1.
Effects Of Copper Sulphate Medication On Different Organs & Serum Copper Level In Broiler Chicks
by Azhar Saqib | Dr. Manzoor Ahmed Basra | Dr. Mubashar | Dr. Shakeel Akhtar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 1993Dissertation note: The present work was planned to study the effects of copper sulphate medication in feed in broiler chicken. For this experiment 90 broiler chicks were reared under standard managemental conditions for 30 days. All the birds weze weighed and their weights were recorded. Then these were divided into three groups, i.e., Groups A, B and C, each group comprising of thirty chicks.
Group A was given 500 mg and Group B was given 1000 mg copper sulphate per kg of feed, for one week. At the end of the experimental period the birds were again weighed, blood of the birds was collected, the birds were slaughtered and the tissues were taken. The blood was subjected to serum-copper analysis and the tissues of Liver, Kidney, gizzard and intestine to histopathological changes.
Clinically the birds showed anorexia. There was increased water intake, severe depression and paralysis in mild case of poisoning. In severe case in addition to the above conditions there was loss of weight, blood stained diarrhoea, ruffled feathers and, the birds lethargy and anaemic. The most important, gross postmortem finding observed was fluid filled abdomen, and peritoneal hemorrhages. There were areas of etosion and necrosis throughout the length of the gastro-intestinai tract. The liver was pale in appearence, with a slight increase in the weight and fragile consistency. The kidneys exhibited severe inflammatory reaction in the form of congestion and swelling.
Histologically the liver showed vascular congestion, vacuolization due to fatty degeneration and leucocytic infiltration. The sinusoidal channels were reduced. In severe cases there was proliferation of fibroblasts. The hepatocytes showed margination of the chromatin material. In kidneys the renal epithélium was the most effected portion by necrosis and karyorrhexis. There was vascular congestion and leukocytic infiltration. The intestines and the gizzard both showed wide spread areas of necrosis and erosion with thickened lining showing fibrotic areas and the cells of the lining mucosa and sub-mucosa desquamated. The muscular layer of the gizzard showed dystrophy.
The weights of the birds were recorded at the age of 37 days before slaughtering. The results were analysed statistically. There was a significant decrease in the weights in groups A and B as compared to control group C. The serum- copper level was also estimated and analysed statistically. There was a significant increase in serum copper contents in Groups A and B, as compared with the Control Group C.
Little work has been reported on the effects of copper sulphate mediation on the different organs and serum-copper level, in Pakistan. The results of the present study has helped us to assess the effects of copper sulphate medication on different organs, serum-copper level and weight gain in broiler chicks.
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2.
The Incidence And Pathology Of Neoplasms Of Buffaloes In Sargodha District
by Khalid Bashir | Dr. Shakeel Akhtar Khan | Dr. Muhammad | Dr. Shahzada Khurram Ashraf | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 1993Dissertation note: One hundred and forty tissue specimens (suspected neoplasms) were obtained from buffaloes in District Sargodha. These specimens were examined macro and microscopically. It was found that 37 neoplasms were benign and 63 neoplasms were malignant. The benign connective tissue tumours accounted for fibroma (12), melanoma (5). Benign epithelial tumour included papillorna (20). The malignant connective tissue tumour was sarcoma lympho(20) and the malignant epithelial tumour included ocular squamous cell carcinoma (35), horn cancer (6) and Adeno-carcinoma (2).
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3.
The Incidence And Pathology Of Neoplasms Of Cattle In District Mirpur Azad Kashmir
by Ahmad Rafi | Dr. Shakeel Akhtar Khan | Dr shahzada khurram Ashraf | Dr. Mohammad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 1993Dissertation note: A survey was conducted in Bhimber, Sammani and Iftikharabad areas of District Mirpur, Azad Kashmir to record the incidence of neoplasms among the cattle. One hundred and thirty tissue specimens (suspected neoplasms) were obtained either by biopsy or from slaughter houses. The tissue specimens were examined macroscopically and microscopically.
Out of total tissue specimens, 100 samples (43 biopsy samples and 57 morbid samples) proved neoplasms. Neoplasms accounted for 74 malignant and 26 benign. These neoplasms included 34% Bovine Ocular Squamous Cell Carcinoma, 16% I-Torn Cancer, 6% Carcinoma, 2% Adenocarcinoma, 16% Lymphosarcoma, 14% Papilloma, 6% Melanoma and 6% Fibroma.
