) and to study the modulations in biometry and histomorphometry of testes, semen characteristics and dimensional characteristics of spermatozoa due to seasonal variations within each climatic zone in Nili-Ravi buffalo bulls. The study was carried out in Sahiwal and Bahawalpur divisions simultaneously for the period of one year divided into seasons (autumn, spring, dry summer, humid summer and winter). The study was accomplished in a set of two experiments. In Experiment-I, testicular biometry and
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histomorphometry was studied in Nili-Ravi buffalo bulls in both the divisions. For testicular biometry, 14 adult Nili-Ravi buffalo breeding bulls (n=7 from SPU Karaniwala, Bahawalpur; n=7 from SPU Qadirabad, Sahiwal), aged 5-8 years, were used. Body Weight and orchidometric parameters viz. Scrotal Circumference, Testicular Length, Testicular Width and Paired Testicular Volume were recorded fortnightly. Whereas, for histomorphometry of testes, 200 healthy adult Nili-Ravi buffalo bulls (n=20 during each season from each division), aged 5-8 years, slaughtered at abattoirs, were used. For this purpose, cube pieces of testicular parenchyma (about 1cm3) were collected, processed for paraffin sectioning techniques, and stained with haematoxylin and eosin. Diameter of Seminiferous Tubules and Seminiferous Epithelial Height were measured using software (PixelPro). In Experiment-II, semen characteristics and dimensional characteristics of spermatozoa were studied. For this purpose, semen was collected fortnightly from Nili-Ravi buffalo breeding bulls used in experiment-I, viz. {14 adult Nili-Ravi buffalo breeding bulls (n=7 from SPU Karaniwala, Bahawalpur; n=7 from SPU Qadirabad, Sahiwal), aged 5-8 years}. Semen characteristics; Semen Volume, Color, pH, Mass Motility, Percentage of Individual Motile Spermatozoa and Concentration of Spermatozoa were studied. Dimensional characteristics of spermatozoa from semen samples of all breeding bulls were studied using Eosin-Nigrosin stain. The six dimensional characteristics of spermatozoa viz. Head Length, Head Breadth, Head Shape, Mid-Piece Length, Tail Length and Total Sperm Length were studied on software (PixelPro).
Body weight, scrotal circumference, average testicular length, average testicular width and paired testicular volume were 706.05±3.03kg, 34.62±0.22cm, 13.45±0.07cm, 6.29±0.03cm and 640.65±11.51cm3respectively in Sahiwal division and 690.99±3.96kg, 32.93±0.19cm, 13.04±0.07cm, 6.08±0.03cm, 561.95±9.43cm3 respectively in Bahawalpur division. In Sahiwal
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division, body weight was significantly higher (P<0.05) in autumn and winter, whereas in Bahawalpur division non-significant differences in body weight were observed among all the seasons with highest body weight in winter and lowest in humid summer. Overall mean body weight was significantly higher (P<0.05) in Sahiwal division as compared to Bahawalpur division. In Sahiwal division, highest scrotal circumference was found in autumn followed by spring, winter, humid summer and dry summer with non-significant differences among the seasons. Similar results were obtained in Bahawalpur division. It was recorded to be higher (P<0.05) in Sahiwal than Bahawalpur division. Pattern of seasonal variations in average testicular length was similar to that of scrotal circumference in both the divisions. Overall average testicular length was significantly higher (P<0.05) in Sahiwal division as compared to Bahawalpur division. Average testicular width was highest (P>0.05) in autumn in both divisions. Overall average testicular width was significantly higher (P<0.05) in Sahiwal division compared with Bahawalpur division. In both divisions, paired testicular volume was non-significantly higher (P>0.05) in autumn followed by spring, winter, humid summer and dry summer. Overall paired testicular volume was significantly higher (P<0.05) in Sahiwal division than Bahawalpur division. There was found a significantly positive (P<0.01) correlation between body weight and various testicular biometrical parameters in both the divisions. All the testicular biometrical parameters were also significantly positively (P<0.01) correlated with each other in both the divisions. Values of seminiferous tubule diameter and seminiferous epithelial height were 248.52±1.07μmand 70.03±0.46μm, respectively in Sahiwal division and 225.85±1.01μm and 66.03±0.42μm, respectively in Bahawalpur division. In both divisions diameter of seminiferous tubules was significantly higher (P<0.05) in autumn and spring. Lowest values were observed in dry summer in Sahiwal division, while it was lowest in humid summer in Bahawalpur division.
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Seminiferous tubule diameter was significantly higher (P<0.05) in Sahiwal division than Bahawalpur division in all the seasons. Seasonal and climatic influence on the seminiferous epithelial height was almost similar to the seminiferous tubule diameter in both the divisions. Seminiferous tubule diameter showed a significantly positive (P<0.01) correlation with seminiferous epithelial height in both the divisions.
