51.
Prevalence Of Fasciolosis In Sheep And Goats Under Range Management Conditions In Azad Jammu And Kashmir
by Imtiaz Ahmad (2009-VA-535) | Prof. Dr. Aneela Zameer Durrani | Prof. Dr. Muhammad S. Anjum | Prof. Dr. Kamran Ashraf.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Fasciolosis is the disease of sheep, goats, cattle and other ruminants. Human and equines are unusual hosts in which instead of liver the flukes may found in lungs or under the skin. Transmission depends on an intermediate host lymnae snail. Animal ingest metacercaria, the worm migrates to the liver where it causes extensive damage and mature worm lives in bile duct. The disease occurs as an acute, sub-acute or chronic infection. Chronic Fasciolosis characterized by anemia, hypoalbuminaemia, emaciation, submandibular edema and loss of condition. Clinical disease is well known but sub clinical infections are often unnoticed, leading to marked economic losses, reduced milk yield, weight loss, reduced fertility and immunity, consequently leading to significant economic losses. Fasciolosis has recently been recognized as an emerging zoonotic disease. Infections in human may be asymptomatic but sometimes nonspecific pain in abdomen, anorexia, dyspepsia and vomiting may occur. Pain in right hypochondrium, epigastrium and jaundice occurs in chronic phase. Sometimes ectopic migration of worm causes abscesses in many organs.
The present study investigates the prevalence of Fasciolosis in sheep and goats at different geographic locations on the basis of altitudes in Azad Jammu and Kashmir. 4662 (sheep n=2242; goat n=2420) fresh fecal samples from sheep and goats were collected from three village/towns each of Mirpur, Poonch and Muzaffarabad Divisions. Stool samples were collected from 566 pastoral families of AJK to determine the zoonotic potential of the disease. Prevalence of the disease was calculated on the basis of centrifugal floatation and sedimentation techniques.
The intensity of infection was calculated using the McMaster egg counting technique. The risk factors of the disease studied included altitude, season, sex, age, and effect of deworming and flock size on the rate of prevalence. An overall prevalence was recorded as
Summary
111
17.88%. Prevalence of Fasciolosis in sheep revealed 26.49% and that of goats 9.91%. The data was analyzed using Chi-square test which revealed a significant difference (P<0.05) in the prevalence of the disease in sheep and goats. The overall prevalence rate in both species was recorded as15.09% at altitude <3000 feet, 25.00% at 3000-6000 and 15.74% at >6000. The highest prevalence was recorded at an altitude 3000-6000 feet. Chi- square values showed significant difference (P<0.05) among three different altitudes. The altitude of 3000-6000ft showed a significantly higher (P<0.05) prevalence of Fasciolosis in sheep and goats. The overall prevalence showed 13.93% rates in spring and 21.77% in autumn. Chi-square values showed a significant difference (P<0.05) in the prevalence of the disease, higher in autumn than Spring. Sex wise prevalence showed 16.67% in male and 18.59% in female animals. The data showed no significant difference (P>0.05) in Chi-square analysis. The prevalence of the disease in the age group below 1 year was 04.40%, 1-4 years revealed 17.73% disease and 36.18% in >4 year. The data showed significantly different (P<0.05) rates in all age groups. Highest prevalence was recorded in sheep and goats above 4 year of age and lowest in those below 1 year. The prevalence in animals with no recent history of deworming was recorded 23.22%. The data showed 15.37% disease in small flocks of sheep and goats <30 as compared to 18.72% in large flocks >30. Chi-square showed a significantly higher (P<0.05) prevalence of the disease in large flocks.
Generalized Linear Model (GLM) was used to evaluate the contribution of risk factors (epidemiological factors) to the variations in the prevalence of Fasciolosis in sheep and goats. All the epidemiological factors i.e. altitude, species, season, gender, age group, deworming and flock size were processed. The deworming appeared to be the most significant factor in the model contributing maximum variations in disease with highest Odds followed by age groups,
Summary
112
species, season, altitude, flock size and gender. The risk factors for the Fasciolosis in sheep and goats were found, lack of practice of deworming, age group >4 year, species sheep, season Autumn, altitude 3000-6000 and flock size >30. The 75% of the disease prevalence was due to above mentioned risk factors. The deworming, specie goat, age group <1 year, season Spring, altitude <3000, and flock size less than 30 were appeared to be the protective factors in the Generalized Linear Model.
The intensity of infection was analyzed through Factorial analysis for difference in species, altitude and season. The difference in eggs per gram of feces was found significantly different (P<0.05) in sheep and goats. The effect of season on egg per gram (EPG) of feces showed a higher mean values in sheep (191.49) and goats (219.72) in Autumn as compared to 158.04 and 180.61 in Spring. In both seasons the mean for goats was found higher than sheep. The effect was found significant (P<0.05), higher during Autumn. Factorial analysis of the data showed significant interaction (P<0.05) between species and altitude. The data showed mean values for sheep 174.04, 191.87 and 168.33 at altitude <3000, 3000-6000 and >6000 feet respectively. The mean values for goats were 232.22, 194.95 and 170.59. The data revealed higher mean for goats as compared to sheep on all three altitudes. Goats revealed significantly higher (P<0.05) number of EPG. POST HOC Tukeys test showed a non-significant difference in intensity of disease between <3000 and 3000-6000 feet, rest of the differences were significant (P<0.05).