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4.
A Study On Pathology And Haematology Of Broiler Chickens Experimentally Infected With Salmonella
by Younus, M | Dr. Shahzada Khurram Ashraf | Dr. Mubasher | Dr. Shakeel Akhter Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 1994Dissertation note: The investigation was conducted to study the pathology and Haemotology of broiler chickens suffering from experimental salmonella gallinarum infection. Total of 140 day did broiler chicks were reared upto 3 weeks of age and were fed on commercial poultry feed. The birds were randomly divided into four groups i,e. A, B, C and D containing 35 chicks in each group. The inoculation of broiler chicks of experimental groups were done at the age of two weeks at a dose rate of 1ml per bird through different routas ic group A through oral route, group B through subcut, group C through I/rn and group D was kept as control. All the groups were kept under close observation to record signs and symptoms. At the age of 3 weeks (7 days of post infection) the birds of experimental and control groups were slaughtered for the study of haematological parameters (Fib estimation, TEC and TLC), gross and histopathological lesions in visceral organs (Heart, Liver, lung, spleen and kidneys)
Antemortem symptoms were recorded throughout the experiment in all the infected groups and observed listlessness with ruffled feathers, droopy wings, poor growth, weakness, loss of appetite, adherence of whitish material to vent, laboured breathing, slight depression and increased thirst. Conjunctivitis and arthritis in few cases were observed.
The postmortem changes observed in all the infected groups A, B and C at the age of 21 days (7 clays post infection) included enlarged heart, necrosis of myocardium, pericarcil tis, enlarged creamy white liver with pin point haemorrhages, congested lungs with necrotic loci ple.nomegaiy. and swollen kidneys with c1isco1.oiration and triable consistency. No lesions could be observed in control group D.
Haemotological alterations were studied in all the groups i ,e A, B, C and D. There was a significant decrease in haemoglobin concentration, total erythrocytic count amongst all the infected groups A, B and C at 21 days of age (7 clays post infection) as compared to control group D. but: the total leukocytic count showed a significant increase in all the infected groups, i, e. A, B and C as compared to control group D at the 21 clays of age.
The main histopathological lesions observed in al .1 the infected groups A, B and C at the age of 21 clays (7 clays of post infection) in heart, liver, lungs, spleen and kidneys included necrosis, haemorrhage and leukocytic: infiltration. However, in few cases fatty destrophy, congestion and degenerative changes were also observed. No histopathological lesion could be observed in control group D.
From present study it was concluded that fowl typhoid caused by Salmonella gallinarum infection resulted in higher mortality and pathological changes especially through intramuscular route as compared to other routes of infection.
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5.
The Effects Of Piroplasmosis On Hematology In Equines
by Salva | Dr. Mubasher Saeed Mian | Dr. Asif Rabbani | Dr. Shakeel | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 1996Dissertation note: Piroplasmosis is a serious disease of the domestic animals including horses. It is caused by species of the genus Babesia i.e. . egui and B. caballi resulting in death due to excessive loss of blood. The present study was conducted to find out the effect of natural Piroplasmosis on various blood parameters, viz, total erythrocytes count (TEC), hemoglobin estimation (Jib), packed cell volume (PCV), total leukocytes count (TLC) and differential leukocytes count (DLC) in horses.
A total of forty horses (Group A including 20 uninfected horses and Group B included 20 horses showing clinical symptoms of the disease and confirmed positive for piroplasmosis through blood examination were used in the study and found to cause the infection although . caballi infection was more predominant.
Heamatological examination revealed a significant decrease (P<0.05) in the erythrocyte count, hemoglobin level and packed cell volume of the infected horses.
Normocytic and hypochromic type of anemia was observed. Total leukocyte count was also decreased. A decrease in the number of rieutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes and lymphocytes was also observed in the infected horses.
Out of the 20 infected horses, 4 had B. equi and sixteen had B. caballi infection indicating that . caballi was more prevalent.
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6.