Ejaculatory volume, semen color score, pH, mass motility score, individual sperm motility and sperm concentration were4.63±0.11mL, 1.06±0.06, 6.48±0.04, 2.06±0.06, 66.02±0.76% and 1023.27±30.90 million/mL respectively in Sahiwal and 2.60±0.09mL, 0.88±0.08, 6.67±0.04, 1.86±0.09, 49.72±2.70% and 854.27±28.53 million/mL respectively in Bahawalpur division. In both the divisions non-significant difference (P>0.05) in ejaculatory volume was recorded in all the seasons with maximum volume in spring in Sahiwal division but in humid summer in Bahawalpur division. Ejaculatory volume was significantly higher (P<0.05) in Sahiwal division compared with Bahawalpur division in all the seasons. In Sahiwal division significantly higher (P<0.05) semen color score was observed in autumn, whereas it was non-significantly higher in autumn in Bahawalpur division. Overall, it was found non-significantly higher (P>0.05) in Sahiwal division as compared to Bahawalpur division during all the seasons. In Sahiwal division the significantly lowest (P<0.05) pH was observed in autumn. Significantly highest (P<0.05) pH was observed in winter. In Bahawalpur division pH was also lowest in autumn and highest in winter but the differences were non-significant. Overall pH was significantly lower (P<0.05) in Sahiwal division than Bahawalpur division. In Sahiwal division mass motility score was significantly higher (P<0.05) in autumn with lowest score in winter. In Bahawalpur division the non-significant effect of the season on mass motility was observed. It was non-significantly higher in Sahiwal division than Bahawalpur division. In Sahiwal division
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significantly lowest (P<0.05) individual sperm motility was observed in winter and it was highest (P<0.05) in spring. In Bahawalpur division non-significant differences were observed among the seasons with maximum individual sperm motility in dry summer and minimum winter. It was significantly higher (P<0.05) in Sahiwal division than Bahawalpur division. In Sahiwal division significantly higher (P<0.05) sperm concentration was found in autumn with lowest value in winter. In Bahawalpur division there was non-significant influence of season. Overall sperm concentration was significantly higher (P<0.05) in Sahiwal division. In both divisions ejaculatory volume showed non-significant correlation with all other semen parameters. Semen pH showed significantly negative correlation (P<0.01) with mass motility, individual sperm motility and sperm concentration. Mass motility, individual sperm motility and sperm concentration showed significant positive correlation (P<0.01) with each other.
Sperm head length, head breadth, head shape, mid-piece length, tail length and total sperm length were 7.60±0.01μm, 4.80±0.02μm, 1.59±0.01, 11.54±0.02μm, 43.62±0.42μm and 62.75±0.42μm respectively in Sahiwal division and 7.58±0.01μm, 4.74±0.02μm, 1.60±0.01, 11.64±0.02μm, 39.88±0.51μm and 59.10±0.50μm respectively in Bahawalpur division. Season had non-significant effect (P>0.05) on the sperm head length in both the divisions. It was also non-significantly longer (P>0.05) in Sahiwal division as compared to Bahawalpur division. In both divisions significantly higher (P<0.05) value of sperm head breadth was found in autumn. Sperm head breadth was non-significantly higher (P>0.05) in Sahiwal division compared with Bahawalpur division in all the seasons. Sperm head shape value was significantly lower (P<0.05)in autumn than other seasons in Sahiwal division and almost similar results were obtained in Bahawalpur division. Overall it was non-significantly lower in Sahiwal division than Bahawalpur division. In both divisions the mid-piece length was significantly higher (P<0.05) in
Summary
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winter than spring and lowest in the spring. Overall mid-piece was significantly shorter (P<0.05) in Sahiwal division. In Sahiwal division sperm tail was significantly longest (P<0.05) in autumn. In Bahawalpur division it was significantly longer (P<0.05) in autumn and spring. Overall the sperm tail was significantly longer (P<0.05) in Sahiwal division. The pattern of seasonal and climatic influence on total sperm length was almost similar to that of sperm tail length. Similar correlation results were observed in both the divisions. Head shape and mid-piece length had significant negative correlation (P<0.01) with other parameters. Head length, head breadth, tail length and total sperm length had significant positive correlation (P<0.01) with each other.
In overall, body weight and testicular biometrical parameters were negatively correlated with ejaculatory volume and pH, while positively correlated with semen color, mass motility, individual sperm motility and sperm concentration. In overall, body weight and testicular biometrical parameters had negative correlation with sperm head shape and mid-piece length (with some exceptions in Sahiwal division) and the positive correlation with head length, head breadth, tail length and total sperm length in both the divisions, non-significantly in Sahiwal, whereas significantly(P<0.01) in Bahawalpur division. In overall, semen color, mass motility, individual sperm motility and sperm concentration had negative correlation with sperm head shape and mid-piece length, whereas correlation was positive with sperm head length, head breadth, tail length and total sperm length. In contrary, pH had positive correlation with sperm head shape and mid-piece length, whereas correlation was negative with other sperm parameters in both the divisions. In conclusion, the milder seasons are favorable for optimal performance of Nili-Ravi buffalo bulls and climate of Sahiwal division is more favorable than that of Bahawalpur division.