The overall prevalence in pastoral communities of AJK was 0.88%. The samples were collected from male and female of 4 age groups <10 year, 11-20, 21-40 and >40. The prevalence in male was 0.76 and in female was 0.98%. The data showed that age groups below 20 year were
Summary
113
the susceptible groups in both sexes. The highest prevalence (2.25%) was found in female age group 11-20 year. Age groups above 20 year did not revealed any positive sample.
227 adult liver flukes were collected from livers of infected animals of different animal species (sheep, goats. cattle and buffaloes) and geographic locations for morphometric and molecular identification of the species of Fasciola. Flukes were identified on the basis of measurements of body length, body width, diameter of suckers, distance between oral and ventral sucker and distance between ventral sucker and posterior end of the body. The measurements of F. hepatica showed a body length range 13-34mm with an average length of 21.51mm whereas, F. gigantica ranged from 28-52mm with an average of 42.27mm. The average body lengths of F. hepatica below 3000ft was 21.9, at 3000-6000ft was 21.07 and above 6000 ft was 22.00mm and that of F. gigantica was 42.05 and 42.44mm at 3000 and 3000-6000 feet. The measurements of F. hepatica revealed an average body width of 10.05mm, average diameter of oral and ventral suckers of 0.74 and 1.28mm respectively and average distance between the two suckers of 1.34mm. The readings for F. gigantica were 9.46, 0.89, 1.55 and 1.72mm respectively. Average distance between ventral sucker and posterior end of the fluke in case of F. hepatica was 18.35mm at all three altitudes and host species of animals and it was 38.26mm in case of F. gigantica. The overall mean worm load was 13.56 worms per liver of animal with a range 5-26. The mean worm load of F. hepatica was 10.9 and that of F. gigantica 13.11. Mixed infections were noted at altitudes below 6000 ft. Infestation with F. gigantica was not found at altitudes above 6000ft and F. hepatica was encountered at all three altitudes. 51.98% of the recovered flukes were F. gigantica which showed the equal chances of infection with either species of Fasciola in AJK. The results revealed that F. hepatica was the fluke affecting animal population at altitude above 6000 ft and F. gigantica was the major fluke below
Summary
114
3000 ft. At altitudes between 3000-6000ft, 36.20% of flukes were F. hepatica while its prevalence was reduced to 17.30% below 3000 ft. Once the species of the liver flukes were identified morphologically they were subjected to molecular conformation through amplification of the genomic DNA of the two species through PCR using two sets of species specific primers. In the PCR based on primer set 1, a product of 391 bp was generated from the genomic DNA of Fasciola hepatica whereas no product was generated from the DNA of Fasciola gigantica. PCR based on primer set 2 amplified a 235-bp product from the DNA of Fasciola gigantica. The molecular identification in the present study showed that morphometric identification of the two species is valid and standard population of both species were found present at different geographic locations and species of the animals of the state of Azad Jammu and Kashmir except F. gigantica not found above 6000 feet altitude.
The ethno veterinary practices for Fasciolosis were documented through Participatory Rural Appraisal. A total of 173 respondents/key informants were interviewed during the study period in the study area. The majority of the traditional healers (n=33) elders of pastoral families (n=53) and sheep/goats owners (n=56) were above the age of 40 year. Veterinary officers (n=6) and assistants (n=25) were interviewed as a part of verification process. 31.69% of the respondents were found using allopathic anthelmintic along with ethno veterinary medicines. 53.52% of the respondents were using ethno veterinary medicines because of non-availability or cost effectiveness of allopathic anthelmintic. 95.18% of the respondents were using plants or part of the plant as traditional anthelmintic in their sheep or goats.18 plant families were identified during the survey which include Acanthaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Asteraceae, Berberidaceae, Boraginaceae, Cannabinaceae, Chenopodaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae,
Summary
115
Gentianaceae, Juglandaceae, Liliaceae, Malvaceae, Oxalidaceae, Punicaceae, Rhamnaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Solanaceae. The species of medicinal plants identified during the study were Berberis lyceum, Nicotiana tabacum, Asparagus officinale, Calotropis procera, Aloe vera, Mallotus philippensis, Adhato davesica, Artemisia scoparia, Xanthium strumarium, Chenopodium ambrosoides, Artimisia maritime, Verbascum Thapsus, Acacia Arabica, Cordlia myxa, Cannabis sativa, Rhamnus purpurea, Juglansregia, Oxalis corniculata, Punica granantum, Artimisa fragrans, Swertia petiolata and Abutilon indicum. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2430-T] (1).
52.
Prevalence Of Intestinal Parasites From Fingernails Of Primary School Going Children Of District Lahore
by Javeria (2012-VA-16) | Dr. Nisar Ahmed | Prof. Dr. Kamran Ashraf | Dr. Muhammad Ijaz.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Intestinal parasitic infections are extensively spread globally and most affected population is children. In primary schools environments children are confirmed as a most susceptible for acquiring Intestinal parasites(IP) through nails.