Pathological Changes Associated With Experimental Infectious Bursal Disease In Broiler Chickens
by Nyla Dil Tarar | Dr. Shakeel Akhter Khan | Dr ..S. Ata-Ur- Rehman Rizvi | Dr. Ahmed Raza | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 1995Dissertation note: This project was designed to study the pathological changes associated with experimental Infectious bursal disease in broiler chickens. Two hundred and forty broiler chicks on 21 days of age were randomnly divided into six groups, A through F, each containing 40 birds. The inoculum of Infectious bursal disease virus was inoculated intraocularly in the chicks of group A at the age of 21 days, in group C at the age of 28 days, and in group E at the age of 35 days. Groups B, D and F were kept as control for groups A, C and E respectively. Blood samples and lymphoid organs of seven randomnly selected chickens from each group were collected at day 4 post inoculation (P1), 8 P1 and 12 P1, and haematology (TLC, DLC), serology (AGPT) and histopathology of lymphoid organs were conducted.
Typical clinical signs of IBD were noted. The chief and consistent gross lesion produced in the chickens infected at different ages was an initial increase in the size of bursa. At day 4 P1 bursa was oedematous and double in size but at days 8, 12, P1 it was smaller in size than in control chickens. The spleen and thymus appeared almost normal grossly except a few gray foci on spleen.
Histopathological study of bursa of Fabricius (regardless of the age at infection) revealed an initial macrophage and heterophil infiltration of the lymphoid follicle and inter-follicular spaces followed by increased inter-follicular connective tissue, plasma cells, macrophage and thickening of bursal epithelium. Spleen showed lymphocytic necrosis and depletion in the initial stages followed by repopulation. Statistical analysis of lymphoid organ: body weight indices of spleen, bursa and thymus showed a significant difference in the inoculated and control chickens but there was no difference in the chickens inoculated at different ages. All the inoculated birds were found positive for the Infectious bursal disease virus antibodies. The results of hematological study indicated that there was a decrease in the total number of leukocyte and percentage of hetrophils and lymphocytes in all the inoculated chickens regardless of the age at the time of infection. Thus it can be concluded from this study that age susceptibility, from 21 to 35 days, among broiler chickens for Infectious bursal disease was nearly the same.
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7.
Effects Of Live Mycoplasma Gallisepticum Vaccine On Broiler Chicks
by Mumtaz Baig, M | Dr. Muhammad Akram Munir | Dr. Muhammad Naeem | Dr. Shakeel | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 1995Dissertation note: This study indicated that live Mycoplasma gallisepticurn vaccine when administered to the chickens vaccinated with Newcastle vaccination had immunosuppressive effects.
Live Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine partially interfered with the development of serum antibodies against NDV in vaccinated chickens. However, when live MG vaccine is done alone in the chickens it gives good serum antibody titres. rube injection to baby chicks on first 4 consecutive post hatching days with cyclophosphaniide resulted in lower body weights, poor FCR, destruction of the bursa of fabricius, poor antibody response of birds to vaccinations against MG and ND.
The weight gain and FCR studies. indicated that the birds which were vaccinated either against live MG or NDV had significantly higher body weights and FCR values than those vaccinated both against MG and NDV.
These studies further indicate that the birds vaccinated against live MG and ND had significantly lower serum antibody titres on day 48 than the birds which were vaccinated against either live MG or NDV.
From the results of this study it was concluded that F-strain MG vaccination effective the growth performance and feed conversion efficacy of broiler chicks. The live MG vaccination also interfered in the development of immune response (antibody titers) against Newcastle disease virus.
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8.
Epidemiological Studies N Mastitis In Buffaloes & Cattle In And Around Lahore
by Khurram Nawaz Qazi | Dr. Syed A.R. Rizvi | Dr. M. Amin Sheikh | Dr. Shakeel A | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 1996Dissertation note: Research studies were conducted to investigate some epidemiological aspects of bovine mastitis in and around Lahore.
A total of 45 small livestock units/herds were surveyed and epidemiological data was collected from 4000 bovine population on prescribed proforina. Bacteriological examination was aiso performed on 1000 milk samples after presumptive screening with modified california mastitis test (C.M.T.).
Analysis of the data showed, the herd incidence rate of 88.88 per cent and the disease incidence rate of 8.33 per cent (lactating animals) during this project. CMT on 1000 quarter milk samples showed 14.3% incidence of subclinical mastitis and 10.6% animals were positive bacteriologically. Relative incidence of acute, subacute and chronic forms of disease was 38.33, 43.90 and 13.37 per cent, respectively. Quarter infection rate was 33.40 per cent in affected buffaloes and 10.36 per cent in infected cattle. It was significantly higher in hind than in fore quarters in buffaloes.