Summary
145
In conclusion, testicular biometric / histomorphometric parameter values are better in autumn and spring than summer and winter seasons and in Sahiwal than Bahawalpur division. Likewise, superior quality semen is produced in autumn and spring than summer and winter seasons and in Sahiwal than Bahawalpur division. Autumn and spring seasons and climate of Sahiwal division have additive effect on sperm dimensions, except mid-piece length. Orchidometric parameters are positively correlated with semen quality. Diameter of seminiferous tubules is positively correlated with seminiferous epithelial height. Superior quality semen has a positive correlation with sperm head length, head breadth, tail length and total sperm length.
From the results of present study, it has been concluded that testicular biometry, histomorphometry, semen characteristics and dimensional characteristics of spermatozoa are influenced by the seasonal and climatic variation i.e. overall bull performance is influence by these variations. Nili-Ravi buffalo bulls perform better in autumn and spring than other seasons and in Sahiwal division than Bahawalpur division. Therefore, it is clear that the seasonal and climatic conditions of the region / location should be considered for the establishment of new semen production units for the optimal performance of the Nili-Ravi buffalo breeding bulls. Future studies are recommended on comparative fertility rates using the semen collected and cryopreserved from the bulls kept in different climatic zones. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2480-T] (1).
23.
Effect Of Probiotic And Phytase On Histomorphometry Of Small Intestine And Cecal Tonsils In Japanese Quail (Coturnix Coturnix Japonica)
by Saman Alam (2014-VA-495) | Dr. Saima Masood | Dr. Hafsa Zainab | Dr. Imtiaz Rabbani.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: The morphology of small intestine is known to be altered by its nutritional condition. Intestinal bacteria play a significant role in the nutritional and protective functions of the host. The immunodefence mechanism of the cecal tonsil regulates the proliferation of microflora in the caecum. Probiotic and phytase as a growth promoter in the feed have a beneficial effect on histomorphometry of small intestine and cecal tonsils in Japanese quail.
Bacillus cereus and bacterial phytase may show positive effect on histomorphometric characteristics of small intestine and cecal tonsils in Japanese quail.
200-day old quail chicks were separated into four groups (n=5) with five replicates (n=10). Group-I was kept as control and fed with basal diet, Group-II was fed with BD + 0.1% Bacillus cereus. Group-III was fed with BD+ 0.01% bacterial phytase, Group IV was given BD+ 0.01% phytase + 0.1% probiotic. On 28th day, two birds from each replicate were slaughtered. The small intestine segments (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum), cecal tonsils were removed. Specimens of duodenum, jejunum, ileum and cecal tonsils were washed with normal saline and preserved in 10% neutral buffered formalin. Small intestine segments and cecal tonsils were processed by H & E stain. Goblet cell was stained & count with Alcian blue-periodic Acid-Schiff. Slides were observed under light microscope provided with camera and linked with a computer for Histomorphometry.
Data thus collected was analyzed by ANOVA technique using SPSS. The means was further compared using Post Hoc test at P<0.05.
Weight of liver was significantly increased in probiotic group in comparison to control group. The combination of probiotic and phytase supplemented group showed increase in liver weight.
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40
Weight of spleen was not affected with supplementation of probiotic and phytase individually and in combination. The weight of small intestine showed positive effect in combination group as compared to control and other treatment groups. The length of small intestine was increased in probiotic group as compared to other treatment groups and control. No significant result was observed in all experimental groups as compared to control group. In duodenum villus height and villus height: crypt depth and muscularis externa was increased in probiotic group in comparison to other experimental groups and control group. Intraepithelial lymphocytes were increased in duodenum in combination group as compared to treatment groups and control. No significant increase in villus width, muscularis mucosae and villus surface area in duodenum. In jejunum villus height and muscularis externa was increased in probiotic group in comparison to other treatment groups and control group. No significant differences were observed in villus width, crypt depth, surface area and muscularis mucosa in between the groups. In ilium villus height, muscularis mucosa thickness and muscularis externa thickness was enhanced in probiotic group as compared to other treated groups. In phytase supplemented group the villus width and intra epithelial lymphocytes were increased as compared to control and other treated groups. In cecal tonsils height and width of lymphatic nodules was enhanced in combination group in comparison to control and other treatment groups.
Dietary supplementation of probiotic and phytase may be useful in enhancing intestinal microarchitecture and immunomodulatory effect in Japanese quail. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2704-T] (1).