Intestinal parasites were more prevalent in fingernails of children of primary schools in District Lahore.
A total of 300 nail samples were collected from the fingernails of the school children of different age and sex. The nails were swabbed into a clean sterile container containing normal saline. Finger nail clippings were collected from both hands of each subject using sterile nail clippers and were placed in labeled containers containing normal saline. Samples were examined by direct microscopy using Lugol’s iodine and Eosin preparations. Sediments from the nail clippings were examined after digestion with 10% Potassium hydroxide and centrifugation at 2500rpm for 5minutes.The parasites were isolated from the fingernails of the primary school children of both sexes and prevalence was recorded.
The collected data was analyzed using SPSS version 20. The prevalence of parasites was presented as descriptive statistics, while the relationship between several variables (age, gender,educational level) and presence of parasites was determined by the chi-square test. The level of significance used was P<0.05.
This study will help to create awareness among society especially school children about parasites and parasitic infections. It will also help to improve health level of school children, education and environment of schools and will develop the habit of keeping hygiene and handwashing
practice in children as a result of which a healthy study competition will be developed among school children.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2514-T] (1).
53.
Identification Of Isospora Species In Domestic Cats And Its Chemotherapy
by Waseem Hassan (2008-VA-137) | Prof. Dr. Kamran Ashraf | Dr. Haroon Akbar | Dr. Asim Khalid Mahmood.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Dogs and cats are kept as pet animals in and around Lahore area. Along with other problems, parasitic problems are common in these animals. Isospora felis and Isospora rivolta are the most commonly seen parasites in cats in many parts of the world. No data existed about its prevalence, possible risk factors and therapeutic control of Isospora infection in cats in Lahore, Pakistan. Hence the present study was aimed to assess the associated risk factors, prevalence and best therapeutic remedy for Isospora infection. A total 100 faecal samples were collected from Tollinton market, pet clinics of Lahore and pet center of University of Veterinary and Animal Science, Lahore. Epidemiological parameters taken into consideration included sex (Male n=61, Female n=39), breed (Persian n=54, Siamese n=18, Himalayan n=16 and local or cross bred n=12), age (kittens n=21, adults n=79), environment (captive n=60, household n=40). Samples were examined by using direct smear technique. Species of Isospora were differentiated on the basis of their size by micrometry and by oocyst shape. Oocysts were counted by Mc-Master counting technique. Oocysts were counted on day of sample collection and day 10 post treatment. Positive samples were subjected to two chemotherapeutic agents; Amprolium and Furazolidone. Chi square test was applied to assess the prevalence and its relation with other risk factors was applied on pre-treatment and post treatment oocysts reduction count. Higher (P < 0.05) prevalence of Isospora was found in cats from captive system (65%) as compared to cats from household (10%) system. Persian breed was found to be more prone (42.59%) to the infections with Isospora species. Age group was not associated as a risk factor. Positive cats were divided into 2 groups for therapeutic trials. Group I (n=16) was treated with Amprolium 150 mg/kg/day for 5 days while group II (n=16) with Furazolidone 20 mg/kg/day for 5 days. Amprolium reduced the oocysts by 100% while Furazolidone causes 87.5% reduction of oocysts.
41
So it can be concluded from the present study that Isospora is highly prevalent in Lahore area and Amprolium is better chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of coccidiosis in cats than Furazolidone. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2541-T] (1).
54.
Study On Prevalence Of Intestinal Nematodes In Buffalo And Comparative Efficacy Of Herbal And Conventional Drugs Against Intestinal Nematodiosis In Buffalo Calves
by Abdul Rehman Qureshi (2014-VA-09) | Prof. Dr. Kamran Ashraf | Dr. Imran Rasheed | Prof. Dr. Aneela Zameer Durrani.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Parasites are a major cause of disease and production losses in livestock, frequently causing major economic loss and impacting on animal health. In livestock roundworms are deliberated the important economically upsetting internal parasites. Although buffalo can be diseased with tapeworms and flat worms, their effect on animal performance is minimal compared to the round worms. Buffalo feed on dry concentrate are less infected with parasite as compared to those who fed on pastures. The timing and frequency of anthelmintic treatments under such climatic conditions will vary greatly from place to place. Humid climates are permanently favorable for the development of infective larvae. With the frequently use of one or more dewormer animal produces anthelmintic resistance also its cost a lot for large herds. Herbal medicine is better option for control of intestinal worms. Herbal drugs are cheap, easy available and easy in administration.
The present study was designed to
1. Check the prevalence of intestinal nematodes in the buffalo population.
2. To determine the efficacy of herbal drugs against intestinal Nematodes in buffalo calves
3. To evaluate the comparison of effectiveness between herbal and commercial drugs to control the intestinal Nematodiosis in buffalo calves.
One hundred buffalo’s faecal samples were examined to check intestinal nematodes prevalence. All buffaloes belonging to various breeds were examined. 56 (93.33%) were Mix breed, 13 (72.22%) Nili Ravi breed and 18 (81.82%) of Kundi breed were positive for intestinal nematodiosis. 47
SUMMARY
Among the examined (87 %) buffaloes were found positive for nematodiosis. Ten buffaloes found positive (10 %) were less than 12 months, 25 buffaloes were between 1-2 year, 39% buffaloes were between 2 - 4 year and 13 buffaloes were above 4 years old were found positive for intestinal nematodiosis.