All the breeds of buffaloes and cattle maintained in the area were reported to be affected occasionally during the lactation. Age and lactation wise distribution of rnastitis cases varied in different age and lactation groups; being highest in 6-8 years of age group 42.93% and 4-6 lactation (39.45%). Number of cases were higher (53.63%) during early stage of lactation than in middle (21.97%) and (24.4%) late stages. High milk yielding group 12-14 litres daily was more prone to the disease. Disease was reported to cause 30.26 per cent decrease in milk production of affected animals. Udders/teats of 4.0 per cent animals had history of surgical manipulation. Housing on pakka floor (48.9%) incidence was observed to have some association with the disease.
Of the 1000 milk samples 143 were found positive by C.M.T.and 106 samples yielded 171 isolates of different species; 86 Staphylococcus aureus, 9 Staphylococcus epiderinides, 30 Streptococcus agalactiae, 17 Streptococcus dysagalactiae, 11 Bacillus cereus, 10 Escherichia co/i, 5 Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antobiotic sensitivity of the isolates showed that they were sensitive in descending order to Gentamycin, Chlortetracyline, Sul;fonamide (Tribrissin), Chloramphanicol, Ampicilline, Tylosine. Penicilline & Tetracycline.
Out of 86 isolates of Staphylococcus aureus 60 were penicillin resistant of which 23 produced penicillinase. In order to reduce the huge economic losses in terms of milk reduction (30.26% ), the findings of this project are hoped to guide for the control of disease at subclinical stage on a large scale. However, additional studies are suggested for the epidemiology of this disease.
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9.
Haematological Studies And Estimation Of Electrolytes In Dogs Exhibiting Diarrhoeal Signs
by Shuaib Zaffer, M | Dr. shakeel Akhtar khan | Dr. ahmed Raza | Dr. Asif Rabbani | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: This project was designed to study the haematological values and the serum electrolytes (sodium, potassium and chloride) levels in the dogs exhibiting diarrhoeal signs. For this purpose one hundred dogs showing diarrhoeal signs were selected from Dog Hospital, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lahore while ten healthy dogs were also used as control group. Tentative diagnosis was tried to establish in each animal of experimental group. Blood samples were collected from the all the animals of both groups. The aematological parameters (TEC, PCV, ESR and Hb) and serum biochemical analysis (sodium, potassium and chloride) were conducted on all blood samples. The changes in blood values of each case was tried to correlate with its tentative diagnosis.
On the basis of tentative diagnosis conditions observed were: parvovirus infection, parasitic infestation, mixed infection, canine distemper and dietary disturbances. These conditions of experimental dogs were named as groups A, B, C, D and E. Haematological values (TEC, PCV, ESR and Hb) in group A were decreased considerably as compared to the control group. In group B the values of (TEC, PCV and ESR) were decreased while the values of Hb was normal as compared to the control group. Group C also showed considerable decrease in the values of haematological parameters. In group D the change in haematological parameters showed that the values of TEC, Hb and PCV were decreased considerably while the value of ESR was increased considerably. The haematological changes in group E were similar to the changes recorded in group E. The changes in biochemical substances revealed that in groups A, B, C and D the mean values of biochemical substances (sodium, potassium and chloride) were decreased as compared to the control group, in group E values of sodium and chloride were decreased slightly while the value of potassium was within the normal range. All the dogs of experimental groups exhibited macrocytic normochromic anaemia.
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10.
Passive Immunization Against Hydropericardium Syndrome Infected Broilers
by Ghazanfar khalid | Dr. Khushi Muhamad | Dr. Masood Rabbani | Dr. Shakeel | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2002Dissertation note: In this project, passive immunization against hydropericardium syndrome virus (HPSV) infected broiler chicks was studied. The hyperimmune yolk and serum were raised in commercial layers by priming and boosting with formaldehyde inactivated HPSV vaccine. It was found that yolk and serum collected from the layers showed high titres of indirect haemagglutination (IHA) antibodies against HPS virus. Lethal dose 50 (LD50) of the HPS virus infected liver homogenate was calculated to be 1O-55/ml.
It was noted that the broiler chicks (26 days old) receiving yolk containing 256, 128, 64 and 32 units of IHA-anti-HPSV antibodies and virulent HPSV, simultaneously showed 100%, 100%, 100% and 60% protection. While the broiler chicks receiving serum containing 128, 64, 32 and 16 units of IHA anti-HPSV antibodies and virulent HPSV, simultaneously showed 100%, 100%, 40% and zero protection. The birds receiving yolk and serum of control group showed zero protection. It was observed that egg yolk (lml, 64 IHA-anti HPSV-antibodies) injected 24 hours before, at the same time and after 24 hours to HPSV challenged broilers showed 100% protection. While the clinically healthy birds 48 hours post challenge infection showed 60% protection and birds showing signs of the disease showed 20% protection.