24.
In Vitro Comparison of Buffer Temperature on Electrophysiological & Histological Indices of Ruminal Epithelium
by Muhammad Jawad Masood Khan (2014-VA-817) | Dr. Imtiaz Rabbani | Dr. Khalid Abdul Majeed | Dr. Saima Masood.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: CD corrupted. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2698-T] (1).
25.
Evaluation Of Multiple Heated Oil Consumption On Liver And Kidney Health In Male And Female Rats
by Sehar Ashraf (2014-VA-528) | Dr. Muhammad Shahbaz Yousaf | Dr. Imtiaz Rabbani | Dr. Saima Masood.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Reuse of oil during food making is practiced worldwide. This practice is established not only by roadside food stalls but also customary to food outlets, restaurants and hotels in big cities. The process of heating and reheating of dietary oil results in oxidation of oil and generation of free radicals and toxic compounds. These toxic compounds cause red patches and necrosis in liver and kidney, antioxidants decreases also.
The consumption of multiple heated oil may affect liver and kidney health in male and female rats. Eighteen male and eighteen female Wistar rats were taken and divided into groups. Group-I (negative control) fed chow diet and sub-divided into two groups, based upon gender, IA (negative control males) and IB (negative control females). Group-II was given chow diet mixed with 15% v/w single time heated oil and sub-divided into two groups based on gender i.e., IIA and IIB. Animals in sub-groups IIIA and IIIB were fed on chow diet mixed with 15% v/w multiple heated oil. Blood samples were collected at the end of four weeks of study. Hepatic (AST, ALT, ALP, bilirubin) and renal (creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, uric acid) functions, oxidants and antioxidants (in blood and (liver, kidney) tissues) parameters were studied. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA on SPSS. Differences between the groups were compared by the Tukey’s test. Differences were considered significant at P < 0.05.
Upon feeding of fried oil liver and kidney damage occurred due to oxidation of oil. But in our present study single time and multiple time heated oil consumption did not damage liver and kidney. Alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and liver catalase significantly higher values in oil feeding groups confirm that chow diet was energy deficient whereas oil supplementation enhance diet energy.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2723-T] (1).
26.
Evaluation Of Repeatedly Heated Oil Consumption On Anthropometric Characteristics And Lipid Profile In Male And Female Rats
by Aasma Bashir Ahmed | Dr. Muhammad Shahbaz Yousaf | Dr. Khalid Abdul Majeed | Dr. Saima Masood.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Deep-fat frying of foods is the most common and quickest method in food preparation. Numerous chemical changes occur during heating process of oils, which promotes the production of different volatile and non-volatile compounds. These noxious compounds are absorbed in the food, and ultimately enter the systemic circulation after digestion and absorption. Effects of peroxidation of biological systems come with a number of pathological manifestations including incidence of oxidative stress, glucose intolerance and atherosclerosis.
Repeatedly heated cooking oil consumption has harmful effects on anthropometric characteristics, lipid profile in male and female rats.
Thirty six adult male and female Wistar rats were selected and divided into six groups having three groups of male rats and three groups of female rats. Group-I including IA (negative control males) and IB (negative control females) were fed chow diet. Group-II including IIA and IIB were given chow diet mixed with 15% v/w fresh oil. Animals in sub-groups IIIA and IIIB were fed on chow diet mixed with 15% v/w fried oil. Body weights were recorded weekly. Organs and blood samples were collected at the end of 28 days to assess organ weights, measure plasma glucose level and lipid profile.
Data was analyzed using SPSS software. Data was analyzed using two-way ANOVA. The group differences were compared by Tukey’s range test. Differences were considered significant at P < 0.05.
Body length of rats was not significantly affected by the feeding of single and multiple fried oil. Effects of treatment, gender and week are significant on body weights of rats. Effect of single and multiple fried oil feeding was significant on absolute weights of abdominal fat and
Summary
63
liver and non- significant on absolute weights of heart, kidney and testes. Treatment effect was non-significant on relative weights of abdominal fat, heart, kidneys and testes, whereas effect was significant only on relative weights of liver. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2724-T] (1).
27.
Comparative Morphological Study Of Gastrointestinal Organs Of Domestic And Wild Migratory Duck In Pakistan
by Muhammad Shuaib (2015-VA-1059) | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Dr. Saima Masood | Prof. Dr. Habib-Ur-Rehman.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Reported literature provides limited information on histology and histomorphometry of its GIT organs and gut associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) of wild duck (Gadwall; Anas strepera). This study seeks to document histology and histomorphometric features of above-mentioned organs of Gadwall and compare them to those of the domestic duck.