Among these buffaloes, 65 were male and 35 females. Out of male buffaloes 55 were found positive. While among 35 females 32 were positive for intestinal nematodes.
A total of 30 infected buffalo calves, of various ages (8-12 months), both sexes average body weight of 100 kg and naturally infected with intestinal nematodiosis were used for anthelmintic trials. These were randomly divided into 3 groups i.e. A, B, and C each having 10 calves. Group A and B were treated with herbal medicine. Group A was treated with dried powder Nigella Sativa (Kalonji) seeds at dose level of 250 mg/kg body weight. Group B was treated with Citrullus colocynthis (Kor Tumbha) fruit dried powder at dose level of 250 mg/kg body weight, group C was treated with Albandazole at dose level of 7.5 mg / kg body weight. The sample were taken on 0 day, 7th day, 14th, 21st and 28th day and EPG was determined by modified McMaster technique.
Statistical analysis was done using the statistical package for social science, (SPSS) version 20 (Chicago IL, USA). Data was presented as (mean+ S.D), the group descriptive measures were compared by CR Design (Anova) and applying differences were considered significant at P < 0.05. Post hoc test using Duncan multiple range test, to check the pair wise differences and alpha M. There was highly significant difference between commercial and herbal drugs. There was small significant difference between herbal drugs Nigella sativa and Citrullus 48
SUMMARY
colocynthis, both were highly effective against intestinal nematodiosis but less effective than Albandazole.
It is observed Nigella sativa dose showed a significant reduction in EPG .p value is p > .2284 at o day and at 7th day P>0.0146 ,at 14th day p> .0029 . There was also a significant decrease in EPG by Citrullus colocynthis but when compared these herbal drugs with commercial drugs the efficacy of herbal drug is 100 % at 21st day.
Recommendation.
Both herbal drugs Nigella sativa and Citrullus colocynthis used in trial were found highly effective against intestinal nematodiosis in buffalo calves but less effective than synthetic drug Albandazole hence, these herbal drugs cannot be recommended to be used as routine deworming of animals at farm level.
Keeping in view effectiveness of these herbal drugs in early age and having no side effects, it is recommended to be administered as feed additive to enhance immune-potentiation, effective anthelmintic and liver tonic.
There is dire need to carry out more research with increased dose rate of these herbal drugs and also use in combination with other herbal as well as synthetic drugs to evaluate its synergistic effect so farmer can be benefited of its maximum potential. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2637-T] (1).
55.
Prevalence And Chemotherapy Of Mites Infestation In Sheep In Tehsil Bhag Of District Bolan
by Shujat Ali (2008-VA-208) | Prof. Dr. Kamran Ashraf | Dr. Nisar Ahmed | Dr. Muhammad Avais.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Estimated population of sheep in Pakistan is 27.8 million. Balochistan is the largest province which comprises 44 percent of the total area of Pakistan and only 4.9% of entire population of the country. Share of Livestock in Agriculture is 55%, 11.4% of National GDP of Pakistan and more than 47% in the economy of Balochistan. In between the Chelicerates, (mites and ticks) characterize the biggest and most wide taxon, with a valued 0.5–1 million species. More then 48,000 species defined (Halliday et al., 2000). Mange is a contagious disease showing signs like crusty, dermatitis and loss of hairs. Almost 50 mites species having 16 families and 26 genera responsible for mange where all the main mite species having the orders of Astigmata and Prostigmata. Bolan district is situated in the center of Balochistan province of Pakistan Population estimate 640,000 (2005). Bolan district is administratively subdivided into six tehsils viz Bhag, Dhadar, Machh, Sani, Khattan. The present study was carried out in tehsil Bhag. Latitude 29.0415, longitude 67.8239, Altitude 88 meters above the sea level. 1442 square kilometer of Tehsil Bhag. Mean rainfall is 209.9 mm, range of temperature (Avg) is between 40.6°C and 14.58°C. Four distinct breeds of sheep found in Balochistan are Balochi, Bibrik, Harnai, Rakhshani.
A total of 200 sheep were randomly selected to study the prevalence of mites’ infestation. Skin scraping technique was used. For chemotherapy 30 sheep positive for mange mites through skin scraping test were randomly selected and divided into 3 groups of viz A, B, C. Each group contain 10 number of sheep. Sheep’s in group A were injected Ivermectin at 0.2mg/kg bwt subcut while the animals in group B, were treated with Trichloroforn in the form of 0.15% solution as topical application. The members in group C were treated topicaly with aqueous
Summary
37
extract of Nicotiana Tobacum (tobacco). Treatment were done on day zero and repeated on day 15. The sheep in each group were examined in routinely and samples of skin scraping were collected at day 0, 7, 14 and 28 days (Habib et al., 2009). The effectiveness of particular treatment was estimated on the basis of reduction of clinical sign and negative skin scraping.
