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1. Pathology Of Experimentally Induced Stunting Syndrome In Broilers

by Ghulam Mustafa | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr. Mian | Dr. Shahzada Khurram Ashraf | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 1993Dissertation note: One hundred and twenty, day-old commercial broiler chicks were obtained. These chicks were divided randomly into two equal groups i.e. control (A) and treatment (B). Each chick of both the groups was weighed and then dosed with one ml of either tryptose phosphate broth (A) or prepared inocula (B) at the same day. Chicks of both the groups were housed separately under similar standard managemental conditions. By 1-2 days of inoculation it was observed that the affected birds of group-B were having pasty vents and diarrhoea of yellow to brownish color. They were having a hunched appearance, ruffled feathers and drooping wings. By 4- 5th day of age an unevenness in the size of inoculated birds was quite obvious. By second week of age some underweight birds had feather developing problems and they were lame showing the lesions of tenosynovitis. In the subsequent period of experiment it was noticed that these severely affected birds had few ruffled, short broken-shaft mature wing feathers and in the later stages of experiment these birds had pale combs, wattles and shanks. During 28-days experiment 20% of the inoculated birds died while none of the bird died amongst the control group. Each chick of both the groups was weighed at the end of every seven days upto day-28 of the experiment. While to determine the "Feed Conversion Ratio" (FCR) sufficient amount of feed was provided to each group and the remaining feed in feeding troughs was calculated at the same weekly intervals. It was statistically concluded that birds of group-B remained significantly lighter in the weight at all the stages of experiment with severely impaired "Feed Conversion Ratio". By 29th day of the experiment 23-stunted birds from group-B and an equal number of normal birds from group-A were slaughtered, all of these birds were weighed prior to and post slaughtering. Then the weight of skin, dressed carcasses, muscles, bones, and all the internal organs was also ascertained and their ercentage weight relative to the respective live weight of bird was also determined. During the dressing the gross lesions observed were also recorded. It was observed that the stunted birds were severely emaciated and their skeleton was brittle which broke easily during dislocation. The intestine of the affected birds were palor and filled with partially digested feed and gases. The pancreas and the lymphoid organs were severely atrophied. The lungs, kidneys and the liver were congested, while the heart was having the lesions of focal rnyocarditis. Then some of the affected organs (intestines, pancreas, liver, spleen, kidney, femur bone and muscles) were processed for histopathological examination. Although all of these organs were having the characteristic changes hut amongst them the pancreas was the most severely affected organ which revealed the classical histopathological alterations necessary for understanding the pathogenesis of the syndrome. Whereas affected spleen presented reduced number of lymphoid follicles with less number of lymphocytes per follicle indicating incidence of immuno-suppression. The datas obtained during present study were analysed statistically by applying student's t-test. Hence we can estimate a successful induction of the syndrome by a crude intestinal homogenate prepared from the affected birds under local conditions. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0352,T] (1).

2. Study Of The Pathogenesis Of Oedema In Broiler Chicks Affected With Hydropericardium Pulmonary

by Shirin Munir | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr. Rashid | Dr. Shahzada Khurram Ashraf | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 1993Dissertation note: For this research project 120 one-day old broiler chicks were divided into two groups i.e., A and B. The birds in group B were challenged with the H.P.S. agent at 15 days of age, whereas those in group A were dealt with as control birds. After the appearance of the syndrome serum samples were obtained from the diseased as well as control birds and then they were all perfused with 1% silver nitrate solution. Tissue samples from heart, liver, lungs, kidneys, spleen and bursa of fabricius were collected, processed and slides were prepared and stained by Haematoxylin and Eosin staining technique. In addition, tissue sections from all the organs were also stained by Silver nitrate impregnation technique. The most peculiar post-mortem finding was over distension of the pericardial sac with clear or amber coloured fluid. The heart was mis-shaped, flabby with petechial haemorrhages on the epicardium. The liver was congested, swollen, friable with multiple pale areas of necrosis. Kidneys were enlarged, congested and dark in colour. The renal tissue was found to be much friable. Lungs were oedematous, congested and dark. The spleen showed congestion and haemorrhages. Bursa of fabricius was found to have normal appearance in some cases while in others showed slight atrophy. For this research project 120 one-day old broiler chicks were divided into two groups i.e., A and B. The birds in group B were challenged with the H.P.S. agent at 15 days of age, whereas those in group A were dealt with as control birds. After the appearance of the syndrome serum samples were obtained from the diseased as well as control birds and then they were all perfused with 1% silver nitrate solution. Tissue samples from heart, liver, lungs, kidneys, spleen and bursa of fabricius were collected, processed and slides were prepared and stained by Haematoxylin and Eosin staining technique. In addition, tissue sections from all the organs were also stained by Silver nitrate impregnation technique. The most peculiar post-mortem finding was over distension of the pericardial sac with clear or amber coloured fluid. The heart was mis-shaped, flabby with petechial haemorrhages on the epicardium. The liver was congested, swollen, friable with multiple pale areas of necrosis. Kidneys were enlarged, congested and dark in colour. The renal tissue was found to be much friable. Lungs were oedematous, congested and dark. The spleen showed congestion and haemorrhages. Bursa of fabricius was found to have normal appearance in some cases while in others showed slight atrophy. The histopathological study of tissue sections stained by H&E staining technique revealed necrosis, accumulation of mononuclear cells and haemorrhages in the heart. The characteristic feature of liver was coagulative necrosis with disruption of hepatic cords. Some hepatocytes had basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies. Renal tissue showed massive necrosis and degeneration of tubular epithelium along with lymphocytic infiltration. The lungs had oederna and mononuclear cell infiltration. The spleen showed degeneration, necrosis and haernorrhages while bursa of fabricius exhibited disruptions in the epithelial covering of its follicles. Silver nitrate impregnation explored distinct changes in the blood vessels. There was disruption of the capillary endothelium along with accumulation of oedema fluid around the capillaries and an increase in the size of intercellular spaces. The data, obtained by the analysis of serum, statistically indicated that the concentration of serum sodium, potassium, urea and uric acid increased greatly whereas the total serum proteins were markedly decreased in the affected birds. Thus it can be concluded from this study that disruption of the capillary endothelium and severe damage and malfunctioning of the heart, liver and kidneys appear to play a predominant role in the development of edema in this syndrome. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0357,T] (1).

3. A Study On The Pathology Of Internal Genital Organs Of Female Canmel (Camelus Dromedarius)

by Yasser Mustafa Butt, M | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr. M. Athar | Dr. Shahzada Khurram Ashraf | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Nature of contents: biography; Literary form: Publisher: 2009Dissertation note: A total of 260 ovaries, 260 oviduct, and 130 cervices of 130 female camels including 15 female camel calves, 34 female camel heifer and 81 adult female camels were collected from the Lahore abattoir. Biometrical values of normal ovaries, oviduct and cervices also determined. The biometrical values of both left and right ovaries comprising of length, width, thickness and weight were recorded. Statistically there was no difference in the measurements of both left and right ovaries which however, increased with the advancement of age of camel. The mean length of the oviducts of these 3 age groups of female camels determined. There was no difference between the mean length of both left and right oviduct of same group but difference between the group and the length of the oviducts increased with the advancement of age. The mean length of cervices and cervical annular rings of female camels of the 3 age groups were also determined. The mean length of cervices correlated well with the number of rings. The incidence of diseased condition of ovaries and cervices in the 3 age groups were also noted which revealed that the incidence of diseased condition of ovaries in camel calves was nil and in heifer ovarian hypoplasia (2.94%) on left ovaries and follicular cyst (1.23%) in adult female camels on the left ovary. The incidence of diseased condition of cervices in camel calves was nil, mucocervix (2.96%) in heifers and 2.46% including mucocervix (1.23%) and cervicitis (1.23%) in adult camels. The multiple diseased condition was found (1.53%) out of 130 genitalia. The gross and histological findings of each diseased conditions were studied. Haematological parameters i.e. Total leukocytic count and Differential leukocytic count studied in both normal and diseased conditions. The normal Total leukocytic values were higher in calf than heifer and adult. Differential leukocytic values were higher in adult. The neutrophils numbers were higher while basophils were lower. The values of Total leukocytic count and Differential leukocytic count were also increased in diseased condition. The biometrical norms of ovary, oviduct and cervix have been established which could be used as yard stick in diagnosis of pregnancy in female camels. The study of diseased conditions of. ovary and cervices has line-lighted the type of disease and their extent in camel. The haemotological studies including Total leukocytic and Differential leukocytic count in both normal and diseased conditions will also helpful. Based on the information, prophylactic and control measure can better be formulated. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0369,T] (1).

4. Effect Of Vitamin E Deficiency And Excess On Immune System Of Broiler Chickens

by Fauzia Kaukab Bashir | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr. Muhammad | Dr. Shahzada Khurram Ashraf | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 1994Dissertation note: This study was carried out to investigate whether different dietary levels of vitamin E (recommended, deficient and excess) had any detrimental or beneificial effect on body weight gain, lymphoid organs, haemalotogical values, humoral response to NDV-vacci nation, eel I ular response to tuberculin and phagocytic activity of neutrophils of broiler chickens. The study indicated that vitamin E supplementation 300 lU/Kg feed had beneficial effects on the weight gain of birds, weight of lymphoid organs such as bursa of fabricius, spleen, thymus and liver; feed intake and feed conversion ratio; serum antibody development against NDV vaccination; phagocytic index and delayed hypersensitivity index. Whereas, vitamin E deficiency adversely affects the body weight gain; weights of lymphoid organs such as bursa of fabricius, spleen, thymus and liver; feed intake and feed conversion ratio, serum antibody development NDV vaccination; Phagocytic index and delayed hypersensitivity index. No significant effect of vitamin E supplementation/deficiecy was noted on haematological values. From the results of this study it is concluded that vitamin E is not an immunosuppressive agent when used at recommended leavels or even in excess. Vitamin E deficient level in diet lowersthe immunocompetance of broiler chicken, whereas vitamin E excess level in diet improved immune responses and body weight gain. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0388,T] (1).

5. Studies On Blood Chemistry And Histopathological Alteration Induced By Mycoplasma Gallisepticum In Broiler

by Shahida Parveen | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr. Asif | Dr. Shahzada Khurram Ashraf | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 1994Dissertation note: For this project 120 one-day-old broiler chicks were divided into two equal groups i.e. A and B. The birds in group B were challenged with Mycoplasma gallisepticum at 7 days of age, whereas those in group A were dealt with as control birds. After 21 days of post infection serum samples were obtained from the diseased as well as control birds during slaughtering. Tissue samples from lungs, liver and trachea were collected and processed for histopathological examination. The postmortem findings revealed catarrhal exudate in the flares, sinuses, trachea, lungs and oedema of airsacs wall. The lungs were congested, dark in colour and inflammed. Liver showed fibri nopurulent perihepatitis, haemorrhages and congestion. Trachea was found to have a tenacious viscous cloudy exudate which was adherent to the tracheal wall. The histopathological sections showed oedema, haemorrhages, congestion, massive infiltration of monocytes and heterophils in the lungs. The liver showed evidence of necrosis, haemorrhages and infiltration of heterophils, lymphocytes in interlobular spaces around portal vessels. The trachea showed epithelial and submucosal infiltration with lymphocytes, hypertrophy of epithelial mucous glands' and some catarrhal exudate on the mucosal surface. Sloughing of mucosa with variable degree was noted. The data, obtained by the analysis of serum, statistically indicated that the concentration of serum uric acid, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, serum alkaline phosphatase and serum lactic dehydrogenase was increased significantly in infected birds. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0396,T] (1).