Seven adult domestic and wild ducks were collected from local market and Chashma Barrage, Mianwali, respectively. After slaughtering, samples from esophagus, proventriculus, gizzard, pyloric tonsils, small intestine and cecal segments were collected. GIT and visceral organs length and weight were recorded respectively. All the samples were processed by paraffin embedding technique followed by H&E and Alcian blue-PAS staining techniques. The slides were observed under bright field microscope for measurements (LABOMED® USA). For esophagus, thicknesses of layers of its wall were recorded. For proventriculus and gizzard, histological description was considered. For small intestines, villus height, width and surface area, crypt depth, thickness of lamina propria, muscularis mucosae and tunica muscularis were recorded, and IELs and goblet cells were counted. For pyloric and cecal tonsils, height, width, number and distribution area of lymphatic nodules were recorded. Independent sample t-test was used to analyze the data (mean ± SEM). Differences was considered significant at p<0.05.
The results showed that in wild ducks live body weight was lower as compared to the domestic ducks. In wild ducks esophagus length was lower as compared to the domestic ducks. The relative weight of the esophagus was higher in the wild ducks as compared to the domestic ducks. The relative weights (filled and empty) of proventriculus, gizzard and small intestine were higher in the wild ducks as compared to the domestic ducks.
Summary
43
In wild ducks large intestine length was higher as compared to the domestic ducks. In the wild ducks relative weights of spleen, pyloric tonsils and Bursa of Fabricius were higher as compared to the domestic ducks.
The results of histomorphometry of the different layers of esophagus showed that epithelium thickness was lower in the wild ducks as compared to the domestic ducks. While thickness of the lamina propria and muscularis mucosa were higher in the wild duck as compared to the domestic ducks. In the duodenum villus width, villus surface area and muscularis mucosa thickness were found lower in the wild ducks, as compared to the domestic ducks. In the jejunum thickness of lamina propria and tunica muscularis were higher in the wild ducks as compared to the domestic ducks. In wild ducks villus height, villus surface area, crypt depth and tunica muscularis thickness of ileum were higher as compared to the domestic ducks. In cecal and pyloric tonsils, length width and number of the lymphatic nodules were lower and higher respectively in the wild ducks as compared to the domestic ducks. In the wild ducks, intraepithelial lymphocytes count in duodenum was lower as compared to the domestic ducks. While the intraepithelial lymphocytes count in ileum was higher in the wild ducks as compared to the domestic ducks. In duodenum of wild ducks acidic, mixed goblet cell count and their total count was lower (p<0.05) as compared to the duodenum of domestic ducks.
In conclusion wild duck has slightly better developed immune and GIT organs than those of the domestic duck. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2791-T] (1).
28.
Effects Of Dietary Supplementation Of Drumstick Tree Leaf Powder On Anthropometric Parameters, Serum Lipid Profile And Thyroid Function Hormones In Rats Exposed To Thermal Stress
by Raja Majid Masoud (2015-VA-433) | Dr. Khalid Abdul Majeed | Dr. Imtiaz Rabbani | Dr. Saima Masood.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Introduction: There are a number of stressors which adversely affects the normal homeostasis
of the body. One of them is thermal stress which has marked damaging effect on the normal
physiology of an individual. Drumstick tree is a versatile plant from Moringaceae family.
Drumstick tree is a best food plant but it also has a large potential as a medicinal plant . Due to
rich source of flavonoids, β-carotenes, vitamin A & D, DST is known as a best natural antioxidant.
The leaves of Drumstick tree contain phenolic compounds, which have
hypocholesterolemic and hypolipodemic properties. It also possess cardio protective, hepatoprotective
and renal protective activities due to its rich anti-oxidant potential.
Hypothesis: It was hypothesized that Drumstick tree leaf powder supplementation will
ameliorate the growth performance, serum lipid profile and thyroid function in rats exposed to
thermal stress
Methodology: Adult female Wistar rats (n= 24) were procured and housed in stainless steel
cages in the experimental animal shed of department of Physiology, University of Veterinary and
Animal Sciences, Lahore-Pakistan. After acclimatization, rats were divided in to four groups
(One control and 3 DSTLP treated groups). Rats were exposed to high environmental
temperature(37±1°C) for one hour daily(12.00 Pm-1.00 Pm) throughout the experimental period
of 21 days for the induction of heat stress(Sinha. 2007). Anti-stress properties of Drumstick tree
leaf powder were examined by measuring biochemical parameters, i.e. anthropometry, serum
lipid profile, thyroid function hormones, serum cortisol, total protein, albumin and globulin
(Ohkawa et al. 1979). Analysis of all these parameters was carried out by using commercially
available kits provided by Human Diagnostics, Germany.
Summary
37
Results: Results from the present study revealed that Drumstick tree leaf powder
supplementation during thermal stress has a significant effect (P<0.05) on serum lipid profile,
total protein, albumin globulin, thyroid function hormones (T3 & T4) and cortisol. On the other
hand, Drumstick tree leaf powder demonstrated a non-significant effect (P>0.05) on
anthropometric parameters.