200 sheep of different breed, age, sex and areas were examined. 30/200 (15%) sheep were found positive for mange mites infestation. Mites infestation was noticed high in male sheep (16%) as compare to female sheep (14%). According to Breed Balochi sheep breed was noticed highly positive (22%) for mange mites infestation. Area wise prevalence was witnessed high in union council Bhag (25%). Mostly effective drug observed for mites infestation was Ivermectin with 90% efficacy at day 28 in conclusion mange mites infestation in sheep at Bhag tehsil of Dist Bolan and Ivermectin is the best effective drug for mange mites into the following in order by Seguvan and Nicotiana Tobaccum. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2676-T] (1).
56.
Epidemiology And Control Of Gastro-Intestinal Nematodes Of Large Ruminants In Balochistan
by Muhammad Ramzan (2009-VA-653) | Dr. Nisar Ahmad | Prof. Dr. Muhammad Azam Kakar | Prof. Dr. Kamran Ashraf | Prof. Dr. Aneela Khurram.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: The main area of research in this study was to assess the prevalence, hematological aspects
of Bovine nematodiasis. Three main experiments were conducted to highlight the objectives of
the present research study.
The first experiment was conducted to find out the prevalence of large ruminants major
nematodes for one year. For this purpose buffalo and cattle of either sexes and between < 1 year
to > 2 years of age were selected from two sites i.e., Quetta and Qilla Abdullah. Fecal analysis of
these cattle and buffalo showed overall higher (33.99%) nematodes prevalence recorded in buffalo
in Quetta, (27.99%) in cattle at Qilla Abdullah followed by in cattle at Quetta (26.66%). Five
nematode infection was recorded in all two experimental sites with higher prevalence of
Haemonchus contortus in buffalo at Quetta and Ostertgia ostertagi in cattle at Quetta and Qilla
Abdullah. The buffalo and cattle of < 1 year presented higher nematodes prevalence than 1-2 years
and > 2 years. The female buffalo and cattle were infected with nematodes prevalence higher
than male animals. These five nematodes were prevalent almost throughout the year, however a
peak infection was recorded during August and September in cattle and October in buffalo. The
high temperature, rainfall and humidity during these months may be predisposing factor of higher
prevalence. Mostly the level of nematodes infection was low(< 800 EPG) and did not seriously
impaired the buffalo and cattle productivity.
Second experiment on assessing the comparative efficacy of anthelmintics (Levamisole,
Oxafendazole and Ivermectin) against cattle and buffalo nematodes were conducted at Govt and
private farms. The results showed that Ivermectin than Oxfendazole were found effective against
cattle and buffalo nematodes. The higher (89-100%) reduction of EPG were recorded in cattle and
87
buffalo calves treated with Ivermectin followed by Oxfendazole (86-100%), Levmisole (88-
100%).
Third experiment was conducted to determine the hematological values in healthy and
nematodes infected animals. Different hematological parameters i.e., TEC, TLC, Hb estimation,
were determined. The results showed that overall low Hemoglobin estimation and RBC were
recorded in nematodes infected animals than healthy, while higher WBC were recorded in
nematodes infected animals than healthy. The Lymphocytes and Neutrophil and Monocytes were
higher in some nematodes and lower in other, while higher mean Eosinophil counts was recorded
in all nematodes infected animals than healthy animals. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2730-T] (1).
57.
Genetic Identification And Characterization Of Pakistani Birds Of Perdicinae Subfamily (Partridge) Through Dna Barcoding Method
by Asim Iqbal Jutt (2013-VA-557) | Dr. Ali Raza Awan | Dr. Muhammad Wasim | Prof. Dr. Kamran Ashraf.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Pakistani birds of Perdicinae sub family are cage and game birds. Birds includes Altectoris chukar, Ammoperdix heyi, Ammoperdix griseogularis, Francolinus francolinus and Francolins pondicerianus. Traditional methods of identification were based on the phenotypical characterization of birds, which may lead to incorrect identification, so there was need to explore their characters at DNA level for accurate identification and to establish a DNA reference.
Birds of sub-family Perdicinae have not been genetically characterized in Pakistan. A new precise method “DNA barcoding” was applied using COI gene of mDNA for authentic identification and classification of these birds. Blood and tissue samples of five species (fifteen samples) were obtained. DNA of each sample was extracted by organic method. Amplification of CO1 gene was done by using a universal set of primers BIRDF1, BIRDR1. Sequence of 450bp were analyzed using bioinformatics softwares. Each sample was aligned with its reference sequence of COI gene available on NCBI. Every nucleotide position which did not align with the reference sequence was studied to identify SNPs. A common phylogenetic tree of all partridges showed that they have common ancestor about 0.7 million year ago, F.francolinus, F.pondicerianus and A.heyi shared a common clade whereas A.chukar made a separate clade from the ancestor. A.heyi and F.pondicerianus showed closed resemblance. It has been proved that DNA barcoding is an efficient and accurate molecular tool for species identification and phylogenetic implication. This study established a DNA Data Bank that helped scientists to investigate the biodiversity, taxonomic classification, species identification and also established foundations for molecular biologists to study taxonomic uncertainties at sub species level using SNP based identifying marker. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2714-T] (1).