The cost of the production of hyperimmune yolk was Rs. 0.50/dose (lml: 64 IHA units of anti-HPSV antibodies).
It was concluded that hyperimmune yolk could be used to cure the HPSV infected birds if administered immediately in the affected flocks.
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11.
Comparative Immunogenicity Of Different Hydropericardium Syndrome (Hps) Vaccines In Broiolers
by Arfan Ahmad | Dr. Sameera Akhtar | Dr. Khushi Muhammad | Dr. Shakeel | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
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Publisher: 2002Dissertation note: Formaldehyde inactivated hydro-pericardium syndrome (HPS) vaccine without any adjuvant (F-HPS), an oil based HPS vaccine (0- HPS) and alum precipitated HPS vaccine (A-HPS) were prepared and comparative immunogenicity was evaluated in broilers. These vaccines were injected to each bird of groupG1, 02 and G3 sub-cutaneously on 14t day of their age, respectively while the birds of group G4 were kept non-HPS vaccinated control. Each of the bird of each group was also vaccinated against Newcastle disease virus-NDV (LaSota strain: eye droppings) while birds of group G5 served as ND non vaccinated control.
Each of the vaccine induced detectable level of anti-HPS virus indirect haemagglutination (IHA) antibody titre. The 0-HPS vaccine induced higher titre ofthe anti-HPSV-IHA antibody titre that of F-HPS and A-HPS vaccines. All of the three vaccines induced resistance in the birds that showed 100% protection when were given challenge infection on 14 days post-vaccination while the birds of control group showed zero percent protection. At the time of challenge infection, anti- Newcastle disease virus haemagglutination inhibition (ND V-HI) antibody titres were same in the HPS vaccinated and un-vaccinated broilers.
It is concluded that all the vaccines induced effective immunity in the birds. The 0-HPS vaccine induced higher levels of anti-HPS virus IHA antibody titres than that of F-HPS and A-HPS vaccines. Moreover, non of the vaccine induced detectable level of immuno-modulatory effect on the anti-NDV-HI antibody titre of birds to NDV vaccine.
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12.
Factors Effecting Activity Of Haemagglutinin Of Avian Influenza (H9 Type)Virus
by Asifa Rasool Bhatti | Dr.Sameera Akthar | Dr shakeel | Dr.Kushi Muhammad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.
Material type: ; Format:
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Publisher: 2002Dissertation note: Avian influenza virus (AIV) was propagated in 09-day-old chicken embryonated eggs and after 72 hours post incubation the AAF and CAM were harvested and AIV was confirmed by spot agglutination test and agar gel precipitation test.
The AIV (H9 type) agglutinated red blood cells from chicken, dog, horse, parrot, pigeon, guinea pig, buffalo and human blood group O but it did not agglutinate the RBC's from sheep and rabbit. The
virus gave HA titer of 1:512 when RBC's from chicken, human blood group O÷ve and dog were used. Phosphate buffer saline, haemagglutination, inhibition buffer and 0.5% peptone water when used with chicken RBC's (0.5 and 1%) resulted in similar HA titer 1:512. However HA titer of the virus was low (1:256) when normal saline was used as a diluent.
AIV agglutinated 0.5% and 1% chicken RBC's in 35 and 25 minutes respectively and both concentrations of RBC's gave similar HA titer (1:512) in the presence of Phosphate buffer saline, haemagglutination, inhibition buffer and 0.5% peptone water. However AIV with normal saline and 0.5% and 1% chicken RBC's gave a lower HA titer of 1:256 in 35 and 25 minutes.
It was also found that RBC's concentration of 0.1% did not result in any agglutination by the virus, even after 60 minutes.
Storage of AIV at either 4°C or -20°C did not affect its hemaggitination activity in 6 months. However storage at 37°C resulted in loss of hemagglutination activity after 4 months. Storage at room temperature also resulted in loss of HA but at a lower pace as appended to 37°C temperature. However, vaccines prepared from the alliquotes stored at different temperature did not different in terms of antibody response (HI titer of GMT 137.2) indicating that the loss of hemagglutination activity did not corresponds with loss of immunogencity.
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