Statistical analysis: The data was analyzed by using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA)
using SPSS software. The group differences were compared by the Tukey’s Test. Differences
was considered significant at P < 0.05.
Conclusion: From this study, it was concluded that Drumstick tree leaf powder (MOLP) has a
potent antioxidant potential by lowering cholesterol, TG and LDL-cholesterol with marked
ameliorative effect on TP, albumin and globulin in heat stressed rats. Further studies are required
to explore the potential of other portions of this plant in heat stress. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2799-T] (1).
29.
Individual And Combined Effect Of Chicory Root Powder And Znso4 On Histology Of Intestine And Immune Organs In Broilers
by Mamoona Din (2015-VA-1085) | Dr. Saima Masood | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Dr. Muhammad Shahbaz Yousaf.
Material type: Publisher: 2017Dissertation note:
Phytogenic feed additives are plant derivatives which act as natural growth promoters and play crucial role in development of poultry health and production. Mineral supplementation also alters the immune status and gastrointestinal health and thus improves the performance in broilers. Thus intestinal and immune morphology is known to be modulated by nutritional interventions. Chicory is such a natural herb which acts as a prebiotic and zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) is a trace mineral which possesses antioxidant, immunomodulatory and antimicrobial properties Chicory root powder (CRP) and ZnSO4 have previously been used as growth promoters; however their combined effect on histology of broilers has not yet been evaluated. The present study was designed to report the individual and combined effect of CRP and ZnSO4 on histomorphometry of intestine, immune organs and some blood parameters in broilers.
150 one-day old broiler chicks were randomly divided into six groups: CONT, 2C, 4C, Zn60, 2C+Zn60, 4C+Zn60) with five replicates (n=5). Group-I was served as control and fed only basal diet (CONT), Group-II (BD + 2% CRP), Group-III (BD+ 4% CRP), Group IV (BD+ 60mg/kg feed ZnSO4), Group-V (BD+2% CRP+60mg/kg ZnSO4) and Group-VI (BD+4%CRP+60mg/kg ZnSO4). Birds were immunized against Newcastle disease, infectious bronchitis and infectious bursal disease.
On day 35, two randomly selected birds from each replicate were slaughtered. Blood was collected in falcon tubes and centrifuged at 3000rpm for 10 minutes to obtain serum and triglycerides, cholesterol, HDL, LDL and VLDL were measured in serum. Three segments of small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum) and caecum along with immune organs (cecal tonsils, thymus, spleen, bursa of fabricious) were excised and processed by paraffin embedding method and stained by H&E technique. Histological slides of intestine and immune organs were examined under light microscope (LABOMED® USA) for histomorphometric analysis. Data thus collected was analyzed by one-way ANOVA technique using SPSS. The means were compared using DMR test to measure significance at P<0.05.
The results revealed that the level of triglycerides, LDL, total cholesterol and VLDL decreased significantly in individual 2% CRP and combination group of 2%CRP+ZnSO4 while cholesterol and HDL remained non-significant in all treatment groups as compared to control group. The length and weight of small intestine increased in significantly in 2% CRP and 2%CRP+ZnSO4 groups. The length of caecum increased in all treatment groups while weight of caecum was insignificant in all treatment groups as compared to control group. In duodenum, CD and MM decreased, VL/CD and ME increased significantly in 2% CRP and 2%CRP+ZnSO4 groups, while results of VL, VW, VSA, LP, EP were insignificant. In jejunum, VL, VL/CD, VSA and EP increased, CD decreased significantly in 2% CRP and 2%CRP+ZnSO4 groups. In ileum, VL/CD and EP increased significantly in 2% CRP and 2%CRP+ZnSO4 groups. The goblet cell count increased significantly in all intestinal segments in 2%CRP+ZnSO4 group.
In caecal tonsils number, area and length of lymphatic nodules increased significantly in 2% CRP and 2%CRP+ZnSO4 groups. In thymus length of thymic lobules increased in 2% CRP and 4% CRP groups while width and area increased significantly in 4% CRP group. In spleen length and width of white pulp increased significantly in 2% CRP group. In bursa length, width and area of lymphatic nodules increased significantly in 2% CRP and 2%CRP+ZnSO4 groups, while thickness of mucosal folds was not affected significantly in all treatment groups.
Dietary supplementation of chicory root powder and ZnSO4 may be useful in enhancing intestinal and immune organs microarchitecture and some blood parameters in broilers.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2866-T] (1).
30.