58.
Anthelmintic Activity Of Ginger Against Gastrointestinal Nematodes In Goats
by Muhammad Shahid (2008-VA-127) | Dr. Haroon Akbar | Prof. Dr. Kamran Ashraf | Dr. Muhammad Avais.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Gastrointestinal tract nematodes are responsible for wide range of health problems,
economic losses in goats and are characterized by impaired milk production, meat process,
decreased fertility, low kidding rates, decreased working efficiency and even death of the goats.
Gastrointestinal tract nematodes cause economic losses via morbidity and negative effects on
feed intake, nutrient utilization efficacy and also reduce young animal’s growth rate as a result,
leading to decreased productivity and performance of the infected animal. Due to such economic
losses, the control of the helminths is unavoidable which is also possible by herbal products such
as Ginger. Ginger has pharmacological and gastrointestinal prokinetic activities to cure
constipation, indigestion, vomiting, infectious diseases and helminthiasis. In the current study,
anthelmintic activity of Ginger has been tested against gastrointestinal nematodes of goats.
For therapeutic trials, a total of 75 goats positive for nematodes having EPG >150 were
selected randomly and divided into three groups named as Group A, B and C, each group
comprising of 25 animals. The goats of Group A were orally treated with crude powder of ginger
(Zingiber officinale) @ 3 gram/kg body weight, orally. Goats in group B served as positive
control (infected and treated with Oxfendazole). Group C comprised of positive animals which
were not treated during whole the experiment. The fecal samples were collected at day 14 (Posttreatment).
Drug’s efficacy was assessed on the Fecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT) and
was calculated by following formula (Traversa et al. 2007).
[((Pre-treatment EPG – Post-treatment EPG)) / Pre-treatment EPG] × 100
SUMMARY
34
Data regarding therapeutic trails were analyzed by repeated measures one-way ANOVA, using
SPSS version 20.0, p< 0.05 was considered as significant. Trial was analyzed under different
parameters.
Ginger has shown good anthelmintic activity against gastrointestinal nematodes in goats
as evident from 63% reduction in EPG. It is suggested hereby to conduct a dose trial for the use
of ginger against nematodes in goats by using different dose levels including at least 5 different
groups of dosages like 3gram; 3.5grams; 4grams; 4.5grams and 5grams per Kg body weight. The
current study has highlighted the anthelmintic activity of ginger (Zingiber officinale) against
gastrointestinal nematodes in goats. More trials using this herbal product in other animals will
further highlight the importance of using this commonly-available and economical herbal
product in the control of gastrointestinal nematodes in livestock. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2712-T] (1).
59.
Isolation And Characterization Of Phytase Producing Fungi For Poultry Feed
by Ali Ahmad (2002-VA-121) | Prof. Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum | Prof. Dr. Masood Rabbani | Prof. Dr. Kamran Ashraf.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Isolation And Characterization Of Phytase Producing Fungi For Poultry Feed Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2770-T] (1).
60.
Evaluation Of The Effect Of Probiotic (Bacillus subtillis PB6) On Production Parameters Of Commercial Broilers
by Muhammad Zeshan Aslam (2009-VA-195) | Dr. Syed Saleem Ahmed | Dr. Jawaira Ali Khan | Frof. Dr. Kamran Ashraf.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: CD Crupt Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2772-T] (1).
61.
Acaricide Resistance Of Tick Population Infesting Buffaloes In District Narowal
by Muhammad Mubashar Abdullah (2015-VA-1104) | Prof. Dr. Kamran Ashraf.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Tick imperviousness to acaricides is an expanding issue in Pakistan and represents a genuine financial danger to the domesticated animals and veterinary pharmaceutical enterprises. New acaricides are to a great degree costly to grow so the present acaricides ought to be viewed as a constantly decreasing asset, which ought to be ensured by all methods conceivable. The principle goal of the review was to distinguish the stages of tick imperviousness to acaricides at close business and collective ranges in District Narowal, Pakistan. Likewise to contrast the in vivo techniques and with explore acaricide administration procedures which may build the life expectancy by utilized acaricides.
To meet these points a field survey (February 2016 to March 2017) was carried out at 3 tehsils (Tehsil Narowal, Shakargharand Zafarwal cities of Pakistan to monitor levels of field tick resistance to acaricides. The larvae were originally obtained from engorged female A.hebraeum, Hyalloma, Boophilus, Dermacentor, Ixodes, R. appendiculatusand R. evertsievertsi. The larvaewere tested against different concentrations of trichlorofon, ivermectin and cypermethrin using the Shaw Larval Immersion Test (SLIT). Mortality dose data were subjected to probit analysis using a BMDP statistical package. Factors of resistance (FOR) were calculated by comparing the larval response of ticks from the field.