6. Comparative Study On Pathology Of Hemic System Of Three Broiler Chicken Strains Suffering From Experimental

by Farrukh Hasan Zaidi | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr Mubashar | Dr. Shahzada Khurram Ashrrf | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 1994Dissertation note: Three hundred day old broiler chicks of three different strains (one hundred of each strain) were obtained from the market. The strains were Hubbard (H) Lohmann (L) and Indian River (IR). The chicks of each strain was divided into two groups of equal number, which were further subdivided into two subgroups. The subgroups Al, A2 ; C1, C2 ; and El, E2 were kept as uninoculated control and subgroups B1, B2 ; Dl, D2 and Fl, F2 where inoculated with HPS antigen subcutanoously at the age of 21 days. The number of diseased chicks who died or slaughtered were counted. The maximum number of chicks showed HPS and died and slaughtered, i.e 66% belonged to H, followed by 30% which were JR and then the L which were 24%. The haematologlcal values of all the broilers affected with lIPS were determined. In Hubbard strain the mean ±S.E of TEC was 2.02 ± 0.06 million percubic millimeters, TLC 12.57 ± 0.51 thousand per cubic millimeter, Thrombocyte count 28.60 ± 0.40 thousand per cubic millimeter, Hb content 6.51 ± 0.16, PCV 26.05 ± 0.58, ESR 3.63 ± 0.21. The thousand per cubic milimeter. The PLC were also determined which included lymphocytes 55.16 ± 0.54, monocytes 3.00 ± 0.32% heterophils 40.26 ± 0.39%, eosinphils 0.89 ±. 0.18% and basophils 0.68 ± 0.15. In Lohznann strain the mean j S.Eof TEC was 2.14 ± 0.11 million per cubic millimeter, TLC 18.85 ± 0.2.4 thousand per cubic millimeter, Thrombocyte count 28.42 ± 0.53 thousand per cubic millimeter, Hb content 7.51 ± 0.21, PVC 27.14 ± 0.68, ESR 3.28 ± 0.28. The DLC were also determined which included lymphocytes 58.28 ± 0.82%, moaocytes 3.80 ± 0.31%, heterophils 36.00 ± 0.90%, eosinophils 1.14 ± 0.24% and basophils 0.7l ± 0.26. In Indian River strain the mean ± S.E of TEC was 2.08 ± 0.07 million per cubic millimeter, TLC 16.10 ± 0.78 thousand per cubic millimeter, thrombocyte count 28.58 ± 0.53, Hb content 7.38 ± 0.15, PVC 26.8 t. 0.58, ESR 3.20 ± 0.24. The DLC were also determined which included lymphocytes 55.60 0.47%, monocytes 3.30 . 0.28, heterophils 39.30 ± 0.49%, eosinophils 0.90 .0.17 amd basophils 0.80 ±. 0.27. Gross pathological lesions in the inoculated bizds were studied. The heart showed ballooning due to distention of pericardial sac with pericardial fluid. Other lesions Included haemorrhages on the epicardium and flabbiness of the mycordium .tJnder the microscope, degenerative changes in myocordial tissue were seen. Lesions in the spleen included splenomegaly and haemorraghic spots. Histopathologically there were degeneration, necrosis, and haemorrhages. Aorta showed flabbiness of the wall. The disruption of endothelium was also discerned. Keeping in view all the above findings, It Is concluded that there is a marked difference in uaceptibility of HPS among three different commercial broiler strains and HPS also effects a lot on the hemic system of the broiler. The Hubbard broiler strain is more susceptible which is followed by the Indian River and Lohmann respectively. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0397,T] (1).

7. Effect Of Vitamin A Deficiency And Excess On Immune System Of Broiler Chickens

by Ahmad Raza | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr. Haji Ahmad | Dr. Shahzada Khurram Ashraf | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 1994Dissertation note: This study was conducted to investigate the effect of different dietary levels of vitamin A (Excess, deficient and recommended) on body weight gain, lymphoid organs, haematological values, humoral response to NDV-vaccination, cellular response to tuberculin and phagocytic activity of neutrophils of broiler chickens. The results of the study revealed that vitamin A supplementation at 20,000 1U/Kg feed had beneficial effects on the weight gains of birds; weight of lymphoid organs such as bursa of Fabricius, spleen, thymus and liver; serum antibody development against NDV vaccination; feed intake and feed conversion ratio; phagocytic index and delayed hypersensitivity index. Whereas, vitamin A deficiency had adverse effects on body weight gains; weight of lymphoid organs, serum antibody development agaist NDV vaccination, feed intake and feed conversion ratio, phagocytic index and hypersensitivity index. No significant effect of vitamin A supplementationldeficiency was noted on haematological values. From the results of this study it can be concluded that vitamin A is not an immunosuppressive agent when used at recommended level or even in excess (for short duration). Vitamin A deficient level in diet had detrimental effects on immune system in terms of lowered humoral and cellular responses and also decreaed phagocytic activity of neutrophils. Whereas, vitamin A supplementation at excess level improves cellular and humoral responses along with improved phagocy bic activity of neutrophils. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0398,T] (1).

8. A Study On The Effect Of Organo Phosphate Insecticide (Neguvon) On Immune Response In Broiler Chickens

by Shoaib Ahmad | Dr. Muhammad Naeem | Dr. Muhammad Naeem | Dr. Shakil | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 1994Dissertation note: Neguvon, an Organophosphate insecticide at a dose of 50mg or 100mg per kg of feed for varrying period of time administered to the birds, interfered with the development of serum antibodies in vaccinated and challenged birds. Neguvon had adverse effects on weights of lymphoid organs such as bursa of fabricius, spleen and thymus. It decreased the live body weights gain and dressed eviserated weights of birds. Neguvon had not beneficial effects on serum antibodies development. It resulted in higher postchallenged mortality of medicated vaccinated birds as compared to vaccinated control birds. So Neguvon is immunosuppressive insecticide when fed at subtoxic dosage levels. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0400,T] (1).

9. Estimation And Correlation Of Protein, Differential Leukocyte Count (Dlc) And Total Leukocyte Count (Tlc) In The Blood And Milk Of Sub Clinically Mastitic Buffaloes

by Fakhar uz Zaman | Dr. Mohammad Sarwar Khan | Dr. Khalid Pervaiz | Dr. Shakil | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 1994Dissertation note: One hundred milk samples from mastitic buffaloes brought for treatment to outdoor Ward of the College of Veterinary Sciences, Lahore and adjacent areas were examined for their total blood protein, total blood leukocytic count, blood differential leukocytic count, milk whey protein, milk total leukocytic count and milk differential leukocytic count. Total protein, total leukocyte count, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils in blood gave their average as 6.84 gm/100ml, 4036 cells/mi, 48.17%, 48.32%, 2.34%, 0.69% and 0.48% respectively. Total whey protein, total leukocytic count, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils in milk showed their average values as 1.02 gm/l00ml, 4665000 cells/mi 70.42%, 24.19%, 3.45%, 1.30% and 0.37% respectively. Correlation between blood and milk protein, total leukocytic count, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils were estimated as -0.929, 0.962, 0.952, 0.985, -0.203, 0.060 and 0.284 respectively, which gave an increase of total whey protein, neutrophils in blood, neutrophils in milk and milk total leukocyte count and decrease of total blood protein, total blood leukocytes and lymphocytes in milk and blood. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0406,T] (1).

10. Study On The Pathlogy Of Leg Deformity In Broiler Chickens

by Farrukh Khurshid | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr. Haji Ahmad Hashmi | Dr. Shirin Munir | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 1994Dissertation note: The project was designed to. study the pathology of legdeformity in broiler chickens. Fifty leg deformed broiler chickens were collected from 30 commercial poultry farms of Lahore, Kasur and Pattoki. Abnormal posture or gait, reluctanceto walk and twisted, bent, bowed or rotated legs were the presenting signs. Routine post-mortem examination was performed to observe qualitative (severity and direction of deformity, position of gastrocnemius tendon, subjective assessment of bone strength, swollen and enlarged joints) assessment of bones. Four cases of varus, 30 cases of valgus, 14 cases of slipped tendon, 2 cases of dislocated condyles were recorded, in gross pathology 30 cases of dyschondroplasia, 4 cases of rickets, 7 cases of thickening of tendons, 1:3 cases of synovitis, 5 cases of femoral head necrosis, 1 case of bone abcess and 8 cases of curly toes were observed. It was observed that male birds had greater incidence of leg deformity than females Hubbard strain had greater incidence than other strain and It was noted that the most important age of deformity was 2nd and 3rd week of age and Hubbard birds grew fastly at this age and more prone to leg deformity. The affected portions of bones and tendons were processed for histopathological examination. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0408,T] (1).

11. Effect Of Hydatid Cyst On Different Blood Components In Camels Of Different Age Groups

by Hameed ur Rehman | Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Dr. Khalid Pervaiz | Dr. Shakil | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 1995Dissertation note: The present project was designed to find out the prevalence of hydatidosis in different age groups of camels and to see its effect on some blood parameters (TEC, Hb, PCV) and also to examined the same blood parameters of control groups. For this purpose study was carried out on 300 camels of various age groups (2-3 years, 3-5 years, and above 5 years) brought to Lahore abattoir for slaughtering purposes during the period from July 1994 to September 1994. The results showed that out of 300 camels, 189 (63%) were positive for hydatidosis. It revealed that infection rate was higher in Group-Ill (above 5 years) 70%, than in Group-I (58%) and Group-Il(61%). The study also revealed that the prevalence of hydatidosis was 67.68% in July, 54.9% in August and 66.67% in September The present investigation also showed that a mean of total erythrocyte count was 8.667 million/microliter with range of 6.00 million/microliterto 11.101 million/microliter, Haemoglobin concentration was 10.00 g/100ml with a range of 6.3 g/100 13.1 g/l00ml and mean of packed cell volume was 31.7 with a range of 20.00% to 39.00%. The control blood samples of 189 camels showed mean of total erythrocyte was 9.721 million/microliter ranging from 6.32 million/microliter to 12.92 million/microliter, mean of haemoglobin concentration was 11.5g/100ml with a range of 7.3 g/100ml to 14.4g/100ml and packed cell volume was 33.4% with a range of 22.00% to 40.7% Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0413,T] (1).

12. Pathology Of Infectious Bursal Disease Following Challenge In Broiler Chicks Vaccinated With Three Different Vaccines

by Mamoon Rashid Chaudhry | Dr. Shakil Akthar Khan | Dr. Ahmad Raza | Dr. S. Ata-ur-Rehman | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 1996Dissertation note: This project was designed to study the pathology of IBD following challenge in broiler chicks vaccinated with three different commercial imported live virus vaccines i.e. [BUR-706 (V1), D-78 (V2) and Bursine-2 (V3)]. A total number of 240 day old broiler chicks were randomly divided into eight groups, A through H, each containing 30 birds. Groups A, B and C were vaccinated with vaccines V1, V2 and V3 respectively as per schedule of the manufacturers and were challenged at 30 days of age with the local IBD strain procured from Veterinary Research Institute (VRI), Lahore intraocularly, while groups D, E, and F vaccinated with the V1, V2 and V3 were kept unchallenged. The group G nonvaccinated but challenged at 30 days of age was kept as control. The group H, which was non vaccinated and nonchallenged also kept as control. All the birds were challenged at day 37 of experiment, lymphoid organs (bursa of Fabricius, spleen and thymus) to body weight indices were determined. These organs were also gross and histopathologically examined. Serum samples of each bird was analyzed for estimation of antibody titre by applying Agar Gel Precipitation technique. The experimental data was statistically analysed by complete randomized design. The clinical signs like haemorrhages in thigh and pectoral muscles alongwith mucus in intestine were noted only in the group which was non-vaccinated but challenged. Similarly the bursa of Fabricius grossly appeared severely hemorrhagic and atrophied in the birds of group G. But the bursas of the birds inoculated with the intermediate vaccines V1 and V2 were also slightly atrophied. The spleen and thymus of the birds inoculated with the field isolate but non vaccinated were slightly swollen with grey foci on their surfaces. Histopathological study of the bursa revealed an abundance of plasma cells, macrophages and necrotic areas in the medullary areas of follicles in the group G. The spleen showed multifocal areas of liquefactive necrosis with lymphocytic depletion in the same group which was kept non vaccinated but challenged. The thymus showed no any marked histologic lesion. All the inoculated birds were found positive for the Infectious bursal disease virus antibodies. The statistical analysis of the lymphoid organ: body weight index of bursa showed a highly significant difference in the birds challenged but non vaccinated and the birds either vaccinated challenged or vaccinated nonchallenged and non inoculated birds. The lymphoid organ: body weight indices of spleen and thymus showed non significant difference amongst all the birds. Hence from this study it can be concluded that all three imported vaccines were some what equally efficacious in preventing clinical IBDV infection, except the little immunosuppressive effect of the two intermediate strain vaccines. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0435,T] (1).