Effect Of Β-Galacto-Oligosaccharides Supplementation On Gut Morphology, Mucosal Immune Complex And Growth Performance In Broilers Reared Under Thermal Stress
by Saima Ashraf (2008-VA-756) | Dr. Hafsa Zaneb | Dr. Saima Masood.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Poultry industry has undergone substantial expansion during last few decades. Tremendous development in the fields of genetics, nutrition and management has helped the producer to maximize the feed efficiency, and in turn, the economic gains. Nevertheless, with an increase in performance, sensitivity of the bird also increased tremendously particularly towards the thermal stressors. Therefore, the nutrition and health care of the poultry, particularly broiler, became more demanding. In order to promote the gut or general health of broiler during the heat or cold exposure, antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) were routinely practiced. Their usefulness in the poultry practice was seldom questioned but the development of antibiotic-resistant superbugs and antibiotic residues in the meat prompted a serious public concern leading to ban on AGPs in animal diet by the European Commission in 2006. Exclusion of AGPs from the diet led to serious health problems in broiler and within two years of this ban the consumption of therapeutic antibiotic reached the same level as that of the AGPs before ban. Therefore, it was realized that simple ban on the AGPs will not resolve this issues unless new feeding and managemental strategies are devised to maintain or raise the performance of broiler. As an alternative to AGPs many agents have been experimentally evaluated in poultry and livestock like prebiotics, probiotics and organic acids. Use of prebiotics in poultry showed variable degree of success with considerable data suggesting their positive influence during stressful situations like crowding, poor management and temperature extremes etc. which are invariably a part and parcel of commercial broiler production. Keeping in view the importance of seeking AGP alternatives, current study was planned to evaluate the effects of novel β- galacto-oligosaccharides (β-GOS) on various histo-physiological parameters of thermally-stressed broiler.
Summary
145
In experiment I, 125 day-old broilers were randomly divided into five treatment groups (N=25) with five replicates (n=5) in each group. Till d-21, all the groups were raised under standard management. From d-22, four groups received cyclic heat stress (35°C for 8hrs/day) and control (TNZ) group received 26.7°C till 35th day. TNZ and heat-stressed (HSCT) group received corn-based basal diet (CBBD) whereas three remaining groups i.e. HS+0.1%β-GOS, HS+0.2%β-GOS and HS+0.5%β-GOS received CBBD supplemented with 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.5% β-GOS respectively for 35 days. All groups received primary and booster vaccines against Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) and Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (IBDV). The zootechnichal parameters included daily feed consumption (FC), body weight (BW) and feed efficiency (FE). Later two parameters were calculated on weekly basis. At the end of trial, 10 birds per group i.e. 2/replicate were killed to collect blood, viscera, small intestine, bursa and cecal tonsils for determination of serum hormones, relative weights of viscera (RWO) and histomorphometry, respectively. Data were analyzed using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and subjected to post hoc Duncan’s multiple range (DMR) test (P < 0.05). Exposure to the HS reduced (P < 0.05) all the zootechnichal parameters, RW of liver, bursa of Fabricius and small intestine, serum triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), villus surface area (VSA), height (VH), width (VW), crypt depth (CD) and intraepithelial lymphocyte count (IELs) in small intestine compared to TNZ group. The serum cortisol and count of acidic mucin containing goblet cells (AGCs) increased (P < 0.05) in jejunum while they decreased (P < 0.05) in ileum of HSCT group compared with TNZ. Improvement (P< 0.05) in the FE of the 0.5% β-GOS supplemented heat-stressed birds was comparable to TNZ group. Furthermore, supplementation of 0.5% β-GOS improved (P< 0.05) serum T3 and T4 and 0.2% β-GOS reduced (P< 0.05) serum cortisol without achieving their pre-HS levels. All the dietary inclusions of β-GOS improved (P< 0.05) histomorphometry
Summary
146
of small intestine including VH, CD and VSA compared to HSCT group. The 0.5% β-GOS improved (P< 0.05) these parameters beyond TNZ. Intestinal IEL count improved (P< 0.05) with 0.1% β-GOS supplementation without achieving the pre-HS levels. Count of jejunal and ileal AGCs reduced (P< 0.05) with 0.2 and 0.5% β-GOS supplementation compared with HSCT. Neither HS nor supplementation affected the morphometry of the bursa of Fabricius and cecal tonsils.