On the communal farms high levels of tick resistance were detected to cypermethrin as well as partial resistance to ivermectin whilst no resistance was detected against trichlorofon. On the commercial farms, however, ticks were equally resistant to trichlorofon, cypermethrin and ivermectin. The populations of Hyalloma, Boophilus, Dermacentor, Ixodes, on these farms had developed higher levels of resistance to the testacaricides than the equivalent R. evertsievertsi, R. appendiculatus and A.hebraeumpopulations. Higher levels of tick resistance to trichlorofonwas observed on3 tehsils (Tehsil Narowal, Shakarghar and Zafarwal)than on communal farms, however, there was no significant differences in tick resistance to ivermectin and cypermethrin at both the commercial and communal farms. It was surmised that inappropriate use of acaricides might have resulted in higher tick resistance to the currently available acaricides on the commercial as well as the communal farms. Correct acaricide usage may solve this problem to a limited extent.
Comparative in vivo tests were also carried out on the larvae and adults of Hyalloma, Boophilus, Dermacentor, Ixodes, to determine the susceptibility of this tick to different concentrationsof the currently used acaricides, (amitraz, ivermectin and cypermethrin) at three commercial dairy farms, (“Brycedale”, “Sunny Grove” and “Welgevind”) in the areas of District Narowal, Pakistan. Resistance of field strains of Hyalloma, Boophilus, Dermacentor, Ixodes, Dermacentor,were determined using the Adult Immersion Test (AIT) as the latter test took into account factors such as oviposition assessment and reproductive ability. At “Brycedale”, resistance to trichlorofon and ivermectin was detected with the AIT method. Emerging resistance to trichlorofon and resistance to ivermectin were also detected . At “Sunny Grove” resistance was detected to cypermethrin and at “Welgevind” resistance was detected to ivermectin with the SLIT whilst no resistance was detected using AIT. It would appear that the Hyalloma, Boophilus, Dermacentor, Ixodes, populations tested on these dairy farms were more resistant toivermectin than to trichlorofon or cypermethrin.
Nearly 50% of the dairy farms sampled showed resistance to ivermectin and the majority had susceptible Hyalloma, Boophilus, Dermacentor, Ixodes, populations to both amitraz and cypermethrin. In general there was a good correlation between the Cypermethrin and Trichlorofon whilst in many cases there was poor correlation between the Cypermethrin and Ivermectin.
From this study it would appear that the In vivo method was a reliable to detect resistance within seven days. In vitro method the ELT and the RET could possibly be used as screening methods to detect acaricide resistance on farms whilst the SLIT would remain the test of choice for National surveys. In addition the ELT is less costly and does not require sophisticated equipment for field testing if resistance development compared with other in vitro test methods. This method, however, still needs to be validated and standardized for use in Narowaland the rest of punjab where tick control is important.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2849-T] (1).
62.
Acaricide Resistance Of Tick Population Infesting Buffaloes In District Narowal
by Muhammad Mubashir Abdullah (2015-VA-1104) | Prof. Dr. Kamran Ashraf | Dr. Muhammad Latif | Prof. Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum.
Material type: Publisher: 2017Dissertation note:
Tick imperviousness to acaricides is an expanding issue in Pakistan and represents a genuine financial danger to the domesticated animals and veterinary pharmaceutical enterprises. New acaricides are to a great degree costly to grow so the present acaricides ought to be viewed as a constantly decreasing asset, which ought to be ensured by all methods conceivable. The principle goal of the review was to distinguish the stages of tick imperviousness to acaricides at close business and collective ranges in District Narowal, Pakistan. Likewise to contrast the in vivo techniques and with explore acaricide administration procedures which may build the life expectancy by utilized acaricides.
To meet these points a field survey (February 2016 to March 2017) was carried out at 3 tehsils (Tehsil Narowal, Shakargharand Zafarwal cities of Pakistan to monitor levels of field tick resistance to acaricides. The larvae were originally obtained from engorged female A.hebraeum, Hyalloma, Boophilus, Dermacentor, Ixodes, R. appendiculatusand R. evertsievertsi. The larvaewere tested against different concentrations of trichlorofon, ivermectin and cypermethrin using the Shaw Larval Immersion Test (SLIT). Mortality dose data were subjected to probit analysis using a BMDP statistical package. Factors of resistance (FOR) were calculated by comparing the larval response of ticks from the field.
On the communal farms high levels of tick resistance were detected to cypermethrin as well as partial resistance to ivermectin whilst no resistance was detected against trichlorofon. On the commercial farms, however, ticks were equally resistant to trichlorofon, cypermethrin and ivermectin. The populations of Hyalloma, Boophilus, Dermacentor, Ixodes, on these farms had developed higher levels of resistance to the testacaricides than the equivalent R. evertsievertsi, R. appendiculatus and A.hebraeumpopulations. Higher levels of tick resistance to trichlorofonwas observed on3 tehsils (Tehsil Narowal, Shakarghar and Zafarwal)than on communal farms, however, there was no significant differences in tick resistance to ivermectin and cypermethrin at both the commercial and communal farms. It was surmised that inappropriate use of acaricides might have resulted in higher tick resistance to the currently available acaricides on the commercial as well as the communal farms. Correct acaricide usage may solve this problem to a limited extent.