13. Comparative Study On The Effect Of Experimentally Produced Hydropericardium Syndrome On Some Visceral Organs of Three Different Broiler Chicken Strains

by Imtiaz Rashid Qureshi | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr. Haji Ahmad | Dr. Shahzada Khuram Ashara | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 1994Dissertation note: Susceptibility, liver function , kidney function and gross and histopathological changes in different organs among different strains of broilers were studied in this experiment. For this purpose 300 days old broiler chicks of three different strains (Hubbard,Lohmann and Indian River)were obtained from two different commecial hatcheries .Each strain was divided into two equal groups comprising of 50 birds each. These groups were further subdivided into two equal subqroups comprising of 25 birds each .Sub groups so formed were A1,A2,r3l,E2.Cl.C2,Dl,D2,El,E2,Fl and F2. Sub groups (Bl,B2,Dl,D2,Fl and F2) were challenged with HPS inoculum thiough S/C route on 21st day whereas groups (Al,A2,C1,C2,E1 and E2) were kept as control and inoculated with normal saline through S/C route on the same day. Clinical symptoms observed were depression, ruffled feathers, loose dropings, inappetance, disinclination to move and lowering down the head with beak point rested on the litter. Gross lesions observed were hydropericardium,hepatomagaly,nephritis, congestion and oedema of lungs. Microscopically necrosis, congestion, oedema, haemorrhages and leukocytic infiltration was recorded. For the estimation of liver and kidney function, tests for the estimation of total protein concentration and urea concentration in serum were carriedout which showed significant decrease (P<0.0l)in the total serum protein concentration and significant increase (P>0.0l) in urea concentration in the serum of experimentally challanged chicks. This study revealed that highest mortality/slaughter occurred in Hubbard strain of broiler in which the increase in the level of urea concentration in the serum of inoculated group was the highest. Similarly lowest mortality/slaughter was recorded in Lohrnann strain in which the increase in the level of urea concentration in the serum of experimentally challenged chicks was the lowest. This study indicated that succeptibility directly depends upon the damage occurred to liver and kidneys. The decrease in the level of total protein concentration in the serum was almost equal in all strains. As regards mortality this study exhibited that maximum mortality occurred in hubbard strain of broiler and lowest in lohmann strain which indicated that susceptibility for HPS varied among different strain of broilers. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0438,T] (1).

14. Comparative Study On The Incidence And Pathology Of Morbid Conditions Of Uterus And Cervix Of Teddy And Local Non Descriptive Goats

by Yousaf Hassan Khera | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr. Ahmad Raza | Prof. Dr. Rashid Ahmed Ch | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 1996Dissertation note: The project was designed to study incidence and pathology of uterine and cervical maladies in two breeds (Teddy and Local non- descriptive) of goats. Three hundred uteri and cervices (150 from each breed) of goats of three age groups, 1-2 years, 2-3 years and above three years (50 in each group) were collected from Lahore slaughter house and then thoroughly examined for any gross pathological change. The organs exhibiting macropathological lesions were subjected to morphometric, histopathological and histochemical examinations. Of the 300 uteri and cervices, 35 (11.66%) showed morbid conditions. In 150 Teddy goats, pathological conditions were observed in, 1-2 years age group 4 (8%), 2-3 years age group 7 (14%) and in above 3 years age group 8 (16%). In 150 local non-descriptive goats, gross pathological conditions were present in, 1-2 years age group 3 (6%), 2-3 years age group 6 (12%) and in above 3 years age group 7 (14%). These results showed that incidence of pathological conditions increased with the age of the goats in both the breeds and incidence was slightly higher in Teddy goats than Local non descriptive goats in the same age groups. The following eight pathological conditions namely metritis, pyometra, pigmentation, endometrial cysts, adhesions, fibrosis, hemorrhages and aplasia of uterus were found. The morphometric, gross and histopathological changes of each disease condition of uterine horns, uterine body and cervices were studied. The histochemical evidence of tissue exhibited PAS and alcian blue reactions revealing presence of carbohydrates were also studied. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0440,T] (1).

15. Study Of Pathogenesis Caused By Vitamin "E" Deficiency And Excess (Histopathology Of Brain, Livers, Spleen, Myocardium And Skeletal Muscles) In Broiler Chickens

by Robina Nasim | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr. Muhammad | Dr. Shahzada Khurram Ashraf | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Nature of contents: biography; Literary form: Publisher: 1994Dissertation note: The investigation was conducted to study the effects of deficiency and excess of vitamin E on growth, hematology and liver, spleen, myocardium, brain and skeletal muscles of the broiler chicken. One hundred and eighty day old broiler chicks were divided. into three groups A, B and C containing 60 chicks in each group. Group A was maintained on a feed deficient in vitamin E. Group B was maintained on a feed containing excess of vitamin E at the rate of 300 il/kg. Group C was kept as control. All the said groups were maintained on said feed for 28 days. The weights of the birds from each group were taken every week. All the groups were kept under close observations to record signs and symptoms upto the end of 4 weeks of age. 20 birds from each group were slaughtered for hematology (PCV, Hb concentration, TEC and TLC) and histopathological studies (liver, spleen, myocardium, brain and skeletal muscles). The weight of the organs (liver, spleen, heart and brain) were taken and recorded after slaughtering. There was a significant decrease in weight in group A and a significant increase in weight in group B as compared to control group C. Antemortem symptoms were recorded throughout the experiment the birds of group. A showed loss of condition, leg weakness and slight paralysis of legs and birds of group B showed hock deformities. The main necropsy findings were small hemorrhages throughout the body muscles more prominent on breast and thigh muscles and small pinpoint haemorrhages in brain and anemia throughout the muscles in group A. Haematological alterations were studied in all the groups i.e. A, B and C. There was no significant difference in total erythrocytic count among all the groujs. There was significant difference in packed cell volume haemoglobin concentrations and total leukocytic count. The total leukOcytic count showed significant increase in group A as compared to control group C. The main histopathological lesions of liver and spleen were necrosis and leukocytic infiltration in group A. No change was noted ub kuver abd sokeeb if group B. The brain showed necrosis, calcium deposits and haemorrhages and in myocardium there were necrosis, leukocytic infiltration and haemorrhages while in skeletal muscels necrosis, leukocytic infiltration and hyaline degeneration after 28 days of age in group A No. lesions were observed in group B and C (control) Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0446,T] (1).

16. The Pathology Of Experimental Vitamin A Exess And Deficiency In Broiler Chickens

by Sami Itrat, M | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr. Ahmad Raza | Dr. Muhammad Athar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 1995Dissertation note: This study was conducted on broiler chickens for 7 weeks to investigate the effect of three different dietary levels of vitamin A on different body organs (oesophagus, liver, kidneys and ureters) by studying their weight and pathological lesions. The haematological parameters (TEC, Hb estimation and PCV) were also observed. The results of the study revealed that vitamin A supplementation at 20,000 lU/Kg feed had beneficial effects on weight of organs such as oesophagus, liver, kidneys and ureters. Whereas vitamin A deficiency had adverse effects on body organs in terms of weight and morphology. No effect of different levels of vitamin A on haematological values. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0447,T] (1).

17. Studies On The Pathological Aspects Of Early Chick Mortality Due To Bacterial Infections

by Raza ur Rehman | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr. Shahzada Khurram Ashraf | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 1993Dissertation note: The present study was conducted to investigate the bacterial etiology in the early chick mortality in Punjab. For the purpose 500 dead chicks (1-2 weeks old) were collected and subjected to the bacteriological examinations. Various media were used for the isolation, purification and identification of bacteria including MacConkey's broth, Selenite broth, S.S. agar, E.M.B. agar MacConkey's agar, Nutrient broth, Triple sugar iron agar, Blood agar, Mannitol salt. The isolation of bacteria was done from heart, liver, spleen, yolk sac, intestine. The standard techniques were used for biochemical and sugar fermentation reactions. The dead chicks were also examined for gross histopathological lesions. Of 500 birds examined 56.8% birds yielded . cjj isolates followed by . pullorum (25.4%) and S. aureus (17.8%). Sixty chicks suffering from Escherichia, Salmonella and Staphylococcus spp. infections (Twenty chicks positive for each genera) were selected for histopathological examination. The visceral organs (liver, lungs, heart, kidneys and spleen) showing characteristic lesions of diseases from 60 chicks were collected for histopathological study. From the foregoing, it is evident that . cli, S. pullorum and S. aureus are major bacteria involved in early chick mortality. Therefore to avoid these infections, implementation of hygienic standards both at hatchery and brooder house, strict vaccination schedule; practice of disinfections, proper husbandry practices, testing of parent flocks for carriers, and finally strict quarantine measures are suggested. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0448,T] (1).

18. Phagocytic Potential Of Chicken Peritoneal Macrophages To Pasteurella Multocida

by Saima Dil | Dr. Muhammad Amin Sheikh | Dr. Khushi Muhammad | Dr. Shakil | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 1995Dissertation note: In this study phagocytic potential/activity of chicken peritoneal macrophages to P. multocida was determined. Macrophages were collected by injecting Sephadex G 75 Sintraperitoneally. Peritoneal exudate cells were collected on 24, 48 and 72 hours post Sephadex G-75 injection. By differential counting macrophages were found to be 70- 80% while the remaining 20-30% cells comprised lymphocytes and heterophils. There was no difference in percentage of macrophages on 24 hours, by single and double dose of Sephadex G-75 but on 72 hours post Sephadexc G-75 injection, percentage of macrophages was a little high by double dose. Both capsulated and non-capsulated forms of P. multocida were chosen for examining phagocytic activity of the chicken peritoneal macrophages and the opsonizing role of the inactivated, normal and hyper immune sera. The capsulated P. multocida was phagocytosed less efficiently in the presence of hyperimmune and : normal sera then the non capsulated organisms. However, as against the latter, the former did not at all respond to the phagocytosing attempts of the macrophages, in the presence of the inactivated serum. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0449,T] (1).

19. A Study Of Changes In Blood Electrolytes And Pcv In Equine Colic

by Mazhar Ayaz, M | Dr. Khalid Pervaz | Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Dr. Shakil | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 1995Dissertation note: Besides mechanized transportation horses have still global importance not only for the communication but it is thought as symbol of superiority in many countries of the world. Horses are confronted with colic once in their life span that some times results in uncompareable loss to the owner. Only a timely and accurate diagnosis is the beacon of hope to save the life. To study the effects of colic on PCV and Blood Electrolytes, twenty horses suffering from colic were taken into investigation to asses the site and type of colic, while ten normal horses were kept as control. Diseased horses were divided into three groups A, B & C mild, moderate and severe respectively. Physical signs of group A were of mild nature comprising swishing of the tail, looking at the flank and lying down for the short periods, while group B showed moderate pain like lying down but not violently and increased bouts of pain. Animals in group C exhibited signs of severe pain by showing severe depression, restlessness, patchy sweating, struggling violently and kicking at the belly due to sharp continuous pain. The heart rate, respiration and rectal temperature in all groups was increased. Rectal palpation was performed in all groups to determine the site of the disease. Changes found in blood electrolytes like Na+, K+, C1- and HCO3 were measured by flame photometry. Group A, B and C showed decrease in Na+, and HCO3 concentration in serum while concentration of K and C1 in serum were normal in all groups. PCV was measured by Wintrobe micro-haematocrit method in all groups. Group A and C showed normal PCV but it was lower in group B. These all observations showed that the animals of group A were suffering from impaction of ileacaecal valve. Pain was not so severe nature that may cause death in colic cases while the animals in group B were showing signs of spasmodic colic. The abnormalities were not so severe to threat the life of the animal but were elevated than the normal. Group C was considerably serious that might lead to death if unattended because the variations and findings were similar with obstruction of small intestine. The serum electrolytes in this group were increased than the other two groups alongwith the elevated respiration, heart rate and rectal temperature that were helping in assessing the condition of the animal. PCV was the reliable tool to know the degree of dehydration in the severe cases. Rectal palpation helped in differentiating the various segments of the intestines involved and the severity of the disease in the diseased animals. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0472,T] (1).