In experiment II, 125 day-old broilers were randomly divided into five treatment groups (N=25) with five replicates (n=5) in each group. Till d-21, all the groups were raised under standard management. From d-22, four groups received cyclic cold stress (15°C±2°C for 8hrs/day) and control (TNZ) group received 26.7°C till 35th day. TNZ and cold-stressed (COLD) group received corn-based basal diet (CBBD) whereas three remaining groups CS+0.1%β-GOS, CS+0.2%β-GOS and CS+0.5%β-GOS received CBBD supplemented with 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.5% β-GOS, respectively for 35 days. All groups received primary and booster vaccines against NDV and IBDV. The zootechnichal parameters included daily FC, BW and FE. Later two parameters were calculated on weekly basis. At the end of trial, 10 birds per group (2/replicate) were killed to collect blood, viscera, small intestine, bursa and cecal tonsils for determination of serum hormones, RWO and histomorphometry, respectively. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and subjected to DMR test (P<0.05). Exposure to cold stress increased (P<0.05) the FC, serum T3 and cortisol and reduced (P<0.05) BW and performance compared with TNZ group. Moreover, COLD group was also presented with increased (P<0.05) RW of liver and heart, decreased (P<0.05) RW of ceca compared with TNZ group. The VSA of small intestine and IEL count in duodenum and jejunum reduced (P<0.05), whereas, AGCs count increased (P<0.05) due to the exposure to cold stress. The RWs of immune organs and their histomorphometry was not
Summary
147
affected during cold stress when compared with TNZ group. Dietary inclusion of 0.5% β-GOS achieved the pre-cold stress levels of FCR. Supplementation of 0.2% and 0.5% β-GOS reversed (P< 0.05) the hormonal changes of cortisol and T3, respectively when compared with COLD group. All the dietary inclusions of β-GOS improved (P<0.05) morphometric parameters in duodenum. The 0.5% β-GOS-induced-improvement (P<0.05) in these parameters was beyond the values observed for TNZ group. In ileum, 0.2% β-GOS supplementation resulted in most distinct (P<0.05) increase of VH, VW and VSA which was comparable to that observed for TNZ group. The jejunal morphometric parameters also improved (P<0.05) with the β-GOS supplementation, but the pre-cold stress values were not attained. The IEL count increased (P<0.05) in the duodenum and decreased (P<0.05) in the jejunum and ileum of all the β-GOS supplemented groups. The AGCs count increased (P<0.05) in duodenum and jejunum of 0.1% and 0.2% β-GOS-supplemented groups whereas the count of AGCs in ileum remained unaffected in all the β-GOS supplemented groups compared to the TNZ group. Morphometry of the bursa or cecal tonsils was not influenced by the supplementation of β-GOS.
In conclusion, dietary supplementation of 0.5% β-GOS helped to improve the growth performance in thermally-stressed broilers owing to its positive influence on intestinal morphometry and the dynamics of cortisol and thyroid hormones. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2850-T] (1).
31.
Effect Of Sub-Chronic Exposure Of Di-Butyl Phthalate On Serum Minerals And Bone Health In Rats
by Nisar Ahmed (2014-VA-779) | Dr. Khalid Abdul Majeed | Dr. Muhammad Shahbaz Yousaf | Dr. Saima Masood.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Endocrine disruptors (EDs) are exogenous compounds present worldwide. Endocrine hormone production, release, transport, binding, action or elimination is enhanced or interrupted by EDs and hence affect homeostasis, development, reproduction and behavior of organisms. Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) is one of the most important EDs used extensively in consumer products such as plasticizers, nail polish, paints, thermal paper and water pipes. DBP binds to estrogen receptors and enhance or interrupt the endocrine system. DBP have negative effects on bone health and serum minerals in rats. A total of 48 adult rats were divided in three main groups i.e. (16 rats in each group). Each group was sub-divided into male (8 rats) and female (8rats). Control Group: Basal rat diet was provided to control group. Group A: DBP 10mg/kg body weight daily along with basal rat diet was given to group A. DBP was dissolved in 10 % ethanol and was diluted with distilled water. Group B: DBP 50mg/kg body weight daily along with basal rat diet was given to Group B. DBP was dissolved in 10 % ethanol and was diluted with distilled water. Trial duration was 3 months and at the end rats were killed to obtain the bones, serum and muscles to observe their bone characteristics (bone length, width, and medullary canal diameter) and minerals (Zn, Fe, Cu and Ca) analysis. Data was analyzed using two-way ANOVA through SPSS version (SPSS Inc. version 20, Chicago, Illinois) and was presented as mean± SEM.
Femur bone length was found to be significantly higher in male rats treated with DBP 10mg/kg and 50mg/kg compared to control. The femur bone length was not affected in female rats. Rest of the parameters in bone health of tibia and femur were not affected by treatment. Bone minerals (Ca, Cu, Fe, and Zn) were also not affected by the treatment irrespective of treatments. Serum calcium was significantly higher in male rates treated with 50mg/kg DBP
CHAPTER 6
SUMMARY
SUMMARY
37
compared to control; whereas it is decreased significantly in female rats treated with 50mg/kg DBP compared to control. Serum zinc concentrations also decreased significantly in female rats treated with DBP 50mg/kg compared to control. Muscle copper concentration was significantly higher in male rats treated with 50mg/kg DBP compared to control. Iron muscle concentration was significantly increased in male and female rats treated with 50mg/kg DBP compared to control. Muscle calcium concentration was significantly decreased in male rats treated with 50mg/kg DBP compared to control. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2896-T] (1).