Comparative in vivo tests were also carried out on the larvae and adults of Hyalloma, Boophilus, Dermacentor, Ixodes, to determine the susceptibility of this tick to different concentrationsof the currently used acaricides, (amitraz, ivermectin and cypermethrin) at three commercial dairy farms, (“Brycedale”, “Sunny Grove” and “Welgevind”) in the areas of District Narowal, Pakistan. Resistance of field strains of Hyalloma, Boophilus, Dermacentor, Ixodes, Dermacentor,were determined using the Adult Immersion Test (AIT) as the latter test took into account factors such as oviposition assessment and reproductive ability. At “Brycedale”, resistance to trichlorofon and ivermectin was detected with the AIT method. Emerging resistance to trichlorofon and resistance to ivermectin were also detected . At “Sunny Grove” resistance was detected to cypermethrin and at “Welgevind” resistance was detected to ivermectin with the SLIT whilst no resistance was detected using AIT. It would appear that the Hyalloma, Boophilus, Dermacentor, Ixodes, populations tested on these dairy farms were more resistant toivermectin than to trichlorofon or cypermethrin.
Nearly 50% of the dairy farms sampled showed resistance to ivermectin and the majority had susceptible Hyalloma, Boophilus, Dermacentor, Ixodes, populations to both amitraz and cypermethrin. In general there was a good correlation between the Cypermethrin and Trichlorofon whilst in many cases there was poor correlation between the Cypermethrin and Ivermectin.
From this study it would appear that the In vivo method was a reliable to detect resistance within seven days. In vitro method the ELT and the RET could possibly be used as screening methods to detect acaricide resistance on farms whilst the SLIT would remain the test of choice for National surveys. In addition the ELT is less costly and does not require sophisticated equipment for field testing if resistance development compared with other in vitro test methods. This method, however, still needs to be validated and standardized for use in Narowaland the rest of punjab where tick control is important.
Availability: No items available
63.
Pathological Association Of Nramp 1 Genotypes With Brucella Resistance And Susceptibility In Diseased And Non Diseased Cattle
by Muhammad Zaheer Iqbal (2005-VA-61) | Dr. Raheela Akhtar | Prof. Dr. Asim Aslam | Prof. Dr. Kamran Ashraf.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: A total of 200 cattle were divided into five groups including: Group A Sahiwal cattle, Group B Jersy cattle, Group C Frisian cattle, group D Sahiwal cross Jersy and group E Sahiwal cross Frisian. Out of total of 200 serum samples from suspected cattle we found 155 samples positive by RBPT and 109 were positive for Brucella abortus by PCR. Comparison of presence of Brucella abortus was statically made in all five groups using chi square.
The study was conducted on 200 animals of five breeds including Sahiwal, Jersey Cross Sahiwal, Frisian Cross Sahiwal, Fresian and Jersey around farms of Punjab. Blood sample (3mL) was collected in EDTA vaccutainers from each animal. Serum from blood samples were collected in 3 mL eppendorf tubes with the help of sterile pipettes. Serum samples were screened out for brucellosis by Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT). RBPT positive samples were stored at 40C for further processing. Rose Bengal Antigen was purchased from Veterinary Research Institute (VRI), Lahore. The antigen was stored at 40C in refrigeration during the study according to manufactures recommendation. DNA quantification was performed on “Thermo Scientific NanoDrop spectrophotometer ND-2000” and by running extracted DNA on 0.8% agarose gel. PCR for amplification was done with a total volume of 20 μL by adding primer pair and extracted DNA to the PCR master mix in following concentrations.
2ml of forward and reverse primer was taken respectively. 4ul of PCR grade water was added and DNA was taken in 2 ul quantity. The total volume of master mix obtained was 10 ul. The thermocycler (Bio-Rad, CFX ™, Singapore) was set with the conditions for the total of 35 cycles of PCR. For optimization process of primers different options for PCR reaction mixture
Summary
41
and PCR cyclic conditions were tried for two objectives. To get maximum amplification, by using minimum volume of chemicals. Changing the volume of magnesium chloride, deoxynucleotide triphosphate (d NTPs) and Taq polymerase, amplification can be increased. Primers annealing temperature is considered critical for optimization.
Denaturation of DNA samples were performed at 94 0C for 5minutes. Annealing step was performed at 63 0C for 30 second. Then, initial extension of DNA samples was conducted at 72 0C for 30 second. Finally, extension was performed at 72 0C for 5 minutes to get results. The PCR product was confirmed by running the PCR product on 0.8 % agarose gel electrophoresis was performed at 100 Volts for 30 minutes. The NRAMP1 gene encodes a divalent cation transporter, located in the phagolysosomal membrane of macrophages, which has been associated with resistance to intracellular pathogens. In cattle, natural resistance against brucellosis has been associated with polymorphisms at the 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR) of the NRAMP1 gene, which are detectable by single-strand conformational analysis (SSCA).
Genetic selection of domestic animals resistant to pathogens has been applied mostly to farm
animals, particularly cattle. Identification of genes linked to natural resistance may allow for a
better understanding of natural resistance with obvious practical implications. These genes may
also function as markers for prediction of genetic resistance against specific diseases.
Recommendations:
From this study we concluded that Nramp1BB gene is resistant to brucellosis, while Nramp1 AA is susceptible to brucellosis.
Summary
42
By gene knock out technique breeds resistant to brucellosis can be produced.
Criss Crasper technique can be used for gene knock out process. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2953-T] (1).