20. Antimicrobial Efficacy Of Different Drugs Against Experimentally Induced Salmonella Pullorum Infection In Broilers

by Ashfaq Ahmad Mirza | Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Dr. Mazhar Iqbal | Dr. Shakil | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 1996Dissertation note: A total of 120 broiler chicks were randomly selected and divided into six groups viz A, B, C, D, E and F, consisting of 20 birds each. At 4 week of age, A to E groups were experimentally infected with Salmonella pullorum inoculum. Group E (infected, non-medicated) and F (non-infected and non-medicated) were kept as control. The groups A, B, C and D were treated with Ampicillin 20%, Oxy-N-50, Chioricol10 and Trimodin forte, respectively, post infection. All the groups were kept under close observation to record signs and symptoms of disease, mortality, body weight gain and Feed Conversion Ratio. Gross lesions in visceral organs were also noted during this study. Some blood parameters (TEC, TLC and Hb content) were also estimated, pre and post infection. A mortality percentage in groups A, B, C and D were recorded as, 25%, 35%, 15% and 10%, respectively, while 70% mortality was recorded in control group F. According to this trial Trimodin forte (Trimethoprim Plus Sulphadiazine) . afforded maximum protection against infection and proved best in relation to weight gain and F.C.R. Chloricol-10 (Chioramphenicol) stood second in the list, while Ampicillin-20% (Ampicillin Trihydrate) was the third drug in furnishing protection against the infection. Whereas, Oxy-N-50 (Oxytetracycline plus neomycin sulphate) was the least effective drug in respect of protection against pullorum disease. The signs of ill health appeared 3 to 4 days post infection were listlessness, ruffled feathers, droopy wings, loss of appetite, poor growth, depression, increased thirst and severe diarrhoea of chalky white colour. The postmortem findings were enlarged and congested liver streaked with haemorrhages, 2-3 times enlarged spleen (spleenomegaly), enlarged heart and pericarditis, congested and distended kidneys, area of gray hepatization in lungs, thickened and inflammed intestinal walls and presence of necrotic foci in cardiac muscles, liver, spleen, lungs, caeca, large intestine and muscles of gizzard. The Total Erythrocytic count and Haemoglobin contents were decreased and Total Leukocytic Count, were increased 3 days post infection. The findings of the present study will further elucidate the disease and help in diagnosis and treatment of this malady on large scale. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0482,T] (1).

21. Effect Of Fermacto On The Function And Morphology Of Liver And Kidneys Of Broiler Chicks

by Tahir Aziz | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr. Ahmad Raza | Dr. Haji Ahmad Hashmi | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: This project was designed to study the effect of two levels of Fermacto feeding for different durations on general metabolic state of broiler chickens by determining the functional and morphological state of liver and kidneys. One hundred and five day-old broiler chicks were randomly divided into seven groups viz A through G each containing fifteen birds. Group A was kept as control. To other six groups Fermacto feeding was done at two different levels (2 gm/kg and 4 gm/kg of feed) and for different durations. The experimental period was 42 days. Organ: body weight indices, FCR, gross and histopathological lesions of liver and kidneys, serum glucose, serum cholesterol, serum total protein and serum uric acid levels and antibody titres against Newcastle disease studied. The statistical analysis of organ body weight index for left kidney and right kidney showed a highly significant difference between all treated and control groups. The highest mean left kidney body weight index was achieved in the birds of group E. Similarly the highest mean right kidney body weight index was obtained in the birds of group C. Organ: body weight index for liver also showed a highly significant difference between control and treated groups and the highest liver body weight index was achieved in birds of group G. Best feed conversion efficiency was shown by the birds of group B. The gross pathological study of liver and kidneys revealed some nonspecific gross lesions such as slight atrophy, little changes in colour and streaks of haemorrhages in some birds of control and experimental groups. No characteristic histopathological lesion was observed in liver and kidneys of birds except accumulation of RBCs in some birds of control and experimental groups. The data obtained by the analysis of serum statistically indicated that the concentration of serum glucose and serum cholesterol levels were significantly increased in treated groups than that of control group. Concentration of serum total protein was increased in all treated groups except for C group. But there was no significant difference in serumuric acid levels of all treated and control groups. The data obtained by the analysis of antibody titre against Newcastle disease on zero, 14th, 28th and 42nd day of experiment showed that geometric mean HI titres of all groups carried no significant statistical difference on any of the above mentioned days. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0493,T] (1).

22. Effect Of Fermacto Feeding On Function And Morphology Of Liver And Kidneys Of Commercial Laying Hens

by Sarwar, M | Dr. Shakil Akhtar khan | Dr. Ahmed Raza | Prof.Dr. Rashid Ahmed Chaudry | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: The effect of three levels of Fermacto feeding on egg production, general metabolic state and health of the laying hens was observed by determining the functional and morphological state of liver and kidneys. One hundred, 60 weeks old laying hens, were divided into four equal groups viz A through D each of 25 birds. The hens were already vaccinated. The group A was kept as a control and iii group B, C and D, the Fermacto feeding was done at a dose rate of 1gm, 2gm and 4gm per kg of feed respectively. The experiment period was 60 days. Egg production records, visceral organ: body oveight indices, gross pathological lesions of liver and kidneys, serum glucose, serum cholesterol, serum total protein and serum uric acid levels and antibody titres against Newcastle disease were determined. The statistical analysis of egg production record showed that from 1-15th day there was no significant difference among the experimental and control groups and from day 16-30th, there was highly significant difference between the experimental and the control groups. The highest mean egg production record was achieved I n the birds of group A. There was no significant difference between the experimental and control groups from day 31-45th ,but there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups from day 46-60th. The birds from the group B showed the highest mean egg production. The organ: body weight index for left kidney and right kidney showed a highly significant difference between all experimental and control groups. The highest mean left kidney: body weight index was achieved in the birds of group D. Similarly the highest mean right kidney: body weight index was obtained in the birds of group C. Organ: body weight index for liver also showed a highly significant difference between control and experimental groups and the highest liver: body weight index was achieved in birds of group B. The gross pathological study of liver and kidneys revealed some non-specific gross lesions such as little changes in colour and streaks of haemorrhages in some birds of control and experimental groups. No characteristic pathological lesion was observed in liver and kidneys of birds. The data obtained by the analysis of serum statistically indicated that the concentration of serum glucose level was significantly increased in experimental groups than that of control group. Concentration of serum cholesterol was also significantly higher in the treated groups than in control group. Concentration of serum total protein was highest in the C group. There was significant difference in the level of serum total protein of all the experimental and control groups. The serum uric acid concentration was significantly different between control and experimental groups. The uric acid concentration was highest in group A. The data obtained by the analysis of antibody titre against ND on 1st, 15th , 30th, 45th and 60th day of the experiment showed that the highest GMHI in the birds of C group which reflected the stimulation of the immune system. So, it was concluded that Fermacto feeding had no deleterious effect on general metabolic state and immune system of laying hens. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0498,T] (1).

23. Changes In The Harderian Gland And Respiratory Tract Of The Broiler Chicken Following Intraocular Vaccination And Infection With/Against Newcastle Disease Virus

by Amer Jumal, M | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr. Ahmad Raza | Dr. M. Asif Rabbani | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: This project was designed to determine the immune response, macroscopic and microscopic changes in the Harderian gland (HG) and respiratory organs of young chickens reared in well controlled environment following eye-drop vaccination against ND and subsequent challenge with a NDV field strain. This endeavour also represents an effort to raise the curtain on the extent of local and humoral immunity in response to eye-drop vaccination against NDV and also after challenge by two different routes (intraocular and intratracheal).For this project a total of 150 day old broiler chicks were procured from local commercial hatchery. At day one 6 birds were used to determine the maternal antibody titres against ND. On day 7, chicks were randomly subdivided into 6 subgroups Al and A2, Bi and B2, Cl and C2, each subgroup having 24 birds. Three subgroups were vaccinated through eye-dropping against NDV (i.e. Al, A2 and Cl) at 7th and 21st day of age. The other three sub-groups were kept non-vaccinated (i.e. Bi, B2 and C2). Challenge of virulent NDV was administered at 28t1i day of age by two different routes to the different subgroups. Intraocular challenge was given to Al and Bi subgroups and intratracheal challenge was given to A2 and B2 subgroups, whereas Cl and C2 subgroups were kept as control. Determination of antibody response against NDV by heamagglutination inhibition test and gross and histopathology of Harderian glands, trachea and lungs of six birds of all experimental and control subgroups were performed on days 14, 28, 31 and 35 of age. Ocular vaccination engendered higher level of circulating antibodies against NDV but developed poor local protective immunity in tracheal rrucosa. Intratracheal challenge, caused pronounced changes in vaccinateçl birds by eye-dropping in comparison to intraocular challenge, so it can be infered that route of challenge of NDV played a characteristic' role in developing disease to the host vaccinated through eye-droppings. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0504,T] (1).

24. Taxonomuy And Prevalence Of Eimeria Species Infecting Young Buffalo And Cattle Calves And Their Effect On Various

by Afzal, M | Dr. Muhammad Afzal | Dr. Haji Ahmad Hashmi | Dr. Shakil | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Nature of contents: biography; Literary form: Publisher: 1996Dissertation note: This study was contemplated to evaluate some aspects of prevalent species including taxonomy of Eimeria infection& in young cattle and buffalo calves. In addition the effects of Eimeria infections on various haematological parameters i.e., Haemoglobin, PCV, RBC count, ESR and Differential leucocyte count were also studied. For this purpose the animals (Buffalo and Cattle calves) were divided into two groups. Firstly those having diarrhoea and secondly those which were apparently healthy. The buffalo and cattle calves were divided into four groups (A, B, C and D) on the basis of the age in days under the maximum age of 120 days. A group ranged from 1-30 days, B ranged 31- 60 days, C ranged 61-90 and D ranged 91-120 days. The haematological observations were recorded from both the groups formulated upon the basis of age as A, B, C and D in both cattle and buffalo calves and findings compared with the control groups A, B, C and D having the same age range. Results revealed that out of 816 animals (442 cattle and 374 buffalo calves), 167 (84 cattle and 83 buffalo calves) were found to be positive (20.46%) for Eimeria species infection. Whereas 62 out of 250 (24.80%) suffering from diarrhoea and 22 out of 192 (11%) apparently healthy cattle calves showed coccidial infections. For buffaloes 63 out of 220 cases (29%) were positive from animals showing diarrhoea and 20 out of 154 (13%) were found positive for coccidiosis from apparently healthy group. Four species of Eimeria namely, Eimeria zuernii, Elmerip bovis, Eimeria cylindrica and Eimeria ellipsoidalis were found in the above mentioned ca1ves E. zuernhi was the most prevalent species found (48%) followed by . bovis (27%), Eimeria cvlindrica (16%) and Eimeria ellipsoidalis (10%) respectively. OPG count carried out ranged from 2500-70,000 oocyst per gram of faeces. Haematological observations showed anaemia, which was a feature of the diarrhoeic calves and not found in apparently healthy animals although some of them had been harbouring Eimeria infection. The PCV decreased proportionately with haemoglobin whereas erythrocyte count also showed decrease in positive cases. On the other hand ESR of the above referred calves increased. There was neutrophilia in the infected animals versus control animals and lymphocytes decreased in infected animals. There was no significant change in eosinophil and monocyte counts. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0511,T] (1).

25. Study On Various Mineral Levels And Pathology Of Visceral Organs Of Broiler Chickens Affected With Leg Deformities

by Asim Aslam | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr. Ahmad Raza | Prof. Dr. Rashid Ahmad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 1996Dissertation note: This project was designed to determine the incidence of various leg disorders in commercial broiler chickens and to elucidate the effects of leg deformity on the metabolism of broiler chickens in terms of serum levels of calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, chloride and also on the morphology of liver, kidneys and pancreas. Fifty leg deformed broiler chickens were collected from 38 different commercial poultry farms in and around Lahore, kasur, Sialkot and Gujranwala Districts. Out of the observed cases of leg deformity, 18 cases of valgus, 13 cases of slipped gastrocnemius tendon, 9 cases of curly toe, 5 cases of femoral head necrosis, 3 cases of varus and only 2 cases of synovitis were reported. This data of incidence of various leg deformaties were analysed on the basis of age, sex, strain of bird and also on the basis of location of deformity. It was noted that the most frequently encountered leg deformity was valgus. The maximum incidence of valgus occurred at 5th week of age. The males have greater incidence of valgus as compared to females. Hubbard strain had greater incidence of valgus in comparison to other strains of birds. Unilateral cases of valgus were more common than bilateral. The levels of all minerals were decreased in experimental birds as compared to control ones. The mineral levels of birds affected with valgus deformity showed that there was a highly significant difference in the levels of calcium phosphorus and sodium between the experimental and control groups. But there was a non-significant difference in the levels of potassium and chloride in both the groups. The slipped gastrocnemius tendon was noted frequently at 7th week of age, slightly more in females and all the reported cases were unilateral. Hubbard strain was found to be most liable to slipped tendon. The mineral levels of birds affected with slipped tendon showed a highly significant difference in the levels of calcium, phosphorus and potassium between the experimental and control groups. A significant difference was also noted between the experimental and control groups in terms of levels of chloride, but a non-significant difference was recorded between the experimental and control groups in case of serum sodium level. Curly toe was again recorded to its peak in birds of 7 week age, more in males and mostly bilateral. Hubbard strain was found to be the most affected one. The mineral levels of birds affected with curly toe showed a highly significant difference in the levels of calcium and phosphorus between the experimental and control groups. But a non-significant difference was noted between the two groups in cases of serum levels of sodium, chloride, and potassium. Femoral head necrosis was recorded at its highest incidence at 9th week of age, more in males, and all the recorded cases were unilateral. The strain most liable to femoral head necrosis was Indian river. The mineral levels of birds affected with femoral head necrosis showed a highly significant difference in the levels of phosphorus and potassium between experimental and control groups. A significant difference was also recorded between the experimental and control groups in terms of levels of calcium. But in the serum levels of sodium and chloride a non-significant difference was obtained between the two groups. Varus was recorded more frequently at 6 and 7 week of age, more in females, and mostly unilaterally although bilateral cases were also noted. Hubbard, Arboracres, and Lohmann strains showed more susceptible behaviour. The mineral levels of birds affected with varus showed a highly significant difference in the level of calcium. A significant difference was also recorded between the experimental and control groups in terms of levels of phosphorus and potassium, but a non-significant difference was noted in the sodium level between the two groups. Synovitis was noted mostly between 3 and 6 week of age, more or less equally between males and females. Both unilateral and bilateral cases were seen, and Hubbard and Arboracres strains were found to be more prone to synovitis. The mineral levels of birds affected with synovitis showed a significant difference in the levels of calcium and sodium in the experimental and control groups. But a non-significant difference lies between the two groups. In all these various types of leg deformities, the macroscopic lesions like, slight enlargement of liver along with discolorization and necrotic areas and in some cases congested livers showing the lesions of perihepatitis were also noticed. The kidneys showed inflammatory signs alongwith urates deposits. A pale fibrosed pancreas showed atrophic changes. The pancreas was the most severely affected organ. In majority of the birds it was severely atrophied presenting a shrunken fibrous band like structure in the convoluted duodenal loop. The colour of these pancreases was white or off-white to pink and were firm in consistency. Microscopically cloudy swellings and severe necrosis were seen in the affected livers. Mononuclear and plasma cell infiltration were also quite evident. Leukocytic infiltration in the interstitial spaces and glomerular region were quite evident. The dilated blood vessels and haemorrhages in tissue spaces were observed. In some of the severely affected cases the glomeruli were enlarged and were less in number as compared to that of normal birds.Lesions of necrosis were also noted in some of the affected kidneys. Pancreas was observed that the acinar cells were atrophied and underwent vacuolation, degeneration and necrosis. The Zymogen granules were almost absent from acinar cells. Heterophil, leukocytic and lymphocytic infiltration were frequently encountered in affected cases. A characteristic change was an inflammatory reaction in one or more pancreatic ducts where the epithelium and fibrous tissues occluded the lumen of the ducts and led to obstruction in pancreatic drainage. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0513,T] (1).

26. Comparative Study Of Different Techniques For Diagnosis Of Lymphoid Leucosis In Commercial Layer Chickens

by Azhar Nazir | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr. Ahmad Raza | Dr. Muhammad Sarwar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: This project was designed to study and compare the results of ELISA, impression smears of visceral organs, haematological (TLC and DLC) and histopathological examination for diagnosis of lymphoid leucosis in commercial layers. For this purpose a total of 90 birds were selected from different commercial layer farms, having the history of lymphoid leucosis, age ranged from 5 to 9 months and having enlarged liver and bursa of Fabricious on palpation. After the selection of birds, their blood was obtained and serum was seprated avoiding the lysis of RBCs. The serum thus obtained was used to detect the lymphoid leucosis antigen with the help of proflock kit of ELISA by KPL USA. Ninety serum samples were put into the ELISA plate well coated with an anti-P27 antibody. The anti-P27 antibody formed a antibody antigen complex. After washing the plate, an affinity purified rabbit anti-P27 peroxidase conjugate was added to each well. The antibody antigen complex remaining from the previous step reacted with the conjugate, brief incubation period was provided and then unreacted conjugate was washed through second wash step. Substrate which contained a chromogen ABTS), was added to each well. Chrornogen colour was changed (from clear to green-blue), which occurred in the presence of peroxidase enzyme. The relative intensity of colour developed in 15 minutes (Compared to control) which is directly proportional to the quantity of P27 antigen in the sample. Now the substrate was incubated, stop solution was added to each well to terminate the reaction. The plate was read using an automatic ELISA reader, which also calculated the SP (sample to positive) values for each sample tested. The birds having titres of 1000 or above were found positive. Twenty birds out of total 90 were found positive by ELISA. These ELISA positive birds were purchased from each farm and the same number of healthy birds from the same flock were subjected to organ body weight ratio and haematological examination (TLC, DLC) and histopathology of positive cases. The total leukocytic count of the ELISA positive birds showed increase in the leukocytic count when compared with the healthy birds of the same flock. The mean values for ELISA +ve birds of flock number 1, 2, 3 and 4 were 44.93±0.40, 45.90±0.41, 45.90±0.41 and 45.04±0.63, respectively with mean TLC values of 27.32±0.23, 27.38±0.35, 27.38±0.35,27.24±0.29 of healthy birds of flock number 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively, where the differential leukocytic count showed mild increase in lymphocytes and basophilis and a marked increase in monocyte. The mean value for lymphocytes of the ELISA +ve flock numbers 1, 2, 3 and 4 were 57.35±0.14, 57.30±0.15,57.30±0.15 and 57.76±0.44 respectively compared with the healthy birds of flock numbers 1, 2, 3 and 4 which were 56.0±0.20, 56.0±0.29, 56.20±0.29 and 57.44±0.3. The mean basophilic value for ELISA +ve flock number 1, 2, 3 and 4 were 1.61±0.60, 1.56±0.24, 1.56±0.24 and 1.48±0.37 respectively, compared with the mean value of healthy birds of flock numbers 1, 2, 3 and 4 which were 1.57±0.68, 1.48±0.68, 1.48±0.59 and 1.60±0.37, respectively. The mean monocyte value for ELISA +ve flock were 14.50±0.13,14.50±0.10, 14.50±0.10 And 14.56±0.44 for flock number 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively, mean value of the healthy birds were 9.19±0.57, 9.10±0.44, 9.10±0.44, 9.10±0.44 For flock numbers 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively. The organ body weight ratio showed a highly significant increase in the organ body weight indices of affected liver, kidney, spleen, ovary and bursa of Fabricious. The gross lesions mainly were great enlargement of the liver, spleen, kidney, ovary and bursa of Fabricious, with grayish white, or creamy white foci. In some organ the nodular tumor growth has also seen. Histopathological studies of the affected birds revealed the infiltration of the lymphoblasts and other blood cells in the affected organ. Areas of necrosis at some places in affected organ were observed. The tumors cells showed the aggrigates of lymphoblast. The impression smears made from the fresh specimen of liver, spleen, kidney, ovary and bursa of Fabricious, stained with Giemsa stain, confirmed the lymphoid leucosis due to the presence of lymphoblast. Out of 20 positive cases, liver was affected in all the cases, spleen in 18 cases, ovary in 15 cases, kidney in 11 and bursa of Fabricious in 14 cases. It was concluded that ELISA can be used as a most reliable and effective method of diagnosis in live birds, whereas in dead birds, disease can be confirmed by the presence of lymphoblasts in impression smears of liver and spleen. Blood changes can be use as aid in early diagnosis, whereas histopathology is a time consuming procedure. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0514,T] (1).

27. Comparative Evaluation Of Different Suture Materials With And Without The Usage Of Thomas Splint For The Repair Of Transversely Cut Tendo Achilles In The Dog

by Hassan Saqlain | Muhammad Arif Khan | Dr. Muhammad Younas | Dr. Shakil | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: Tendons are an important link In the locomotive system, the main physiological function of which is to transmit forces that produce characteristic mechanical responses. The tendon function is extremely important in movement. Injuries and disturbances in tendon are common, thus creating extreme difficulties in locomotion. The repair of tendons had always been an enigma in the past. However with the advancement of surgery, the repair of tendon has become possible and the patient return to a normal functioning life. The present study was launched on twelve mongrel dogs. The achilles tendon was cut surgically and then repaired with two different suture materials i.e. stainless steel and Nylon (No.1). Three groups were made i.e. group A, B and C. Group A for repair of the achilles tendon with stainless steel wire (gauge 24) alongwith a comparison of repair with and without a thomas splint. The group 'B' was repmred with Nylon suture material (No.1) as well as with the comparison of thomas splint application The group C served as a control group in which no suture material was used, however the effect of thomas splint was compared with and without its application. Of the twelve animals, four were put into each group. In every group, first the achilles tendon of the right hindlimb was repaired with and without thomas splint. After eight weeks healing, the tendo-achilles of the left hind limb was repaired with the same suture material with and without thomas splint. The wounds were smeared with furacin ointment. Antibiotics were administered 24 hours prior to surgery and continued for 5 days post-surgically. All the dogs were kept under observation for eight weeks postsurgically. however, the total project took 16 weeks. The tendons were tested for repair (healing) by examination, lameness tests, posteuthanasia finding and histopathological studies. The success rate of the tendons repaired with stainless steel sutures (guage 24) was 50% and with Nylon suture material (No. 1) 100%. The results clearly Indicated that the application of Nylon. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0516,T] (1).

28. Studies On The Incidence And Pathology Of Different Reproductive Disorders In Desi Laying Hens In And Around Lahore

by Shahbaz ul Haq | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Muhammad Aleem | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: This project was designed to study incidence and pathology of reproductive disorders in Desi laying hens. This study also represented an endeavour to establish relationship between salmonellosis, mycoplasmosis and egg drop syndrome-76 infections and diverse types of reproductive abnormalities. A total of 300 Desi laying hens were randomly selected from the various poultry sale centres of Lahore and villages around Lahore. Blood sample and female genital tract of each bird were collected. The ovaries and oviducts of all hens were thoroughly examined to detect any gross pathological lesion. Organs exhibiting gross pathological lesions were subjected to histopathological examination. The biometrical study of ovaries and oviducts of all birds was also conducted. Serologically the incidence of salmonellosis, mycoplasmosis and egg drop syndrome 76 was detected by adopting rapid method agglutination test, rapid slide agglutination test and haemagglutination inhibition test, respectively. In this study 32 (10.67%) birds exhibited five pathological conditions i.e. oophoritis, degenerated ovarian follicles, salpingitis, cystic oviduct and adenoma. Macro and microscopic pathological lesions were studied in all the above five conditions. Out of 300 serum samples, 113 (37.66%) were positive for Salmonella pullorum and Salmonella gallinarum infection, 209 (69.66%) were positive for Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection and 41 (13.66%) samples were positive for EDS-76 infection. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0517,T] (1).

29. Comparative Study On The Effects Of Dietary Aflatoxin And Detoxified Aflatoxin On Functions Of Liver In Commercial

by Kamran Younas Chohan | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr. Ahmad Raza | Dr. Talat Naseer Pasha | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: The effect of dietary aflatoxin and detoxified aflatoxin was studied on postmortem lesion, total serum protein, serum bilirubin, SGOT and SGPT in commercial broiler, which were fed on broiler starter ration upto 21 days. From 21st day to 42nd day they were divided into 5 group and fed toxicated feed along with different treatment. Aflatoxins were produced on corn by moistened it at room temperature for 15 days, and the concentration of aflatoxin in corn was determined through direct ELISA (Brinton, 1987) from a commercial Laboratory. This corn were ground and appropriate amount of this was mixed into broiler finisher ration to generate 70 ppb aflatoxin B1 level. One hundred day old broiler chicks were obtained from a commercial hatchery and fed on broiler starter ration upto 21 days. At 21st day these were randomly divided into 5 groups, having 20 birds each. Each birds in each. One group was received simple feed, 2nd group was received contaminated feed with aflatoxin B1 70 ppb, 3rd, 4th, and 5th group were received contaminated feed with 70 ppb aflatoxin and treated for detoxification with extrusion, sodium bentonite and Mycofix plus inclusion respectively. All the birds were thoroughly observed throughout the experimental period to detect any clinical sign deviated from normal. All the birds of each group were slaughtered at the end of experiment at 42nd days their blood was taken for separation of serum and gross postmortem lesions were recorded. The common clinical symptoms observed in chicken at 70 ppb level were dullness, depression, paleness of combs, wattles and shank. The severity of these symptoms were less in groups feed a diet contaminated with aflatoxin with detoxification with extrusion and Mycofix plus. The group fed diet containing sodium bentonite, normal combs, wattles and shanks. Birds were remained active. The postmortem changes in the group receiving 70 ppb dietary aflatoxin showed the enlargement of liver, kidney, pancreas and spleen. Haemorrhages were present on pancreas and on intestine. The severity of lesion on these organs were less in groups fed on diet contaminated with aflatoxin with detoxification with extrusion, Mycofix plus and sodium bentonite. The group fed on sodium bentonite added contaminated diet has normal intestine. The total serum protein in group 2 decreased at 70 ppb aflatoxin level in feed. In group 3 which was treated with extrusion serum protein level also decreased. In group which was treated with sodium bentonite protein level increased and showed much improvement. In group 5 it also increased but less than group 4. Increase was highly significant (P<0.01) at the end of experiment. The total serum bilirubin in group 2 increased at 70 ppb aflatoxin level. Improvement was in group 3,5 and 4 which were treated with extrusion, Mycofix plus and sodium bentonite. Much improvement in group 3 whose feed was detoxified with extrusion process. Decrease was highly significant (P<0.01) at the end of experiment. The activity of SGOT in group 2 were increased at 70 ppb aflatoxin level in feed as compared to control. The activity of SGOT in treated groups were also increased. The treatment means of SGOT differed significantly (P<0.01). The activity of SGPT in group 2 was increased at 70 ppb aflatoxin level in feed as compared to control. The activity of SGPT is treated group were also increased. The treatment means of SGPT differed significantly (P<0.01). It was concluded from this study that the aflatoxin contaminated feed can be detoxified with extrusion, Mycofix plus or with addition of sodium bentonite. Addition of these in the feed improved the general body condition and liver function of the chickens. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0521,T] (1).

30. Comparison Of Perfused And Non Perfused Jejunal Auto Transplants For Reconstruction Of Massive Abdominal

by Ghalia Qayyum | Dr. Mazhar Iqbal | Dr. muhammad Younas | Dr. Shakil | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: Surgeons occasionally see patients who have malignant soft tissue tumors, loss of a part due to trauma or excessive debridement of the abdominal wall. Regardless of the etiology they represent challenging anatomical problems, both with respect to resection and especially to reconstruction. Many defects are unsightly and difficult to appose by the surrounding tissue. SuIeons in medical field as well as veterinarians have tried and reported many surgical corrections to these conditions. Twenty clinically healthy mongrel dogs of either sex were used for the experimental translocation of jejurial auto-grafts for the resurfacing of massive abdominal wall defects. The dogs were randomly divided into two groups of 10 animals each. Laparotomy was carried out by a vertical incision in right lateral recumbency. A portion of jejunum 12 cm long was selected and isolated from rest of the intestinal tract with its mesenteric blood supply intact. The continuity of the small bowel was restored by end-to-end anastomosis. The isolated segment of jejunum was then processed and cut open longitudinally along the antimesenteric border. After wards the open patch was cut into two equal pieces, perpendicular to the long axis and then sutured together parallel, so as to have even bigger surface area of the graft to cover a defect which was wider in width and could be repaired by single width of the intestine. In group I, both the parts of intestine sutured together retained their blood supply intact. In group II, one half of the transplant was rendered avascular. Using the previous incision site, a full thickness 6x6 cm, square shape defect was created in the abdominal wall. The jejunal patch was placed over the defect in the abdominal wall, with its mucosal surface apposing the external fascia. Simple interrupted sutures using chrornic cat gut No.2 were used to tailor the patch in such a way that normal contours of abdominal wall were reconstituted. A drain was placed at the site of operation and the subcutaneous tissue and skin were closed in a routine manner. In group-I there was no mortality and no herniation of the bowel occurred through the operative site. The graft was well tolerated by the animals as it was homologous. In group-TI the nonvascularised portion of the graft did not develop its new blood supply leading to its death and sloughing. Eventration took place on 6th day and the animals died, except one dog. It was concluded on the basis of this study that: 1. In group-I perfused pedicle grafts provided 100% resurfacing to the abdominal wall defects. 2. The mucosa of the bowel transplant under went degeneration. 3. The junctional histology of the graft revealed a thick layer of fibrous tissue indicating perfect union between the two portions of the graft. 4. A marked inflammatory reaction was also evident. 5. There was clear cut histological evidence of failure with loss of cellular integrity and no production of collagen fibers in the non perfused group. In a nut shell the chosen method of reconstruction was consistent with the hierarchy of treatment priorities, which makes survival paramount, followed by function, freedom from pain and acceptable appearances. Thus when there is no other way of saving the animals life other than surgical intervention, the satisfaction derived from such a successful, last resort operation is indeed a valuable encouragement to a young veterinary surgeon. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0527,T] (1).

31. Classification Of Anaemia In Dogs

by Farid Khan | Dr. Javed Rashid | Dr. Aasif | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: The present project was designed to investigate various causes and the incidence rate of anaemia and further to classify it on the basis of morphological changes. Forty dogs were used brought to the Dog Hospital, College of Veterinary Sciences, Lahore. Based on history and clinical examination the dogs were described as anaemic. Fifteen dogs were used as control animals. Haemoglobin (Hb) estimation, packed cell volume (PCV), total erythrocytic count (TEC) and erythrocyte indices (mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration) were investigated. Among forty sick dogs fourteen were found anaemic due to nutritional deficiency, nine due to parvovirus infection, seven were suffering from parasitic infestation, seven had mixed infection and only three had canine distemper. High incidence of anaemia indicated nutritional deficiency. It is concluded that anaemia in dogs due to parvo virus infection, parasitic infestation and canine distemper is of macrocytic normochromic, due to mixed infections macrocytic hypochromic and nutritional deficiency had microcytic normochromic, normocytic normochromic, normocytic hypochromic and microcytic hypochromic in nature. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0528,T] (1).

32. A Study On The Effect Of Doxin On The Immune System And Its Toxicity In Broiler Chickens

by Afzal, M | Dr. Shakil akhtar Khan | Dr. Khlid Muneer | Dr. Muhammad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: The project was designed to study the effect of Doxin on the 1.txuxuine system and if any, its toxicity (in normal and excessive doses) in broiler chickens. A total number of' 150 day old broJer chicks were randomly divided into six equal groups, A through F, each containing 25 birds. Group A arid B were kept as control i.e. A was non-medicated (Doxin) and vaccinated against ND while B was non-medicated (Doxin) and non vaccinated against ND. Groups C and E were medicated I)oxin at different levels (0.5gm/I and 4 gm/I) at 1st to 5th day and 22nd to 26th day respectively. Both groups were vaccinated against ND. Groups D and F were medicated Doxin at different levels (0.5gm/i and 4 gm/i) at 1st to 5th day and 22nd to 26th day respectively, both groups were non vaccinated against ND. The experimental period was 42 days. Organ body weight indices, gross lesions on liver, spleen, thymus, bursa of Fabricius and kidneys, determination ol immune response against Newcastle disease, serum total protein, albumin, globulin, A/G ratio, alkaline phosphatase, alanine amino transferase, aspaitate amino transferase, uric acid and urea levels were conducted. The statistical analysis of organ body weight index for liver showed significant difference between the medicated and nonmedicated (control) groups. The highest. liver body weight index was achieved in the birds of group E. The organ body weight indices of spleen, thymus and bursa of Fabricius are quite irregular. The data obtained by the the analysis of serum statistically indicated that the mean levels of serum total protein and albumin of control and medicated groups were not significantly different from each other. The mean levels of Globulin, A/G ratio of vaccinated and non- vaccinated groups carry statistical significant difference. There was no significant difference in alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine amino transferase (ALT) and asparate amino transferase (AST) levels of all medicated and non-medicated groups. The mean levels of urea and uric acid were increased in the medicated groups, highest in the high dose medication. The data obtained by the analysis of antibody titre against Newcastle disease on 0, 14th, 28th and 42nd day of experiment showed that geometric mean HI titres of all medicated groups decreased that of control groups. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0532,T] (1).

33. Taxonomical Studies Of Prevalent Species Of Eimeria In Broiler Chicks And Comparison Of Immucox (Imported Vaccine) Versus Locally Prepared Vaccine Against Coccidiosi

by Sodaghar Ali Shaker | Dr. Muhammad Afzal | Dr. Haji Ahmad Hashmi | Dr. Shakil | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: The study was designed to identify different species of the genus Eimeria in broiler chicks occuring in poultry farms situated in and around Lahore. For this purpose one thousand faecal samples were collected from different broiler farms out of which 145 (14.5%) were positive for coccidiosis. Two hundred broiler carcases, suspected to he suffering from coccidiosis were obtained from different diagnostic Laboratories at Lahore. One hundred and ninety out of 200, (95%) were found positive for coccidiosis. Identification of the species of the genus Eimeria was done and seven species were identified i.e, E tenella 119 out of 190 (62.63%), J. brunetti 27 (14.21%), E. necatrix 13 (6.84%), . acervulina 19 (10%), . maxima 4 (2.10%), . mitis 3 (1.58%) and . praecpx 5 (2.63%). The second aim of the present study was to compare the immunogenic properties of locally prepared (atlenuated) and imported (live) vaccine (Immucox). For this purpose one hundred and fifty five day old broiler chicks were reared under controlled conditions. They were equally divided into five groups i.e. A, B, C, D and E. Group A was kept as uninfected control. Group B acted as infected control. Group B, C, D and E were infected with 50,000 sporulated Oocysts at day 15, 25, 35 and 45 of age. Group C acted as infected and treated control alongwith 5 days treatment with amprolium, after three days of each primary and challenge doses. Group D received 1000 sporulated formalin treated oocysts orally, at the age of day 3 and day 10. The members of group E received orally imported vaccine (Immucox) at the age of day 5. Immunogenicity was measured by the passage of oocysts per gram of faeces (OPG) and by comparative weight gains amongst different groups. It was noticed that no coccidiosis could be established in groups A, C, D and E. The OPG counts remained nil in groups A and C throughout the experimental period. Groups D and E showed moderate counts and Group B showed high counts of OPG. The OPG counts gradually decreased to 35,000, 1200 and 1150 in groups B, D and E, respectively at the end of the experiment. Average weight gain records showed 430, 150, 332 and 270 gms greater in A, C, D and E groups, respectively at the end of the experiment, as compared to group B. FCR of group A, B, C, D and E was 2.82, 3.48, 3.11, 2.76 and 2.93, respectively at the end of the experiment. Group D was the best and group B was the worst. Group D depicted full protection and remained second to the uninfected control group (A) in respect of weight gains. Group E also showed complete protection and remained third to the uninfected control group A in respect of weight gains. Inspite of complete protection in group C due to amprolium treatment, the weight gains remained lower than groups D and E. There was no development of exogenous species of Elmeria due to immunization with immucox. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0533,T] (1).

34. Effects Of A Live Coccidial Vaccine On Browth Traits And Immune Response In Broiler Chickens

by Azam Ali Nasir | Dr. Javed Rashed | Dr. Asif | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: One hundred day old broiler chicks at the age of two days were randomly divided into four groups A, B, C and D. Group B, C and D were vaccinated orally with Cocci-vac on 3rd, 10th and 20th day of age respectively, while group A was kept as non-vaccinated control. At the age of 35 days, all the birds of each group were challenged with coccidial oocysts and the effects of Cocci-vac in controlling coccidiosis in broiler chicks as well as its effects on immune response and growth traits were studied. The immunogenic effects of Cocci-vac were recorded by challenging the birds with sporulated oocysts. In vaccinated groups (B, C and D) the immunity was better than non-vaccinated control group (A), as there were reduced or no signs of coccidiosis in vaccinated groups. The data obtained from oocysts count per gram of feces showed that the number of oocysts was 28290 and 33830 in group A (control) and 14685 and 16480 in group B (vaccinated) on 7th and 10th day post challenge, while group C had not shown any oocysts count throughout the experimental period. However, group D had shown oocysts count 3240 on 10th day post challenge but not on 7th day. The data obtained from analysis of antibody titers against Newcastle disease on 14th, 28th and 42nd day of experiment, revealed that the GM HI titers of group A (control) was slightly better (181 and 119.4) than other groups B (168.9 and 104), C (104 and 78.8) and group D (168.9 and 55.7) on 14th and 28th day but the lowest (9.8) in group A on 42nd day than other groups B (14.9), C (19.7) and D (13.9). The gross pathological study of intestine showed serosal changes (inflammation and haemorrhages) and mucosal changes (thickened wall, haemorrhages and blood tinged contents), while liver showed discolouration. These changes were much prominent in group A as compared to group B. Spleen and bursa of Fabricius represented no lesions. The data obtained by analysis of weight gain and FCR showed better weight gain (1614, 1783 and 1720) in groups B, C and D respectively and FCR 2.35, 2.24 and 2.26 in groups B, C and D respectively, in vaccinated groups as compared to control .group 'A' (Weight gain 1301 and FCR 2.45). However, within the vaccinated group C showed the best results. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0538,T] (1).

35. Preparation And Evalution Of Oil Based Egg Drop Syndrome Virus Vaccine

by Ghulam Nabi | Dr. Khushi Muhammad | Dr. Muhammad Akram Munieer | Dr. Shakil | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 1997Dissertation note: The egg drop syndrome virus (Pak-CVS-EDSV: collected from Mirobiology Setion, CVS, Lahore) was culturally characterised by inoculating in embryonated duck eggs, and by haemagglutination (HA) potential of only avian RBC and virus neutralization test. The virus was found antigenically related with the imported vaccinal strain of EDS virus. The virus grew well in the embryonated duck eggs. The HA titer of Allanto-Amniotic fluid (AAF) was more than log 211, while its E1D50 was determined to be 10-10.37 per ml. An oil-based EDSV vaccine was prepared by mixing one part of the AAF with 4 parts of the oil-base. The oil base contained 4% emulsifier (Span-80). The vaccine thus prepared from the local isolate was antigenically comparable with the imported vaccine. The cost of the vaccine production using local strain of the EDS virus was Rs.463/bottle (1000 doses) compared to Rs.1650/bottle of the imported vaccine. The price of the one ml diagnostic antigen was calculated at Rs.20/- compared to Rs.600 per one ml of imported antigen (Market price is Rs.2200/ml of the antigen). Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0541,T] (1).

36. Surveillance Of Disease Problems And Economic Losses In Commercial Broiler Farms In And Around Lahore

by Mudasser Jamil, M | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Ashraf | Dr. M. Athar Khan | Dr. Shakil | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 1998Dissertation note: The main objective of present work was to investigate the prevalence of various diseases and economic losses, resulting due to various factors among the commercial broiler farms in and around Lahore. For this purpose, oniy those farms were included, for the purpose of collection of data which had a capacity from 5000 to 2000 birds. A questionnaire was designed to collect the data from each farm that related to morbidity rates, mortality rates, vaccination, susceptible age, managemental fault, economic losses and cost analysis for various diseases. This study project was divided into two portions. During one year retrospective study (October 1996 to September, 1997) data was collected from 28 broiler farms. They had a total capacity of 118,000 birds and overall diseases mortality rate was 9.09%. Important diseases observed in this study were IBD (2.5%), 1-IPS (2.09%), earJ' chick mortality (1.85%) followed by colibacillosis (0.6%). Respire tory disease complex (0.5%), Ascites (0.47%), Coccidiosis (0.4%), Aspergillosis (0.314%) and N.D. (0.05%). Economic losses due to these diseases were calculated to be about 4.7% ed on 10 farms randomly selected out of 28 farms. Influence of season on disease was observed by Jividing a calender year into winter season (October 1996 to March 1997) and summer season (April 1997 to September 1997). Comparison of winter and summer season revealed that the incidence of IBD, Ascites, Respiratory disease complex and early chick mortality were higher in winter than summer, while incidence of hydropericardium coccidiosis and colihacillosis were higher in summer than winter. In second phase of this project, a prospective study was arraiied from January, 1998 to March, 1998 in 22 farms. During this study, 21700 birds were examined and overall 9.91% mortality rate was recorded. Important diseases observed in this prospective study were IBD (2.9%), ECM (2.25%), Respiratory disease complex (1.08%) and lIPS (1.11%) followed by colibacillosis (0.67%), ascites (0.51%), foul typhoid (0.14%), coccidiosis (0.37%), aspergillosis (0.29%), fowl cholera (0.16%) and N.D. (0.13%) n descending order. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0552,T] (1).

37. Upgrdation Of Nutritional Value Of Deoiled Rice Polishing By Different Chemical Treatments For Its Use In Poultry

by Saeed Ahmed | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Dr. Nisar Ahmad Mian | Dr. Shakil.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 1998Dissertation note: Two hundred and forty (240) day old male broiler chicks were randomly divided into 6 groups i.e. A, B, C, D, E and F. Each group comprised of 45 chicks except group A which was control and fed commercial ration comprised of 15 chicks with 3 replicates of 5 chicks each. Groups B, C, D, E and F were fed on raw, HC1, NaOH, 11202 and Kemzyme treated deoiled rice polishing, respectively. Each group was sub-divided into 3 sub-groups with 10%, 20% and 30% deoiled rice polishing. Each sub-group was comprised of 15 chicks 3 replicates of 5 chicks each. The present study was conducted to improve the nutritional value of the deoiled rice polishing by treating it with various chemicals such as HC1, NaOH, H202 and Kemzyme. One group was control i.e. without any treatment of deoiled rice polishing. Overall results showed that feed efficiency at 10% level was better with HC1 and H202 treatments of deoiled rice polishing. At level feed efficiency was better with HC1, NaOH, 11202 and Kemzyme treatments of deoiled rice polishing. At 30% level feed efficiency was better with 11202 and Kemzyme treatments. The findings of present study suggest that deoiled rice polishing can effectively be used in broiler diet at 20% level by treating it with 0.4N HC1. Whereas at 30% level the rations become uneconomical due to use of oil to compensate energy value. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0566,T] (1).

38. Studies On The Taxonomy And Prevalence Of Eimeria Species And Their Effect On Total Serum Protein In Commercial Layers

by Usman Naqi | Dr. Haji Ahmad Hashmi | Dr. M. Afzal | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 1998Dissertation note: The present project was designed to study the prevalence of Eimerian species in layers of different age groups arid breeds. For the purpose, 500 carcasses of layers were obtained from various sources and brought to the College of Veterinary Sciences Lahore, and opened in Paraisitology Laboratory. Different parts of intestine were examined for the presence of Eimerian species. In addition, to asses the general health status of birds, relationship between oocyst count and total serum protein, 30 different layer farms were selected randomly and from cacti farm 5 birds were subjected to faecal arid blood examination. The faecal samples were checked for the presence of Eimerian. oocysts arid their count par gram of faeces. The serum wan separated from the collected blood sample and total serum protein value was calculated. The managemental factor of these 30 Farms were also recorded. Five species were isolated from the 500 carcasses on the basis of site of infection, oocyst shape, size, length/width ratio and sporulation time. These specie5 included Simeria tenella 32.40%, C. acervulina 29.62%, C. necatrix 15.68%, C. brunetti 13.59% and C. maxima G.71@. Out of 30 farms, 13 farms were found positive for coccidiosis. Correlation was found between the values of oocyst count and total serum protein. Five farms showed positive correlation which indicated that there was no significant difference between oocyst count and total serum protein values. Eight farms showed negative correlation indicating significant difference between the relavtive values of oocyst count and total serum protein. It was found that layers between 3-9 weeks of age were most susceptible to coccidiosis. ESb3 was found to be the most effective and commonly used drug. Among different types of litter being used in the farms, rice husk was found to be the best bedding. Babcock was found to be the most resistant breed in layers. It was also observed that inadequate space provided to the birds, uncontrolled temperature of the farm and inadequate number of drinkers and feeders favoured the infection. Biosecurity measures remained the most important among all the factors. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0571,T] (1).

39. Effect Of Two Anticoccidials With And Without Supplementation Of Vitamins On Some Liver And Kidney Functions

by Muti Ur Rehman Khan | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr.Javed Rashid | Dr.Muhammad Amin Sheikh | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 1998Dissertation note: The project was designed to study the effect of anticoccidials (Ampisol 20% and Esb3 30%) with and without supplementation of vitamins on some liver and kidney functions of broiler chicken. A total of hundred day old broiler chicks were randomly divided into five equal groups designated as A, B, C, D and E. Group A was medicated with Ampisol 20% at the dose rate of 3 gm/10 liters. Group B was given Ampisol 20% alongwith supplementation of Symodek at the dose rate of 1 gmJ2 liters. Group C was medicated with Esb3 30% while group D was Esb3 30% plus Symodek. Group E was non- medicated control. Serum samples were collected randomly from five birds in each group on day 21, 28, 35 and 42 and were stored at -20°C uptil tests. The experimental period was 42 days. Estimation of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, serum creatinine and serum uric acid was made by using commercially available kits in collected serum samples of all groups. The statistical analysis of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, serum creatinine showed no significant difference among groups A, B, C, D and Eon 21, 28,35,42 day of experiment. Serum uric acid levels showed no significant difference in different groups on 21 and 42 day. On day 28 of the experiment there was no significant difference between mean serum uric acid levels of group C and D but were significantly different from groups A, B and E. The mean uric acid levels of groups A, B and E were significantly different from each other. On day 35 there was significant difference among different groups except between B and C groups. As there were no adverse effects on liver and kidney functions of broiler chickens, the administration of Ampisol 20% and Esb3 30% with and without vitamins is recommended for chemoprophylaxis of coccidiosis in broiler chickens. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0576,T] (1).

40. Comparative Efficacy Of Bone Plate And Plaster Cast For The Repair Of Mid Shaft Metacarpal Fracture In Equine

by Iftikhar Safdar Wahla, M | Dr. M. Arif Khan | Dr. M. Sarwar Khan | Dr. Shakil | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Nature of contents: biography; Literary form: Publisher: 1999Dissertation note: The fractures of long bone specially the metacarpal and metatarsal are quite common in race, polo as well as tonga horses. Mostly they appear as simple fracture as they do not involve the skin. These fractured cases are mostly euthanised due to lack of facilities and skills to handle such type of orthopedic problems. Different types of external fixation devices are used to immobilize such types of orthopedic ailments. But these methods cannot fulfill the requirements of an ideal union. In this project the internal method of fixation has been compared with the external method. The project was carried out 16 healthy donkeys divided into four groups of 4 animals each. In group A single plate, in group B double plates at right angle to each other and in group C plaster of paris were tried. Where as group D was considered as sham operated (control). The experiment animals kept over a period of 8 weeks postoperatively at Surgery Section of College of Veterinary Sciences, Lahore and different parameters were studied to pick-up the best procedure for the repair of mid-shaft metacarpal fracture in equine. The analysis of the results clearly indicated that the use of double broad (dynamic compression plate) plates at right angle to each other has an edge over the single plate and plaster cast. However, the single plate can also provide successful results in certain cases, where the movement of the animals is restricted and kept under closed observations. The gypsona cast applied alone can not immobilize the fracture site as required for the ideal healing. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0591,T] (1).

41. Study Of Incidence & Pathology Of Different Reproductive Disorders In Female Breeder Layers

by Imtiaz Ahmed Cheema | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr.Rashid Ahmad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: This study was carried out to find the incidence and pathology of reproductive disorders in breeder female layers. A total of 120 breeder female layers were randomly selected from various poultry sale centers of Lahore. Blood sample and female genital tract of each bird were collected. The ovaries and oviducts of all hens were thoroughly examined to detect any gross pathological lesion. Organs exhibiting gross pathological lesions were subjected to histopathological examination. The biometrical study of ovaries and oviducts of all birds was also conducted. Serologically, the incidence of Salmonella pullorum and Mycoplasma gallisepticurn was detected by adopting rapid method agglutination test and rapid slide agglutination test, respectively. This study also represented an endeavor to establish relationship between Salmonellosis and Mycoplasmosis infections and adverse types of reproductive abnormalities. In this study 15 (12.5 %) birds exhibited seven pathological conditions i.e. cystic ovary, degenerated ovarian follicles, salpingitis, impaction of oviduct, ruptured oviduct, adenoma and underdeveloped tracts. Macro and microscopic pathological lesions were studied in all the above conditions. Out of 120 serum samples 57 ( 47.5 % ) were positive for Salmonella pullorum infection and 87 (72.5%) were positive for Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0654,T] (1).

42. A Study On Stress Induced Effects In Broilers After Vaccination (Angavag) Against Hydropericadium Syndrome

by Muhammad Yasin Tipu | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr.Asim Aslam | Dr.Muhammad Aslam | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: The main aim of this study was evaluation of vaccination (Angavac) stress against hydropericardium syndrome with an oil- based vaccine and possible measures to check that stress. For this purpose one hundred and seventy chicks (day-old) were randomly divided into four groups namely, A, B, C and D. Each group comprised of forty birds while ten birds were used to collect serum samples for evaluation of maternal antibody titre in the chicks. Group "A" was kept as control while group B, C and D were vaccinated against Hydropericardium syndrome (HPS). Group "B" was kept as such while group C and D were supplemented with multi-vitamins and aspirin respectively in drinking water. Blood samples were collected at 24, 48 and 72 hours post vaccination from ten randomly selected birds from each group to study heterophil/ lymphocyte ratio and change in serum chemistry i.e. (protein, glucose and cholesterol). Blood serum was also collected from 10 randomly selected birds of each group an day 14, 28 and 42 of the experiment to see the level of antibody titre in the groups. Adrenal/body weight ratio, pathological examination of adrenal gland and economics of the flock was also studied at the end of experiment. Vaccine did not cause any significant stress in broilers. However, multivitamin therapy gave better growth traits and increased profit. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0656,T] (1).

43. Effect Of Myco Ad On Immune Response Of Broiler Chickens Against Newcastle Disease Virus

by Raza Younas, M | Dr. Muhammad Amin Sheikh | Dr. Muhammad Naeem | Dr. Shakil | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 1998Dissertation note: The present project was aimed at knowing the ability of Mycoad in countering the ill effects on the health of broiler chicken, offered feed possessing acceptable levels of aflatoxins. The study was conducted on 140 birds, divided into two groups designated as A and B each given further sub-division into Al and A2, B1 and B2, all comprising equal number of birds. Groups Al and B1 were given plain feed and groups A2 and B2 were given medicated feed. The aflatoxin level of each feed sample was estimated prior to their use. The feed fed to group A birds had its aflatoxin level as 41.0 PPb, whereas the feed given to group II birds had 37.6 PPb of aflatoxin. The ill effects on the birds were determined on the basis of feed conversion ratio (FCR) values and immune response against ND virus. The immune response of the birds given plain feed was poorer as compared to those winch were given Myco-ad treated feed. The GMT values of specific antibodies of the group Al birds came to be 36.8, 22.6, 8.6 respectively on 14th, 28th and 42nd day of the age of birds, whereas group A2 birds had these values as 39.54, 29.69 and 11.64. The same was true for group B birds, where 111 birds gave GMT values of 37.28, 26.64 and 41.92, respectively on 14th, 28th and 42nd day of the age of birds and B2 birds gave their values as 39.54, 29.69 and 11.64. The FCR values based findings were also in support of birds given Myco-ad treated feed. The group Al birds gave their values as 1.26, 1.55, 1.77, 1.98, 242 and 2.32, respectively on 7th, 14th, 21st, 28th, 35th and 42nd day of the age of birds, whereas group A2 birds gave their values as 1.19, 1.50, 1.73, 1.96, 2.06 and 2.24. Similarly, group [11 birds showed FCR values of 1.29, 1.63, 1.73, 1.94, 2.08 and 2.40, respectively on 7th, 14th, 21st, 28th, 35th and 42nd day of their life, whereas group 132 birds gave their values as 1.17, 1.50, 1.68, 1.92, 2.03 and 2.24. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0665,T] (1).

44. Effect Of Stress Following Vaccination (Bur - 706) Against Infectious Bursal Disease In Broilers

by Ilyas Rasheed | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Habib-ur-Rehma | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: The project was designed to detect and control vaccination stress, following vaccination with live intermediate type infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) vaccine administered orally and also its effects on immune response in commercial broiler chicks. Comparative efficacy of aspirin and multivitamins was determined to combat the sress. One hundred and sixty day old broiler chicks were divided into four groups i.e. A, B. C and D, each group having 40 birds. Group A was kept as control, B was vaccinated but non-medicated, C was given multivitamins alongwith vaccine for 3 postvaccination days and group D was treated with Aspirin for 3 postvaccination days. Blood samples were collected on days 1st, 14th 28th and 42nd for detection of antibody titer against IBDV. Blood samples were collected from randomly selected 10 birds of each group after 24, 48 and 72 hours of vaccination for ascertaining the following parameters, heterophil/lymphocyte ration, estimation of serum biochemical substances (protein, glucose and cholesterol). On day 42, adrenal gland/body weight ratio and pathological lesions in adrenal gland wre noted. An effort was also made to ascertain the economics of flock at the end of the experiment. No significant statistical difference among birds of different groups was noted in the following parameters: heterophil/lymphocyte ratio, serum biochemical substances and adrenal gland/body weight ratio. Vaccine did not cause detectable stress in broilers. Multivitamins therapy showed positive effects on the immune response growth traits of the birds. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0670,T] (1).

45. Detection & Control Of Vaccination (Gumboro Vaccine Nobilis Strain D-78 Stress Against Infectious Bursal Disease

by Subtain, Syed M | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr . Asim Aslam | Dr . Khushi Muhammad | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: This research programme was intended to ascertain the stress produced after vaccination with live intermediate type of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) vaccine, which was administered orally through drinking water. It was also intended to manage the effects of vaccination stress with the supplementation of vitamins and aspirin. One hundred and sixty day old layer chicks were divided into four experimental groups i.e. A, B, C and D, 40 birds in each group. Group A was kept as control (non-vaccinated), B was given vaccine but not medicated, group C was administered vaccine as well as multivitamins for 3 days post-vaccination while group D was also medicated with aspirin for 3 days post-vaccination. The studied parameters were: heterophil/lymphocyte ratio, serum biochemical analysis (serum protein, glucose and cholesterol), determination of antibody response against IBDV. At the end of experiment (42nd day) adrenal glands were isolated from 10 randomly selected birds from each group. The glands were subjected to gross and histopathological Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0678,T] (1).

46. Evaluation And Management Of Stress Induced By Vaccination Against Coccidiosis In Broilers

by Irfan Asghar, M | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr . Asim Aslam | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: The present study was undertaken to evaluate the impact of vaccination stress on the performance of broilers by "Coccivac" vaccine against coceidiosis. Different blood factors like heterophil / lymphocyte ratio, total serum proteins, serum cholesterol, serum glucose levels and adrenal gland/body weight ratio, and pathological exmination of adrenal gland were used to appreciate the effects of stress in broilers. Vety-stress check and vitamin C were found useful in combating vaccine stress; the use was also economical. The results of this study represents an endaveour to suggest effective post vaccination measures for improving health status of broiler chiccks. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0681,T] (1).

47. Epidemiological Studies On The Prevalence Of Coccidiosis In Commercial Broilers And Its Relationship With Other Diseases

by Umber Rauf | Dr . Asif Rabbani | Dr . Khalid Saeed | Dr. Shakil | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 1999Dissertation note: In this epidemiological study 26.48% birds of 26.82% farms were found affected with coccidiosis. Six species of Eimeria, E. acervulina. E. mitis, E. tenella, E. necatrix, E. praecox and E. mivati were observed. Number of oocysts in litter varied with the age of birds. Concurrent infections were detected in 80.68% cases, which included infectious coryza 21.95%, aflatoxicosis 27.45%, infectious bursal disease 16.94%, chronic respiratory disease 12.54%, Newcastle disease 10.16%, hydropericardium syndrome 9.83%, Escherichia coli 9.15% and Salmonella 8.13% infections. In the month of July and August , incidence of coccidiosis was high. Maximum incidence of disease was observed from 4th to 6th week while no disease incidence was noted during 1st and 8th week. It was also noted that the disease had drastic effects on Newcastle disease antibody titer. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0691,T] (1).

48. Preparation And Evaluation Of Newcastle Disease Virus (Mesogenic Strain) Oil Based Vaccine

by Shafi Ullah Chand | Dr . Khushi Muhammad | Dr . Sameera Akhtar | Dr . Shakil | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.

Material type: book Book; Format: print ; Literary form: not fiction Publisher: 1998Dissertation note: The present work was proposed to prepare oil based Newcastle disease virus vaccine and to compare its efficacy with imported vaccines. An oil based ND vaccine was prepared using moderately virulent strain of NDV. The virus was cultured in chicken embryos. The allanto-amniotic fluid, chorioallantoic membrane and infected embryo (virus suspension) was subjected to titration. The HA titer of allanto-amniotic fluid (AAF), chorloallantoic membrane (CAM) and embryo was upto 512, 1024 and 2048, respectively. The MD50 was calculated to be 1088/0.1ml. Effect of temperature on its keeping quality was determined by estimation of its HA potential at various intervals. The AAF was processed for inactivation, sterility and safety tests. Formalin at a rate of 0.12% inactivated the NDV in 48 hours at 37°C. Addition of antibiotic such as gentarnycin and nystatin inhibited common contaminants. An oil based NDV vaccine was prepared by mixing one part of processed AAF in 4 parts of oil base. The oil base contained 4% emulsifier span-80 and 1% tween-80. The vaccine thus prepared from moderately virulent strain was antigenically comparable with the imported ND vaccine. The cost of vaccine production using moderately virulent NDV was Rs.463/bottle (1000 doses) compared to RS.1250/- per bottle of imported vaccine. The price of one ml diagnostic antigen was calculated at Rs.2/ml. The results of present project encourage to develop an economical and effective oil based ND vaccine and diagnostic HA NDV antigen. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0700,T] (1).

49. A Study On Physico Chemical Actors Affecting The Survial Of Avian Influenza (H9 N2) Virus

by Tehmina Sadaf | Dr . Sameera Akhtar | Dr . Khushi Muhammad | Dr . Shakil | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 2001Dissertation note: A total of 310 chicken embryos (9 day old) were purchased from local market. The embryos were incubated at 37°C. On eleventh day of age avian influenza virus (H9 N2) for its propagation was inoculated in 10 chicken embryos. The four haemagglutination titer (4HA) of the virus was prepared to observe the response to various physical and chemical factors. Physical factors included were temperature, pH and UV (280 nm) light. The virus, exposed to the physical factors for different time intervals was inoculated into embryos through allantoic route. These embryos were kept in an incubator (37°C) for 72 hours. Later on the allantoic amniotic fluid (AAF) from each inoculated embryos subjected to spot haemagglutination test. The virus endured 56 °C temperature for 15 and 30 minutes while got inactivated in 45 minutes. More over virus survived at pH 7 for 15, 30 and 45 minutes but lost its HA activity at pH 5 and 9 in 15, 30 and 45 minutes. It was further examined that virus survived after 60 minutes exposure UV light but inactivated after 90 minutes. The disinfectants formalin, phenol, iodine solution and fin virus were used in 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% concentrations. The 4HA titer of virus was mixed in various concentrations of chemical disinfectants and was inoculated into embryonated eggs. The AAF of these eggs was subjected to spot agglutination test. The results of the test showed that all four chemicals formalin, phenol, iodine and fin virus inactivated the virus in 0.5% concentration in 15 minutes and all have good antiviral activity against avian influenza virus. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0703,T] (1).

50. Studies On Stress Induced Effects In Broilers Following Vaccination (Hydro Poultry) Against Hydropericadium

by Gulbeena Saleem | Dr. Shakil Akhtar Khan | Dr.Asim Aslam | Dr.Sameera Akhtar | Faculty of Veterinary Sciences.

Material type: book Book; Format: print Publisher: 2000Dissertation note: The project was aimed at determining the vaccination stress follow hydropericardium syndrome vaccine (hydro-poultry vaccine, simple vaccine; Adenovirus type-4 Pak) by subcutaneous route under wing at 12th day of age and comparative efficacy of multivitamins and aspirin to combat it. One hundred and seventy day old broiler chicks were divided into four groups i.e. A, B, C and D having 40 birds each. Ten-day old broiler chicks were used for collection of blood sample by cardiac puncture for detection of maternal antibody titre. Birds were kept for the period of 42 days. The birds of group A served as unvaccinated, unchallenged control. Group B was given vaccine and no treatment. Group C was given vaccine and multivitamins for 3 days post-vaccination group D was given vaccine and aspirin for 3 days post vaccination. Blood samples were collected from 10 randomly selected birds from each group at different post vaccination (Against HPS) periods i.e. 24, 48 and 72 hrs for serum biochemical analysis and 10 birds from each group at 14th 28th ad 42' days for determining antibody response against hydropericardium syndrome. 10 birds of each group were slaughtered on 42 days for collection of adrenal glands. The following parameters were studied (1) determination of heterophil/lymphocyte ratio (ii) estimation of serum biochemical analysis (Total Serum Protein, serum glucose, serum cholesterol). (iii) determination of adrenal body weight ratio (iv) gross pathological and histopathological examination of adrenal glands (v) estimation of antibody response against hydropericardi um syndrome vaccine. Inactivated virus vaccine against hydropericardium was unable to induce any stress in broiler chicks and the above mentioned parameters can act as good indicators for detection of vaccination stress to some extent. Multivitamins played a minor role in improving the condition of bird whereas, aspirin did not seems to be much effective in this study. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 0707,T] (1).



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